Page 15 of 22

Application No. 1

ELECTRICAL SAFETY GROUPS
(ELECTROTECHNOLOGICAL) PERSONNEL AND CONDITIONS OF THEIR ASSIGNMENT

	Minimum work experience in electrical installations, months
Group by	Organization staff				trainees
electrical safety	uneducated	with secondary education	with an average electro-technical and higher technical education	with higher electrical and technical education	vocational schools	institutes and technical schools (colleges)	Personnel Requirements
	after completing the program at least		not standardized				1. Basic technical knowledge of the electrical installation and its equipment.
							2. A clear idea of ​​the danger of electric current, the danger of approaching live parts.
							3. Knowledge of basic safety precautions when working on electrical installations. 4. Practical skills in providing first aid to victims.
							1. Elementary knowledge in general electrical engineering.
	previous group	previous group	previous group	previous group	previous group	previous group	2. Knowledge of the electrical installation and its maintenance.
							3. Knowledge general rules safety regulations, including rules for admission to work, rules for the use and testing of protective equipment and special requirements related to the work performed.
							4. The ability to ensure the safe conduct of work and to supervise those working in electrical installations.
							5. Knowledge of the rules for the release of the victim from the action of electric current, the provision of first aid and the ability to practically provide it to the victim.
	6 in previous group	3 in previous group	3 in previous group	2 in previous group			1. Knowledge of electrical engineering in the scope of a specialized vocational school.
							2. A complete understanding of the dangers when working in electrical installations.
							3. Knowledge of these Rules, rules technical operation electrical equipment, rules for the use and testing of protective equipment, electrical installations and fire safety in the scope of the position held.
							4. Knowledge of the schemes of electrical installations and equipment of the serviced area, knowledge of technical measures that ensure the safety of work.
							5. Ability to conduct briefings, organize safe work, supervise team members.
							6. Knowledge of the rules for releasing the victim from the action of an electric current, providing first aid and the ability to practically provide it to the victim.
							7. Ability to train personnel in safety rules, first aid practices.
	24 in the previous	12 in previous	6 in previous	3 in previous			1. Knowledge of electrical installation diagrams, equipment layout of production processes.
							2. Knowledge of these Rules, rules for the use and testing of protective equipment, a clear idea of ​​what caused this or that requirement.
							3. Knowledge of the rules of technical operation, rules for the construction of electrical installations and fire safety in the scope of the position held.
							4. Ability to organize safe work and carry out direct supervision of work in electrical installations of any voltage.
							5. The ability to clearly identify and state the requirements for safety measures when instructing workers.
							6. Ability to train personnel in safety rules, first aid practices.

(Changed edition, Rev. No. 1)

Notes: 1. The requirements for personnel in relation to electrical safety given in the table are minimal and may be supplemented by the decision of the head of the organization.
2. Group I applies to non-electrotechnical personnel. The list of professions, jobs that require the assignment of production personnel to group I is determined by the head of the organization. Personnel who have mastered the requirements for electrical safety related to their production activities are assigned group I with registration in the journal of the established form (Appendix No. 6 to these Rules). Assignment of group I is made by conducting a briefing, which, as a rule, should end with a knowledge test in the form of an oral survey and (if necessary) a test of acquired skills safe ways work or first aid in case of injury electric shock. The assignment of group I is carried out by an employee from among the electrical personnel who has group III, appointed by order of the head of the organization.
3. Group III may be assigned to employees only upon reaching the age of 18.
4. When applying for a job (transferring to another area of ​​work, replacing an absent employee), the employee, when testing knowledge, must confirm the existing group in relation to the equipment of electrical installations in the new area.
5. When transferring an employee engaged in the maintenance of electrical installations with voltages below 1000 V to work in the maintenance of electrical installations with voltages above 1000 V, as a rule, he cannot be assigned an initial group above III.
6. State inspectors, labor protection specialists who control electrical installations do not belong to electrical (electrotechnological) personnel. They must have a group IV with the right to inspect. The form of the certificate is given in Appendix No. 3 to these Rules. Required total work experience (not necessarily in electrical installations) - at least 3 years.
Energy inspectors, as well as labor protection specialists of energy supply organizations, may have group V.

Usually, electrical safety rules are studied for a specific purpose. Let's say you need to lay the wiring in the bathroom or put the outlet correctly. So it is recommended to go sequentially - from general standards to private ones. In the meantime, we will tell you what electrical safety tolerance groups are, why Rostekhnadzor is needed, let's start with the most general definitions.

Where to start learning electrical safety rules

Most are faced with the need to learn the rules of electrical safety when applying for an enterprise. There, as usual, a permit is required, and mouse fuss begins. The advantage is that the employer is usually ready to provide regulatory documentation on electrical safety rules. It will be a solid computer folder containing data such as:

1. General safety rules at the facility. For example, not everyone knows why they wear helmets. It would seem that she obviously will not save from a brick. In fact, according to the rules, the purpose of this accessory is to protect the head from dissection. And all why? But because even the slightest air bubble that enters a vein through a wound on the skull usually leads to death.
2. Rules of conduct in high-risk areas. Each object has its own specific places. For example, it can be a boiler or even a reactor. It is clear that the rules of conduct in each case are different, and the employer scrupulously writes out from the laws exactly what is required in this case.
3. Finally, a whole section is devoted to the actual rules of electrical safety. In particular, any work with tension is usually carried out by at least two people. The second is, according to the rules of electrical safety, the insurer. This means that if something happens, he will overturn the ladder, cut the current-carrying cable with an ax with an insulating handle, and open the switch. The tasks of an assistant according to the rules of electrical safety include breaking the electrical contact. And time usually goes by seconds.
4. If the rules of electrical safety did not save you from an accident, it is important to know how to provide first aid. These are methods of artificial respiration through the nose and mouth, the use of special devices, like a catheter, heart massage. All this should be described in terms of age and how to act: where to put your hands, feet, how to put the victim. Finally, the frequency of artificial respiration and cardiac massage is very important.

And in order to pass the electrical safety permit, you need to know all this. The specific information from the first two parts is usually important for the employer, but it is he who usually pays for the offsets, or creates a commission. In general, this is not included in the spectrum of our problems as an employee. The employer knows how to set off and the rules of electrical safety. We recommend that you first study such a document as GOST 12.1.009. This is a glossary of electrical safety terms.

electrical safety

Please note that the concept of electrical safety comes first. Thus, we can immediately form an opinion about what exactly is included in the object of study. According to GOST, electrical safety is understood as a system of technical and organizational measures that are aimed at protecting the lives and health of people from voltage damage.

In practice, technical measures include grounding, zeroing, the organization of fences and all in the same vein. But organizational measures just include the study of electrical safety rules by employees. Simply put, this review can be attributed to such procedures. However, you also need to know about technical measures in order to behave correctly.

electrical injury

The term electrical injury immediately makes us understand what the violation of electrical safety rules leads to. On our own, we add that a voltage below 50 V is considered harmless. It just bites. This is painful, but usually not fatal if electrical safety rules are violated. The voltage of the network of all developed countries has many times greater amplitude.

Many will immediately ask why not power household appliances with safe current. In this case, the power dissipated on the wires will increase greatly. It is directly proportional to the square of the current. That's why the welding wires are so thick, even though the voltage there is only 25-30 volts per arc. Simply put, these blocks are considered safe conditionally. Because if you violate the rules of electrical safety, it is the current that kills, not the voltage.

single phase touch

The theme of electrical injuries is continued by the concept of single-phase touch. It is enough to touch the current-carrying part of the equipment with one hand. In this case, the current charge will be distributed over the surface of the human body, and due to the violation of electrical safety rules, it can shake well. This is if the voltage is small (220 V). But when it comes to kilovolts, then usually the phase breaks through the insulation in the form of shoes and a current arc is formed right through the tissues. The codes of practice for electrical safety give values ​​at which ligaments and muscles begin to tear, but it’s better not to bring it to this.

Biphasic Touch

This is much more dangerous. Electricians, discarding the rules of electrical safety, usually look contemptuously at 220 V, according to their expressions, it rarely kills if it is dry around. It just shakes well. Of course, the phase must be removed as soon as possible, since the reaction of people to the action of stress is very different. Some miracle workers, contrary to all the rules of electrical safety, insert a light bulb into their mouth and show how it burns when they take bare wires with both hands, while others even an attempt to do something like that immediately kills. The bottom line is that between the two phases, the voltage is always higher. Due to the shift, an amplitude of 380 V is formed (and on each at the same time only 220 V relative to ground), which is much more dangerous.

Single pole touch

This term has a slightly more subtle concept. Imagine that there is a common circuit in electrical equipment, but it is not grounded. It seems to be not a phase, but the potential of this point can differ significantly from the ground. Therefore, anything is possible. As for the bipolar touch, then definitely nothing good will come of it. This is about the same as a two-phase touch. Hence the conclusion - what kind of ungrounded objects better with hands do not take.

Sensible current

This is the meaning that everyone can feel in their own skin. The threshold for this value will vary, which is why it is difficult to determine the exact value.

Continuous current

He is much more dangerous. This is the value when a person cannot get out of the action of a dangerous factor. Many have seen it on TV: the body is shaking, and nothing can be done. A person often loses consciousness, and then a fatal outcome occurs. The threshold value of this current corresponds to the minimum value that causes such effects.

fibrillation of the heart

Such a terrible term is called rapid and erratic contractions of the heart, when the pump can no longer pump blood. Electric discharges are often used for resuscitation, but all this has a detrimental effect on a living person. The nervous system is electrical in nature, so strong current can disrupt the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems (the two nerves that control the pump). As a result, the ventricles begin to do incomprehensible things, and after about three minutes, irreversible changes in the brain begin. A certain value of the current immediately causes the indicated effects without any intermediate steps. This effect is deadly.

Touch voltage

Is an important factor. Look here. For example, touching the phase does not immediately cause death. Anyone who has changed a light bulb on a socket that is not properly connected to the circuit knows this. It seems that 220 V is hanging in the air, but it will not hit until you grab the grounded circuit with your other hand.

It would seem that you can then touch with your hands and at two points current-carrying core, but it is not so. On a low resistance of a wire under current, a certain potential drops. At high voltages, the difference even at a distance of one meter can be significant. If birds are not killed when they do such tricks, it is only because the distance between their legs is insignificant. Conclusion: electrical safety rules prohibit taking even one current-carrying core with both hands.

Step Voltage or Step Voltage

Closely related to the previous concept. However, it is often called a little differently. step voltage. This is the case when the current flows directly through the soil. Let's say the cable fell to the ground, and it works. The resistance of the earth is much higher than that of copper. Therefore, the voltage drop even at a distance of several tens of centimeters is very significant. This implies a rule known to all electricians: you need to move away from the accident site with the so-called goose (small) step. In this case, the tension between the feet decreases in proportion to the decrease in the distance between the soles of the feet.

Protective zeroing

It is an important security measure. It is carried out without fail on the territory of bathrooms and kitchens, although it is not forbidden to organize such measures throughout the apartment. The meaning of this event lies in the fact that the body of the device often differs in potential from the earth. In this case, equalization of all points eliminates the possibility of electric shock.

For those who do not believe in such events, it will be useful to measure the voltage to earth on the chassis of a conventional washing machine to which earth is not connected. It is clear that when installing sockets according to European standards, such measures are provided automatically. If everything is done correctly, plug the plug into the socket and ring any two cases. However, zeroing is often organized just in case the device is not connected. In this case, the grounding does not work, but the potential may still be present. Where? Well, for example, from the antenna common use(first thing that comes to mind).

Zeroing and grounding

As it should already be clear from the above, grounding and zeroing are not the same thing. The first is organized regularly through the outlet. Although no one forbids laying this line separately, which is often done at enterprises. But in the apartment, for grounding purposes, one of the cable cores with yellow-green insulation is used.

Electrical separation of the network

It is one of the ways to connect electrical equipment in the bathroom. In this case, with the help of an individual transformer, the galvanic isolation of the load from the source is carried out. This dramatically reduces the risk of electric shock.

In every shop, safety posters in electrical installations help to comply with the requirements. Usually they are written in red (the color of blood paid for knowledge) and it is impossible not to understand the simple language of these banners. Safety signs in electrical installations often contain a lightning bolt symbol with an explanatory inscription. As for measures to prevent the supply of energy during the period of work at the facility, A. Zemskov, for example, uses the eloquent inscription to comply with electrical safety rules: Don't get in - I'll kill you! Short and clear.

Electrical Safety Groups

A document on the electrical safety approval of a particular group is often signed by an inspector from Rostekhnadzor. The same structure is very often involved in certification. Therefore, we strongly recommend that you practice on tests before passing the electrical safety rules. Fortunately, there are plenty of resources on the network for these purposes. Currently, 5 electrical safety groups are generally accepted on the territory of the Russian Federation. Moreover, the first is given to literally everyone, but at the same time, no rights to work with electrical installations are assigned. Everyone who has overdue the retake for a certain period is at risk of being here. Regardless of what electrical safety groups existed before.

In general, the state does not seek to become a monopoly in this area. In some cases, electrical safety checks are carried out by a certified commission by one enterprise.

K category: Electricity in the country

Electrical safety rules

Basic provisions. Electrical safety is the responsibility of persons using electrical energy. It is especially important to strictly observe safety rules in rural areas, because there the probability of electric shock is higher, and the consequences of electrical injury are more severe than in a city apartment. In home gardening, electrical appliances are used outdoors, where insulation under the influence of external influences is subjected to more intense wear. Touching live parts leads to particularly serious consequences if a person is in contact with the ground.

Reckless, careless handling of electrical installations can result in electric shock, burns from molten metal splashes, or overheated wire fires, and personal injury can result from improper use of power tools.

Electrical appliances should be used in accordance with the instructions attached to them. It is forbidden to repair devices without disconnecting them from the network; the supply wires are first connected to the device, and then to the network. Breaking these rules is dangerous.

Owners of residential buildings in rural areas and members of horticultural cooperatives can apply with orders for the repair of electrical appliances to the household service, the nearest Agropromenergo enterprise, Agroservice or a specialized cooperative.

When using wires with broken insulation and electrical installation devices with damaged covers or cases, there is a risk of accidental contact with live parts. It is forbidden to use electric lamps in which air has got into the cylinder; if the lamp base rotates, it must be replaced, as the base may come off and then the cartridge will have to be disassembled.

because of natural process aging insulation deteriorates its properties. Do not use electrical products with visible defects: cracks, burns and persistent contamination. Electrical installations that have been unused for a long time should be carefully inspected before switching on.

Rice. 1. Electric shock in case of violation of the rules for using electrical appliances: a - during repairs under voltage; b - in case of violation of the order of inclusion in the network

Do not make any changes to the circuit and design of electrical appliances, as this can violate the conditions for their safe operation. A significant proportion of deaths from electric shock occurs due to improper use of electrical appliances in everyday life.

Electrical wiring must be kept in good condition. It is impossible to allow contact with the electrical wiring of the wires of the radio broadcasting network, telephone and antenna inputs. It is forbidden to paint, bleach and wash, pouring water, installation devices, as well as cords and wires laid on rollers. Do not hang anything from the wires or otherwise destroy their insulation.

In rooms with concealed wiring you cannot hammer nails and drill walls without determining where the wires are laid.

Cartridges with metal cases and other wiring devices of outdated designs are recommended to be replaced with modern ones.
Switches and electrical connectors (sockets) must not be installed in bathrooms, showers and baths general purpose. To power electric shavers in such rooms, a socket is provided connected to the network through an isolating transformer, for example, type OSR-0.02 / 0.22.

Rice. 2. Insulation damage in electrical network: a - when laying the wire behind the pipe; b - when screwing on a nail; c - when laying foreign objects behind the wire; d - when disconnecting the connector by pulling the wire

Although it must be turned off when repairing electrical wiring, the installation tool must be used with electrically insulated handles, and in its absence, PVC or rubber tubes are put on the handles of conventional tools (pliers, side cutters, etc.).

In electrical wiring, it is unacceptable to twist wires with copper and aluminum conductors. Pieces of wires should not be used to hang clothes, as they may accidentally be connected to existing wiring.

When a fusible link burns out, it is impossible to insert a screwdriver, nail or other metal object into the base of the fuse even for a moment to check. In the presence of a short circuit, the next protection in the direction of supply will work and turn off another group of electrical receivers, and an amateur "electrician" can be blinded by the light of an electric arc and get burned by splashes of molten metal.

Overloading wires with current in excess of the allowable one is dangerous in terms of fire: fuse-links and circuit breakers cannot be used for a current greater than that established by the project, as well as various home-made products (“bugs”) instead of fuse-links.

Rice. 3. Danger of electric shock in case of broken wire insulation and malfunctions of electrical installation devices

Operation of electrical receivers. In consumer electronic devices and some electrical appliances, fuses often combine the functions of protection and a power supply switch. When replacing fuse links, special attention is required: if the mains voltage is 220 V, and the fuse is set to 127 V by mistake, the device may be seriously damaged. Before replacing the fusible insert in an electrical appliance or radio-electronic device, they must be disconnected from the mains by removing the plug from the socket of the electrical connector. It is forbidden to replace fuse-links under voltage.

Luminaires must not be hung on current-carrying wires; it is not recommended to use electric lamps without lighting fixtures; lamps should not be wiped. They can be cleaned with a damp cloth not earlier than 2-3 minutes after switching off. Replace bulbs when light is turned off.

In damp rooms and where there are pipelines or other metal masses that are in contact with the ground, as well as outdoors, electrical appliances of protection class 0 without a device protective shutdown cannot be used (Fig. 4). For devices of protection class 01 and 1, zeroing is mandatory. Their operation without zeroing is prohibited.

Grounding and grounding. Grounding of non-current-carrying parts of electrical equipment is performed to protect people and farm animals from electric shock when the current-carrying parts are shorted to the housing. Zeroing is used in electrical networks with a grounded neutral wire, connecting non-current-carrying parts of electrical equipment to it. When the insulation is broken, a short circuit occurs and protection (fusible link or circuit breaker) turns it off, but the voltage from the device case will be removed if the protection is installed only in the phase wires; if there is protection in the neutral wire circuit, then it will also turn off the short circuit, but the danger of injury will remain: a person standing on the ground or in contact with it, touching the device, will be struck, since the body of the device is connected to the phase through damaged insulation. wire and will be energized with respect to ground. That is why it is forbidden to include protection devices in the neutral wire circuit.

Rice. 4. Schemes of electric shock in the event of a violation of the insulation of electrical appliances of protection class 0 upon contact: a - with water supply; b - with heating pipes

To increase efficiency, grounding is performed with a special protective neutral wire. Then the potential of the zeroed cases will be the same as that of the ground electrode. When using a working neutral wire for grounding at high electrical loads and at a considerable distance from re-grounding, due to voltage loss on the electrical equipment cases, a potential may appear that exceeds the safe value in the neutral wire. Zeroing is effective if the protection is fast enough; It is unacceptable to coarsen the protection (increase the current strength of its operation).

The introduction of zeroing as a means of improving safety is hindered by the slow development of the production of electrical appliances of protection class I instead of class 0.

Safety shutdown. In case of touching the phase wire, grounding will not provide protection against damage. Safety when working with electrified machines and devices is achieved by using residual current devices (RCDs). The industry produces these devices in several varieties. In the presence of an RCD in the conditions of a household plot, you can use electrical appliances of protection class 0.

Even the most advanced technical means do not remove the need to follow the rules of operation, as well as to exercise caution and attention when using electrical energy. Failure to follow the rules leads to an accident.

First aid

In electrical installations of personal subsidiary plots, cases of electric shock are still not uncommon, despite measures aimed at improving safety. Therefore, one must be able to help the victim before the arrival of a doctor and one should not repair electrical wiring or work with electrified machines when there is no one nearby who could provide the necessary assistance in case of an accident.

In no case should the victim of an electric current be buried in the ground to help him, mistakenly believing that the electricity will go into the ground and the victim will begin to breathe.

The main conditions for success in providing first aid to victims of electric current are speed of action, resourcefulness and skill. These qualities are developed by training exercises, for which, despite being busy on the farm, time should be found. All adult family members should be familiar with first aid. When an accident occurs, it is too late to read the rules: delay and lengthy preparation can lead to the death of the victim.

Exemption from the action of current. The victim must be released from the current as soon as possible. To do this, turn off that part of the electrical installation that the victim touches. If it is on a stepladder, stand, or some other similar device, care must be taken to prevent bruising or breaking when falling. When the electrical installation is turned off, the electric lighting may go out and, if an accident occurs at night or in a room without windows, you must have some kind of light source ready.

If the electrical installation cannot be turned off with a plug of an electrical connector or a switch, the fuse head with a fusible insert (electric plug) is unscrewed. The victim can be separated from current-carrying parts using any non-conductive objects: dry clothing, a rope, a stick or a board. Even with a bare hand, you can take the victim by dry clothes, but you can not touch his naked body or shoes, which may be wet or have metal parts. To isolate hands, the assisting person should wear dry gloves made of thick fabric (preferably rubber), or wrap his hands with a dry scarf or thick cloth, lower the sleeve of his jacket or coat over his arm, or use plastic or other film made of synthetic material; You can insulate yourself by standing on a dry board, a roll of clothes, or other non-conductive bedding. When releasing the victim from the current, it is recommended to operate with one hand.

When it is difficult to separate the affected person from the current-carrying parts and there is no access to the devices, in order to turn off the voltage, it is necessary to cut the wires on the power side using an ax with a dry wooden ax handle or other suitable tools with non-conductive handles. The wires should be cut without touching them with your hands, and, if possible, each wire separately, so that an arc does not appear due to a short circuit.

First aid measures depend on the state in which the energized person is after releasing him from the action of electric current. The victim is laid with his back on a flat hard surface, by chest movements or otherwise determine whether he is breathing, check if he has a pulse on the radial artery at the wrist or on the carotid artery (lateral surface of the neck in front) and find out the condition of the pupils. An enlarged pupil indicates a sharp deterioration in the blood supply to the brain.

In all cases of electric shock to people, a doctor's call is mandatory.

Types of first aid. If, after being released from the action of the current, the victim regained consciousness from a fainting state, he should not continue to work - it is necessary to be at rest until examined by a doctor. The absence of symptoms of malaise at the beginning does not exclude subsequent deterioration. The victim is taken to a medical facility if it is impossible to quickly call a doctor.

An unconscious person, but with a stable breathing and pulse, is placed in a comfortable position, unbuttoned clothing that restricts breathing, creates an influx of fresh air, and allows to smell water solution ammonia ( ammonia), in hot weather, sprinkle with water and provide complete rest until the arrival of a doctor.

When the victim breathes sharply and convulsively, like a dying person, he should do artificial respiration and external (indirect) heart massage. The same measures are taken in the absence of external signs of life: breathing and pulse. If artificial respiration and cardiac massage are not immediately started, death may occur.

In the event of an accident, it is important not to lose a second, so first aid is provided, if possible, at the scene.

Artificial respiration is started immediately after release from the electric current and is carried out continuously until a positive result or indisputable signs of actual death appear (cadaveric spots and rigor mortis). There were cases when, after an electric shock, people were brought back to life only after a few hours of continuous assistance. The expediency of continuing the measures taken is determined by the doctor.

Artificial respiration. Before proceeding directly to the procedure, it is necessary to quickly release the victim from everything that restricts breathing: unbutton the collar, untie the tie, loosen the belt, etc.; quickly free your mouth from mucus and foreign objects, such as removable dentures. If the jaws are tightly clenched as a result of spasm, four fingers of both hands are placed behind the corners of the lower jaw under the ears and, resting their thumbs on the jaw from below, push it so that the lower teeth are in front of the upper ones. If this method fails to open the mouth, carefully, so as not to break the teeth, insert a plank, metal plate, spoon handle or other similar object between the back molars and open the jaws with their help.

For artificial respiration according to the "mouth to mouth" method, the victim is laid on his back, spreading something from warm clothes, and covered him.

The caregiver takes a deep breath and forcefully exhales the air into the lungs of the victim through his mouth or nose. It is necessary to ensure that the tongue does not sink back and close the airway. Dropping of the tongue is prevented by slightly pushing the lower jaw forward. When blowing air, press your mouth tightly against the face of the victim in order to cover his entire mouth if possible and at the same time pinch his nose. Then the rescuer leans back and takes a new breath, and at this time the victim's chest drops and he makes a passive exhalation.

An adult is blown in with air more strongly, a child - weaker. If it is not possible to completely cover the mouth of the victim with your mouth, air is blown in through the nose, and the mouth is covered. For small children, artificial respiration is done by exhaling air simultaneously into the nose and mouth; for this, the one who provides assistance with his mouth covers the nose and mouth of the victim. Air can be blown through gauze, tissue or handkerchief.

During artificial respiration, it is necessary to ensure that with each breath the victim's chest expands, and also carefully observe his face: if the lips or eyelids move or a swallowing movement is noticed, check whether an independent breath occurs; if after a few moments of waiting it turns out that the victim is not breathing, artificial respiration is immediately resumed.

External cardiac massage. Without proper and timely assistance on site before the arrival of a doctor, further rescue efforts may be futile. To maintain the vital activity of the body in the absence of a pulse, it is necessary, along with artificial respiration, to carry out an external (indirect) heart massage by rhythmically pressing on the anterior wall of the chest. When pressing on that part of the sternum, behind which the heart is located, it is pressed against the spine and blood from its cavities enters the blood vessels. Repeating pressure 60-70 times per minute provides sufficient blood circulation. The victim is placed in the same way as for artificial respiration, and his chest is exposed.

The assisting person gets up from a side convenient to him and takes a position that allows him to lean over the victim: if he is laid on the table, the assisting person stands on a low chair; if on the floor, he kneels. The palm of one hand is placed on the lower third of the sternum, the other hand is placed on top and pressed on the chest of the victim, while slightly helping with the tilt of his body. Pressing is done with a quick push, advancing the lower part of the sternum by 3 ... 4 cm to the spine (in fat people- by 5 ... 6 cm). The pressing force is concentrated on the lower, most mobile part of the sternum: it is impossible to press on the upper part, since it is fixedly connected with the ribs and can break; you can not press on the ends of the lower ribs, as this is also fraught with a fracture; in no case is it allowed to press on the soft tissues below the edge of the chest, as this can damage the organs located there. After a quick push, the arms remain in the reached position for about one third of a second, then they are removed, releasing pressure from the chest.

External heart massage simultaneously with artificial respiration. Pressing on the chest makes it difficult to expand during inhalation, therefore, when both procedures are carried out simultaneously, air is blown in between pressures or during a special pause every 4-6 chest compressions. When help has to be given to one, these operations alternate g in the following order: two or three blows of air, four - six pressures, then again two or three blows, four - six pressures, etc. If help is provided by two, one, less experienced, does artificial respiration, as a less complicated procedure, and the second, more experienced, is an external heart massage. In this case, the blowing of air should be timed to coincide with the time of cessation of pressure on the chest. If the qualifications of the persons providing assistance are the same, it is advisable for each of them to switch from artificial respiration to heart massage in 5 ... 10 minutes and vice versa - this mode is less tiring.

As a result of the correct implementation of artificial respiration and heart massage, the victim shows signs of improvement: a gray-earthy with bluish complexion is replaced by pinkish; independent, more and more uniform respiratory movements begin to be established; pupils constrict. Narrow pupils indicate a sufficient supply of oxygen to the brain, and the beginning expansion indicates a deterioration in the blood supply to the brain. Then more effective measures are needed, for example, to raise the victim's legs by 40 ... 60 cm in order to promote better blood flow to the heart from the veins of the lower body. To keep the legs in a raised position, a bundle is placed under them.

Artificial respiration and massage are carried out until spontaneous breathing appears and the activity of the heart is restored. However, the appearance of weak breaths, even in the presence of a pulse, does not give grounds for stopping artificial respiration. The restoration of the work of the heart is judged by the appearance of its own regular pulse, not supported by massage. To check, the massage is interrupted for 2 ... 3 s and, if the pulse is not detected, the massage is immediately resumed.

Even for a short time, less than a minute, you can not stop artificial respiration in combination with massage, otherwise irreparable things may happen.
After the appearance of the first signs of improvement, external heart massage and artificial respiration are continued for another 5–10 minutes, so that the blowing coincides in time with one's own inspiration.

Learning how to help is a duty of conscience for anyone using electricity in conditions where an accident cannot be completely ruled out.

With strict adherence to safety rules, accidents are extremely rare, and when the rules are neglected, trouble will not keep you waiting.

Electrical safety rules

Page 11 of 22

13. REQUIREMENTS FOR ELECTRICAL SAFETY

13.1. General requirements

13.1.1. Electrical safety must be ensured by compliance with the requirements of the Electrical Installation Rules (PUE), the Rules for the Technical Operation of Consumer Electrical Installations and the Safety Rules for the Operation of Consumer Electrical Installations (PTE and PTB), high level organization and operation of electrical facilities, technical ways and means of protection, organizational and technical measures.
13.1.2. At each retail facility, by order of the owner (manager), a person is appointed who is responsible for the general condition of the electrical facilities (hereinafter referred to as the person responsible for the electrical facilities) and is obliged to ensure the implementation of the PTE of electrical installations of consumers and PTB during the operation of electrical installations of consumers.
13.1.3. In the absence of electrical personnel at the retail facility, the owner (manager) is obliged to ensure the operation of electrical installations in strict accordance with these Rules by transferring them under an agreement to a specialized organization or maintaining the relevant personnel on a shared basis with other trading units.
13.1.4. The person responsible for the electrical facilities is obliged to ensure:
reliable and safe operation of electrical installations;
the introduction of new equipment and technology in the electrical industry, contributing to a more reliable, economical and safe operation of electrical installations;
organization and timely implementation of scheduled preventive maintenance and preventive testing of electrical equipment, equipment and networks;
training, instruction and periodic testing of knowledge of electrical personnel; availability and timely verification of protective equipment; timely investigation of accidents and failures in the operation of electrical installations, as well as accidents from electric shock;
maintenance of technical documentation, development of necessary instructions and regulations.
13.1.5. The operation of electrical installations must be carried out by specially trained electrical personnel who have undergone a medical examination, the relevant theoretical and practical training, testing knowledge and having a certificate for admission to work with electrical installations.
13.1.6. Persons under the age of 18 cannot be admitted to independent work with electrical installations.
13.1.7. Periodic testing of personnel knowledge should be carried out at the following times:
1 time per year - for personnel directly servicing existing electrical installations or conducting adjustment, electrical installation, repair work or preventive tests in them, as well as for personnel issuing orders and organizing these works;
1 time in three years - for personnel from among the engineers who do not belong to the previous group, as well as labor protection engineers.
13.1.8. Electrical personnel who are newly hired and have not passed the test of knowledge of the rules and instructions or who have an expired knowledge test certificate are assigned an electrical safety group 1.
13.1.9. Persons who have committed violations of the PTE of consumer electrical installations and PTB during the operation of consumer electrical installations must be subjected to an extraordinary knowledge test.
13.1.10. Electrical safety group 1 is also assigned to non-electrical personnel after testing knowledge of safe working methods, taking into account work during which there may be a danger of electric shock. The list of professions of this personnel is determined by the owner (manager) of the facility.
13.1.11. Each facility must have a well-established electrical management system that ensures the safe operation of networks and electrical installations, their prompt maintenance.
13.1.12. Each facility must have:
acts of acceptance of hidden works;
master plan of the site on which structures and underground electrical communications are applied;
approved project documentation(drawings, explanatory notes, etc.) with all subsequent changes;
act of testing and adjustment of electrical equipment;
acts of acceptance of electrical installations into operation; executive working schemes of primary and secondary electrical connections;
technical data sheets main electrical equipment;
instructions for the maintenance of electrical installations, as well as job descriptions for each workplace.
13.1.13. All changes in electrical installations made during operation must be reflected in the diagrams and drawings immediately signed by the person responsible for the electrical facilities, indicating his position and the date the change was made.
13.1.14. Information about changes in the schemes should be communicated to all employees (with an entry in the operational log), for whom knowledge of these schemes is mandatory.
13.1.15. When operating electrical installations, it is prohibited to: use cables and wires with damaged or lost insulation;
keep energized electric wires and cables with bare ends;
use damaged sockets, junction boxes, knife switches and other electrical installation products;
tie and twist electrical wires, as well as pull wires and lamps, hang lamps (except for open lamps), etc. on the electrical wires;
use rollers, switches, plug sockets for hanging clothes and other items, as well as seal sections of electrical wires with paper;
wrap electric lamps with paper, other combustible materials;
use radio and telephone wires for electrical networks; apply as electrical protection uncalibrated fuses;
use uninsulated and untested tools in the absence of rugs, galoshes, mittens, etc.
13.1.16. Fusible fuse links must be calibrated with an indication of the rated current of the fuse on the stamp. Rated current fusible links and automata must correspond to the current load. The device and operation of temporary electrical networks is not allowed.
13.1.17. Used for heating small rooms (kiosks, stalls, etc.) oil-filled electric radiators, heating electric panels must have individual electrical protection and serviceable thermostats. It is forbidden to use non-standard (self-made) electric heaters for the purposes of space heating.

13.2. grounding

13.2.1. Grounding devices of electrical installations of consumers must comply with the requirements of Chapter 1.7 of the PUE.
13.2.2. Grounding (zeroing) are subject to:
cases of electrical machines, transformers, devices, lamps, etc.; drives of electrical devices;
secondary windings measuring transformers;
frameworks switchboards, control panels, shields and cabinets, as well as removable or opening parts, if the latter are equipped with electrical equipment with a voltage above 42 V alternating current;
metal structures of switchgears, metal cable structures, metal cable joints, metal sheaths of wires and armor of control and power cables, metal sleeves and pipes of electrical wiring, casings and supporting structures of bus ducts, trays, boxes, other metal structures on which electrical equipment is installed;
metal cases of mobile and portable electrical receivers;
electrical equipment placed on moving parts of machines and mechanisms.
13.2.3. Grounding devices must ensure the safety of people and the protection of electrical installations, operating modes. For that part of the electrical equipment that may be energized due to insulation failure, reliable contact with the grounding device or with the grounding structures on which it is installed must be ensured.
13.2.4. The use of earth as a working or neutral wire is prohibited.
13.2.5. Openly laid grounding conductors must have a distinctive color in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.2.007.0-75.
13.2.6. For each grounding device in operation, there must be a passport containing a grounding scheme, basic technical data, data on the results of checking the condition of the grounding device, on the nature of repairs and changes made to this device.
13.2.7. The neutral of the generator, transformer, on the side up to 1 kV must be connected to the grounding conductor using a grounding conductor. The cross section of the grounding conductor must comply with the requirements of the PUE.
13.2.8. It is not allowed to use the zero working conductor coming from the neutral of the generator or transformer to the switchgear panel as a grounding conductor.
13.2.9. It is not allowed to use zero working conductors going to portable power receivers as zero protective conductors single-phase current (cash registers, electronic scales, etc.). To neutralize such electrical receivers, a separate third conductor must be used, connected to the plug.
13.2.10. Grounding or grounding of portable electrical receivers three-phase current should be carried out by a special fourth core, located in the same sheath with the phase cores of the portable wire and attached to the body of the power receiver and to a special contact with plugs of a plug-in connection. The cross section of this core must be equal to the cross section of the phase wire. The use of a zero working conductor for this purpose, including one located in a common shell, is not allowed. The cores of wires and cables used for grounding or grounding of portable power receivers must be copper, flexible, with a cross section of at least 1.5 sq. mm. Grounding and zero protective conductors of portable wires and cables must have a distinctive feature.
13.2.11. For grounding (grounding) of metal cases of three-phase and single-phase electric stoves and other thermal equipment, as well as metal current-carrying parts of process equipment with wet processes, a separate conductor with a cross section equal to the phase should be used, laid from the shield or shield to which this electrical receiver is connected. It is allowed to use a steel pipe as a separate grounding (grounding) conductor
specified wiring. It is forbidden to use a working neutral wire for this purpose.
13.2.12. Connections of grounding and zero protective conductors must be accessible for inspection. Accessibility requirements for inspection do not apply to zero cores and metal sheaths of cables, pipelines of open electrical wiring, to metal structures located in the ground, as well as to ground wires laid in pipes.
13.2.13. The connection of grounding and zero protective conductors to parts of the equipment to be grounded or grounded must be done by welding or bolting. For a bolted connection, measures must be taken to prevent loosening and corrosion of the contact connection.
13.2.14. The ends of the grounding flexible conductors used for connection to the housings of equipment, apparatus and machines must have bolt lugs. For bolted connection, measures must be taken to prevent corrosion of the contact connection. In the presence of shocks or vibrations, measures must be taken to prevent contact loosening (lock nuts, lock washers, etc.).
13.2.15. It is not allowed to use for grounding bolts, screws, studs that act as fasteners.
13.2.16. Bolts (screws, studs) for fastening the neutral conductor must meet the following requirements:
the bolt must be made of metal resistant to corrosion, or coated with metal that protects against corrosion, and must not have a surface color around the bolt, a contact pad must be made, plated with metal and not having color.
13.2.17. Each part of the electrical installation to be grounded or grounded must be connected to the grounding or grounding network using a separate branch. Series connection to ground or zero protective conductor grounded or grounded parts of the electrical installation is not allowed.
13.2.18. Grounding or grounding of portable lamps for voltages above 42 V must be carried out using a special core flexible cable, which should not simultaneously serve for the supply of a working cable. The specified core must be connected independently to the protective contact of the socket.
13.2.19. Zeroing of electrothermal equipment. For grounding, a separate conductor with a cross section equal to the phase should be used, laid from the shield or shield to which this electrical receiver is connected. The use of a working neutral wire for this purpose is prohibited.
13.2.20. Zeroing of refrigeration equipment. Grounding of single-phase refrigeration units with a single-phase load must be provided with a separate grounding conductor from the supply panel to the socket and from the plug to the housing.
13.2.21. To ground three-phase refrigeration machines with a single-phase load, it is necessary to provide a fifth separate grounding conductor (or metal pipe) going from the power board to the power receiver.
13.2.22. For grounding (zeroing) of start-up equipment, cabinets, etc., it is necessary to use a special bolt (screw), and not a fixing one. No more than two conductors are attached under one bolt. Cabinet doors are zeroed if electrical equipment is installed on them. To do this, use copper flexible jumpers from the fixed frame of the shield. Automation and control devices installed on equipment cases (RD, EKM, etc.) using bolts or threads may not be specifically zeroed if there is a good metal bond (lack of paint). When mounted on a wall, separately from the equipment, it is necessary to provide for the connection of the instrument cases to the grounding (grounding) line.
13.2.23. Specific terms and standards for testing commercial equipment are determined in accordance with the requirements of chapter 1.8 of the PUE, the departmental PPR system, factory instructions and standards for manufacturing and repair, local conditions and the condition of the equipment. Testing should be preceded by a thorough inspection of the equipment. Electrical equipment rejected during external inspection, regardless of the test results, must be repaired or grounded.
13.2.24. During an external examination, it is necessary to make sure that there is a good contact of the grounding (neutral) wire on the input shield, the correct grounding (grounding) of the equipment, and a reliable metal connection.
13.2.25. Status check protective earth(grounding) of equipment and its parts is carried out after installation or repair, as well as during operation at least once a year.
13.2.26. The resistance value between the grounding bolt and each non-current-carrying metal part of the equipment accessible to touch, which may be energized, should not exceed 0.10 m.
13.2.27. The choice of the type of electrical wiring, the choice of wires, cables, the method of laying them and the test periods must comply with the requirements of Chapter 2.1 of the PUE and Appendix E1 of the PTE for electrical installations of consumers and PTB during the operation of electrical installations of consumers.
13.2.28. Insulation of parts of the equipment accessible to touch must ensure the protection of a person from electric shock. Zero working conductors must have insulation equivalent to that of the phase conductors.
13.2.29. The connection to starting devices, wall-mounted sockets must be carried out openly, in wall furrows, in pipes. Conclusions of electrical wiring from the floor to process equipment installed at a distance from the walls should be carried out in steel thin-walled pipes.
13.2.30. The input of electrical wires into equipment cases, terminal boxes, shields and other devices should be carried out through insulating parts. In this case, the possibility of damage to the wires and their insulation during installation and operation of the product should be excluded.
13.2.31. The design and material of electrical installations should exclude the possibility of accidental contact with current-carrying parts and the shorting of conductors to the housing and to each other.
13.2.32. Connections, terminations and branches of conductors of wires and cables must be made by crimping, welding, soldering.
13.2.33. Electrical wiring that feeds lighting fixtures in the places of construction and temporary repair and installation work must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the PUE.

13.3. Lighting installations and fittings

13.3.1. To power general lighting fixtures, a voltage of not more than 380/220 V AC with a grounded neutral and not more than 220 V AC with an isolated neutral should be used.
13.3.2. To power individual lamps, a voltage of no higher than 220 V should be used. In rooms without increased danger, the specified voltage is allowed for all stationary lamps, regardless of their installation height.
13.3.3. To power local stationary lighting fixtures with incandescent lamps, voltages must be applied: in rooms without increased danger - no higher than 220 V and in rooms with heightened danger and especially dangerous - not higher than 42 V.
13.3.4. Fixtures with fluorescent lamps for a voltage of 220 V is allowed to be used provided that their current-carrying parts are not allowed to be accidentally touched.
13.3.5. Current-carrying parts of electrical appliances, switchgears must be protected from accidental contact. Open (without protective covers) installation of devices is not allowed.
13.3.6. On the front and back sides of each panel of switchboards and assemblies there must be clear inscriptions indicating the number of the switchboard and to which line or unit the devices and equipment installed on the panel belong, as well as the voltage and type of current.
13.3.7. The doors of electrical installation rooms (shields, assemblies, etc.) must be permanently locked.
13.3.8. 12 V or 42 V plugs must not fit into 220 V sockets, must have a sharply different color from them and be marked accordingly.
13.3.9. The design of lighting fixtures must meet the following requirements:
fittings used in damp rooms must have a cartridge with a body made of insulating materials and moisture-resistant materials;
fittings used in industrial premises, must have a closed or dust-tight design;
fittings used in rooms that are especially damp, with caustic vapors and gases, as well as outside buildings, must be made of materials that resist environmental influences or are protected from them by appropriate coatings; ways of introducing wires should exclude the possibility of a short circuit between each other or connection with the metal parts of the armature.
13.3.10. Electrical lamps, electrical sockets, electrical apparatus and devices in explosive industries and warehouses must comply with the explosion safety requirements of Chapter 7.3 of the PUE.
13.3.11. When operating electrical lighting networks (electrical appliances, it is prohibited:
operate electrical wires with damaged insulation;
remove electrical wires from rollers and anchors, fasten electrical wires to nails;
hang electric lighting fittings on electric wires;
use electrical wires to hang any objects, as well as seal them, cover switches, sockets, etc. with furniture;
use broken switches, sockets, cartridges and other faulty fittings.
13.3.12. Installation and cleaning of fixtures, replacement of burned-out electric lamps and repair of the electrical network must be carried out with the voltage removed.
13.3.13. Advertising lighting, gas lighting installations, transformers feeding them, shop windows, etc. must comply with Chapter 6.4 "Advertising Lighting" of the PUE.

13.4. Power tool. Electric hand-held machines and portable electric lights

13.4.1. Power tools, electric hand-held machines and portable electric lamps must comply with the requirements of the current PUE, PTE, PTB and GOST 12.2.013.0-91.
13.4.2. To work with power tools and hand electrical machines class 1 in rooms with an increased risk of electric shock and outdoors, personnel with an electrical safety group of at least II are allowed, while personal protective equipment must be used.
13.4.3. Manual electrical machines must quickly turn on and off from the mains (but not spontaneously), be safe in operation and not have exposed live parts accessible for accidental contact, and be appropriately marked.
13.4.4. Manual lighting fittings, regardless of the voltage for which they are intended, must meet the following requirements:
the body and the handle must be made of heat-resistant, moisture-resistant insulating materials;
the cartridge must be firmly attached to the fitting body and must not rotate when screwing and unscrewing the lamp;
the cartridge must be so deeply recessed in the body that when the lamp is screwed in, its base is inaccessible to touch;
the lamp must be reliably protected from mechanical influences, and in the case of using a protective grid, the lamp must be attached to parts of the fittings, consisting of insulating material;
the safety net must be so fastened to the body that its removal requires special tools;
the use of cartridges with a key is not allowed; the insertion of cartridges into the valve body must be such that their tension is excluded, and also that the possibility of breaking or chafing of wires at the point of entry is eliminated;
reflectors, hooks or suspension shackles must be fixed on the insulating parts of the reinforcement.
13.4.5. Portable lamps must be equipped with protective glass caps and metal grids. For these lamps and other portable and mobile electrical equipment, flexible cables with copper conductors, with rubber insulation in a sheath resistant to environment. Connection of portable lamps should be provided from junction boxes with plug sockets.
13.4.6. When working in rooms with increased danger, portable electric lamps with a voltage of not more than 42 V are used. When working in especially dangerous conditions, lamps with a voltage of not more than 12V should be used.
13.4.7. Before starting work with manual electric machines, hand lamps and power tools, carry out:
checking the completeness and reliability of fixing parts; checking by inspection the serviceability of the cable (cord), its protective tube and plug, the integrity of the insulating parts of the body, the handle and the covers of the brush holders; the presence of protective covers and their serviceability; checking the clarity of the switch; idle check.
13.4.8. It is forbidden to issue hand-held electric machines, hand-held lamps, power tools and auxiliary equipment for them that have defects for work.
13.4.9. When using power tools, hand-held electric machines and hand-held lamps, their wires or cables should, if possible, be suspended. Direct contact of wires and cables with metal hot, wet and oily surfaces or objects is not allowed. If any malfunctions are detected, work with hand-held electric machines or hand-held electric lamps immediately stops.
13.4.10. The case of electric hand-held machines for voltages above 42 V must have a special clamp for connecting a ground wire with a distinguishing mark "3" or "Earth". In machines with a rated power of up to 100 W, it is allowed to connect the cable cores by soldering or welding.
13.4.11. Manual electric machines, power tools, hand lamps and their accessories are subject to periodic inspections and tests. Periodic tests of machines, tools and lamps are carried out by specially assigned personnel with an electrical safety group of at least III.
13.4.12. Persons using power tools and hand-held electric machines are prohibited from:
transfer hand-held electric machines and power tools to other persons, at least for a short time;
disassemble hand-held electric machines and power tools and carry out any repairs (both the tool itself or a hand-held electric machine, and wires of plug connections, etc.);
hold on to the cord of a hand-held electric machine or power tool, or touch a rotating cutting tool;
remove shavings or sawdust by hand during operation until the manual electric machine stops completely;
work from ladders. To carry out these works, strong scaffolding or scaffolding must be arranged;
bring inside drums, boilers, metal tanks, etc. portable transformers and frequency converters;
leave hand-held electric machines and power tools unattended and connected to the mains.
13.4.13. It is forbidden to operate electric car in case of its malfunction, including damage to the plug connection, cable (cord) or its protective tube, brush holder cover, housing, handle of the brush sparking machine on the collector, smoke and smell characteristic of burning insulation, fuzzy operation of the switch.

13.5. Protection against static electricity and secondary manifestations of lightning

13.5.1. All technological and transport equipment where charges of static electricity can accumulate, in order to remove it, must be reliably grounded and be a single inseparable throughout electrical circuit connected at least 25 microns to a grounding device.
13.5.2. Blowers and other devices that are sources of intense and rapid occurrence of dangerous static electricity potentials should be isolated and grounded (regardless of the grounding of the entire circuit) from equipment systems located in the circuit.
13.5.3. At each facility, operating instructions for the ESD protection system should be drawn up, taking into account the characteristics of this facility, as well as protection systems against secondary manifestations of lightning.

13.6. Charging batteries

13.6.1. Batteries must be charged in specially designed rooms.
13.6.2. It is forbidden:
enter the battery room with an open fire (with a lit match, cigarette, etc.);
use electric heaters (electric stoves, etc.) in the battery.
13.6.3. It is forbidden to install switches, fuses and socket outlets, as well as rectifiers, motor-generators, electric motors, etc. in the battery room and in the vestibule.
13.6.4. The operational maintenance of the battery is carried out by specially trained personnel with an electrical safety group of at least III.
13.6.5. Supply and exhaust ventilation of the charging room should provide seven air changes per hour.
Inclusion of ventilation of the charging room in the general ventilation is prohibited.
13.6.6. The suction of gases should be carried out both from the upper and lower zones of the room, and the suction from the upper zone should be more intense.
13.6.7. When preparing an acid electrolyte, it is necessary:
sulfuric acid mix with distilled water in special vessels (ceramic, plastic, etc.); Pour acid from bottles into water using special devices. It is forbidden to pour acid manually, as well as pour water into acid.
13.6.8. When making an alkaline electrolyte, the alkali vial should be opened carefully, without much effort.
To facilitate the opening of a vial, the cork of which is filled with paraffin, it is allowed to warm the neck of the vial with a cloth soaked in hot water.
3.6.9. Large pieces of caustic potash must be broken up by covering them with a clean cloth. Having poured distilled water into a clean steel, porcelain or plastic vessel, it is necessary to put pieces of crushed caustic potassium there with steel tongs, tweezers or a metal spoon and stir with a steel or glass rod until completely dissolved. Workers preparing the electrolyte must wear protective clothing (acid-resistant suit, protective glasses and rubber gloves). The trousers of the suit must be worn over the tops of the boots.
13.6.10. Spilled acid must be immediately neutralized with a solution of caustic potassium or a solution of potash or soda.
13.6.11. Electrolyte spilled on racks must be wiped off with a cloth soaked in a neutralizing solution, and spilled on the floor must first be sprinkled with sawdust and collected, then this place should be moistened with a neutralizing solution and wiped with dry rags.
13.6.12. Batteries installed for charging are interconnected by tightly fitting (pressed) clamps (for acid batteries) or flat tips (for alkaline batteries) that have a reliable electrical contact that excludes the possibility of sparking.
It is forbidden to connect the battery clamps with a "twist" wire.
13.6.13. Charging progress should only be monitored by control devices(thermometer, load fork, hydrometer, etc.).
Battery voltage should only be checked with a load plug. Check battery short circuit prohibited.
13.6.14. To inspect batteries, portable electric lamps with voltage up to 42 V are used. Portable electric lamps must meet the requirements of the current PTE and PTB.
13.6.15. Rectifier installations used to charge batteries must have a separating transformer and a protection device on the AC side.
13.6.16. Couplings on charging units must be protected by safety nets.
13.6.17. In the premises of the charger, there should be protective devices (rubber galoshes, gloves, rubber or woolen apron, goggles, tools with insulated handles), a glass or porcelain mug with a spout with a capacity of 1.5-2 liters to make up the electrolyte and add it to the vessels, neutralizing a solution of soda (5%) for acid batteries and boric acid or vinegar essence (one part essence to six parts water) for alkaline batteries.
13.6.18. All containers must be clearly labeled with the name of the contents.

13.7. protective equipment

13.7.1. Personnel servicing electrical installations must be provided with all the necessary protective equipment to ensure the safety of their work (dielectric gloves, rugs, voltage indicators, fitter's tools with insulating handles, etc.).
13.7.2. Use electrical protective equipment for their intended purpose in electrical installations with a voltage not higher than that for which they are designed. Before using protective equipment, personnel must check its serviceability, the absence of external damage, clean it and wipe it from dust, and check the expiration date on the stamp. Before use, dielectric gloves should be checked for punctures by twisting them towards the fingers. It is forbidden to use protective equipment whose expiration date has expired.
13.7.3. All in operation electrical protective equipment and fixtures must be numbered, with the exception of carpets, coasters, posters and safety signs, which are not required to be numbered. At the facilities, it is necessary to keep a log of accounting and content of protective equipment, which indicates the names, inventory numbers, location, dates of periodic tests and inspections. During operation, protective equipment should be subjected to periodic and extraordinary (carried out after repair) tests.
13.7.4. The use of defective or untested protective equipment is prohibited. The protective equipment that has passed the test must be stamped. Protective equipment that is unsuitable or has not passed the test must be withdrawn from service.
13.7.5. Protective equipment, except for insulating supports, dielectric carpets, portable grounding, fences, posters and signs, received for operation from manufacturers or from warehouses, must be checked according to the standards of operational tests. Protective equipment in use must be stored in dry, specially designated places. Storage areas should have a list of protective equipment.
13.7.6. protective equipment during operation should be tested:
rubber dielectric gloves voltage 6 kV for 1 min. 1 time in 6 months;
rubber dielectric overshoes with a voltage of 3.5 kV for 1 min. 1 time in 12 months;
rubber dielectric boots voltage 15 kV for 1 min. 1 time in 36 months.
13.7.7. Techniques for providing first aid to victims are set out in Appendix 12.