At the moment, there are more than 1000 Russian-language sites related to preschool education and upbringing on the Internet. They are devoted to various issues.

These resources can be divided into several types.

1. 
   By type of sources: articles, songs, books, fairy tales, programs, drawings, goods, etc.
2. 
   By consumer (for whom they are created): for managers, for educators, for parents, for children.
3. 
   By manufacturer (created by): state, regional, municipal, kindergartens, trading companies, scientific and medical centers, individual specialists, etc.
4. 
   By purpose of creation: to manage the education system, for commercial purposes, to promote programs, to promote products, to create a team of like-minded people, and so on.
5. 
   Completeness of information.
6. 
   By topic, etc.

Summarizing these classifications, the electronic resources that exist today can be divided into categories presented in the table.

	Who created	Consumers	Goals
1	Administrative resources - websites of higher organizations: the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, regional ministries and departments of education, as well as websites of departments and departments of education	Managers, very rarely parents	Provision of information to higher organizations, implementation of Federal Law-8, etc., last but not least, informing parents
2	Official websites of the Ministry system education and science of the Russian Federation	Managers, very rarely educators and parents	Management, bringing and dissemination of a unified system of assessments, approaches, execution of Federal Law-8
3	Kindergarten websites	managers, educators, parents	Bringing information to higher organizations, informing parents.
4	Websites of medical institutions specializing in the provision of medical services to children of preschool age	Parents
5	Sites of other centers	Parents	Promotion of programs, informing users
6	Sites of public organizations working with young children	Parents	Giving help
7	Sites of periodicals devoted to the topic of preschool education and upbringing	parents, educators, very rarely managers	Information promotion
8	Websites of trading companies producing goods for young children	Parents	Promotion of your products
9	Parent association websites forums and blogs	Parents	Information exchange
10	Sites of individual users	Parents	Information exchange
11	Websites of international organizations with jurisdiction over young children	Representatives of public organizations	Promoting the ideas of the international community on ECCE

All resources of the state authorities of the Russian Federation are united on the server of state authorities, located at:http:// www. gov. en . Here you can find legislative acts of the Russian Federation, including acts establishing the state symbols of the country and a list of outstanding cultural sites, such as the Moscow Kremlin, the State Hermitage and a number of others.

Website of the President of Russiahttp://president.rf/

Internet portal of the Government of the Russian Federationhttp:// www. government. en/

Website of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation(http:// mon. gov. en/ ).

Federal Service for Supervision in Education and Science (Rosobrnadzor)www. obrnadzor. gov. en .

Federal Portal "Russian Education"(http:// www. edu. en/ ) Catalog of educational Internet resources, legislation, regulations, standards, institutions, events, competitions.Pre-school education is highlighted on the portal in a separate section, resources of pre-school education are provided.

Moscow Education Portal http://www.mosedu.ru- Management structure of Moscow education. Current materials. Regulations. Thematic forums

Website of the Moscow Department of Education http://www.educom.ru Departmental and county information. Thematic papers, publications and projects. Universities and institutions of the capital

Perinatal psychology: scientific and methodological project. The site "Perinatal Psychology" is a scientific and methodological project of the Moscow City Psychological and Pedagogical University for specialists dealing with the problems of medical and psychological support for the family during the expectation of a child and his early age. Materials for specialists dealing with the problems of medical and psychological support of the family during the expectation of the child and his early age. Articles of psychologists and doctors from various regions of Russia and abroad. Survey of the programs of courses and training seminars, meetings of specialists. Announcements of scientific conferences and sections of the Russian psychological society.

Help your child: first aid techniques. First aid to a child in emergencies and accidents: a full-text illustrated reference guide, edited by M. Einzig.

Dyslexia and dysgraphia. Information and educational portal about dyslexia and for dyslexics, developed by the Tatiana Goguadze Center. Dedicated to the correction of speech and writing disorders in preschoolers and younger students. Materials for teachers: theoretical foundations of correctional pedagogy and special psychology; bibliography on problems of dyslexia and dysgraphia; for parents: articles about dyslexia and dysgraphia, etc.

Children's health ("Doctor Sokolov's Library"). Popular articles by medical specialists about children's health on the website of the Association "Medicine-2000".

Novice users often have no idea at all about their hard disk partitions and hard drive logical drives. At first, this does not interfere with their work on the computer at all, although it does not allow them to use it more productively. But sometimes you have to deal with more responsible things, and then ignorance of simple rules can turn into serious problems, up to the complete inoperability of the operating system and the loss of important data.

In fact, it is enough to remember a few simple things and keep this information in mind during any actions with hard disk partitions.

What is a section

To begin with, a new, freshly purchased hard drive is completely unsuitable for work without prior preparation. In order to be able to save data to it and read them, for this data you must first create special "storages" - partitions, and prepare these "storages" for "storage" and storage of your files - format, i.e. create a file system on them. Once at least one partition has been created and formatted, it can already be used.

Sometimes it happens that the hard drive has only one partition that occupies the entire hard drive. Especially often this can be observed in newcomers who have just bought a computer. This option is the simplest, but also the most unsuccessful, because. and the operating system and your data are stored in one place, and in case of any problems with the operating system, or when reinstalling the OS, you risk losing everything at once.

More practical is the option when the hard drive is divided into several partitions - at least two. The operating system itself is on one partition, and your files are stored on the other. In this case, in case of problems or reinstallation of the operating system, only the partition on which it was installed will suffer. Everything else will remain untouched.

In addition, the division into several sections will allow you to more conveniently organize the storage of files - you can, for example, allocate a separate section for music or video if you have a lot of them; or if you often work with torrents, you can allocate a separate piece of your hard drive for them.

It also simplifies computer maintenance - for example, it is much easier and faster to defragment several relatively small partitions in turn than one huge piece. Similarly - and with scanning of a disk by an antivirus.

In general, we figured it out with convenience - here everyone is free to contrive to the best of their needs. However, there are a few simple rules, the violation of which is fraught with complete data loss.

I'll start in order.

Rule #1

Just one hard drive can have no more than 4 main sections Less is possible, more is not. These requirements do not depend on any operating system - they are dictated by the current level of development of the computer's electronic filling. And you won't be able to overcome them. If more than 4 sections are required, then another rule comes into force.

I mentioned MAIN sections for a reason - it's not just a word, it means one of two types of sections. In addition to the main one, the section can also be additional (extended). And in this regard, the rule about 4 partitions is somewhat transformed - on one hard disk there can be up to 4 main sections, or up to 3 main sections plus one additional(there can be only one extended partition on a disk).

What does this give us? The fact is that an additional (extended) partition, in fact, is a container inside which you can create an UNLIMITED number of logical disks. And for the user there will be absolutely no difference between working with the main partition and working with a logical disk. Thus, by creating an extended partition and logical disks inside it, we can divide the hard drive according to our needs as we need.

Please note that if you delete an extended partition, all logical drives included in it will also disappear.

Rule #2

One of the sections is required it should be active (in Linux - have the flag boot). It is on it that the boot files that will run the operating system are located. At the same time, the system itself can be located in another place, but the files from which its launch begins are only there.

Most often, the first partition of the hard disk becomes active (disk C:/ on Windows), but this is not required. In addition, you can always manually reassign any other main partition as active, but you should not forget to move the boot files there too, otherwise the operating system will not start.

Rule #3

If you are going to install several operating systems on one computer, then each of them should be installed in a separate partition ( theoretically, you can put it in one, but subsequent problems after that cannot be avoided). Operating systems of the Windows family can only be installed on primary partitions. Accordingly, if you are going to install two Windows in multiboot mode, then they will take up two main sections from you. Linux operating systems do not have this limitation and can be installed anywhere.

File systems

Before you can use a partition, you need to format it - create a file system on it (mark it in a special way).

There are a fairly large number of file systems now, and all have different characteristics.

Operating systems of the Windows family can only work with FAT, FAT32 and NTFS file systems.

FAT is a very outdated system, and its use today is hardly justified. FAT32 more modern, but has serious limitations. that hinder its full use. For example, the maximum file size that FAT32 supports is about 4 GB. That is why, if you try, for example, to copy an image of a full DVD disc to a flash drive ( which are formatted in FAT32 by default) You will receive a message about the lack of free space, although in fact there is still plenty of space. Because of this, it is practically impossible to use it on partitions where video is being processed ( and under the section with torrents it is problematic to use).

The best choice for working under Windows today would be the file system NTFS. It does not have such restrictions as FAT32, has additional security features, is more stable and reliable.

For UNIXs, which includes Linux, there are many more file systems. Each of them has its advantages and disadvantages and is more suitable for certain tasks. The default on Linux is ext4, but you can use any other. You can easily find information on which of the Linux file systems is most suitable for your tasks on the Internet.

A few words about compatibility

Windows does not understand any other file systems than its own. Access from under it to Linux partitions was possible only with the help of special programs or a plugin for Total Commander. Unfortunately, a plug-in for Windows has not yet been written for the most modern Linux file systems.

Linux, on the other hand, has always understood FAT and FAT32 perfectly, and in the last 2-3 years it has been working with NTFS without problems through a special driver. NTFS-3g, both for reading and for writing. Plus, it supports most of the additional features of NTFS. So from Linux you will always have full access to Windows partitions.

Mention should be made of various household appliances - DVD players, satellite receivers, etc. All this technique can only work with FAT and FAT32. NTFS, and even more so UNIX file systems ( with extremely rare exceptions) is completely incomprehensible to her. This should be remembered if you exchange data between such equipment and a computer.

Tools for the job

A few words about the tools for working with partitions.

I'll start with Windows. Includes standard tool Disk Management. It can be reached via Control Panel or by right-clicking on the icon My computer => Manage and selecting in the left column Disk Management.

Note that three partitions in the screenshot are marked as unknown partitions. These are partitions with Linux - Windows sees them, but it can neither determine nor even work with them.

also in Disk management you can clearly see the main and additional sections, as well as the active section ( tagged as System- it contains download files; the OS itself is installed in the partition marked as - i.e. Windows swaps labels). Of all the features, this tool provides only creating and deleting partitions, as well as reassigning the active partition and changing the drive letter ( functionality has increased slightly in Vista and Windows 7). If nothing else was at hand, then sometimes this is enough.

Important to remember , what Disk Management- the tool is inconvenient, poorly functional and extremely dangerous, especially in inexperienced hands. It is assumed that the user who uses it knows exactly what he is doing, because. any changes are applied immediately, without question, and it is impossible to see in advance what certain actions will lead to.

Therefore, I advise you to use it only in extreme cases.

Much more opportunities, convenience and security have various programs from the cohort Partition Magic-ov, for example, . There are a fairly large number of such programs, they are all different, and in recent years many of them have changed owners-developers and their name. Therefore, if you decide to pick up one of them for yourself, you will have to attend to an independent search on the wide expanses of the Internet. This is not difficult, especially since the leaders in this area can be counted on the fingers.

Acronis Disk Director Suite

In my opinion ( exclusively on mine - because. many may have a different opinion on this matter), the most powerful and convenient program for working with a hard disk and partitions is .

The program is Russian (although its variants with English are occasionally found) and is very easy to use. At the same time, it fully provides the full range of possible operations with a hard disk. In addition, almost all your actions on sections occur without losing the information that is on them.

All operations that you carry out on sections are instantly displayed in a graphical form so that everything can be evaluated visually. But the actions themselves are not performed at the same time - only after you evaluate everything yourself, and the result completely and completely satisfies you, you can press the button " Apply". Up to this point, you can undo all actions step by step.

If several hard drives are connected to the computer, all of them will be shown in the program window - one above the other. Primary partitions are marked with green flags, and the active partition is marked with a red flag.

In addition, when starting Acronis Disk Director Suite offers a choice of two modes of operation - automatic, in which all operations can be carried out with the help of "masters", and manual mode, in which all power is at the mercy of the user. The second mode, IMHO, is more convenient and flexible, but beginners can also use the automatic one.

Also in the program there is a complete and very detailed help.

One more possibility should be mentioned - from the program window you can create and burn a special boot disk that will contain files Acronis Disk Director Suite. This thing is very convenient and extremely useful in the household - after all, having this disk, there is no need to install the program itself and even the presence of an operating system. From this disk, you can boot your computer and perform any operations with partitions.

Now about the unpleasant. It lies in the fact that the program is relatively rarely updated, so sometimes situations arise when it cannot work with the most modern hard drives. This is more about its version on the boot disk, because. if Acronis Disk Director Suite installed in the operating system, then it will use the drivers from the Windows kit to work with the disk. She also has some problems with Unix file systems - she does not understand the most modern file systems ( You can see it in the screenshot below.), although it works "with a bang" with the old classic ones.

A new version has just been released Acronis Disk Director Suite for English-speaking users (there is no new Russian version yet), which already works without any problems with the newest hard drives. But the problems with modern Unix file systems in it have not yet been resolved.

GParted

Another powerful and versatile tool for working with a hard drive is a program GParted from the Linux box.

It can be found on almost all Linux Live-CDs.

The story about the possibilities of the program can be fit in one phrase: "Almost everything can." The interface is simple and unpretentious, and the work is absolutely transparent and understandable. All your actions are also first displayed visually, and are performed only after pressing a special button, when you decide that everything suits you.

Besides, GParted supports a much larger number of file systems, including the most modern ones.

If you have several hard drives, only one will be shown in the program window at a time. To work with others, use the drop-down list on the panel (on the right), which lists all connected hard drives.

GParted cannot work with partitions that are currently mounted (there will be a warning icon next to such a partition). To perform any actions with such partitions, they must first be unmounted.

A few notes about the programs that are included in the installers of operating systems and can be used when installing the OS.

When installing Windows, all partitions of the hard disk will be seen exactly the same, without dividing into basic and extended. The differences will be only in marks and sizes, and it is extremely easy to get confused. Therefore, it is advisable to use it only if you are installing an operating system on a new hard drive for the first time. If your disk has already been used, and there is some information on it, it is best to take care of everything in advance in a third-party program, and reduce the actions in the installer only to selecting the desired partition and formatting (if necessary).

The situation is similar when installing Linux. Although everything is defined correctly there, it is not displayed very clearly, and the work is less transparent than in the same GParted.

So it’s best to create partitions of the right size in the right place before installation and format them into any Linux file system, and when installing the OS, ignoring the proposed automatic options and choosing manual partitioning, simply mount them in the right places and change the file system to another if necessary , by simply putting a "tick" in the column Format in front of their sections.

For greater clarity, I recommend carefully studying the screenshots to the article ( screenshots are clickable - when you click on them, full-size pictures will open in separate tabs). I draw your attention to the fact that everywhere is depicted THE SAME hard disk, only in different programs. On this disk, two operating systems are installed in parallel in multiboot mode - Windows and Linux, which coexist quite peacefully on one computer. Each of the operating systems is allocated 3 sections ( separation is not perfect, but quite acceptable). Carefully review what and how it looks in each of the programs.

"Funny" English - finger games!
article for the magazine "Miracle"

Dear parents, in this issue we are glad to invite you to get acquainted with finger games for children - finger games or tickle games! They are quite simple in terms of language and basically all "groovy". They develop a sense of rhythm, characteristic of lively English speech, fantasy, imagination, as well as kinesthetic abilities. Everyone knows how children love rhyming lines, how easily they memorize verses..
Finger games can be divided into several types. First of all, it is of course counting rhymes. They can be built both in the form of a monologue and in the form of a dialogue:

I caught one, I caught two, I caught many, And I caught you!
You can also play finger games using riddles:
It is running Night and day, But it never Runs away. (a watch)
I am big, I am in the sky. I give light. What am I? (the sun)

I want to draw your attention to the fact that before starting finger games, the teacher / parent should “introduce” children to fingers, each of which has a name. It might look something like this: “Look carefully at your fingers. Imagine that each finger is a little man who can laugh, cry, dance. And everyone has their own name. English and American children call them Thumbkin. Let's get to know each of them: thumb - Tommy Thumbs, index - Pointer, middle finger - Middleman, ring finger - Ringman, little finger - Weeman. (Try to explain to the children the etymology of these words.) Now try playing with the children: let them look at their hands and find the fingers they recently met. (We call the fingers in English and show that the children should repeat our movements. Remember the names of the fingers in Russian, pay attention to similar definitions). And now you can play with our fingers: the children will try to find the finger themselves, which the teacher / parent calls. Try to ensure that children easily recognize fingers by ear, do not confuse them. If this seems too difficult for children, then first touch the fingers in order, and then randomly.
For further work, you can learn the following poem:

Thumbkin, Pointer, Middleman, Big,
Silly Man, Wee Man. Rig-a-jig-jig. (Rig-a - yig-yig)

This is a traditional finger game, the meaning of which is to show your fingers in turn in the process of pronunciation. While pronouncing the last line, the children should open their palm and move all fingers at the same time in the direction of the partner, as if trying to scare him. You should not be embarrassed that the phrase "Rig-a-jig-jig" will be incomprehensible to children, and in itself does not mean anything. Despite the seemingly significant minus, this phrase, in turn, should attract the attention of a novice player with one of its mysterious sounds.
Now the next game: you name and show the corresponding finger, the children must repeat the name in English after you and duplicate the movements. Then the game becomes more difficult - you name, but do not show, the children repeat English phrases and make the appropriate movements, for example: Peter Pointer up (raise your index finger) Peter Pointer down (lower) Finger family up (raise your palm) Finger family down (lower) Tommy Thumbs up Tommy Thumbs down Tommy Thumbs dancing All around the town Dance them on your shoulders Dance them on your head ( fingers dance on your head) Dance them on your knees (fingers dance on your knees) Tuck them into bed (fold your hands, hiding them in your bosom). This game is simply indispensable for developing listening skills. The main goal will be achieved if the children learn by ear and react correctly to words such as shoulders, head, knees, dance.
The verses are pronounced in a certain rhythm, after each line do not forget to pause so that the children have time to complete all the movements. Be sure to play this scene with all fingers. As soon as the children are sufficiently free to navigate the above rhyme, you can work on a more complex option. Now our task is to learn the parts of the body, and our fingers will help us with this. But more on that next time!
Yatsenko Elena Vladimirovna
Methodist teacher,
Director of the Development Center "Planet of Knowledge"

Hard disk partitions (they are also called volumes, they are also partitions from the English partition) can be basic and logical. Another name for the main type of disk partition is primary. Primary (or primary) disk partitions are used to run the operating system. This is the system partition C, where Windows is directly installed, and a small partition with reserved space (100 MB, 350 MB or 500 MB), which, starting from version 7, is created for the needs of the operating system. Logical disk partitions do not differ functionally from the main ones. What is on the main, what is on the logical partitions of the disk - both there and there information is stored. The difference is that it is not possible to start Windows from a logical disk partition. If you turn the system partition C from the main to the logical one, Windows will not be able to fully function in all, but in most cases.

But in all cases it will not want to boot if it is logical to make it a technical small section with reserved space, where, in particular, boot data is stored.

Below, we will talk in detail about the essence of the main and logical partitions of a hard disk, and also consider ways to convert their type from one to another and vice versa.

1. Limit on the number of primary partitions on a disk

There should be no more than 4 main partitions on one hard drive, if there are no logical ones. If there is a need to create more than 4 disk partitions, the 4th partition created and all subsequent partitions must be logical. So, after the created three main partitions, the 4th partition, called additional or extended, will be something of a container, which, in turn, can be divided into many logical partitions.

2. Formation of main and logical partitions

The regular Windows Disk Management utility does not provide the user with the ability to select the type of disk partition. The utility itself provides the optimal alignment for most cases. The first 3 partitions it creates are the main ones by default. And, starting from the 4th, all partitions created by the utility are automatically created as logical ones.

A third-party disk space manager, the AOMEI Partition Assistant program, works on exactly the same principle. The first three sections with default settings are created as the main ones, and starting from the 4th - as logical ones. But, unlike the standard Windows utility, AOMEI Partition Assistant provides an advanced disk partition creation settings mode, where you can manually select the main or logical type for the first three partitions to be created.

Another fan of template presets is Paragon Hard Disk Manager. Its settings for creating a disk partition by default are also sharpened for the formation of the first three partitions as the main ones. And, as in the previous program, when creating the first three sections, you can manually change the predefined main type to a logical one, which is significant in the program as an extended one.

But the Acronis Disk Director program does not adhere to template parameters. The form for creating a new disk partition by default provides for the creation of a logical partition. The partition type parameters must be reassigned manually - to create the main partition, respectively, check the boxes next to the inscription "Main" and next to the inscription "Active" if a partition for Windows is being created.

3. Why change the logical partition of the disk to the main one and vice versa

In what cases may it be necessary to change the logical type of a disk partition to the main one and vice versa? The need for the first operation is, as a rule, the very cases of unsuccessful experiments with converting Windows system partitions from primary to logical. These are also cases of problems with installing Windows, when only logical partitions were initially created on the hard disk.

The need for the reverse operation - to convert the main partition into a logical one - arises when there are more main partitions on the disk than necessary for specific situations. For example, in the case of restoring Windows from a backup to a partition other than the original one. We are talking about transferring the system to another, already distributed hard drive, where it is necessary to save the structure and data of non-system partitions, and restore the “lived-in” Windows from the backup copy to the system partition. If the hard drive has 4 primary partitions without logical partitions or 3 primary partitions and all the rest are logical, backup programs will in some cases refuse to perform a Windows restore operation. Since the backup may contain more than one system partition C, but also the technical partition mentioned above with reserved space for the needs of Windows. This small partition and system partition C would, if the restore operation was completed, divide the main destination partition into two partitions, also the main ones. And thus the rule would be violated - either 4 main sections without logical ones, or 3 main sections, and all the rest are logical. In this case, the problem is solved as follows: one of the non-system partitions where user data is stored is converted from the main one to the logical one, which, in fact, it should be.

4. Installing Windows on a logical disk partition

If there are primary partitions on the hard disk, even if Windows is purposefully installed on a logical partition, the operating system itself during the installation process will convert it into a primary one. Windows will even get out of the situation when the limit of the main partitions is exhausted. She will simply set up a technical section for herself on any available main section.

But if there are only logical partitions on the hard disk, Windows will not want to be installed at the stage of selecting a disk partition. Things will be easiest if there is no data on the disk or if they are not important. In this case, the problem is easily solved by improvised means of the operating system installation disk itself. Existing logical disk partitions are deleted with the "Delete" button,

and in their place new sections are formed using the "Create" button.

On the Windows 7 installation disk, to access these buttons, you need to press the "Disk Setup" option.

If you do not need to divide the disk into partitions, for example, when it is a 60-gigabyte SSD, you can not create any partitions, but install Windows directly on the "Unallocated Disk Space".

But when there is a large amount of data on the hard disk, in this case, special programs for working with disk space cannot be dispensed with. You need to convert the partition on which you plan to install Windows from logical to primary.

5. Acronis Disk Director 12 for solving tasks

The main or logical type assigned during partition creation cannot be subsequently changed by the regular Windows disk management utility. To do this, you will need to resort to more functional solutions in the form of third-party programs for working with computer disk space, which will be able to carry out the operation without deleting the partition, while preserving its data. Against the background of competitors in terms of assigning disk partitions of the main or logical type, Acronis Disk Director 12 compares favorably with the presence of "fool protection". Whereas, for example, Paragon Hard Disk Manager will mindlessly agree to an experiment to convert a Windows technical partition from a primary to a logical one, Acronis Disk Director will carefully warn you about all the negative consequences of the planned operation.

Acronis Disk Director 12 is such a smart program that even if this operation is confirmed, only the effect of the operation will occur, so to speak, a snag for the "especially persistent". Nothing will really change, and after rebooting Windows, the technical section of the system will remain, as before, the main one.

For critical cases, when Windows does not boot or is simply not yet installed, Acronis Disk Director 12 provides for the creation of bootable media in its interface.

After the welcome window, select the "Windows-like presentation" of the bootable media.

We skip the stage with Linux kernel parameters.

We choose bootable media with UEFI support for computers based on this BIOS, or we limit ourselves to the usual version for 32-bit systems. The choice is only important for BIOS UEFI.

Finally, set the boot priority from the selected media in the BIOS and launch Acronis Disk Director 12.

6. Converting the main disk partition to logical and vice versa

In the Acronis Disk Director 12 window, whether it is a desktop program window or an installation media interface, select the desired disk partition. You can choose at least in the disk partition table at the top, at least in their visual representation at the bottom. Call the context menu on the section. If this is the main partition, select the "Convert to logical" function.

We confirm the decision.

We apply the pending operation.

Once again confirm the decision by clicking the "Continue" button.

Partition converted to logical.

Similarly, there is an operation to convert the logical partition of the disk to the main one. On the selected logical partition, in the context menu, select the "Convert to Primary" function.

In some cases, returning the technical Windows partition of the main type in this way will require additional recovery of the boot sector.

In conclusion

I would like to end this article with a parting word for beginners who are going to experiment with computer disk space. It is not necessary to check the potential of professional software in this area on a physical computer disk. For these purposes, using Windows tools (in the same disk management utility), you can create a virtual VHD disk, initialize it, and already conduct various kinds of experiments with it.

Have a great day!

It is conditionally possible to divide all mafia players into several types, depending on the nature of the person himself:

Mathematician

Psychologist

Paranoid

All types in most cases are presented in their pure form and do not mix with each other. The type of player behind the character changes over time and depends both on the experience of playing the mafia, and on personal life experience.

One of the most powerful types of players, one might even say the last stage in the development of a person as a mafia player. Strategists are distinguished not only by their analytical mindset and the ability to draw logically reliable conclusions, but also by the ability to use them in a specific game situation. A strategist may not always act logically, but everything he does is always deliberate and calculated, and often his actions lead to victory. The strategist can be identified by phrases like "by planting this player, we will get a lot of information on other players, even if it is peaceful."

Sees the picture of the game as a whole, and not in separate pieces;

Not subject to paranoia;

The ability to argue your position allows you to ingratiate yourself with other Strategists, Logicians and sometimes Psychologists.

From time to time, he can make the "mistake of professional chess players" (foreseeing events 3 moves ahead, does not notice the current move);

Unable to use psychology and intuition;

He builds his game according to the laws of logic, which can be broken by the unpredictable actions of Paranoids and Intuitives.

A strong type of player with mafia experience. He has an analytical mindset and knows how to build logical chains. Unlike the Strategist, he is not able to think big and ahead, but at a critical moment he is able to determine the fulcrum from which other strategists and logicians can build on and, ultimately, complete the game with a victory. The logic in the party can be recognized by his speeches, which are built, as a rule, on information received from the voting process.

Establishes "polarities" (takes two players who are not paired) and can, thanks to this, calculate the entire mafia team independently of each other;

The ability to perceive arguments allows you to play in a team with other Logicians and Strategists;

The experience of the game allows you to hear "false" and "broken" logic in the speeches and arguments of other players.

The whole game Logic can easily break one well-made alibi;

Not able to play without enough information to reason (almost blind at the beginning of the game).

Mathematician

The average type of player who, as a rule, uses purely technical methods to calculate the mafia in the game. Most often, this type of player is formed under the influence of a person’s profession or personal hobbies. By and large, the Mathematician is a Logician who prefers not to take risks, but to act for sure. The mathematician is easy to recognize at the final stage of the game, when his "picture came together" and he puts the whole game "on the shelves" in one speech.

With enough data at the end of the game is never wrong;

Easily gets along with other Mathematicians and Logicians in the game;

Confidence in the correctness of his conclusions makes other players believe him;

Sequence of actions (which is often neglected by the Strategist);

A good memory allows you to keep a complete voting history in mind.

Not able to play without enough information to reason (almost blind at the beginning of the game);

Excessive self-confidence in one's rightness often clouds the mind and the Mathematician can miss an important detail in the general scheme of the game;

Thinking about another theory, may lose sight of important information (partial loss of concentration).

Psychologist

A universal type of player that combines all the necessary qualities for playing mafia. Often the possibilities of a psychologist are dictated by personal life (and not just gaming) experience. Lacking strong analytical skills, he can figure out the mafia without someone else's help. The psychologist can be recognized in the game by the abundant communication skills and questions asked. Confident in his abilities, he often interprets the reactions of other players to the events in the way he needs (but not always right).

Able to understand the train of thought and arguments of the Logician, Strategist and Mathematician, and at the same time have his own vision of what is happening;

Has no limits to the development of his abilities (how many people, so many psychological portraits), thinks unconventionally;

Able to play without sufficient information, as he independently extracts it from the behavior of other players (very useful at the beginning of the game);

Evaluates players in a variety of ways (both by game criteria and by behavioral ones);

Can see "through" an alibi.

Difficulties in arguing one's position in the later stages of the game (when choosing between behavioral and game criteria in the last stages of the game, in most cases priority is given to the game one);

Even the most experienced Psychologists often interpret player behavior incorrectly, which can lead to trusting the wrong people and ultimately lead to a losing game.

Paranoid

A weak type of player who is characterized by fixation on one or more conclusions as being true and building his entire game on the basis of the latter. Paranoids can be conditionally divided into passive and active. Passive choose a "trusted" player who is trusted, despite all the arguments against them. The active ones, upon discovering certain facts that speak against one specific player, begin to "pressure" this player no matter what. The paranoid in the party can be recognized by phrases like "But Carthage must be destroyed!".

The most dangerous player for the mafia, who is not affected by either convictions or arguments if he is paranoid about them;

In skillful hands, it can serve as a "righteous weapon" for a peaceful city;

Not subject to doubt and hesitation;

He copes with the role of the commissioner better than any Logic and Strategist.

It is similar to a bull that will not calm down until it breaks a red rag (only the announcement of the player who is being paranoid by a proven peaceful one can muffle paranoia);

If paranoia falls on a peaceful person, then he actually plays for the mafia team;

Not able to take arguments and play as a team.

A weak type of player who builds his game on internal feelings of involvement or non-involvement of certain players in the mafia. Almost the exact opposite of Logic. Intuitives are rarely useful in the game, but sometimes at the decisive moment of the game they can, contrary to logic, make the right choice than end the game with a victory. Intuitives always rely on their intuition and explain their choice simply "It seems to me that ...".

Can find the mafia without sufficient information, both at the beginning of the game and at its end;

Can see "through an alibi";

Already at the beginning of the game, they are able to make a complete picture of the teams at the table.

The inability to prove and argue properly their position almost always leaves the Intuitives alone with their own conclusions;

Rarely accept logical reasoning, which leads to disagreement with the Logicians, Strategists and Mathematicians in the party;

When intuition is silent, Intuition becomes useless in every way;

They are subject to influence from the outside, which makes them retreat from their inner feelings and follow the lead of the manipulator.

Depending on the chosen tactics, players are divided into the following types:

suicide bomber

Instigator

The tactics of the game is chosen individually for each game and does not depend on the internal factors of the person himself.

Tactics of the game for any role. The leader takes responsibility for the outcome of the game and leads the game in the direction he has chosen.

leader of the peaceful

Usually there are 1-2 people in the party who want and can lead the rest of the players. A player who has played at least one game according to the tactics of the Leader knows that, most likely, he will not live more than 1-2 days from the moment he put on the crown. This factor stops many from choosing this tactic, but not all. When one Leader dies, another usually takes his place, or the peaceful team crumbles into small pieces, which usually leads to their defeat. Without a leader, civilians have a chance to win only if the mafia is inexperienced players or they make a lot of mistakes. Most often, the Leader manifests himself on the second game day. When no one has taken the role of Leader, the logic of the game obliges the Commissar to do so.

mafia leader

On the second game day, when a nascent Civilian Leader appears in the game, the mafia is faced with a choice: accept the Leader of the civilians and support him, in the hope that he will make a mistake, or create a Leader from among his number. If the mafia chooses the first option, then with the experience of the Leader of the peaceful, the mafia loses if it does not kill him before the right moment. If the mafia decides to take risks, then a second Leader (often a false commissar) appears in the game. Usually this day decides everything, since in most cases one of the two Leaders will be imprisoned. This happens because the two of them have different vectors and different landing candidates, and the players at the table understand that these two are from different teams.

Tactics of the game for any role. The vassal is not an individual force, but follows a player he trusts.

Vassal of the peaceful

Often such tactics are chosen by auxiliary peaceful roles (doctor, maniac) who are grouped around the Commissar or Leader of the civilians. The vassal of civilians is not terrible for the mafia, since the one he follows. If Vassal follows the mafia, then he plays for the mafia team, which usually leads to the defeat of civilians, in which Vassal is 99% guilty. At the beginning of the mafia game, it is important to decide which of the civilians chose the tactics of the Vassal, and ingratiate himself with him. Failing that, kill whoever he follows. Having lost a confidant, the Vassal is looking for a new person to trust (often a new Leader).

mafia vassal

Most average mafia players choose this tactic for themselves. Its meaning is simple, and is embedded in the very principles of the mafia game - "Grow into confidence, make you make a mistake, win!". Mafia vassal breaks into the peaceful team, following the Leader, creating the illusion that he himself is peaceful (plays exactly like us, which means he is one of us). If a team of civilians eliminated all suspicious persons, and the game is not over yet, then everyone understands that the mafia is among the trusted persons, and the game literally comes down to the beginning - no one trusts anyone, everyone suspects everyone. This tactic is very beneficial to the mafia, if it is skillfully used.

Tactics of the game for any role. As a rule, the tactics of beginners. Silent refuses to give information about himself and is completely immersed in watching what is happening.

Silent peaceful

Often a peaceful player who has chosen the tactics of the Silent One only makes his team worse, because he does not make himself clear that he is peaceful. They say about such players "there is zero information on him, he is silent!" and quite often for this they are imprisoned in the daytime voting. If Silent is an experienced player, then he hears and notices twice as much as other players. Sometimes the tactics of the Silent One can be replaced by the tactics of the Leader, when, having listened carefully to everyone, the Silent One believes that the time has come to act actively. This tactic can sometimes be chosen by the Commissioner, acting on the principle of "Hiding, the lion is preparing to jump!". Often the non-violent player with the Silent tactic is one of the first to die, as the mafia is afraid of those they know nothing about, and they develop paranoia that the Silent One has an active role.

Silent Mafia

Risky tactics, so experienced players are almost never used. If the Silent Mafia is experienced, then most likely such tactics were chosen by him for the subsequent false commissar or in order not to give an extra alibi to other peaceful players. Often, the Tactics of Silent among the players of the mafia provokes other mafiosi to play the tactics of the Beetle and plant their own.

suicide bomber

Tactics of the game for civilians. A suicide bomber sacrifices himself for the sake of his team's victory, posing as a mafia shot. In 90% of cases, the Suicide bomber is opened by a false commissar (or another false role) in order to be killed by the mafia instead of the Commissioner covered by him. An experienced suicide bomber usually takes one mafia with him, calling it "proven". Such Gambits require a high level of professionalism and are highly valued among players. Death Men's mistakes are often worth a peaceful victory, because in case of an unsuccessful false commission (or simply unconvincing in the eyes of a real Commissioner), such players do not die, but go to jail on the next vote (and it is rarely possible to convince that it was a mistake, and not malicious intent). That is why the suicide bomber tactics are very rare, since there are only two alternatives - either he died or was imprisoned.

Mafia tactics. A beetle among the mafia plays for civilians, helping them to plant their partners, while receiving an ironclad alibi. If the Commissioner is eliminated in time, then the experienced Beetle will almost always survive until the decisive moment in the game and, thanks to his alibi, will win. The tactics of a true mafioso are very popular with the public and therefore very seductive (unlike the Death Man). But the received alibis still need to be able to dispose of, so this tactic is recommended to be used only by experienced players. An inexperienced Beetle will most likely give himself away with petty alogisms in behavior, and will be imprisoned, despite the alibi. If two Beetles (or more) appear in the mafia team at once, then this is fraught with the fact that at some point the civilians will understand that the mafia made alibis (since there are too few suspects left) on partners and all alibis will be canceled.

Instigator

Mafia tactics. A tactic related to that of the Mafia Vassal, but differs by the lack of a cohesive team between the Instigator and the Leader. Usually this tactic is used by several mafiosi at once and is aimed at persuading the Leader to make a certain choice (favorable to the mafia) at a critical moment in the game. If there is only one Instigator, then, most likely, he will only give himself away by switching to such tactics (if he has not yet played according to the mafia Vassal tactics). It is recommended that several mafiosi switch to this tactic at once and incite them to vote against different players (the so-called "fork", when one mafioso calls to vote against one peaceful, and the second - against the other), so that in case of exposure, the illusion will be created that these two play in different commands.