Ways of natural lighting of industrial premises. Requirements for lighting industrial premises and workplaces

LIGHTING OF INDUSTRIAL PREMISES

Impact of lighting conditions on health, safety and productivity

Light is a natural condition for human life, which plays an important role in maintaining health and high performance. It has a positive effect on the emotional state of a person, metabolism, cardiovascular and central nervous system.

The visual analyzer of a person is the main source of information he receives about the outside world.

Thus, being the most important indicator of occupational health, industrial lighting is designed to:

Improving the conditions of visual work and reducing fatigue;

Improving labor safety and reducing occupational diseases;

Increasing labor productivity and product quality.

Light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum of visible radiation (λ = 0.38-0.77 µm).

Basic lighting quantities and units of their measurement

Lighting quantities quantitatively characterize the effect of light radiation on the human eye. Typically, quantitative indicators such as luminous flux, luminous intensity, illumination, surface brightness, reflectance, transmission and absorption coefficients are used.

luminous flux (F) - radiation flux, estimated by its effect on people. eye. Per unit - LUME(lm)

luminous intensity (I) - spatial density of the light flux, cat. determined by the ratio of the luminous flux F to the body (spatial) ω, in the cat. it spreads. The unit of luminous intensity is taken candela (cd). A solid angle is a part of the space of a sphere bounded by a cone reflected on the surface of the sphere, with a vertex at its center. The unit of the solid angle is the steradian (cp).

illumination (E) - surface luminous flux density F . With a uniform distribution of the luminous flux perpendicular to the illuminated surface S, the illumination

.Measured in lux (lx)

surface brightness (B) - represents the surface density of the luminous intensity and is defined as the ratio of the luminous intensity I in this direction to the projection of the luminous surface onto a plane perpendicular to the direction of observation.

, where ά is the angle between the normal to the surface S and the direction to the eye. For a unit brightness candela per m 2 (cd/m 2 ). The brightness of the light. value, cat. directly perceived by the human eye. Visual sensations are determined by the brightness of the illuminated surface, which depends on its color, roughness, and other factors. Excessive brightness leads to short-term fucking

the reflection coefficients ρ, transmission τ and absorption β of surfaces are measured in% or fractions of a unit.

,

,

, where F ρ , Fτ, F β are respectively reflected, absorbed and transmitted through the surface light fluxes

FON - surface. directly adjacent to the object. The background is considered light at ρ>0.4, medium at 0.4>ρ>0.2, dark at ρ<0,2

Contrast K - the object of observation and the background is determined by the difference between their brightness

K \u003d (Vo-Vf) / Vf, where Vo, Vf are the brightness of the object and background

The effect of light on the human body

Light is one of the most important conditions for the existence of people. It affects the state of the body. Properly organized lighting stimulates the processes of nervous activity and increases efficiency. In low light people works less productively, quickly gets tired, the likelihood of side effects increases, which can lead to injuries. It is believed that 5% of injuries can be the cause of such a prof. diseases like working myopia (nearsightedness)

Depending on the wavelength, light can be stimulating (orange-red) or calming (yellow-green).

The spectral composition of light affects labor productivity. Studies show that if the production of people. in natural light, take it as 100%, then in red and orange lighting it is only 76%. People have a cat. for some reason partially or completely deprived of natural light, light starvation may occur. With good lighting, eye strain is eliminated, the pace of work is accelerated.

Natural and artificial lighting, their sources, regulation.

Types and systems of lighting

Depending on the light sources, industrial lighting can be natural, artificial and combined.

Natural lighting in a room can be formed by direct sunlight, diffused light from the sky, and reflected light from the earth and other objects.

Artificial lighting is provided by incandescent or gas discharge lamps.

Combined lighting is the addition of natural lighting to artificial lighting during the dark and daylight hours with insufficient natural light.

Natural light in its spectral composition is significantly different from artificial light.

In the spectrum of sunlight, there are much more ultraviolet rays necessary for a person; it is characterized by a high diffuseness (scattering) of light, which is very favorable for visual working conditions. Natural lighting provides visual contact with the external environment, eliminates the monotony of the light situation in the premises, which causes premature fatigue of the nervous system.

Given the high biological and hygienic value and the positive psychological impact of natural light, in practice they strive to use it as much as possible when designing industrial lighting.

Premises with permanent residence of people should have, as a rule, natural lighting.

By design features daylight happens: lateral, when light enters the room through light openings in the outer walls, windows; upper - through the upper light openings, lanterns; combined - a combination of side and top lighting.

Since the level of natural lighting can change dramatically within a short time, the normalized value (quantitative characteristic) of natural lighting is not the illumination of the workplace, but the coefficient of natural illumination (K.E.O.).

The daylight factor (e) is the ratio of daylight at an indoor reference point ( Ev) to the simultaneous value of the external horizontal illumination (En) created by the light of the full open sky.

K.E.O. shows what part of the outdoor illumination is the illumination at a certain point inside the room

K.E.O.(e)=

%

artificial according to its functional purpose, lighting is divided into working, emergency, evacuation, security and duty lighting.

Working lighting is arranged in all rooms, as well as in areas of open spaces intended for work, the passage of people and traffic.

Artificial working lighting can be general and combined, when local is added to the general, concentrating the luminous flux directly at the workplace. The use of one local lighting inside buildings is not allowed.

Depending on the location of equipment and workplaces, general lighting can be uniform or localized.

Emergency lighting is provided in all cases where a sudden shutdown of the main lighting can cause an explosion, fire, poisoning of people, the risk of injury, a long-term disruption of the technological process or disruption of operation, communication centers, water and gas supply installations, duty posts and control points for various systems.

Escape lighting is provided in the aisles of industrial buildings with more than 50 employees, where the exit of people from the premises in the event of a sudden shutdown of working lighting is associated with a risk of injury.

Security lighting is provided (in the absence of special technical means of protection) along the borders of the territory, protected at night.

The attendant is activated during non-working hours.

Artificial lighting is estimated by the amount of illumination (E, lx).

Sources of artificial lighting can be incandescent lamps and gas discharge lamps.

The service life of incandescent lamps is up to 1000 hours, and the light output is from 7 to 20 lm/W. Iodine incandescent lamps have the greatest advantages. They have a service life of up to 3000 hours, and a light output of up to 30 lm / W.

Visible radiation from incandescent lamps dominates in the yellow and red parts of the spectrum, which causes color distortion and makes it difficult to distinguish between shades of colors.

Discharge lamps have light characteristics that better meet hygienic requirements. Their radiation in the optical range of the spectrum occurs as a result of an electric discharge in an atmosphere of inert gases, metal vapors and their salts. The service life of gas-discharge lamps reaches 14,000 hours, and the light output is 100 lm/W.

By selecting inert gases and metal vapors, in the atmosphere of which the discharge occurs, it is possible to obtain the luminous flux of gas-discharge lamps in any part of the spectrum.

In gas-discharge lamps, the cylinder is filled with mercury vapor and an inert gas, and a phosphor is applied to its inner surface.

The most common gas discharge lamps are low-pressure lamps and fluorescent lamps, which are in the form of a cylindrical tube. They are produced in various colors: fluorescent lamps (LD); cold white (LHB); white (LB); warm white (LTB) and with improved color rendering (LDC).

Fluorescent lamps are a glass tube, the inner surface of which is coated with a phosphor. The passage of an electric current through this mixture is accompanied by the emission of ultraviolet rays invisible to the eye, causing the glow of the phosphor. That. In fluorescent lamps, electricity is first converted into ultraviolet rays, and then, with the help of a phosphor, into visible light. Using different phosphors, you can give the lamps different colors, including those close to daylight.

fluorescent lamps have a low brightness and therefore do not have a blinding effect on the eyes, the surface of the lamp tube heats up a little (40-50). The disadvantages of fluorescent lamps include the fact that special ballasts are required to ignite and stabilize the combustion mode, which complicates their operation and reduces efficiency. Lighting from a fluorescent lamp may cause stroboscopic effect, which consists in the fact that due to the lack of thermal inertia, the rotating parts of the machines illuminated by the lamp may appear to be stationary or rotating in the opposite direction. This effect can be reduced by turning on neighboring lamps in different phases of the network. but cannot be completely removed. The main disadvantage is the high sensitivity to changes in ambient temperature. Normal operation of the lamp is provided at an ambient temperature of 18-25

High-pressure discharge lamps include metal halide, sodium, arc, mercury, xenon, and others.

Mercury lamps, unlike fluorescent ones, stably light up and work well both at high and at low ambient temperatures. They have high power and are mainly used to illuminate high industrial premises and streets.

Xenon lamps consist of a quartz tube filled with xenon gas. They are used to illuminate sports facilities, railway stations, construction sites. They are sources of ultraviolet rays, the effect of which can be dangerous when illuminated with more than 250 lux.

The most promising are halogen lamps, the discharge of which occurs in vapors of halide salts, as well as sodium lamps. They are characterized by excellent color rendering and high efficiency (light output 110-130 lm/W).

With combined lighting, general artificial lighting of the premises should be provided by gas discharge lamps. The use of incandescent lamps is allowed in cases where, due to the conditions of technology, environment or interior design requirements, the use of discharge lamps is impossible or impractical.

Combined lighting is estimated by the coefficient of natural light when artificial light sources are turned off.

Industrial lighting standards are set depending on:

Characteristics of visual work (the smallest size of the object of distinction, the lightness of the background, the value of the contrast of the object with the background;

Discharge and sub-discharge of visual work;

Type and lighting system (for artificial lighting).

For the 1st: the object of distinction is determined by the smallest size of the object (detail) or its part that needs to be distinguished (recognized) in the process of performing this work (for example, a point, wire thickness, etc.).

For the 2nd: depending on the size of the object of distinction and the distance of the object from the eyes of the worker, all works are divided into 8 digits of accuracy, which, in turn, are divided into sub-categories (a, b, c, d) depending on the contrast of the detail of distinction with background and on the background reflectance. For each subsection, the norms establish a certain value of illumination and the coefficient of natural illumination, which decrease as the size of the details, the contrast with the background and the reflection coefficient increase. (The background is the surface adjacent directly to the object of distinction on which it is viewed)

Workplace lighting requirements

- lighting in the workplace should correspond to the nature of the visual work

Sufficiently uniform distribution of brightness on the slave. surfaces

Lack of sharp shadows on the slave. surfaces

Lack of shine

The constancy of illumination over time

Correct color reproduction

Ensuring electrical, explosion and fire safety

frugality

Artificial light in its spectral composition should approach natural

Lighting of the working premises must satisfy the following. conditions:

Illumination level slave. surfaces must comply with hygienic standards for this type of work

The uniformity and stability of the level of illumination in the room, the absence of sharp contrasts between the illumination of the slave should be ensured. surface and surroundings space

In the field of view, no glare should be created by light sources and other objects.

Artificial light in its spectral composition should be close to natural

TOPIC: 2 BODIES OF SUPERVISION AND CONTROL OVER COMPLIANCE WITH LABOR LEGISLATION. SYSTEM OF WORK SAFETY STANDARDS

Bodies of supervision and control over compliance with labor legislation in the Republic of Belarus .

Supervision and control over compliance with labor legislation is carried out by specially authorized state bodies acting in accordance with the law.

Control is exercised at 3 levels:

State;

Public;

Departmental.

State committee tr uda - develops draft regulations governing responsibility for the state of working conditions, and exercises control over the provision of benefits and compensation for unfavorable working conditions.

State Labor Inspectorate- supervision and control over compliance with labor legislation, imposing sanctions on employers and officials for its violation, providing the employer and employees with technical and legal information and recommendations for the application of legislation, coordinating the activities of state supervision bodies, specialized and departmental labor protection inspectorates.

Gospromatomnadzor(State Committee for Supervision of Safe Operations in Industrial and Nuclear Energy) - directs its activities to identify the causes of conditions that contribute to the occurrence of accidents and industrial injuries, monitors compliance with safety requirements during the operation of equipment, blasting, etc.

Gosenergonadzor(State Committee for Energy Supply and Energy Supervision) - supervises the use of electrical installations, stations at enterprises and organizations.

Gossannadzor- exercises control over the implementation of sanitary and hygienic measures aimed at eliminating and preventing pollution of the external environment, as well as overseeing the organization and implementation of measures aimed at reducing and preventing morbidity, guided by the legislation on health care and acts of the Ministry of Health.

SERVICES of the state fire supervision- Ministry of Emergency Situations - supervises compliance with the fire regime at facilities

Prosecutor supervision- resolves the issue of responsibility of the person who committed the violation of legislative acts.

public control carried out by trade unions.

departmental control- control of departments and ministries.

Responsibility of officials for violation of the law:

disciplinary- consists in imposing the following penalties on the perpetrators: remark, reprimand, demotion, dismissal;

administrative- fine, deprivation rights, warning, corrective works; material;

criminal- the measure of punishment is determined depending on the severity of the crime and can be in the form of a fine, dismissal, correctional labor or imprisonment for up to 5 years.

The system of labor safety standards (SSBT), its meaning and structure .

At present, the SSBT operates in the Republic of Belarus, which is the same for all sectors of the national economy.

SSBT- a set of interrelated standards containing requirements, norms and rules aimed at ensuring safety, maintaining human health and performance in the labor process.

SSBT is an integral part of the state system of standards.

The following categories of standards have been established:

GOST - state standard;

OST - branch;

PCT - republican;

STP - the standard of the enterprise.

For example, GOST 12.4.089-80 SSBT

GOST - an index denoting the state standard;

12 - code of state standards;

4 - subsystem number, indicating the requirements for protective equipment for workers;

089 - serial number in the subsystem;

80 - the last two digits of the year the standard was registered.

If after the year of publication there is an asterisk (eg 80*), this means that the standard has been reissued with changes.

Subsystem standards 0,1,2,3,4,5 and issues reflected in n them.

The standards included in the SSBT are divided into subsystems, denoted by numbers from 0 to 5:

O- organizational and methodological standards that establish the structure of the SSBT, the terminology in the field of labor safety, the classification of hazardous and harmful production factors, the organization of training for workers in labor safety, etc.;

1 - standards of requirements and norms for the types of hazardous and harmful production factors, establishing their maximum permissible values, methods of control and protection of workers;

2 - standards for safety requirements for production equipment, including those standards that establish safety requirements for the design of equipment and its elements;

3 - standards for safety requirements for production processes, includes standards that establish safety requirements for technological processes, production equipment, workplaces, work schedules of personnel;

4 - standards for requirements for protective equipment for workers, establish requirements for protective and hygienic protective equipment, as well as methods for testing and evaluating them.

5 - standards of safety requirements for buildings and structures.

Rights and obligations of the state labor inspectorate

The Labor Inspection Committee under the Ministry of Labor is a state body for supervision and control over compliance with labor legislation and labor protection rules. He exercises control over the entire range of issues of organizing work on labor protection, at all stages of the production process, at all enterprises, regardless of ownership.

State labor inspectors are entitled to:

free access to businesses

get acquainted with any documents and make copies of them, if there are no legal restrictions on this

receive from leaders. officials and employees explanations on issues within their competence

seize and take with you for analysis samples of materials and substances used and processed, provided that the employer is notified about this and there are no legal restrictions on this

If violations are found:

1) issue binding instructions to the employer

2) suspend (prohibit) the work of shops, sections, equipment

3) impose fines on officials and employers

4) raise a question with the relevant authorities on holding officials accountable for violation of labor legislation and labor protection rules

Responsibilities of the HSE Inspection Committee:

carry out the organization of work on labor protection

carries out a special investigation of accidents at work

conduct a selective examination of the construction, reconstruction and operation of industrial facilities

TOPIC: 3 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF LABOR PROTECTION. TYPES OF TRAINING IN SAFE WORK PRACTICES. ORGANIZATIONAL AND TECHNICAL, SOCIAL AND HOUSEHOLD MEASURES ON LABOR SAFETY.

Regulations on the organization of work on labor protection at the enterprise. Labor protection service .

The correct organization of work on labor protection is of paramount importance for increasing labor productivity, eliminating the causes of accidents and occupational diseases. The organization of work on labor protection at the enterprise is determined by special documents (the labor protection management system, the system of work on labor protection). which determine the duties of the company's officials for labor protection, the procedure for planning work on labor protection, control over this position.

The general management of labor protection at the enterprise is carried out by the head of the enterprise and the engineer, heads of structural divisions.

The head of the enterprise takes measures to create safe and healthy working conditions, i.e. responsible for the organization of labor protection in general at the enterprise.

The chief engineer monitors compliance with the rules and regulations on labor protection, safety, industrial sanitation, and fire safety.

The chief engineer manages the development of work plans for labor protection, analyzes the causes of injuries and morbidity at work, and organizes the implementation of instructions from higher and regulatory authorities. Systematically checks the state of TB and sanitary and hygienic working conditions at the enterprise and takes measures to eliminate the identified shortcomings. In addition, the chief engineer approves accident investigation reports, promotes occupational safety and provides employees with occupational safety instructions and rules, organizes knowledge testing and advanced training of managers and specialists on occupational safety issues.

All major enterprises have labor protection service. The labor protection service is directly subordinated to the head of the enterprise or his deputy.

The main tasks of the labor protection service are:

organization of work to ensure the occupational health and safety of employees, prevention of occupational injuries and occupational diseases, elimination (reduction) of occupational hazards;

control over the provision of labor safety requirements, compliance with legislation, rules, norms and instructions on labor protection;

advising and providing methodological assistance to officials, heads of departments and other employees on labor protection issues, the correct application of the provisions of labor legislation and labor protection.

Instruction and training of communication workers in safe working methods. The system of briefings, types, their characteristics, methods ofreference.

Training of employees in safe working methods is carried out with the help of briefings.

The following types of briefings are carried out: introductory;

primary in the workplace;

repeated;

unscheduled;

Induction training conducts an OT engineer with all employees who are first hired for permanent or temporary work, regardless of their education, work experience, position, as well as with students, students during the internship. Introductory briefing is carried out according to the program approved by the employer. The program provides general information about the enterprise, about hazardous and harmful production factors, familiarity with the internal labor regulations, etc.

Primary briefing at the workplace, before the start of production activities, they are carried out with all employees hired; employees transferred from one unit to another; workers doing new work for them. Primary briefing is carried out with each employee individually with a practical demonstration of safe working practices and methods.

Re-briefing all employees, regardless of qualifications, education, length of service, nature of the work performed, pass at least once every six months, with the exception of persons who are not associated with the maintenance, testing, adjustment and repair of equipment, storage and use of raw materials and materials. These persons may not be given on-the-job training. Re-briefing is carried out in order to assess knowledge of the rules and instructions for OT.

Unscheduled instruction Well carried out at:

the introduction of new or revised regulations on labor protection;

changing technological processes, replacing or upgrading equipment;

violation by workers of normative legal acts on labor protection.

Targeted coaching carried out at:

performance of one-time work not related to direct duties in the specialty (cleaning the territory, etc.); elimination of consequences of accidents, natural disasters; conducting excursions at the enterprise, organizing mass events with students (hiking, etc.).

Primary, repeated, unscheduled and targeted briefings are carried out by the immediate supervisors of the work. The briefing at the workplace ends with a survey and testing of the acquired skills for safe work. Conducting briefings is recorded in a special journal.

Planning and financing of labor protection measures .

The following types of plans are being developed:

1) long-term (five-year plans): these are comprehensive plans for improving OT, which are part of the plans for the economic development of the enterprise;

2) current (annual) labor protection plans included in the agreement of collective agreements;

operational (quarterly, monthly) plans for sectors of the economy.

Before Development promising (complex) plans, it is recommended to carry out certification and certification of the state of working conditions at the workplace. This will allow to establish the number of people employed in heavy, dangerous and hazardous work and a plan for their reduction, to determine the number of jobs that do not meet the standards for sanitary factors (noise, vibration, temperature) and a plan for their elimination; identify vulnerable areas.

The development of a comprehensive plan is carried out under the guidance of the head or chief engineer and the chairman of the trade union committee, and is submitted for discussion by labor collectives.

The report on the implementation of the plan is drawn up in the form of statistical reporting No. 21-t "Report on the implementation of a comprehensive plan for improving labor protection and sanitary and recreational activities."

Annual plans (current planning) are compiled on the basis of 5-years and are detailed. Here, measures are planned to modernize production equipment in order to ensure safety and working conditions, install safety and protective devices, apply identification paint and safety signs in accordance with GOST, provide overalls, footwear and other personal protective equipment, etc.

operational planning includes the elimination of deficiencies identified by the State Supervision bodies as a result of inspections, verification of training of persons, etc.

Funding for activities is carried out through:

depreciation fund, if the activities are carried out simultaneously with the overhaul of funds; capital investments, including the production development fund, if the measures are capital;

overhead costs, if they are non-capital. The report on the use of funds for labor protection is compiled in accordance with the form No. 7-tvn “Information on the costs of labor protection activities

TOPIC-INDICATORS OF THE STATE OF LABOR PROTECTION. METHODS OF ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS OF THE STATE OF LABOR PROTECTION.

Dangerous and harmful production factors .

Hazardous production factor called such a factor, the impact of which on a worker in certain conditions leads to injury or other sudden sharp deterioration in health. Hazardous factors are: electric current, moving parts of machines and mechanisms, unprotected moving parts of production equipment, elevated equipment surface temperature

Harmful production factor called such a factor, the impact of which on a worker in certain conditions leads to a disease or a decrease in working capacity. Harmful production factors include noise and vibration of machinery, equipment, electromagnetic fluctuations, insufficient or excessive lighting, dust and gas contamination of the environment, excessive mental and emotional stress.

All dangerous and harmful production factors by the nature of the action are divided into:

physical factors- these are moving machines and mechanisms, moving parts of machines; elevated levels of harmful aerosols, vapors, gases, elevated or elevated temperatures, etc.;

chemical factors- these are lubricants, acetone, carbon dioxide, varnishes, paints, enamels and many other chemicals;

biological factors- pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses), as well as macroorganisms (plants and animals);

psychophysiological factors- these are physical overloads (static and dynamic) and neuropsychic (mental overstrain, monotony of work).

All harmful substances are dangerous and harmful production factors. According to their physical state, these can be gases, dusts, vapors, fumes, mists, liquid, solid, loose bodies. Many substances mixed with air form aerosols.

Aerosols with particles formed as a result of grinding solids (minerals, soil, sand, etc.) are called dust. The settled dust is called airgels and Aerosols with solid particles formed during the volumetric condensation of supersaturated vapors, combustion and other chemical reactions are called smoke. Aerosols with liquid particles are called mists.

According to the degree of impact on the body, harmful substances are divided into four hazard classes:

1- extremely dangerous

2- highly dangerous

moderately hazardous

low-dangerous

The main unfavorable production factors at the enterprises are: increased noise level, increased neuro-emotional stress, harmful chemicals in the air of the working area, exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations in the workplace.

The creation of favorable conditions in the workplace, first of all, provides for the complete elimination or reduction to safe levels of hazardous and harmful production factors.

Injuries and diseases at work, their causes .

work injury- this is an injury received by a worker at work and caused by non-compliance with labor safety requirements.

The totality of injuries received during work characterizes industrial injury.

Occupational injuries, unlike occupational diseases, carry an element of surprise.

Injuries called damage to body tissues and violation of its functions in case of accidents, i.e. when exposed to hazardous production factors.

They can be:

mechanical (bruise, cut, fracture, dislocation, etc.);

thermal (burn, frostbite);

chemical (chemical burn);

electric (burn, metallization of the skin, electric shock, etc.);

psychological (nervous stress, fear, etc.).

Injuries can result in temporary or permanent disability. In this case, the victim may lose the general ability to work or only professional. In case of loss of professional ability to work, he cannot work by profession, but can be used in other jobs. In case of loss of general ability to work, the victim partially or completely loses the ability to perform any work.

Unfavorable working conditions can cause occupational and general illness.

Occupational diseases arise under the influence of harmful production factors. They can cause temporary, long-term or permanent disability.

Occupational poisoning is a special case of an occupational disease.

Occupational diseases according to the principle of origin are divided into:

occupational diseases caused by physical factors. These include a vibration disease that has arisen when the human body is exposed to vibration; hearing loss that occurs with systematic and intense exposure to noise, etc.

occupational diseases caused by dust. These include chronic occupational pulmonary fibrosis, as well as chronic dust bronchitis, etc.

occupational diseases caused by exposure to chemicals. These include acute and chronic poisoning, acute and chronic skin diseases - dermatitis, eczema.

The Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus has approved a list of occupational diseases. It is used by doctors to legally recognize a disease as an occupational disease, as well as when assigning temporary disability benefits, disability pensions, and when considering issues related to compensation by enterprises for damage caused to an employee's health.

The causes of industrial injuries and diseases can be divided into the following groups:

- technical reasons- these are design flaws of machines, tools or their malfunction; absence, malfunction of protective, blocking devices;

organizational reasons- this is non-compliance with safety rules, lack of training of the victim, incorrect work methods, shortcomings in the organization of the workplace, lack of personal protective equipment, violation of labor discipline, lack of supervision when performing work with increased danger;

sanitary reasons- increased content of harmful substances in the air, high noise level, irrational lighting, unsanitary condition of the premises, non-compliance with sanitary standards;

psychophysiological reasons- monotony, high work intensity, fatigue.

Methods for analyzing the causes of accidents .

On the basis of acts f.N-1 and materials of investigations of accidents, the causes that caused them are analyzed. The analysis can be carried out by several methods: statistical, monographic, group and topographic.

Statistical method is based on the study of the causes of injuries according to acts f.N-1 for a certain period of time. This method allows you to determine the dynamics of injuries, to identify patterns and relationships between the circumstances and causes of accidents.

Relative statistical coefficients of frequency and severity are used to assess the level of injuries.

Injury frequency rate Kf determines the number of accidents. per 1000 employees for a certain calendar period (year, quarter):

Kch \u003d T / R * 100%,

where T is the number of accidents for a specific period;

P - average number of employees

Injury severity coefficient K t characterizes the average duration of disability per one accident:

K t \u003d D / T * 100%,

where D is the total number of days of disability for all accidents.

group method analysis allows you to distribute accidents by type of work, dangerous and harmful production factors, information about the victims (age, gender, work experience, etc.), data on the time of the incident (month, day, shift, hour of the working day).

Topographic method consists in studying the causes of accidents at the place of their occurrence at the enterprise. At the same time, all accidents are systematically applied by conventional signs to the plans of the enterprise, as a result of which a topogram is formed, on which work areas and places with increased injury risk are clearly visible.

A clearer picture of the causes of injury can be given monographic method of analysis. It consists in a detailed study of the entire complex of working conditions where an accident occurred - the technological process, workplace, equipment, protective equipment, etc. The monographic method allows you to identify not only the true causes of accidents, but also the causes that can lead to injuries, those. predict the level of injuries in a particular production.

Regulations on the investigation and registration of accidents at work .

Investigation and registration of accidents is carried out in accordance with the "Regulations on the investigation and registration of accidents at work and occupational diseases".

Accidents, which happened to the employee on the territory of the enterprise, when being delivered to or from work by official transport, when performing official tasks outside the territory of the enterprise, are considered production-related.

Accidents that occurred during the use of vehicles and the manufacture of any products without the permission of the administration, theft of materials, tools, as a result of the drunken state of the employee, are considered not related to production.

Accidents that have occurred are subject to investigation:

when performing labor duties, as well as when performing any actions on behalf of the employer;

On the way to work or from work on the transport of the employer;

On the territory of the enterprise or in another place of work during working hours, including the established break;

In case of accidents at production facilities, equipment;

With an employee whose activities are related to movement between service facilities, during working hours by public transport or on foot, as well as while traveling to the place of work on the instructions of the employer;

During working hours by private transport if there is an order from the employer for the right to use it for business trips or on behalf of the employer.

Investigation is subject to all those accidents that caused disability for a period of at least one day, and also as a result of which the victim, in accordance with a medical report, is transferred to an easier job.

The investigation of the accident is carried out within a period of not more than three days by a commission, which includes an authorized representative of the enterprise with the participation of a representative of the trade union, an employee of the labor protection service or a person who is entrusted with these duties, and other specialists.

After the completion of the investigation, the authorized representative of the employer, with the participation of the above persons, draws up an Act on an accident at work f. N-1 in 3 copies and is sent to the injured person, the state labor inspector, and the labor protection specialist at the enterprise.

An act f.N-P is drawn up on a non-production accident.

The act is kept at the enterprise for 45 years, since the consequences of a certain injury may appear after a while.

Severe, group and fatal accidents, which are investigated by the state labor inspector with the participation of authorized representatives of the employer, trade union, and a higher management body, are subject to special investigation and accounting.

The employer, within 2 days after the end of the investigation, considers the documents of the investigation, approves the acts f.N-1 and f.N-P and registers it in the Occupational Accident Register or in the Non-Production Accident Register.

TOPIC: 5 THE MAN-MACHINE SYSTEM. CLASSIFICATION OF ERGONOMIC FACTORS. ORGANIZATION OF THE WORKPLACE, CONSIDERING SAFETY AND LABOR PRODUCTIVITY.

Labor activity- this is one of the forms of human activity aimed at transforming the natural world and creating material wealth. In the structure of labor activity, there are:

1) deliberately directed ate - the production of certain products, the processing of natural materials, the creation of machines and mechanisms, and much more;

2) objects of labor- those materials (metal, clay), the transformation of which is directed by the activity of people;

means of labor- all devices, devices, mechanisms, devices with the help of which objects of labor are subjected to transformation;

technologies used- techniques and methods used in the production process.

The following parameters are usually used to characterize labor activity:

1) labor productivity- the number of products produced per unit "time;

2) labor efficiency- the ratio of material and labor costs, on the one hand, and the results obtained, on the other;

3) level of division of labor- distribution of specific production functions between the participants of the labor process.

The influence of working conditions on the functional state of the human body and its performance .

Among the measures aimed at creating rational conditions for the production process, an important role is played by the mode of work and rest of the worker. All violations of the labor regime during the working day lead to a decrease in working capacity and rapid fatigue. Rhythmic work is less tiring and provides greater safety for the worker. During the working day, a person's performance does not immediately reach its highest stable value.

performance- this is the ability of a person to perform certain work efficiently and productively in the shortest possible time.

The fundamental condition for improving performance is:

1. enter any work gradually;

2. planned work;

3. rational mode of work and rest;

4. attitude of the team to work;

5. uniformity and rhythm of work, which are selected individually.

The working capacity of a person depends on his health and working environment, on the organization of labor and the nature of the production process, on qualifications and work experience, age and work experience, and on individual characteristics. A great influence on the working capacity of a person is exerted by his conviction in the social necessity of work and personal interest.

Working time before and after the lunch break is divided into three periods according to the level of performance:

period of workability;

period of stable performance;

period of reduced performance.

The first period lasts 30-60 minutes after the start of work. Having reached a certain accuracy and speed of movements, a person begins to work with maximum efficiency (the second period begins). Then gradually, as a consequence of the onset of fatigue, labor productivity falls (third period). After a lunch break, working capacity again increases to an optimal level and also gradually decreases towards the end of the working day. Physiologists have noticed that often the last 30-40 minutes can be observed an increase in efficiency, which they defined as the “final impulse”, the tension of a person completing his working day. Fatigue of a completely healthy person and a temporary decrease in his working capacity is a natural physiological process. To restore a person's working capacity, he needs conditions for normal rest. For a manual worker, rest should be calm. After mental work, active rest is more appropriate.

Ergonomic safety fundamentals

One of the sciences, the results of which are used to ensure life safety, is ergonomics, which teaches the capabilities of a person in the process of various forms of activity in order to achieve the greatest efficiency and the most favorable (comfortable) conditions of activity by combining the characteristics of a person and the environment.

In particular, in the "man-machine" system, ergonomics considers the problems of adapting technology to man.

The successful functioning of this system is possible if at least five of the following types of compatibility are ensured: informational, biophysical, energy, spatial-anthropometric and technical-aesthetic.

Information compatibility consists in providing such an information model of the device (machine) - information display means (IDM) and sensorimotor devices (controls - levers, knobs, buttons, switches, etc.), which would reflect all the necessary characteristics of the machine at the moment and allow the operator to accurately receive and process information in accordance with his psychophysiological capabilities (attention features, concepts, etc.).

The successful solution of this problem contributes to the safety of the operator, increases the accuracy, quality, and productivity.

Biophysical compatibility involves the creation of parameters (characteristics) of the environment (noise levels, vibration, lighting, microclimate, etc.) that comply with regulatory documents and ensure acceptable performance and normal physiological state of the operator.

Energy Compatibility provides for the coordination of the applied efforts, the expended power, the speed and accuracy of the movements of the controls of the machine (equipment) with the optimal capabilities of the operator.

Spatial anthropometric compatibility implies the need to take into account the dimensions of the human body, its ability to view the external space, the working position (posture) when designing the workplace (determining the reach zone for the operator's limbs, choosing the dimensions and design of the desktop, seat, operator's distance to the instrument panel, etc.) .

Technical and aesthetic compatibility is to ensure the satisfaction of a person from communication with the machine, from the labor process, due to the elegant execution of the device or device, its design.

General ergonomic requirements for the organization of workplaces .

The workplace is the place of permanent or temporary stay of the employee in the process of labor activity.

It should be organized in such a way as to create maximum convenience (comfortable conditions) for the worker and not disrupt technological processes.

The following ergonomic requirements are imposed on the workplace:

Sufficient working space that allows a working person to carry out the necessary movements and movement in the process of work;

Sufficient physical, visual and auditory connections between people in the process of work, between a working person and equipment;

Optimal placement of the workplace in production facilities;

Necessary natural and artificial lighting;

Permissible level of noise and vibration generated by equipment or other source;

Availability of the necessary protective equipment for workers.

The design of the workplace must ensure the speed, safety, simplicity and cost-effectiveness of maintenance in normal and emergency conditions, fully meet the functional requirements and intended operating conditions.

LIGHTING OF INDUSTRIAL PREMISES

Impact of lighting conditions on health, safety and productivity

The visual analyzer of a person is the main source of information he receives about the outside world.

Thus, being the most important indicator of occupational health, industrial lighting is designed to:

Improving the conditions of visual work and reducing fatigue;

Improving labor safety and reducing occupational diseases;

Increasing labor productivity and product quality.

Light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum of visible radiation (λ = 0.38-0.77 µm).

Basic lighting quantities and units of their measurement

luminous flux (F) - radiation flux, estimated by its effect on people. eye. Per unit - LUME(lm)

illumination (E) - surface luminous flux density F . With a uniform distribution of the luminous flux perpendicular to the illuminated surface S, the illumination

.Measured in lux (lx)

surface brightness (B) - is the surface density of the luminous intensity and is defined as the ratio of the luminous intensity I in a given direction to the projection of the luminous surface onto a plane perpendicular to the direction of observation.

, where ά is the angle between the normal to the surface S and the direction to the eye. For a unit brightness candela per m 2 (cd/m 2 ). The brightness of the light. value, cat. directly perceived by the human eye. Visual sensations are determined by the brightness of the illuminated surface, which depends on its color, roughness, and other factors. Excessive brightness leads to short-term fucking