Textiles in the interior: the best fabrics for home decoration. Spectacular panels instead of paintings

Textiles in the interior - photo

The key element in decorating the interior is the choice of fabric. Textiles in the interior are considered to be a fundamental factor influencing the design, which, in turn, depends on the planned style direction.

We all know that color can influence the visual definition of spatial perspective. Cold, or receding shades, visually increase the distance. While warm tones are protruding, they fold space in visual perception.

Textiles can be attributed to tart, even spicy spices of the interior. The lack of manufacture impoverishes the design, makes it insipid and tasteless,

said in an interview with the famous French designer of the world of luxury and high fashion, Karine Sajo, who took part in the World Exhibition of Decorating Arts 2016 in Moscow.

The French artist presented many bold works, where, in addition to traditional textiles, leather and rubber became the starting material for interior decoration, and metal and glass were used as decorative elements.

The difference between the modern interior lies in the exclusive works made to order. Hand-painted curtains, pillows, tablecloths and bedspreads have become the main leitmotif of interior decoration this year. A similar trend in the design of premises continues for the coming year.

The spirit of France in the interior

The origin of French textile fashion occurred during the reign of Louis. The use of natural jacquard and tapestry fabrics in the interior, decorated with damask patterns, came into fashion during the reign of Marie Antoinette. Silk fabrics with rustic toile de jouy motifs were adopted at the court of Madame de Pompadour. They are relevant to this day, and underlie the display of the French style.

The style, which embodies the spirit of free France, is characterized by color preferences and images of national ornaments.

Modern decorative textiles in the interior from French decorators are represented by a collection of silk curtains with hand-applied rustic patterns and classic heavy curtain velor fabrics with foil ornaments in all colors of the rainbow.

No less trace in the formation of textile fashion left the period of the French colonialists. Patterned embroideries from Morocco, bright Algerian motifs in carpets and bedspreads, drawings of exotic fruits on curtains and tapestries. All these elements are characteristic of the interior in a modern classic French style.

Classic motifs in a modern interior

Textiles in a modern interior

The secret of the success of modern classic room decoration is based on the pleasure received by a person from an organized space, in contemplation and living in the created image. The introduction of lush classics into the interior is often intrusive, and the restraint of the minimalist direction is primitive, which gave rise to the style of modern classicism.

In modern classics, there is no floral print and draperies. Preference is given to natural shades and natural patterns of natural materials.

The style is characterized by natural moderation and detailing of scenery. The basis of interior decoration is home textiles, which play the role of contemporary. Practicality and natural shades of matter, favorably emphasize the main details and decorative elements, which are the main focus in the formation of style.

Bedroom comfort secrets

Textiles in the interior of the bedroom

Decorating the interior of the bedroom is done very carefully. Comfort and coziness are very important in the house for the sleeping quarters, therefore, the color palette and texture of the textile components of the bedroom interior are treated with utmost attention.

For a good rest and healthy sleep, the first priority is the right choice of mattress, pillows and blankets. No less important is the process of sleep itself and the awakening that replaces it. This process should take place with a certain degree of comfort.

Textiles in the bedroomplays a leading role. The texture, color and design of bedding should evoke an emotional positive, both when going to bed and when you wake up.

The choice of textiles - bed linen and bedspreads corresponding to it in style, is no less important than the purchase of a comfortable bed, as the central part of the interior of the bedroom. In accordance with the color palette of bedding, upholstery material for upholstered furniture and curtains are selected.

Kitchen Decor Update Secrets

Quickly change not only the interior, but also the style of the kitchen without the application of physical strength will allow the replacement of curtains and kitchen textiles - tablecloths, towels, napkins.

Modern kitchen textiles are created using special technologies and are of high quality. Tightly twisted combined fabrics of natural and artificial fibers are able to repel dirt and moisture, as well as reject grease. Special fabric impregnations allow hot dishes to be placed on the textile surface.

Despite the opinion of skeptics that cloth attributes in the kitchen are meaningless and impractical, kitchen textiles are considered an invariable part of the decor.

Decor kitchen interior like a wardrobe. Like clothes, textiles can be replaced depending on the change of season or mood, replacing tablecloths with runners, serving or staging napkins. In any case, there are visible changes in the decoration.

Replacing textiles is a simple and winning option. By experimenting with a variety of shades and textures, you can give the kitchen space a very presentable look.

Bathroom - the way to perfection

Textiles in the interior of the bathroom

Bathroom accessories are few and far between - a foot mat, and shower screens, if you don't take into account the bath towels. But it depends on these little things appearance and visual perception of the bathroom interior.

When landscaping a bathroom, first of all, it is customary to pay attention to the choice of tiles and sanitary ware. It is not customary to take care of accessories, until the end of repair work, combining textiles in the bathroom with a fully finished room and a finished interior.

Curtains, rugs and a set of towels are considered no less important part of the bathroom decor than the decoration and interior combined.

Fabric accessories are not just decorative items that bring joy and visual satisfaction to the homeowner. Rugs protect from temperature changes after taking a bath. Even with the installation of electric underfloor heating, it is more pleasant to step on a fabric surface than a tile gloss.

Curtains, in addition to aesthetic, carry a functional load, protecting the floor from water splashes - a rather aggressive environment that can negatively affect the environment.

Thanks to innovative technologies, the most diverse textiles for curtains in the bathroom are produced. You can choose models with built-in magnets, or energy curtains - a material that transmits sunlight. Surprisingly, textiles can be combined with absolutely any style created in the bathroom.

Stand apart in the bathroom towels. Color, texture, quality and tactile characteristics depend entirely on the preferences of the owner of the premises. Matched to the color of the interior or contrasting shades, small or bath, linen or terry towels are designed to set the tone for the entire interior in the bathroom.

The properties of textiles radically change the interior, demonstrates a short video:

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

GOU VPO TyumGASU

Department of Architectural Environment Design

abstract

on the topic: Textiles and its possibilities in the interior

Completed by: Karchagina A.V. student PI 11-1

Leaders: Kapeleva S. B. Gritsenko M. I. Kungurova A. A.

Tyumen, 2012

Introduction

1. Excursion into history

2. Types of fabrics for the interior

3. window textile

4. Furniture textiles

5. Bed linens

6. Table textiles

7. Wall textiles

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

textile interior furniture fashion

One of the most important components of interior decoration is textiles.

The influence of textiles in the interior is estimated by many designers and decorators as 60% of comfort. Indeed, fabrics not only decorate the room, but also perform certain functions, filling every room with beauty and harmony.

The simplest definition of interior comfort is the feeling of harmony of the inner world of a person and the space surrounding him. Interior designers, doctors, psychologists, sociologists and other experts recommend paying attention to the unique possibilities of textile design. Why do fabrics have such a significant effect on the atmosphere in the house? What comfort components can textiles implement?

Functionality. Textiles can solve almost any problem in the interior. For example, block the light, cover from prying eyes, purify the air from pollution and odors, play the role of partitions, and so on. The diversity, plasticity and mobility of textiles, allows you to constantly expand the scope of its application.

Compatibility. The interplay of colors, shapes and volumes with each element of a space can enhance the style and character of a home or completely change it. Bringing new things into the house, it is easy to include them in the composition of the space with the help of fabric decor.

Harmony. The interior should be comfortable for the one for whom it was created. The use of textiles should be comfortable, not cause irritation and discomfort. Thoughtful, painstakingly selected fabrics reflect the individuality and habits of the owner. Curtains can be adjusted daylight, arrange color accents, create harmonious emotional state of the inhabitants of the house at the moment.

Attractiveness. Regardless of such important factors as cost and functionality, textiles must be aesthetically pleasing. Until we think about true values, it seems to be enough just to buy beautiful curtains, tablecloths, bedspreads and pillows. And yet, much more attractive will be the author's elements created by hand.

Safety. Windows are the most vulnerable space for prying eyes. It is the curtains that carefully guard the way of the house, stopping prying eyes with one movement. Textiles zone the space and create comfortable privacy not only in the house, but also in public places, restaurants, offices and shops. Due to the lightness and softness of the forms, fabric products are completely safe and ideal for decorating children's rooms.

Environmental friendliness. A huge variety of natural ingredients and their combination with the latest technologies make fabrics beneficial for the health and ecology of the home. Modern textiles are hypoallergenic, able to purify the air, remove unpleasant odors, easy to care for, moisture resistant, do not support combustion, and so on.

Upgradability. The love of decorators for fabrics is not at all difficult to understand, appreciating the unlimited possibilities of decorating and changing the interior only with the help of textiles. You can change and update absolutely any item in the house.

1 . Excursion into history

The first fabrics appeared in the Neolithic era. They first learned to weave by hand from coarse fibers of flax, nettle or hemp. The first finest fabrics made of linen and silk began to skillfully drape the walls and entrances of the best temples and houses of the nobility of ancient Egypt and Rome. Decoration with fabrics began to develop rapidly as an art in the era of prosperity of the Roman Empire and the times of luxury. Precious fabrics, handmade carpets, magnificent tapestries appeared (the era of "Byzantine luxury").

In medieval Europe, nobles tried to hide the cold and darkness of the stone walls of castles behind the warmth and comfort of luxurious tapestry fabrics. Fabrics were stretched on ceilings and walls, decorated door and window openings, which helped to keep warm and saved residents from drafts. During the Renaissance, those who could afford such a manufactured design changed it according to the seasons, the holidays, at their own whim. The fashion for the popular silk embroidery of roses, lilies, and crowns has come. Handmade on such a scale - a colossal work for the craftswomen of that time.

With the advent of the Baroque style, the pomposity and high cost of textiles in the interior reached its climax - the tapestry was replaced by silk and velvet. Luxurious accessories appeared: fringes, heavy gold tassels, gilded carved cornices and lambrequins. Textiles began to be widely used as furniture upholstery. Curtains can be lifted up.

Neoclassicism reduced luxury and added elements from the life of ancient Pompeii to the textile drawings. In fashion at that time was a wooden carved lambrequin.

During the Empire style, ornaments using laurel wreaths, animal heads, and eagle profiles became decorative elements. The cornices ended with spearheads. The predominant color is cherry or pink. The theme is the prowess of military campaigns.

Empire style was replaced by Art Nouveau and Art Deco styles. The latter is distinguished by a peculiar floral pattern - smooth lines of climbing stems of plants and the brightness of ornaments.

Time passed, architectural styles changed, but fabrics still remained one of the better ways interior decoration. Each era brought something new to the design. These styles of using textiles in the interior are available to our imagination for use today.

2 . Types of fabrics for the interior

All fabrics are divided by type of weaving and composition. The composition is responsible for the performance characteristics of the fabric, and weaving - for the aesthetic properties.

One of the oldest fabrics is silk. The properties of silk depend on the type of fibers. If the threads are obtained from a wild silkworm, then the fabric has a heterogeneous structure. Butterflies for smooth flowing silks are grown in greenhouse conditions, their threads have specific names and shades. Elite silk, De Gournay.

Another ancient fiber that people have learned to work with is wool. The main advantage of wool is warmth, and it is mainly used for furniture upholstery, blankets, pillows. The wool is predominantly monophonic, or with a classic ornament: cages-stripes-chicken feet. However, even tulle is made from mixed fabrics with wool.

Linen is another common material, it is also used as upholstery. The rough linen texture looks interesting in modern interiors, especially now that linen has been dyed in bright colors. The tulle version of linen looks spectacular. Linen can shimmer like a chameleon and not burn - Trevira fiber is used to make a fabric that exactly imitates linen.

Pure cotton is mainly used in children's collections, where everything must be hypoallergenic. But in general, cotton performs better in blended fabrics with the addition of synthetic fibers.

In jacquard fabrics, the density of threads per unit area is very high, but the fibers themselves can be soft and delicate.

Almost all fabrics with a large pattern can be attributed to jacquard fabrics, in the rapport of which hundreds, and sometimes thousands of differently intertwined threads participate. Jacquard weaving is considered one of the most complex and dense.

Damascus weaving is when the face and the wrong side mirror each other. If you take threads of different colors, then the pattern turns out to be colored, and if one, then it is as if embossed.

A very popular fabric is velvet, which can be used for both upholstery and curtains. There is thick and thin velvet, expensive Florentine velvet, made according to ancient technology: drawings are cut to different heights and different colors. There is a more durable artificial velvet - made of polyester or non-combustible fiber.

Organza (veil) - very thin, tulle with a characteristic sheen. There are many types of organza. When it has two layers, a moiré effect appears - the fabric seems to be wavy.

Moire is another type of weaving. Moire is cotton and polyester. Cotton moire on the walls looks spectacular - real fabric wallpapers are obtained.

There is also such material as taffeta - polyester, acetate or silk. This is something like a monophonic silk made of artificially straightened fibers, changing color and emitting a characteristic crunch. Taffeta looks especially impressive on windows and in tent structures.

Furniture fabrics are divided into several types: chenille, velor, jacquard, flock, scotchgard (cotton), tapestry, microfiber. Thanks to modern technology, all of them have a rich color palette and high wear resistance. For example, jacquard fabrics, with their smoother texture, are suitable for palace interiors, for refined and refined furniture. And velor and chenille look more organic on objects of geometric shapes.

Modern material - microfiber: in fact, a kind of base with fluffy pile. And if the threads are twisted in a special way under a microscope, then you can get alcantara - a type of non-woven microfiber. In appearance and feel, Alcantara is an artificial suede, while in terms of wear resistance it exceeds that of genuine leather by several times. In addition, it assumes the widest color scheme.

Furniture for children and youth is often upholstered with scotchguard (name options: cotton, printed cotton, thermo jacquard). It can only be cotton to the touch, but in fact it is 100% polyester. Most often it can be washed in washing machine unlike chenille and jacquard, which tend to shrink.

3 . window textile

Draperies on windows are perhaps the most popular way to use fabrics in interiors. In addition, window design today (and earlier too) acts as one of the most important elements of the interior as such. The overall impression of the living space largely depends on how the window is framed. This is easily explained by the fact that any person entering the house first of all glances at the window - the source of illumination.

In different styles, their traditions of window decoration dominate, which emphasizes the overall atmosphere of the room on its luxury or modesty, formality or comfort, sophistication or simplicity, efficiency or frivolity. Therefore, the color of the fabric for window curtains, its pattern and texture, as well as the cut and method of assembling the curtains, can emphasize the stylistic decision of the room. So, for example, linen curtains are appropriate for interior design in eco-friendly styles, organza and brocade in ethnic and romantic styles, cold silk in high-tech style, and velvet is already a privilege of classicism and baroque. A pastoral flower on the curtains, a check and a stripe are French Provence, German Biedermeier and Western country, and plain-colored curtains in pastel colors or rich colors and arabesques are already the “breath of the East”.

If speak about fashion trends window decoration, it is appropriate to dwell on two main (and opposite) directions. The first is multi-section drapery, the second is the absence of additional fabric design.

In the first case, a spectacular look is given to the curtains due to the special cutting of the canvas, layering and exquisite drapery. French curtains (awnings) can become a "highlight" of the interior, bring a touch of bohemianism to living rooms and bedrooms. Austrian and London curtains differ from awnings in a more restrained drapery, they look elegant in dining rooms and children's rooms.

The second option focuses all attention on the quality, texture and color of the fabric, when it simply closes the window without additional pickups and assemblies (Japanese and Roman curtains). Roman blinds - an almost universal model - can be used in the design of both strict cabinets and children's rooms; in a classic setting and in an ultra-modern space. With Japanese panel curtains, you can not only decorate, but also organize the space, using them as partitions.

An even more compact version of window drapery is cafe curtains, roller blinds and pleated curtains, which are attached to the frame and leave free space in front of the window.

4 . Furniture textiles

An important element of the interior is furniture upholstery. Covered or sewn to the base, it can update furniture or bring a special flavor to the overall design of the room. Now popular upholstery from the most different types fabrics: jacquard, silk, velvet, tapestry, cotton, natural or artificial leather, artificial suede.

Fabric manufacturers offer thousands of color options and hundreds of embossings. Perhaps the author's design of the upholstery of upholstered furniture. This is embroidery, decoration decorative elements and much more. Modern designers recommend using not the usual upholstery sewn to the base, but switching to removable covers. They are easy to care for, in addition, the use of covers allows you to change the upholstery of furniture, and with it update the interior.

Covers for upholstered furniture can be everyday and perform protective functions (this is especially true for expensive or luxury furniture) or, on the contrary, the cheapest and unpresentable sofas and armchairs with the help of covers will turn into a highlight of your interior, emphasize its style and set the right tone.

Another element of furniture textiles, capes, also acts in the same capacity. They are easy to replace, easy to wash (or clean) and just as easy to make (cut, sew, knit). Can also set the mood for the interior sofa cushions- thoughts. From choosing the shape of such pillows, its color and finish, the mood of your home can vary from nostalgic to the most frivolous. And it’s not worth talking a lot about the additional feeling of comfort that sofa cushions create.

Furniture textiles are especially relevant when the usual upholstered furniture is already tired, but has not yet worked out its service life. It's too early to change it, but I want changes. That's when interchangeable covers, capes and bedspreads come to the rescue, the choice of materials for which is almost unlimited - from the most dense and heavy to weightless and "shaggy". Having such a change of clothes, you can update the situation in your house several times during the year, depending on the season or your own mood.

5 . Bed textiles

Textiles are widely used to create the interior of a bedroom. The design of this room does not take place without the use of such elements as bed linen and bedspreads. These details should not only harmonize with each other in color, but also be combined with other fabric elements (curtains, decorative pillows, capes, etc.). In addition, since the bed is the center of the bedroom, its decoration becomes the starting point when creating the overall design of this room.

Textiles for the interior of the bedroom, this, of course, is a rather intimate topic. But here, too, everything is subject not only to functionality and intended purpose, but also to the laws of interior design. Eco-friendly fabrics for children's bedding are one thing, a comfortable bed for an elderly person is another, and a romantic or passionate love bed is quite another.

Despite the privacy of this element of the interior, bed textiles can easily compete in importance with window textiles.

Among all the areas of textile design for the bedroom, two can be distinguished: traditional and minimalist.

Minimalism is, first of all, functionality, conciseness and simplicity, natural fabrics, calm colors and austerity of bed linen.

The traditional stylistic direction is a special bliss, sentimentality, comfort, all kinds of "decorations". There is already a place for lovers of comfort, romantic natures and admirers of sophistication to turn around. In addition to soft pillows and blankets, there are also bed curtains and canopies, as well as bed linen of various styles and colors. In addition, bedspreads are also a very significant element of bedroom interior design, especially if they are in harmony with the design of window curtains.

6 . Table textiles

As for textiles in the interior of the dining room, the fashion for it is quite conservative. Table textiles are tablecloths, napkins and towels, the most common fabrics for which are linen and cotton. Of course, one should not discount such a gift of scientific and technological progress as new synthetic materials (waterproof, wrinkle-resistant, etc.) that are actively used in the production of table linen, but at the same time skillfully imitate the texture and appearance natural fabrics.

Decorations for table textiles remain classic - lace, hemstitch, embroidery, figured border. And the table linen itself has almost passed into the category of interior decorations and holiday attributes. Any solemn event is strongly associated with starched tablecloths and beautifully folded napkins.

In interior design with the help of table textiles, the same rules continue to apply:

The general tone of the tablecloth should be lighter than the main (predominant) color in the interior;

napkins can be the same color as the tablecloth, and also much darker or lighter;

· a combination of napkins and tablecloths of different colors is acceptable, as well as a combination of contrasting tablecloths with a multi-layer design of the roof;

The color of table textiles affects appetite: orange, red and white increase it, while blue and black extinguish it.

7 . Wall textiles

Drapery with fabric curtains is one of the most spectacular ways of textile decoration of a space. Thanks to this original technique, it is possible to achieve a complete division of space without erecting partitions. Curtains help to create separate zones in restaurants, hotels and individual chambers of the most sophisticated private interiors. The decorative function of curtains lies in their special property to enhance warmth and comfort, as well as in a sense of the solemnity of being.

Canopies are a rarity and original solution in modern interiors. And this is quite natural. Such a luxurious piece of fabric decoration requires a very specific space and a special atmosphere filled with noble wealth. The very exquisite luxury that is not afraid of close attention and original details, worthy of the most selective filling. Whether lush and regal or light and playful in fabric canopies, interiors are unique spaces.

Textile wallpaper demonstrate perfect combination the highest aesthetic and performance properties. A rare interior, designed by the owners to become exceptional, does without such wall coverings. Upon closer inspection, the walls, decorated with textile wallpaper, leave the impression of a space upholstered in luxurious fabrics. And it brings to it a special, vintage mood. However, the impression of modern, industrial interiors is often also enhanced by textile wallpapers.

Conclusion

Textile is always the final chord in the harmony of the interior, and the overall perception of the appearance of the room often depends on how pure and beautiful the sound of this chord is.

At the same time, neglecting the emotional and aesthetic impact of textile components can negate all the efforts of architects and "kill" the interior decor. In addition, it has long been known that touching the soft surface of a fabric can evoke a lot of emotions: calm and relax or, on the contrary, excite, give a festive mood or set the body in a philosophical mood, give a pleasant coolness in the heat or warm in the slush and cold.

Even the most “serious” exclusive design project cannot do without beautiful textile elements designed to add some variety to its appearance and slightly dilute its severity, filling the house with an atmosphere of comfort. Beautiful curtains and curtains on the windows, decorative bedspreads on upholstered furniture, wall panels, tulle and other decorative components of the decor - they do not go out of fashion and are an integral part of the interior, designed in any of the modern or classic styles, favorably emphasizing its uniqueness and delighting owners with aesthetics and workmanship.

Times pass, architectural styles change, and fabrics remain one of the best ways to decorate interiors.

List of used literature

1. www.jlady.ru;

2. www.archydom.ru;

3. www.liveinternet.ru;

4. www.etoya.ru;

5. www.bonart-decor.ru;

6. www.novistyl.ru;

7. Alekseev^S. Yu. The structure of the space of a residential building. Evolution of representations: textbook / S. Yu. Alekseev, E. I. Mironov. Rostov n/a: Rost. state architectural institute, 1995. - 57 p.: ill.

8. Bhaskaran L. Design and time: styles and trends in contemporary art and architecture / L. Bhaskaran. M.: Art-Rodnik, 2006. - 256 p.: ill.

9. Conran T. Modern home: the art of design: popul. encycle. / T. Conran; per. from English. G. Belikova. - M .: Russian dictionaries, 1997. - 264 p.: ill.

10. Krutskikh E.V. Interior of your house / E. V. Krutskikh, D. V. Litvinov. - Yekaterinburg: U-Factoria, 2005.- 272 p.: ill.

11. Matyunina D. S. History of the interior: textbook. allowance / D.S. Matyunin. - M.: Culture: Academic project, 2004. - 567p. -- (Gaudeamus).

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Features of the use of textiles in the interior

Fabrics are an indispensable attribute when decorating an apartment. They are used not only in residential premises, but also in public buildings. Only their choice in this case will, of course, be different.

For administrative buildings, you can choose the following fabrics:

The color scheme should be more restrained in order to adjust to the working mood.
It is worth choosing fabrics with a discreet pattern or without it at all.
It is advisable to select synthetic materials, they are easier to wash, clean, that is, more practical.

When using textiles, the following techniques are used:

The use of fabrics as the main accents in the design of rooms.
Textiles only serve as an addition to the rest of the interior.
The fabric provides a neutral background for other decorative elements.

The first approach involves the use decorative materials, which are most often seen in public buildings. For these purposes, you can use the following products:

Furniture upholstery.
Curtains on the windows.
Tapestry.
Floor coverings.

When decorating private housing, textiles are also often used as the main focus. Everyone has seen a bright carpet on the floor more than once at a party or with their friends, which immediately attracts attention.

When textiles are used as a neutral tone in order to highlight painting, stained glass, mosaics, it is necessary to make a selection with this in mind.

Color range of materials

Color plays one of the important roles when choosing such a decor for a room. In addition, it can have a special psychological effect, all psychologists can confirm this.

There are no friends for color and taste, as the proverb says, so the choice also depends on the preferences of each. In this matter, it is very important to choose the color range of textile elements in such a way that a balance can be traced between calm tones and more lively and bright ones.

If you make the right choice, the interior will turn out to be lively and interesting. Warm shades can slightly excite the nervous system, especially red.

Do not use a lot of scarlet in the bedroom, otherwise you will have a hard time falling asleep.

For offices, for example, green curtains, bedspreads are perfect. This color has a calming effect, contributes to long-term preservation of performance.

When choosing textiles, pay attention to the color scheme of all surfaces, for example, what color are the walls, ceilings, floors.

natural fabrics

When decorating the interior, natural fabrics are often used. These are: linen, cotton, silk, wool. They have their own advantages and disadvantages. They always look good and are eco-friendly.

Please note that natural fabrics after washing can change their size.

The disadvantages of textiles in this group include its fear of direct sunlight. Under their influence, they become faded, lose their color, so these fabrics are undesirable to use on the south side.

When you purchase a furniture set with upholstery made from natural fabrics, pay attention to all the seams. Any flaw will immediately catch your eye.

Artificial textile

Despite the large number of advantages, natural fabrics are still used infrequently. This can be explained by their relatively high cost. Among the most commonly used are: lavsan, fleece, acrylic and others.

Such fabrics are more durable, they have a smooth and even surface, and therefore look more impressive when used.

Among the disadvantages of such textiles, I would like to note:

Poor air throughput, as they say, such fabrics do not breathe.
Capable of accumulating static electricity.

Due to the fact that synthetics are not able to breathe, it is not recommended to use it in bedding, it is more environmentally friendly to use natural fabrics.

Bedroom in a wooden house with bright textiles on pillows and curtains on the window Cozy warm and beautiful textiles in the interior of a living room in a private house Bright vintage textiles in a small bedroom in a country house

Textiles in interior design

After the repair is completed, we proceed to the decoration and decoration of the premises. For this, textiles are actively used. It can be used not only to create a special style, but also when planning rooms. For example, instead of partitions, you can hang fabric curtains.

They will add not only colors to the interior, but also make it lighter by replacing massive partitions.

Functional areas in the room can also be delimited by textiles. If you put carpet in one. This technique is often used in the children's room, when on the floor in play area lay a beautiful carpet.

Another mandatory area of use of textiles is window decoration. Here it performs several functions at once:

Regulate the flow of sunlight into the room.
They are also an indispensable attribute of creating a special style.

It is not entirely appropriate to use heavy curtains with lambrequins in an interior decorated in a modern style.

If the interior is decorated in a calm eco-style, then it is advisable to use natural fabrics, such as linen and cotton.
Provence style prefers curtains in a small pattern.
The classic interior prefers expensive materials such as velvet and brocade.
Minimalism does not accept heaps, so you should use light silk for curtains.

Textiles in the bedroom

This room, like no other, is rich in the presence of a variety of fabric details. The features of this room leaves its mark on their choice. In the bedroom, a person rests, gains strength and restores his peace of mind, so the main recommendation is to choose natural fabrics.

This applies not only to bed linen, but also to bedspreads, curtains for windows. Moreover, the design in any style of the room is of this opinion. It is believed that synthetics do not allow our body to breathe, so it is impossible to provide a good rest for the body.

Using linen of different colors, we unwittingly periodically change the style of the bedroom. Bedspreads, without which it is impossible to imagine a bed, should be in harmony in their texture and color scheme with other textile elements in order to create a feeling of a single space.

Fabrics in the kitchen

This room probably contains the least fabric accessories. This can be explained by the functionality of the kitchen. The main role here is given to curtains for windows. They can make the interior complete. When choosing curtains, you should pay attention to the size of the room, the style of its design, even to which side the windows face.
It is here that the use of synthetic materials is welcomed, because they are easier to care for, retain their attractive appearance longer, and are not afraid of exposure to high humidity.

All kinds of potholders, tablecloths, napkins can be an excellent addition to the curtains. In terms of color, they can be in harmony with the curtains, or you can arrange them to match the walls or furniture.

If your kitchen is combined with the living room, then you can sew covers for the chairs.

The use of these elements allows you to quickly update the interior.

In modern spacious kitchens, soft corners are often used, which not only complement the interior, but allow you to spend time with great comfort at an evening dinner or a cup of tea.

If there is a sofa, then you are given the opportunity to use various decorative pillows. They can be matched to the overall design style and color scheme, and if made in a different tone, they can serve as bright accent spots enlivening the interior.

If you do not pay much attention to the textiles in your home, then in vain. With it, you can change the visual perception of the room, you can make the room more cozy and comfortable.

The choice of textiles for the interior is not an easy task, because here it is worth considering not only external characteristics, such as prints and color, but also their composition, strength and care rules.
About how to choose the right fabric, we asked the interior designer, head of the architectural bureau Victoria Vlasova Interiors - Victoria Vlasova.

Characteristics of fabrics - how to choose the right material

When choosing a fabric for interior design, one should take into account not only one's own preferences, but also the characteristics of the material - functionality, convenience and durability. To choose the right material, you need to have an idea about the classification of fabrics, as well as what are the main features of each of them.
Fabric composition
The main characteristic of a fabric is its composition. To date, natural threads are used in the production of fabrics: vegetable cotton and linen and animal wool and silk, as well as artificial ones - viscose, and fully synthetic ones - polyamides and polypropylenes.

The more in the fabric natural composition, the higher it is in terms of quality cost. In practice, this is characterized by greater wear resistance, more pleasant to the touch textures, less susceptibility to fading in the sun. Therefore, natural fabrics are more functional. In addition, natural fabric is elegant when draped and gives the interior an expensive and stylish look.

Therefore, when choosing a fabric, the first thing to pay attention to is its composition - it must contain at least 60% natural threads.

However, when it comes to the design of public interiors - restaurants, cafes, hotels - the use of natural fabrics is strictly prohibited here due to fire safety requirements. For such interiors, there is a line of fabrics, whose texture does not differ from natural ones, while at the same time corresponding to the standards for the design of public interiors.

Strength characteristics of fabrics

The next parameter that is important when choosing fabrics is the result of the Martindale test (analogues: Wiesenbeck test, Stoll test) - a special technique for determining the level of wear resistance of a material. During testing, the fabric is rubbed against another material in a circle until a certain number of broken threads appear. The number of revolutions passed until abrasion determines the quality of the fabric. The lowest characteristic for curtain fabrics is 6000 revolutions, for upholstery fabrics - at least 20000 revolutions. These indicators should be taken into account when choosing fabrics for furniture upholstery.

Another important characteristic that determines the quality of the fabric is the strength at the seam - an indicator of how the fabric behaves under tension. This is also important when choosing upholstery fabric for the interior. Depending on the objectives of the project, it is equally important to take into account the resistance to fading of fabrics and fire resistance.

The next characteristic that is important to consider and think over is dimension. There are two key sizes: 1 - 1.40 m and 2 - 2.83 m. Difficulties arise in projects with high ceilings - from 3 meters. If a single-color fabric is chosen for window decoration, there are no problems, but if we are talking about fabric with a print, where the step can reach up to 70 cm, it is important not to make a mistake in calculating the fabric to match the pattern.

Fabric care

In addition to the fact that when choosing fabrics it is important to understand their composition and characteristics, the customer must also be warned about the peculiarities of caring for fabrics. Curtains, pillows, furniture upholstery - all this can become unusable after the first improper cleaning. Pay attention to the fabric care instructions indicated on each of them, because some can be washed, while others cannot. Some are subjected to wet cleaning, while others must be immediately treated with special compounds at a certain temperature. Your client should be warned about all this.

Given all these rules, it will not be difficult to create a beautiful image with the help of well-chosen textiles. The main thing is to thoroughly study the chosen brand and its range.

"Smart" textiles are currently widely used in the fashion industry, as home, sports, medical, protective (in the broadest sense) textiles in many areas of technology and science.

In 201, global production of smart textiles is projected at a value of 1.8 billion DS.

Emergence of concepts, terms "smart", "intelligent", "interactive", "multifunctional" in relation to many types of materials (polymers, alloys, metals), technical devices and products (transport of various types, up to drones), robots , performing certain human functions, complex systems ("smart" home), have become widely used in relation to textiles and clothing.

In this regard, it is necessary to give definitions of these concepts and terms, especially since they often cause fair skepticism and irony in some way. The latter is due to the fact that for advertising purposes these terms are used inappropriately and irresponsibly.

Author: Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor of the State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Russian Correspondence Institute of Textile and Light Industry"

The concept of "smart materials" appeared in the second half of the 20th century and is associated with significant advances in the field of physics and chemistry, materials science, biochemistry, biophysics, chemistry, physical chemistry and chemical physics of polymers, physics and chemistry of metals, bionics, nano-, bio - and cognitive technologies. With the help of the achievements of all these sciences and practices, scientists, technologists and engineers began, with more or less success, to imitate, copy and develop various technologies in technology. beneficial features living matter, which is always "smart", reactive, adaptive to numerous changing environmental conditions and the living organisms themselves.

During this time (~ 50 years) in the field of "smart" textiles, three phases of development can be noted in time and in terms of intelligence, which is reflected in definitions and terms:

passive "smart" textiles that can only feel changes in the external environment, i.e. play the role of a passive sensor;
active "smart" textiles are able not only to feel external and internal stimuli, but also to respond to them, i.e. play the role of not only a sensor (sensor), but also the collection, storage and analysis of information and its transfer to the external environment and to the user himself;
very "smart" textiles, capable of not only feeling, reacting, but also adapting to changes in the environment and in the textile itself, i.e. with the help of actuators (actuators) to carry out certain orders (recommendations).

Depending on the external and internal "stimulus", changes in textiles can be visually observed, and sometimes occur only on molecular level and are not visible.

Essentially, the appearance of the concept, but not yet the term "smart" materials, can be associated with the development in 1960 of materials (alloys, polymers) with "shape memory", the study of the mechanism of behavior of gels based on natural and synthetic polymers. Hydrogels are polymeric materials capable of responding to changes in pH, temperature, pressure, and other stimuli by changing their structure and properties.

For the first time the term "smart" was used and introduced into the scientific and technical lexicon in the late 80s of the last century in Japan. This term, more than a concept, came to the textile world in the 90s, and the first type of material with such a label was "smart" silk threads with shape memory, as well as "shape memory" alloys that appeared earlier.

Intelligent "smart" material (textiles) is able to respond or activate the manifestation of functions according to a pre-created program and they are often called E-textiles (electronic).

It is believed that the first successes in the development and production of smart textiles are associated with the ICD clothing line (1990) through the cooperation of Levi Strauss and Philips Electronics. All electronics (mp3 player, etc.) were removable, mechanically connected to clothes and removed before washing and dry cleaning. One of the first types of smart medical textiles was a diagnostic T-shirt, which incorporated optical fibers and microsensors for measuring body parameters. This "smart" T-shirt was used by personnel in risky professions and for chronic patients (comfort, safety), in sports, recreation, etc. "Smart" textiles have also come to new generations of wound coverings, cosmetics (skin care), hygienic textiles. An important problem in creating "smart" medical textiles (and not only) is finding an understanding between textile workers, engineers, electronics engineers and doctors (or other consumer specialists). This is a systemic problem, in our country it is difficult to solve, practically not being solved.

Why did “smart” technologies and materials come to textiles? Hymn to textiles!

Textile (in a broad sense) is a unique material in its properties and possibilities of use in various fields, which has no equal. Textile is the result of many thousands of years of human creativity, who took all the best from nature (fibers, dyes), invented and improved technologies (spinning, weaving, weaving, knitting, production of non-woven materials, coloring, imparting a wide range of consumer properties with the help of chemical technologies). For thousands of years, textile production has accumulated all the achievements of science and technology faster than many other practices. And recently, the production of a new generation of textiles has become the object of promoting the most advanced NBIC technologies (nano-, bio-, info-, cognito-) and, above all, for the production of "smart" textiles for technical, protective and medical purposes.

What makes textiles a convenient object for many areas of technology:

The widest selection of natural and chemical fibers of various chemical structure and physical structure, the presence of a variety of mechanical technologies for the formation of various types of textiles from these fibers (fabrics, knitwear, non-woven fabrics) with different weaves, densities from fibers of different fineness and yarn with different densities and twists, a wide range of chemical technologies (thousands of original brands of dyes and pigments , hundreds of textile auxiliaries). All this makes it possible to produce countless types of textiles for almost any area of everyday life, for science and technology.
Flexibility, elasticity, high strength to mechanical stress makes textiles very comfortable, technologically advanced not only for use in traditional areas (clothing, interior), but also in technology, medicine (“friendly” to the body).

The main difficulty in creating smart textiles using electronic technology is its miniaturization and the possibility of its organic integration with textiles (with fibers, threads, yarn, fabric, knitwear, non-woven fabric) and the resistance of micro- and nanoelectronics to washing and dry cleaning.

Another very important element of "smart" textiles - "smart" polymers, should also be integrated into textiles and strongly associated with it. But this problem is well known to textile chemists and is successfully solved using various chemical technologies for fixing polymers on the surface of fibers and threads.

Use of "smart" textiles for protective purposes

Smart textiles can exhibit protective properties in the following ways:

detect dangerous changes in the environment, in oneself and in the human body;
transmit a distress (danger) signal by an external receiving device;
in the event of serious dangers to respond to them.

Dangerous external changes include overheating, hypothermia, chemical attacks, gases, radiation, as well as the state of human health (heart attack, stroke), excessive alcohol or drugs in the body. Sensors in clothing can transmit a signal to the car's computer, and it will not start. The reaction of clothes to danger can be realized in a certain color of textiles (like litmus, indicator paper) and the wearer of the clothes himself and those around him will see this (policeman, wife, etc.). Surrounding by the color of the clothes will see that the person is bad (drunk, heart, pressure, etc.).

Firefighters' protective clothing must intelligently maintain a comfortable climate inside the clothing in high ambient temperatures.

It is necessary to combine the necessary balance between the protective effect and comfort. This is a very difficult task, since these two functions are usually directed against each other.

For comfortable working conditions, protective clothing must meet the following requirements:

climate (temperature, humidity, ventilation) in the underwear space;
lighting;
smell (absence);
noise (absence);

Protective clothing must perform the following functions:

sensory;
recording and storage of information;
performance of functions;
communication.

To this should be added convenience, stability of functions over time under operating conditions (washing, dry cleaning). Smart, E-clothing and its basis - smart textiles should include the following elements: sensors (sensors), internal communication, memory, analyzer, transmitter, antenna, autonomous power supply.

Sensor functions

Textiles, clothes are in contact with most of our body, its skin. This allows the sensors to be placed in various very important points body surface and monitor body parameters.

In addition, clothing (textiles) can measure the parameters of the external environment.

The main parameters that clothing sensors can detect are:

temperature;
electromagnetic signals (biopotential, cardiogram, electrostatic field, etc.);
acoustic and ultrasounds;
human movement;
chemicals (liquid, gases);
electrical properties of the skin;
mechanical properties of the skin (pressure, tension, tension);
radiation (UV, IR, visible, radioactivity, etc.);
smell.

When using sensors in general and textile sensors in particular, the following problems are encountered:

flexibility and resistance of sensors to deformation;
the signal has a relatively low amplitude;
resistance to prolonged heating (finishing and clothing production, washing, dry cleaning).

Initially, ordinary sensors were used for smart clothes, but gradually they switched to special sensors for textiles organically integrated into the structure of textiles.

The main emphasis was placed on monitoring body parameters (cardiogram, breathing rate, movement, temperature, blood pressure, movement). Such clothes are produced by ANBRE (B), Smart shirt, Life shirt, Wealthy, Intellitex, Vtam. Area of use: medicine, sports, astronautics, army.

Heart signals are one of the main parameters of the body. The heart is the basis of its muscles, controlled by the brain through electrical impulses. The electrically conductive textile detects these signals, which are then analyzed, the necessary parameters (frequency, phase, etc.) are extracted from them and analyzed. In common practice, when taking an electrocardiogram, a conductive gel is used to better contact the electrode (sensor) and the skin. But after 24 hours it causes skin irritation, so it cannot be used in diagnostic clothing.

But due to not very good contact, even a knitted T-shirt (the fabric is not suitable) with the skin, the signal is weak, electrical impulses occur. Sensors need to be improved by increasing their sensitivity.

Stretch sensors

Textile material can be created as a complex network of electrically conductive fibers - paths that can have many contacts with the skin. When tissues are deformed, the following phenomena may occur:

the number of contacts in textiles changes;
fibers are stretched;
cross-links between threads, yarn weaken, decrease.

The number of contact points changes drastically even at low tension. The deformation of the fibers takes place under strong tension. Increasing the number of contacts reduces the electrical resistance, while the tension of the fibers and the reduction of the points of entanglement leads to an increase electrical resistance. The change in electrical resistance during deformation depends on the structure of the textile. Piezoelectric effects arise, which is used to create textile strain gauges. From the signals of these sensors, information about the movement and position of a person can be extracted. However, there are problems here. These signals can be affected by changes in the structure of textiles during its operation (washing, dry cleaning, etc.), which leads to a change in the piezoelectric properties. The smart diagnostic shirt measures not only cardiac functions, but also the rate of breathing. To do this, use a knitted "belt" made of steel fibers. When breathing, the chest strap is deformed, so the chest (volume) expands and contracts, the electrical conductivity changes and, accordingly, the signal. Such a product must be stable under operating conditions and still need to be calibrated for electrical properties. Information about the kinetics (changes) in the body during exercise is important for patients, athletes, dancers, and in ergonomic research. CEA-LETI has produced a 3D oriented track based on conventional accelerometers (speed sensors), magnetometers. A “skeleton” is put on the body, allowing you to move your arms. The change in signal as fatigue is measured. Additionally, "smart" gloves capture additional information.

Pressure Sensors

There are two types of textile pressure sensors. The first is pressure-sensitive textiles based on the use of the principle of "quantum tunneling of composites" (QTC). Such a composite with characteristic properties works as an insulator under normal conditions, and under pressure, like a metal, it becomes a current conductor. Similar textile material can find wide application. It is possible to apply a special polymer composition to various types of textiles, which, when stretched, will exhibit these QTC-based electrical properties. Such materials have already appeared on the market under the name "Softswich™".

The second type of pressure sensors and materials based on them is composite textiles. It consists of two layers of carbonized conductive textile separated by a non-conductive layer. The two conductive layers have different electrical conductivity. When you press on the upper more conductive layer, it makes electrical contact through the mesh holes with the second layer. Stronger pressure - stronger contact, stronger current. The size of the cells and the thickness of the non-conductive mesh play a role. The base material of the sensory fabric consists of a combination of conductive fibers and polyamide fibers. A 3D structure can be constructed from such fabric (cheap, washable, wide range of uses). There is an Ekektex™ sensor fabric (England, Elexsen) on the market.

Fiber optics: multifunctional sensors

Sensor fibers based on the optical properties of the Bragg grating (FBG) are a type of fiber used to monitor changes in the structure of composites, structures and other materials.

Hong Kong Polytech has developed optical fibers capable of measuring changes in voltage and temperature in composites and textile structures. FBG sensors are similar to normal optical fibers, but inside, in a certain place, they have a diffraction grating capable of refracting rays of a certain wavelength, depending on the type and size of the grating. Textiles coated with such a layer are able to detect stress, temperature, as well as toxic substances and microorganisms.

Sensors that change color

Textiles that change color, color, intensity, shade under the influence of various physical and chemical factors is a potential sensor. Such properties are usually considered by the colorist as negative and tend to avoid them, but for smart textiles this is a useful feature.

Special thermo-, chemo-, photo-, mechano-, electro-, magneto-, radiation- and other chromium dyes are used for the production of such sensory textiles; the areas of use are very wide: sensors for all these impulses, as well as camouflage.

Collection, interpretation and handling of information

necessary in case of active use of information (active smart textiles). The first problem with interpreting information is that different impulses require different levels of intelligence to interpret the signals. So signals about temperature, the presence of toxic chemicals and microorganisms in the environment are easier to interpret than signals about the state of the human body, which is constantly changing. At the same time, the interpretation algorithm is different and in the second case it is very complex, capable of tracking and evaluating changes that cause irreversible changes in the state of health.

A computer is needed to collect and interpret the obtained data. This is the most difficult and unresolved problem, since the computer must be miniature, flexible, and stable under the conditions of operation and clothing care.

Such work is carried out in order to give the textile itself the function of a computer.

Actuators (actuators)

Actuators are devices that execute orders received from sensors or through a device (computer), collect and analyze information from sensors.

The actuator can perform mechanical manipulations, noise signal, heating or cooling, changing color and many other manipulations.

Mechanical actuators

Mechanical actuators make the fibers in the textile mobile and thereby change the properties of the textile (thermal insulation, permeability, etc.). More interesting is the message to textiles (fibers) of the "muscle" property. If such fibers are integrated into textiles, then it acquires the functions of a "second skin and muscles", increasing muscle strength. Such fibers are introduced in a certain physical state into textiles, which ensures the execution of the necessary movement of a certain force. These fibers must be an electroactive material capable of responding to electrical signals and contracting strongly, with high strength contractions, with short reaction times (low inertia), with a weak electrical signal (low voltage). These properties of "muscular" textiles have not yet been fully achieved. This requires either an electrical signal (active voltage) or a special chemical environment. Work continues. Temperature, chemical and physical influences are used as impulses that cause mechanical actions.

Gel Actuators

Polymer gels differ from solid materials in many ways. The polymer chains in the gel are chemically or physically cross-linked and form a 3D network. The gel swells in a certain solvent. At the same time, even at a low polymer concentration, the hydrogel “holds” its shape.

At a certain critical point, the gel can act as an actuator, showing the properties of a solid material or as a soft "shapeless amoeba". In addition, gels can, as actuators, take on various shapes, deform symmetrically or asymmetrically, depending on the structure in which they are used.

There is a wide range of impulses (triggers) that cause deformation of the gels.

Chemical impulses: pH (oxidation, reduction, redox), solvent change, ionic strength change.

Physical impulses: light, temperature, mechanical pressure, magnetic field, electric field, microwave field.

In practice, the gel is incorporated into the fiber or into the textile itself, which gives the textile the properties of “opening” or “closing” under the influence of impulses, this allows the use of textiles as actuators. various types, for example, a yarn containing gel in the core with a Z or S twist behaves like a "living" object, i.e. when in contact with the body, local tension occurs - this resembles the behavior of muscles (artificial muscles).

PH Responsive Polymers

In 1950 (W.Kuhn, A.Katchelsky) received fibers that can shrink when the pH changes. But, unfortunately, the contraction rate was low (several minutes). Further work made it possible to reduce the time to several seconds and even to 1/10 of a second, which is close to the capabilities of "live" muscles.

Later, artificial muscles were made using Orlon acrylic fiber, contracting on acidification (20% or more contraction in 0.2 sec; faster than human muscle). At the same time, strength is maintained (capable of holding 4 kg / cm2; stronger than human muscles).

Materials with "shape memory"

Shape memory materials are able to respond to changes in temperature. This property was first discovered in metal alloys and then in polymers. The latter are cheaper to demonstrate a low level of deformation, strength and stability. At the same time, the reaction of polymers to temperature is easy to modify: with one type (set) of monomers, it is possible to obtain materials with a wide temperature range, “shape memory”.

"Chemical" actuators are implemented using special chemicals. Under certain conditions, these chemicals are enclosed in special containers or chemically bonded to fiber polymers. Covering the "container" or chemical bond regulate the rate of release of chemicals. "Container" in the form of cyclodextrin or micro- and nanocapsules are introduced into fiber, textiles.

Textiles capable of releasing chemicals have already been commercialized: skin care products, bactericides, drugs, etc. However, active control of the release has not yet been fully achieved. Temperature, pH, humidity, and other parameters are used as an external impulse to release the chemical. The areas of use are very wide: cosmetics, medicine (targeted drug delivery), etc.

Energy

To create smart active materials (textiles, clothes), sensors and actuators are not enough; it is necessary to autonomously generate, store and use energy, primarily electrical energy for the operation of sensors, activation, processor operation, for communication (communication) with the outside world. The source of energy can be body heat, movement mechanics (deformation of fabric, clothes when walking, movement of legs, arms), radiation, etc.

Use the transformation of the temperature difference between the body and the environment in electrical energy(thermal generator, heat pump). This principle is known as the Seeback effect.

It is also possible to use solar energy and create flexible solar panels on the surface of textiles. Energy storage (batteries) is an important element of smart textiles, they should be small, light and long-lasting.

Communication (communication)

For "smart" textiles, communication has many functions and can be used in at least 4 ways:

connection with one of the elements of clothing;
communication between the user and clothing to receive instructions from an external device;
connection between different elements of clothing;
relationship between clothing and wearer or environment to convey information or receive instructions.

Inside the clothing, communication is carried out using optical fibers, conductive yarn, or ordinary thin electrical wire. In any case, they must be capable of being incorporated into the textile and not change its appearance or impair its essential original properties. Communication with the wearer is important when the wearer wants to receive information through different technologies. Fiber optics are used to create a flexible textile mesh. Such a textile mesh has the properties of a flexible display, changing color. To increase the resolution of such a screen, different fibers are used in the same grid. Pressure-sensitive textiles can also play the role of a binder by following certain commands. This principle is used in commercial "soft" phones or folding computer keyboards. Communication (connection) of the user through smart clothes with external environment very important in the case of telecommunication medicine. Communication in case of risky situations is especially important for chronic patients. The same is true during combat. This requires a wireless connection, and this requires an antenna built into the clothing. To do this, you can use a large area of clothing textiles.

Back in 2002, Phillips, along with other companies, created interactive textiles.

Overheating / cooling protection

Thermal (thermal) actuators can have different levels of activity. The regulation of the heat / cold balance (climate control) provides high level constant temperature in the underwear space. A material with super high heat absorption capability will maintain a comfortable temperature inside the suit.

Active climate control systems

Electrically conductive textiles and fibers are sensitive to an electrical signal and can therefore be used as a heating element. Cooling is a more complex issue. Appolo has developed a cooling jersey for astronauts. Thin cooling tubes are built into the jacket. Coolant through the central cooling system (Peltier) circulates through these tubes.

Semi-active thermal control can be achieved with microcapsules filled with wax having a melting point close to the required (target) temperature (shape memory materials).

Adaptive thermal insulation

At the end of 1990, Rns TG (Defense Clothing and Textile Agency, Colchester UK) began research on the use of shape memory materials (metal alloys) for overheat protection (reactive heat and flame protection). Nickel titanium alloy springs (Nitinol) were used. At room temperature, the springs will be compressed, and as the temperature rises, the compressed springs straighten out. The system consists of two separate layers, in which springs are embedded in the cotton fabric (strips) in one of the layers. The springs have a conical shape with a diameter of 25 mm. The springs between the layers, when opened, push the layers apart and increase the volume of air, which is a good heat insulator. The springs perform only one function: when cooled, they do not return to their original compressed form, this requires a mechanical action.

Depending on the type of spring (force), different levels of thermal insulation can be achieved.

Later, the same company developed the ventilation of the under-clothing space of soldiers' clothes. This textile mimicked (biomimetics) the behavior of a pine cone that stays closed in moist air and opens in a dry atmosphere (at night?). According to this similarity, a knitted structure with a polymer coating having a high stretch coefficient is created. U-shaped holes are formed in textiles. The capillaries are formed (open) when the covering is stretched by increasing humidity and close again when the covering returns to its original state, when the internal humidity drops (the person has stopped sweating).

Phase Change Materials (PCMs)

The concept of microencapsulation of PCMs was developed by NASA in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The task was to protect precision instruments from the effects of large temperature fluctuations in space. By that time, NASA had published the book “Phase change materials Hanelbook” (1971), which indicated more than 500 types of such substances that can change the phase state with temperature and absorb heat. PCMs are able to change the phase state in a certain temperature range. The latent latent thermal energy released (absorbed) during the phase transition between liquid and solid states is ~ 200 times greater than during heating / cooling of a material of equal mass.

Water is not suitable as PCMs because the phase change is at 0°C (far from body temperature) and the water molecules are very small and will permeate (migrate) through the walls of the capsule. For protective textiles, paraffin wax is used (a mixture of different hydrocarbons with different carbon chain lengths: C18H38, C20H42, nonodecan C19H40, octadecane C18H44). The phase transition is close to body temperature, the capsules with paraffin are incorporated into textiles, the capsules are fixed with a polymer coating.

Electrical actuators

Electrical stimulation activates the muscles with an electrical impulse (as in nature). Electrically conductive textiles are used for the action of an electrical impulse in any part of the body. Research focuses on the physiological effects of stimulation, such as muscle contraction, skin sensitivity, etc. Active muscle control is the control over the movement of a person, which determines success, survival in critical moments. For great success in this direction, detailed knowledge (intimate mechanisms) of muscle functioning is required, how different muscles work, contraction time, range (fork) of contractions, position, signals, control models, etc. All these studies from the field of cognitive technologies are still at the start.

Protection against "shocks"

The situation arises in various cases: hitting an object (a brick from a roof), bullets, fragments, a shock wave, a person attacking, etc. Each case requires different solutions.

Bullet protection (in general terms) is the simplest task that can be solved with passive protection. A real active protective suit must preventively detect the risk of "strike", "attack" and respond to it. Fall detection should be simple and fast. When hit by an object, the task is more difficult.

The protective suit must warn of hazards, protect the body in dangerous places (impulse stiffness), provide therapeutic effect, call for help, etc. (motorcyclists, horses).

Conclusion

The last 10 years of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries are marked by an unprecedented development of breakthrough technologies (NBIC) in all areas of everyday life, technology and science. One of the main objects of using achievements in the fields related to NBIC (new generation of polymers, micro- and nanoelectronics, bionics, etc.) is the production of a new generation of fibers, "smart" textiles and clothing. In turn, "smart" textiles (in the broad sense of the word) and clothing, acquiring new and significantly improving traditional properties, have greatly expanded the areas of use of textiles: all types of transport, including space, protective clothing for the army and law enforcement agencies, sports (especially extreme) , medicine, construction, agriculture, ecology, etc., the possibilities of using "smart" textiles and clothing in traditional areas have expanded: clothing with new aesthetic effects and IT functions, home textiles with protective, risk-preventing functions, with controlled aesthetic effects.

The listed new properties, functions of "smart" textiles, areas of its application are only the beginning of a technological revolution in the field of production of fibers, textiles and clothing.

Unfortunately, this global trend, which has an important contribution to the social economy, is not reflected in the federal development plans of the Russian Federation.

Literature

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G.E. Krichevsky. Fibers of the past, present and future. 01/26/2012. NNN Portal.
G.E. Krichevsky. Dual-use technologies in the production of a 21st century soldier's clothing set and civilian products. Ross.khim.zhurnal v.LVN3. 2011 p. 67–72.
G.E. Krichevsky. . December 14, 2010 NNN portal.