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Who shoots a lot is not yet a shooter, who talks a lot is not yet a speaker
Confucius
With the help of speech, a person expresses thoughts, feelings and desires, referring to the feelings and minds of his listeners. Modern rhetoric is not just mastering the skills of correct speech, but also the ability to achieve a certain result through the use of speech means.
Thus, a rhetorical text must meet one important goal: to express thoughts and use facts in such a way as to bring listeners to the proper conclusion, for which the speech was actually delivered.
The manager, as, indeed, any speaker, must own the material of the speech. This is the key to oratory. It is known that communication between people can be fruitful and effective only when the words reach the heart of a person and get inside him.
Looking at the main stages in the formation of rhetoric, we can confidently say that this statement applies one hundred percent to public speech. It will be successful when it has its due effect in the mind and heart of the listener. But this requires hard work, speech must be worked out.
Having studied the basic laws of rhetoric, one can understand what shortcomings this or that speech is “gifted with”. These include:
- monotone;
- dryness;
- unconvincing;
- boring story.
Rhetoric as the art of eloquence is designed to serve people
This means that the methods of rhetorical influence should be legal and convince listeners, not coerce. Some people have a negative attitude towards rhetoric for the very reason that they consider it a servant of evil.After all, speech is a weapon, and it can be abused. But can the knowledge that it can be abused be a reason for neglecting speech? Of course not.
Harsh rhetoric is dangerous and unacceptable. The manager must adhere to rigor or strict observance of moral principles, each time rethinking how decent his views and attitude are. Rhetoric and ethics go hand in hand.
The manager is obliged to monitor his performance, in which lies and half-truths do not take place. The speech should not mislead listeners, the manager has no right to exaggerate information or give it unreliably. The purpose of rhetoric: everything that is said must be supported by convincing evidence.
The manager needs to understand for himself why rhetoric is needed, and, taking on the role of a speaker, enter the role of an intermediary between the listener and the subject of speech. There must be complete equality and respect for both sides, and no one of them can be neglected.
Therefore, it is important to approach the subject of a conversation, conversation, speech with a head, wisely. Rhetoric in modern world, as, indeed, in ancient times, and at all times it necessarily borders on decency, it has no right to neglect the framework of morality and ethics. No deliberate misinformation of the listener and misleading him.
The stages of development of rhetoric led the science of eloquence to a certain division of rhetorical speeches. Depending on the purpose and purpose, they are divided into:
- scientific reports, messages, stories about a business trip, etc.
- political speech;
- festive, thanksgiving speech;
- welcome address.
So the speaker manager can talk about any personal experiences, perhaps the purpose of the speech is to emphasize something, strengthen feelings, with the help of speech you can clarify the state of affairs, indicate any advantages in their understanding, the purpose of the speech may be to express an opinion, there is widespread debate and discussion in this regard. Here, non-verbal activity of the speaker can also serve well.
The gift of eloquence and the talent of brilliant speech is enhanced by the ability of the manager as a speaker to use memory during a speech. Therefore, the rhetoric workshop includes mandatory training and daily memory development exercises.
Actually, such training consists in the usual memorization of a poem or a newspaper article every day. But rhetoric as a science involves not just mechanical cramming, but the development and use of directed and functioning memory. It is not necessary to memorize large passages of texts or the entire book.
Developed directed memory acts by allowing the manager to know where, in what place to find the necessary information, in what literature, what source must be consulted in order to find the necessary data, facts, information. The information itself can be easily recorded so as not to overload memory with it.
Functioning memory is a great helper in discussions and negotiations. Memorization of certain events, their assessment, the relationship of details very often put the manager in a winning position in front of the audience, listeners and opponents.
Of course, it is impossible to remember everything, since a person’s memory still has a certain amount, which in turn is also limited. But that's the rhetoric that these are not ordinary trainings with a simple cramming of the material.
In rote learning, as a rule, thinking is not involved. While it is precisely thoughtful, thoughtful mastering when memorizing the material that allows the latter to firmly settle in memory. Thus, three elements contribute to the strengthening and training of the speaker's memory:
- concentration.
- associations.
- repetition.
Concentration allows you to increase the ability to perceive the material. It depends on several components. One of them is the manifestation of interest in the subject of memorization. The subject that is most interesting will be remembered more easily and quickly, it will be easier to focus on it and the level of concentration will be higher in this case.
The second factor is the ability to be distracted, to disconnect from the outside world. The more the manager will have this ability, the higher his concentration will be, and hence the ability to remember the necessary things will increase.
The development of speech is not possible without the development of memory
As a manager, as a person who seeks to own the audience and the attention of listeners, it is important to know how to develop the rhetoric of speech. And for this it is necessary to develop a short, or operational, memory, that is, the manager must be able to store information in memory for a short period of time.
Such a memory is necessary in order to quickly, when reading, grasp and memorize important key words and then develop formulations based on them throughout the subsequent speech. Memory should be developed taking into account personal characteristics. The manager may tend to have a good motor memory. Then, for memorization, it is better for him to use such a tool as writing down.
If acoustic memory is more developed, then when memorizing information will be better perceived by ear. When a manager has an excellent visual memory, for better memorization, he should use the designation of key words in the text, for example, color them in different colors or underline.
It is very good in this case to use diagrams and drawings in order to strengthen memory. The manager's task is to learn not more, but better, that is, so that even small material is thoroughly imprinted in memory.
When training memory, the manager needs to use the associative mechanism of the human body. This happens through the creation of "memory bridges" or associative series. That is, keywords are remembered associatively, and sentences with the help of figurative links.
For example, the manager connects each keyword with an association. It is known that the material being learned is attached to something deeply fixed in the memory. So, for example, facts are combined with some personal feelings and thus contribute to the development of sensations, and sensations remain in memory.
Repetition is repeated repetition of what has been read or heard. It creates a good environment for memorization. In essence, being a means that can provide memorization. For this you should:
- read aloud - at the same time, vision is connected to hearing and, therefore, the material is absorbed faster and easier. It is not necessary to repeat large passages, you can reread any of the main points highlighted in the text;
- breaks - it is better to memorize for a short period of time than to load memory over a long time period (for example, one hour a day than two hours a day). It is known that during breaks the subconscious memory continues to process and fix the material in memory. And the sooner you start repeating, the faster the consolidation will occur. It is important to load the memory at the right time, when it is fresh and free, not when it is tired;
- the use of combined repetition - memorization is faster when the subject areas have contact connections.
To memorize, it is enough for a manager to remember the beginning, end of the text and its basis of keywords in order to reproduce everything else on this frame with the help of causal relationships.
The art of rhetoric is properly developed breathing when speaking.
Breathing is an important part of human life. In the end, with the help of the air that enters during inhalation, sounds, speeches are made, songs are sung. Breathing occurs due to the movement of the respiratory muscles.
Proper breathing is ensured when the breath is taken through the nose. Otherwise, when inhaling through the mouth, the larynx dries up, the voice sits down. Therefore, the main tasks of rhetoric include mastering the technique of breathing. The manager, as a speaker, needs to watch his breath and constantly practice using diaphragmatic abdominal and lateral breathing.
Exercises
Thus, breathing will be deep, in which the entire volume of the lungs is involved. When using only upper breathing, spasms can occur, especially if the shoulders are raised.Breathing is considered correct when the abdominal wall is rounded, the sides are stretched.
To practice deep breathing, you should breathe fresh air more often, taking about 20 deep breaths. good exercise- inhale and hold a little, leave the air in a free state for a few seconds.
The next exercise is to pronounce the sounds “s”, “sh”, “f”, slowly or in jerks, gaining air. Each sound and word is pronounced slowly and very slowly.Another training is to keep the normal pace of speech as long as possible in one breath.
The science of rhetoric, the culture of speech implies the use of the basic rule when pronouncing speech: you should inhale air only in the place where you can pause in meaning. Proper breathing ensures rich and beautiful speech, so the manager should constantly monitor the breath. You can hone your breathing technique with the help of breathing exercises, for example, using materials from public universities.
Moscow State University MESI
Tver branch of MESI
Department of Humanities and Socio-Economic Disciplines
Test
On the subject "General rhetoric"
Topic: "The role of rhetoric in modern society"
Work completed: student of group 38-MO-11
Mistrov A.S.
Checked by the teacher: Zharov V.A.
Tver, 2009
Introduction
1. What is rhetoric, or why are people given language, speech, and words?
2. The role of language in the formation of a person's personality
3. The role of rhetoric in public life
4. The role of rhetoric in professional activity
Conclusion
Literature
Introduction
Rhetoric - the classical science of the expedient and appropriate word - is in demand today as a tool for managing and improving the life of society, shaping the personality through the word.
Rhetoric teaches to think, cultivates a sense of the word, forms a taste, establishes the integrity of the worldview. Through advice and recommendations, thoughtful and expressive texts, rhetorical education dictates the style of thought and life in modern society, giving a person confidence in today's and tomorrow's existence.
Rhetoric is the science of oratory and eloquence. Language features oral public speaking, bringing rhetoric closer to poetics, suggest the use of techniques in a rhetorical work designed to convince the listener, his expressive processing. Teaching public (oratory) speech involves the formation of various skills (linguistic, logical, psychological, etc.) aimed at developing the rhetorical competence of students, i.e. ability and willingness to communicate effectively.
1. What is rhetoric, or why are people given language, speech, and words?
The pathos of studies of the traditional domestic science of language is determined by the desire of scientists to describe the language from the point of view of its internal structure. The task of describing the language structure is noble and vital. However, with such an approach, a person, a person who perceives and generates speech, is left out.
The gift of the word is one of the greatest abilities of a person, elevating him above the world of all living things and making him a proper person. The word is a means of communication between people, a way of exchanging information, a tool for influencing the consciousness and actions of another person. one
Gold rusts and steel rots.
The marble crumbles. Everything is ready for death.
The strongest on earth is sadness -
And more durable is the royal Word.
(A. Akhmatova)
Ownership of the word is valued very highly, but not everyone owns the word.
Moreover, the vast majority are hardly able to competently express their thoughts on paper, all the more they do not own rhetoric in its true understanding.
The ability to speak a word is an integral part of the general culture of a person, his education. For an intelligent person, noted A.P. Chekhov, "speaking badly should be considered as indecent as not being able to read and write ... All the best statesmen in the era of prosperity of states, the best philosophers, poets, reformers were at the same time the best speakers. "Flowers of eloquence" was the path to every career is strewn.
Since ancient times, people have sought to understand what is the secret of the impact of the living word, is it an innate gift or the result of long, painstaking learning and self-education? Rhetoric provides answers to these and other questions.
For most of our compatriots, the word rhetoric sounds mysterious, for others it means nothing, for still others it means pompous, outwardly beautiful, and even "meaningless speech." This word is often accompanied by such epithets as "manipulating" or "empty".
The most common definition is as follows: rhetoric is the theory, skill and art of eloquence. By eloquence, the ancients understood the art of the orator, and by rhetoric, the rules that serve to form orators.
Words can kill
Words can save
Word can shelves
In modern manuals and books on rhetoric, this science is often called the "science of persuasion." Aristotle would have been dissatisfied with such a formulation, would have considered it an obvious mistake. You say: what an insignificant difference! Is it really as important as saying: "the science of persuading" or "the science of finding ways to persuade." You need to immediately get used not only to the accuracy of the word, reflecting all the nuances, shades of thought, but also to the accuracy that conveys a clear semantic structure of speech.
In antiquity, rhetoric was called "the queen of all arts."
Currently, rhetoric is the theory of persuasive communication.
With free will and reason, we are responsible for our own actions. The science of rhetoric provides us with invaluable assistance in this: it allows us to evaluate the argumentation of any speech and make an independent decision. 2
Since we live in a society, we need to take into account the opinions of other people, consult with them. To convince another means to substantiate your ideas in such a way that those who participate in the discussion agree with them and join them, become your allies.
It is possible and necessary to learn convincingly, to speak, if necessary, to argue, to convincingly defend one's point of view.
2. The role of language in the formation of a person's personality
Words burn like fire
Or freeze like stones
It depends
What did you give them?
What to them in their hour
touched by hands
And how much did he give them
Heartfelt warmth.
N. Rylenkov
Today, everything related to the concept is extremely relevant. "Culture" is a very ambiguous and capacious concept.
Culture is a set of material and spiritual values created by human society and characterizing a certain level of development of society.
Today, humanization and democratization are declared as the main principles of the education system. Education itself is seen as a means of a safe and comfortable existence of the individual in the modern world, as a way of self-development of the individual. Under these conditions, there is a change of priorities in education, it becomes possible to strengthen its culture-forming role, a new ideal of a person educated in the form of a "man of culture", "a person of an ennobled image", possessing mental, ethical, aesthetic, socio-spiritual culture appears.
The means and condition for achieving this ideal, the very goal of education, is the communicative culture of the individual, which includes emotional and speech, informational and logical culture as components.
The Secondary School Reform Documents (1984) stated:
"Fluent knowledge of the Russian language should become the norm for young people graduating from secondary schools."
These attitudes are preserved in the latest documents on the restructuring of public education.
Why is the prestige of education falling so irresistibly? Why are the spiritual needs and demands of our yesterday's and today's students so frighteningly flawed? What will help stop the disastrously fading interest in knowledge and books? How to stop the devaluation of the national treasure - the native language, to revive the traditions of respect for the word, purity, richness of speech? All the above questions are connected with the problem of the spiritual state of society, with the speech culture of its members, the culture of their communication. It so happened that living in words and words, and not reality, accustomed to semantic unambiguity, people lost the ability to understand the different meanings of words, to see the degree of their correspondence to reality. It is curious that the ability to correlate the word with reality Academician I.P. Pavlov considered as the most important property of the mind.
Observing what Russia was going through, he said in his public lecture in 1918: "Russian thought ... does not go behind the scenes of the word, does not like to look at the true reality. We are engaged in collecting words, not studying life." 3,
The destructible tradition of an evaluative attitude to speech, the emerging (on the favorable soil of low culture) fetishization of the word led to an inability to foresee the consequences of the introduction of militarized vocabulary (arm, fight, form, forge) into educational problems.
Entering the pedagogical consciousness, this vocabulary predetermined the subordination of educational activities to the barracks laws, determined the command-directive forms of interaction, rigidly regulated models of relations.
All this dehumanized the education system, leaving no room for the implementation of its most important function - culture-forming, aimed at developing and improving the culture of the individual and society as a whole.
According to the results of the survey of students of different age groups, there is reason to believe that the developing potential of the school in terms of the formation of a culture of speech and a culture of communication is implemented weakly, inconsistently and purposefully. The culture of speech and the culture of communication, being the conditions and means for the development of students, the formation of their individual culture, should be considered as the goal, the result of the humanization and humanitarization of the education system. four
At present, the closest relationship between the economy, education, attitude to work and human culture is beginning to be realized. The most urgent problem today is the moral character, cultural values, since in solving economic, general social and cultural issues, the efforts of not only the team, but also each person are important.
The increased interest in moral issues in recent times is also caused by the awareness of a rather low culture in the field of communication.
Communication is a complex process that involves the pursuit of truth.
Communication is a complex process that involves the ability to hear and listen to another person.
Communication is a complex process that involves respect for the personality of the interlocutor with whom the dialogue is being conducted.
Truly human communication is built on respect for the dignity of another person, observance of the norms of morality developed by mankind.
In a broad sense, the concept of a culture of behavior includes all aspects of the internal and external culture of a person: etiquette, culture of life, organization of personal time, hygiene, aesthetic tastes in the choice of consumer goods, labor culture.
Particular attention should be paid to the culture of speech: the ability to speak and listen, to conduct a conversation is an important condition for mutual understanding, checking the truth or falsity of one's opinions and ideas.
Speech is the most meaningful, capacious and expressive means of communication.
A high speech culture implies a high culture of thinking, because immature thoughts cannot be expressed in a clear, accessible form.
The culture of speech is an integral part of the general culture of a person, the ability to accurately, expressively convey one's thoughts.
Language reflects the state of morality in society. Colloquial and jargon emphasize laziness of thinking, although, at first glance, they help communication, simplifying this process. Incorrect, interspersed with jargon, speech indicates a person’s poor upbringing.
In this regard, the thoughts of K. Paustovsky seem relevant that in relation to each person to his language, one can accurately judge not only his cultural level, but also his civic value. True love for one's country is unthinkable without love for one's language. A person who is indifferent to his native language is a savage. He is inherently harmful, because his indifference to the language is explained by the uttermost indifference to the past, present and future of his people.
Language is not only a sensitive indicator of the intellectual, moral development of a person, his general culture, but also the best educator.
A clear expression of one's thoughts, the exact choice of words, the richness of speech form a person's thinking and his professional skills in all areas of human activity.
Academician D.S. Likhachev rightly notes that “sloppiness in clothes is disrespect for the people around you and for yourself. It’s not about being smartly dressed. is on the verge of ridiculous. You must be dressed cleanly and neatly, in the style that best suits you, and depending on age. To an even greater extent than clothing, language testifies to a person’s taste, his attitude to the world around him, to yourself."
Our language is an essential part of our overall behavior and life. And by the way a person speaks, we can immediately and easily judge who we are dealing with: we can determine the degree of intelligence of a person, the degree of his psychological balance, the degree of his possible complexes.
Our speech is the most important part not only of our behavior, but also of our soul, mind, our ability not to succumb to the influences of the environment.
Everything, no matter what we talk about, everything and always depends on the state of morality. The tongue senses it. In this saddle.
N.M. Karamzin said: "... Language and literature are ... the main ways of public education; the richness of the language is the wealth of thoughts, ... it serves as the first school for the young soul, imperceptibly, but all the more impressive in it the concepts on which the most deep sciences...
3. The role of rhetoric in public life
The development of democracy, the spread of the ideas of individual freedom and the equality of people before the law determined the need of society for rhetoric, which would show how to convince an equal to an equal.
History shows that during periods of fundamental social change, rhetoric has always been in demand by life - one can recall the role and place of rhetoric in the life of Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, in the era of the Great French Revolution, the period of the Civil War in the United States, the role of revolutionary rhetoric after the overthrow of the autocracy and in the period October Revolution and Civil War in Russia. It is no coincidence that public speech played such a prominent role in ancient democracies and disappeared in the Middle Ages, when mainly theological and church rhetoric dominated.
At present, human rights are gradually becoming the most important aspect of the public life of developed countries. Under these conditions, it became necessary to convince people, moreover, people who are not equal to each other in terms of education and culture, but who require equal treatment. In democracies, persuading people has become essential in preparing for elections. A person is individually unique, not like others, and this makes communication difficult, necessitates learning to communicate. countries. 5
In Russia, as in any developed democratic country, public democratic discussion of various social problems is the most important condition for the very existence of a democratic state, the basis for its functioning, a guarantee of public approval of important decisions by the population. It cannot be argued that public discussions in modern Russia are completely absent. But on vital issues, when it is necessary to make an important decision at the state or local level, such discussions are carried out mainly by the administrative or legislative elite, and more often behind the scenes.
Such discussions are practiced in elected political bodies: in the State Duma, in local self-government bodies. There are talk shows on television. These programs reflect the society's need for a public discussion of problems and interest in such discussions. At the same time, it should be noted that minor problems are often discussed, many of the programs quickly disappear, which shows the instability of the public's interest in such programs.
Discussions in newspapers arouse the interest of readers, but have a limited resonance, since people often do not believe in the effectiveness of the newspaper word, they believe that discussions and compromising evidence are made to order and do not reflect the truth. It must be admitted that modern Russian society almost completely lacks the tradition and technique of a comprehensive democratic public discussion of problems of public interest in labor collectives, discussion clubs, educational institutions and, in general, at the level of ordinary citizens.
There is no experience of public discussions in Russian political practice, and generally accepted rules for holding such events, uniform requirements for the rules of speeches and for answering questions, and the distribution of roles for participants in the discussion. There is no tradition of equal observance of the rules by all participants in such discussions, regardless of their official position, there is no experience of respectfully asking questions and respectfully answering substantive questions, there is no tradition of strict adherence to ethical and rhetorical norms of discussion.
At the same time, the public discussion of issues of public interest is of great importance for the formation of the mechanisms of democratic procedures, for everyday democratic practice. Without the skills and habit of public discussion of socially significant problems of both national and local importance by ordinary citizens of Russia, the formation and development of a democratic state is impossible.
Social progress in the XX century. significantly expanded the possibilities of rhetoric. Millions of people in Russia were involved in the processes of political transformation: three revolutions, two world wars, the Cold War, the spread of democracy in the world, the collapse of the USSR affected the population of the country. Radio and television contributed to the influence of the word on the mindset of a huge audience.
The role and possibilities of oratory have greatly increased. The end of the XX - the beginning of the XXI century. marked by the democratization of public life in Russia and the countries of the former socialist camp. The former Soviet republics became independent states. Democratic elections of presidents, parliamentarians, and self-government bodies involved millions of people in political life. Oratory is in demand again.
It is necessary in every possible way to encourage the development of oral public discussion of socially significant problems in Russian society, as well as to teach rhetorical skills, starting from school. The rhetorical education of Russian citizens is a very important task today.
4. The role of rhetoric in professional activity
Society is divided by differences in confessional rites. Society includes various professions and various forms of organization of professional activity, various areas rights and styles of management, physical culture requires the targeting of ages and the nature of the physiology of individuals. Abstract thinking is determined by the difference between the sciences and the fields of technology. The difference in talents determines the difference in people's professional activities.
In this process speech activity plays a leading role. The fact is that any form of education requires speech actions in order for it to be established one way or another.
So, for teaching the arts, for introducing works of art into society (ordering, displaying, criticizing, interpreting a work by an artist, educating an artist), society uses speech actions. With the help of speech actions, the selection of the best (classical) works, their systematization, classification, codification and storage, and presentation of art to consumers are organized.
Any forecasting system requires interpretation of the current and predicted situation. Management only resorts to formalisms in order to present language information in a convenient form. At the center of the rite are language actions. The rules of the game are explained in language. Hence, the problem of the diversity and unity of society in vivid forms is concentrated in language actions and, in fact, is controlled by language actions.
When we talk about the professional competence of a specialist, we mean, first of all, his knowledge of his specialty, but at the same time, we assume that professional knowledge is supported by the general humanitarian culture of a person, his ability to understand the world around him, and his ability to communicate. As we have already said, the ability to communicate for a number of professions, and economics in the first place, is an integral part of professional competence, a necessary condition for true professionalism. Professional speech competence should be taught, given the necessary knowledge, and basic skills should be formed. So what should be taught and taught? What does the concept of “professional communicative competence” include?
When we talk about the professional competence of a specialist, we mean, first of all, his knowledge of his specialty, but at the same time, we assume that professional knowledge is supported by the general humanitarian culture of a person, his ability to understand the world around him, and his ability to communicate. As we have already said, the ability to communicate for a number of professions, and economics in the first place, is an integral part of professional competence, a necessary condition for true professionalism.
In fact, the dissertation research of T.V. Mazur “Professionally oriented rhetorical training of law students at the university” [Mazur: 2001]. She writes: “Currently, the problem of speech competence of a lawyer is more acute than in previous years… there is a clear need to organize high-quality, professionally significant speech training for future specialists at a university…” [Mazur 2001: 3-4]. To form the speech competence of lawyers, it offers a whole block of disciplines, each of which provides a certain aspect of training (for example, “introduction to legal rhetoric”, “legal oratorio”, etc.) At the same time, the system of skills that provide professional speech training includes such as determining the strategy and tactics of speech behavior in professional activities, achieving the best fulfillment of communication goals, effectively delivering oral monologues and speaking with them in typical speech situations of professional activity, effectively building speech behavior in dialogical communication [ibid: 16, 17] , that is, we are talking about fluency in the repertoire of professional speech genres
O.Ya. Goykhman in the monograph “Scientific and practical problems of teaching non-philological students speech communication ...”, notes that in order to “achieve communicative competence in the social sphere, certain groups of skills are needed, including the skills to: communicate verbally and non-verbally, negotiate, act together” [ Goykhman 2000: 21-22]. The components of teaching professional communicative competence, according to the scientist, should be the culture of speech and elementary literacy of students, which leaves much to be desired among modern school graduates. One cannot but agree with these provisions.
At the same time, one should agree with N.K. Garbovsky and supplement the definition of professional speech as a system of speech genres regularly used in the process of professional-role interaction of communicants. Professional speech, in our opinion and in the opinion of such researchers of professional speech communication as T.A. Milekhina, N.I. Shevchenko, can perform in different options depending on the composition of the communicators (specialist/non-specialist) and the situation of communication (official/informal), and depending on this, oral professional speech will be closer or further from the “ideal” professional speech, which we can observe only when specialists communicate in an official setting. With whom you have to communicate, in what conditions the communication takes place, it will largely depend on which version of the “professional language” a professional economist should turn to in order to be correctly understood and ultimately complete the intended communicative task and achieve success.
Conclusion
Rhetoric and culture of speech pervades all spheres of society. Language is a form of thought and a means of communication. Rhetoric is necessary for the formation of the cultural level of a person, his ability to establish relationships with society. A professional career is very dependent on the culture of communication and the use of professional language. The ability to build relationships with colleagues is essential for a productive professional activity.
It is necessary to promote in every possible way the idea of oral public debate of socially significant problems, as well as to promote rhetorical norms and teach debating, starting from school. It seems that this is the most important social task of today, the solution of which will allow creating a truly democratic climate in society, will lead to the formation of civil responsibility of citizens for their country, for their own decision in elections or a referendum, will contribute to the formation of attention and interest in other people's opinion, the formation political and interpersonal tolerance, so necessary for our society.
Literature
N. Voichenko. “Code of honor of the speaker or On the art of public speaking. " // Journalist. - No. 12. - 2008 - 38 p.
O.Ya. Goykhman “Scientific and practical problems of teaching speech communication of non-philologist students…”. – 2000
Tatiana Zharinova. “Does Modern Society Need Rhetoric? » // Magazine «Samizdat». – 2005
NOT. Kamenskaya Problems of rhetoric in contemporary Russia. // Yazak as a means of communication: theory, practice, teaching methods. – 2008 – p. 195
T.V. Mazur, “Professionally oriented rhetorical training of law students at the university”. – 2001
I.P. Pavlov, "On the Russian mind" // "Literary newspaper". 1981 N30
The role of language in the formation of a person's personality. – 2009
1 Tatyana Zharinova Does Modern Society Need Rhetoric? // Magazine "Samizdat". – 2005
2 N. Voichenko. Orator's code of honor or On the art of public speaking. // Journalist. - No. 12. - 2008 - 38 p.
3 I.P. Pavlov "On the Russian mind" // "Literary newspaper". 1981, N 30.
4 The role of language in the formation of a person's personality. – 2009
5 N.E. Kamenskaya Problems of rhetoric in contemporary Russia. // Language as a means of communication: theory, practice, teaching methods. – 2008 – p. 195.
Rhetoric as a theory and mastery of expedient, influencing, harmonizing speech. Stages of development of rhetoric as a science. Ordinary rhetoric as a private rhetorical discipline. Analysis of the concept of speech genres by M.M. Bakhtin and in the works of K.F. Sedov.
The importance of intercultural communication in all areas of practical activity. Peculiarities of ethnocentrism for different cultures. The specifics of verbal communication at work in different cultures. Cultural specificity of speech behavior in a conflict situation.
Forms of language existence. Basic requirements for oral and written speech. Short story Russian literary language. The pronunciation side of speech. Requirements of literary correctness, euphony. Influence of class jargons.
Oratory as one of the specific types of human activity, its stages and main types. Intellectual, communicative and special abilities of the speaker. Preparation (choice of topic, purpose), beginning, completion and deployment of speech.
The concept and essence of oratory. Definition of oratory, its history. "Secrets" of public speaking. Features, genera and types of oratory. Analysis of the functional styles of the literary language in the speaker's speech.
Essence of oratory and speech. Definition, subject and content of modern rhetoric as a scientific discipline and academic subject. Features of Old Russian eloquence. The history of the development of rhetoric in the works of Russian scientists on oratory.
Speech, both oral and written, is the essence of social interaction, and conversations are the subject of the theory of speech communication. Language is a multifunctional system dealing with the creation, storage and transmission of information.
Characteristics of the main functions of the Russian language, their connection with its essence, nature, purpose in society and the relationship between them. The importance of the formation of the communicative function of the language at school. Fundamentals and manifestations of cognitive and cumulative functions.
The culture of speech as the main constituent aspect of the high general culture of a person. The concept of linguistic (literary) norms in philology. Communication as a socio-psychological mechanism of human interaction. Etiquette and culture of modern speech communication.
The work experience of a teacher of the Russian language and literature of a general education school in the formation of the speech culture of schoolchildren. The program "School of Dobroslov" is a selection of practical materials that help students improve the culture of speech communication.
Voice and speech as tools by which the speaker conveys his message to the audience, powerful means of influencing the public. The importance of a good voice for achieving professional success in business, everyday everyday communication.
Rhetoric is the science of oratory and eloquence. Linguistic features of oral public speaking. Oratory techniques to persuade the listener. Structure and functions of rhetoric. Formation of various skills (linguistic, logical, psychological).
The concept of rhetoric, the history of development as a systematic discipline. The rhetorical ideal of Socrates, Plato, Aristotle. Rhetoric in ancient Rome. Oratory in the Middle Ages, the Renaissance. Its development in the period from the 17th to the 19th centuries, the Renaissance.
The need for rhetoric for successful self-realization of a person. The history of the emergence and development of rhetoric, its task as a subject. Consideration of modern public speech based on the achievements of modern humanities, canons of rhetoric.
The task of the culture of speech. Types of speech culture, oral and written varieties of the Russian language. Normative, communicative, ethical aspects of oral and written speech, oral public speech. Improving literate writing and speaking skills.
Democratization of society as a reason for the emergence of applied linguistics. The emergence and basic principles of legal linguistics, research topics and trends in the discipline. Spheres of contact between language and law. Translations of legal texts and lexicography.
The development of rhetorical theory in modern conditions. Essence of speech event, discourse. Analysis of the basic concepts of rhetoric and linguo-pragmatics used in human speech behavior in the process of communication, set out in the chapters of the book by A.K. Michalskaya.
The word is a means of communication between people, a way of exchanging information, a tool for influencing the consciousness and actions of another person. Word mastery. Variety of genres of oratory. Proficiency in speaking skills. Types of speeches. Speaker preparation.
Harmony in rhetoric. Laws of modern general rhetoric. The first law of rhetoric and the principles of dialogization of speech behavior. Attention to the addressee as a principle of speech behavior. The second law is the law of advancement and orientation. Ways to create movement in speech.
Skvortsov's article "Language of communication and culture (ecology and language)" is devoted to the problem of the state of the modern literary language and Russian speech, questions of the ecology of culture and subjects of linguistic ecology, factors in the development of the modern Russian language.
Rhetoric is the science of oratory and eloquence. The linguistic features of oral public speaking, bringing rhetoric closer to poetics, suggest the use of techniques in a rhetorical work designed to convince the listener, his expressive processing. Teaching public (oratory) speech involves the formation of various skills aimed at developing the rhetorical competence of students, i.e. ability and willingness to communicate effectively.
The work contains 1 file
Introduction
Rhetoric- the classical science of the expedient and appropriate word - is in demand today as a tool for managing and improving the life of society, shaping the personality through the word.
Rhetoric teaches to think, cultivates a sense of the word, forms a taste, establishes the integrity of the worldview.
Rhetoric- the science of oratory and eloquence. The linguistic features of oral public speaking, bringing rhetoric closer to poetics, suggest the use of techniques in a rhetorical work designed to convince the listener, his expressive processing. Teaching public (oratory) speech involves the formation of various skills aimed at developing the rhetorical competence of students, i.e. ability and willingness to communicate effectively.
The gift of the word is one of the greatest abilities of a person, elevating him above the world of all living things and making him a proper person. Word is a means of communication between people, a way of exchanging information, a tool for influencing the consciousness and actions of another person.
Ownership of the word is valued very highly, but not everyone owns the word. Moreover, the vast majority is hardly able to competently express their thoughts on paper, all the more they do not own rhetoric in its true understanding. The ability to speak a word is an integral part of the general culture of a person, his education.
Since ancient times, people have sought to understand what is the secret of the impact of the living word, is it an innate gift or the result of long, painstaking learning and self-education? Rhetoric provides answers to these and other questions.
Rhetoric is theory, craftsmanship and the art of eloquence. By eloquence, the ancients understood the art of the orator, and by rhetoric, the rules that serve to form orators.
The role of language in the formation of a person's personality
Today, everything related to the concept is extremely relevant. "Culture" is a very ambiguous and capacious concept.
culture is a set of material and spiritual values created by human society and characterizing a certain level of development of society.
In modern conditions, the goal of education is the communicative culture of the individual, which includes emotional and speech, informational and logical culture as components.
The culture of speech and the culture of communication, being the conditions and means for the development of students, the formation of their individual culture, should be considered as the goal, the result of the humanization and humanitarization of the education system.
At present, the closest relationship between the economy, education, attitude to work and human culture is beginning to be realized. The hottest issue today- moral character, culture of the individual, since in solving economic, general social and cultural issues, the efforts of not only the team, but also each person are important.
The increased interest in moral issues in recent times is also caused by the awareness of a rather low culture in the field of communication.
Communication- a complex process that involves the pursuit of truth, assuming the ability to hear and listen to another person, assuming respect for the personality of the interlocutor with whom the dialogue is being conducted. Truly human communication is built on respect for the dignity of the other person.
In a broad sense, the concept of a culture of behavior includes all aspects of the internal and external culture of a person: etiquette, culture of life, organization of personal time, hygiene, work culture.
Particular attention should be paid to the culture of speech: the ability to speak and listen, to conduct a conversation is an important condition for mutual understanding, checking the truth or falsity of one's opinions and ideas.
Speech- the most meaningful, capacious and expressive means of communication. A high speech culture implies a high culture of thinking, because immature thoughts cannot be expressed in a clear, accessible form.
A culture of speech- this is an integral part of the general culture of a person, the ability to accurately, expressively convey one's thoughts.
Language reflects the state of morality in society. Colloquial and jargon emphasize laziness of thinking, although, at first glance, they help communication, simplifying this process. Incorrect, interspersed with jargon, speech indicates a person’s poor upbringing.
Our language is an essential part of our overall behavior and life. And by the way a person speaks, we can immediately and easily judge who we are dealing with, we can determine the degree of intelligence of a person, the degree of his psychological balance, the degree of his possible complexes.
Our speech is the most important part not only of our behavior, but also of our soul, mind, our ability not to succumb to the influences of the environment.
The role of rhetoric in public life
At present, human rights are gradually becoming the most important aspect of the public life of developed countries. Under these conditions, it became necessary to convince people, moreover, people who are not equal to each other in terms of education and culture, but who require equal treatment. In democracies, persuading people has become essential in preparing for elections. A person is individually unique, not like others, and this makes communication difficult, necessitates learning to communicate.
In Russia, as well as in any developed democratic country, a public democratic discussion of various social problems is the most important condition for the very existence of a democratic state, the basis of its functioning, a guarantee of public approval of important decisions by the population.
Public discussion of issues of public interest is of great importance for the formation of the mechanisms of democratic procedures, for everyday democratic practice. Without the skills and habit of public discussion of socially significant problems of both national and local importance by ordinary citizens of Russia, the formation and development of a democratic state is impossible.
Democratic elections of presidents, parliamentarians, and self-government bodies involved millions of people in political life. Oratory became in demand.
It is necessary in every possible way to encourage the development of oral public discussion of socially significant problems in Russian society, as well as to teach rhetorical skills, starting from school. The rhetorical education of Russian citizens is a very important task today.
The role of rhetoric in professional activity
Society includes various professions and various forms of organization of professional activities, various areas of law and management styles. Abstract thinking is determined by the difference between the sciences and the fields of technology. The difference in talents determines the difference in people's professional activities. Here speech plays a leading role.
When we talk about the professional competence of a specialist, we mean, first of all, his knowledge of his specialty, but at the same time, we assume that professional knowledge is supported by the general humanitarian culture of a person, his ability to understand the world around him, and his ability to communicate. After all, the ability to communicate for a number of professions, and economics in the first place, is an integral part of professional competence, a necessary condition for true professionalism. Professional speech competence should be taught, given the necessary knowledge, and basic skills should be formed.
Conclusion
Rhetoric and culture of speech pervades all spheres of society. Language is a form of thought and a means of communication. Professional career very much depends on the culture of communication and the use of professional language. The ability to build relationships with colleagues is absolutely essential for a productive professional activity. Rhetoric is necessary for the formation of the cultural level of a person, his ability to establish relationships with society.
Moscow State University MESI
Tver branch of MESI
Department of Humanities and Socio-Economic Disciplines
On the subject "General rhetoric"
Topic: "The role of rhetoric in modern society"
Work completed: student of group 38-MO-11
Mistrov A.S.
Checked by the teacher: Zharov V.A.
Tver, 2009
Content INTRODUCTION 2- 1. What is rhetoric, or why are people given language, speech, and words? 3
- 2. The role of language in the formation of a person's personality 5
- 3. The role of rhetoric in public life 10
- 4. The role of rhetoric in professional activity 13
- Conclusion 17
- Literature 18
N. Voichenko. “Code of honor of the speaker or On the art of public speaking. " // Journalist. - No. 12. - 2008 - 38 p.
O.Ya. Goykhman “Scientific and practical problems of teaching speech communication of non-philologist students…”. - 2000
Tatiana Zharinova. “Does Modern Society Need Rhetoric? » // Magazine «Samizdat». - 2005
NOT. Kamenskaya Problems of rhetoric in contemporary Russia. // Yazak as a means of communication: theory, practice, teaching methods. - 2008 - p. 195
T.V. Mazur, “Professionally oriented rhetorical training of law students at the university”. - 2001
I.P. Pavlov, "On the Russian mind" // "Literary newspaper". 1981 N30
The role of language in the formation of a person's personality. - 2009
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Moscow State University MESI
Tver branch of MESI
Department of Humanities and Socio-Economic Disciplines
Test
On the subject "General rhetoric"
Topic: "The role of rhetoric in modern society"
Work completed: student of group 38-MO-11
Mistrov A.S.
Checked by the teacher: Zharov V.A.
Tver, 2009
Content
- Introduction 2
- 3
- 5
- 10
- 13
- Conclusion 17
- Literature 18
Introduction
Rhetoric - the classical science of the expedient and appropriate word - is in demand today as a tool for managing and improving the life of society, shaping the personality through the word.
Rhetoric teaches to think, cultivates a sense of the word, forms a taste, establishes the integrity of the worldview. Through advice and recommendations, thoughtful and expressive texts, rhetorical education dictates the style of thought and life in modern society, giving a person confidence in today's and tomorrow's existence.
Rhetoric is the science of oratory and eloquence. The linguistic features of oral public speaking, bringing rhetoric closer to poetics, suggest the use of techniques in a rhetorical work designed to convince the listener, his expressive processing. Teaching public (oratory) speech involves the formation of various skills (linguistic, logical, psychological, etc.) aimed at developing the rhetorical competence of students, i.e. ability and willingness to communicate effectively.
1. What is rhetoric, or why are people given language, speech, and words?
The pathos of studies of the traditional domestic science of language is determined by the desire of scientists to describe the language from the point of view of its internal structure. The task of describing the language structure is noble and vital. However, with such an approach, a person, a person who perceives and generates speech, is left out.
The gift of the word is one of the greatest abilities of a person, elevating him above the world of all living things and making him a proper person. The word is a means of communication between people, a way of exchanging information, a tool for influencing the consciousness and actions of another person. Tatyana Zharinova Does Modern Society Need Rhetoric? // Magazine "Samizdat". - 2005
Gold rusts and steel rots.
The marble crumbles. Everything is ready for death.
The strongest on earth is sadness -
And more durable is the royal Word.
(A. Akhmatova)
Ownership of the word is valued very highly, but not everyone owns the word.
Moreover, the vast majority are hardly able to competently express their thoughts on paper, all the more they do not own rhetoric in its true understanding.
The ability to speak a word is an integral part of the general culture of a person, his education. For an intelligent person, noted A.P. Chekhov, "speaking badly should be considered as indecent as not being able to read and write ... All the best statesmen in the era of prosperity of states, the best philosophers, poets, reformers were at the same time the best speakers. "Flowers of eloquence" was the path to every career is strewn.
Since ancient times, people have sought to understand what is the secret of the impact of the living word, is it an innate gift or the result of long, painstaking learning and self-education? Rhetoric provides answers to these and other questions.
For most of our compatriots, the word rhetoric sounds mysterious, for others it means nothing, for still others it means pompous, outwardly beautiful, and even "meaningless speech." This word is often accompanied by such epithets as "manipulating" or "empty".
The most common definition is as follows: rhetoric is the theory, skill and art of eloquence. By eloquence, the ancients understood the art of the orator, and by rhetoric, the rules that serve to form orators.
The authority of this science in antiquity, its influence on the life of society and the state was so great that rhetoric was called "the art of controlling minds" (Plato) and put on a par with the art of a commander:
Words can kill
Words can save
Word can shelves
Lead the story!
Aristotle, the author of the first scientific development of oratory, defined rhetoric as "the ability to find possible ways of persuasion regarding any given subject."
In modern manuals and books on rhetoric, this science is often called the "science of persuasion." Aristotle would have been dissatisfied with such a formulation, would have considered it an obvious mistake. You say: what an insignificant difference! Is it really as important as saying: "the science of persuading" or "the science of finding ways to persuade." You need to immediately get used not only to the accuracy of the word, reflecting all the nuances, shades of thought, but also to the accuracy that conveys a clear semantic structure of speech.
In antiquity, rhetoric was called "the queen of all arts."
Currently, rhetoric is the theory of persuasive communication.
With free will and reason, we are responsible for our own actions. The science of rhetoric provides us with invaluable assistance in this: it allows us to evaluate the argumentation of any speech and make an independent decision. N. Voichenko. Orator's code of honor or On the art of public speaking. // Journalist. - No. 12. - 2008 - 38 p.
Since we live in a society, we need to take into account the opinions of other people, consult with them. To convince another means to substantiate your ideas in such a way that those who participate in the discussion agree with them and join them, become your allies.
It is possible and necessary to learn convincingly, to speak, if necessary, to argue, to convincingly defend one's point of view.
2. The role of language in the formation of a person's personality
Words burn like fire
Or freeze like stones
It depends
What did you give them?
What to them in their hour
touched by hands
And how much did he give them
Heartfelt warmth.
N. Rylenkov
Today, everything related to the concept is extremely relevant. "Culture" is a very ambiguous and capacious concept.
Culture is a set of material and spiritual values created by human society and characterizing a certain level of development of society.
Today, humanization and democratization are declared as the main principles of the education system. Education itself is seen as a means of a safe and comfortable existence of the individual in the modern world, as a way of self-development of the individual. Under these conditions, there is a change of priorities in education, it becomes possible to strengthen its culture-forming role, a new ideal of a person educated in the form of a "man of culture", "a person of an ennobled image", possessing mental, ethical, aesthetic, socio-spiritual culture appears.
The means and condition for achieving this ideal, the very goal of education, is the communicative culture of the individual, which includes emotional and speech, informational and logical culture as components.
The Secondary School Reform Documents (1984) stated:
"Fluent knowledge of the Russian language should become the norm for young people graduating from secondary schools."
These attitudes are preserved in the latest documents on the restructuring of public education.
Why is the prestige of education falling so irresistibly? Why are the spiritual needs and demands of our yesterday's and today's students so frighteningly flawed? What will help stop the disastrously fading interest in knowledge and books? How to stop the devaluation of the national treasure - the native language, to revive the traditions of respect for the word, purity, richness of speech? All the above questions are connected with the problem of the spiritual state of society, with the speech culture of its members, the culture of their communication. It so happened that living in words and words, and not reality, accustomed to semantic unambiguity, people lost the ability to understand the different meanings of words, to see the degree of their correspondence to reality. It is curious that the ability to correlate the word with reality Academician I.P. Pavlov considered as the most important property of the mind.
Observing what Russia was going through, he said in his public lecture in 1918: "Russian thought ... does not go behind the scenes of the word, does not like to look at the true reality. We are engaged in collecting words, not studying life." I.P. Pavlov "On the Russian mind" // "Literary newspaper". 1981, N 30. ,
The destructible tradition of an evaluative attitude to speech, the emerging (on the favorable soil of low culture) fetishization of the word led to an inability to foresee the consequences of the introduction of militarized vocabulary (arm, fight, form, forge) into educational problems.
Entering the pedagogical consciousness, this vocabulary predetermined the subordination of educational activities to the barracks laws, determined the command-directive forms of interaction, rigidly regulated models of relations.
All this dehumanized the education system, leaving no room for the implementation of its most important function - culture-forming, aimed at developing and improving the culture of the individual and society as a whole.
According to the results of the survey of students of different age groups, there is reason to believe that the developing potential of the school in terms of the formation of a culture of speech and a culture of communication is implemented weakly, inconsistently and purposefully. The culture of speech and the culture of communication, being the conditions and means for the development of students, the formation of their individual culture, should be considered as the goal, the result of the humanization and humanitarization of the education system. The role of language in the formation of a person's personality. - 2009
At present, the closest relationship between the economy, education, attitude to work and human culture is beginning to be realized. The most urgent problem today is the moral character, cultural values, since in solving economic, general social and cultural issues, the efforts of not only the team, but also each person are important.
The increased interest in moral issues in recent times is also caused by the awareness of a rather low culture in the field of communication.
Communication is a complex process that involves the pursuit of truth.
Communication is a complex process that involves the ability to hear and listen to another person.
Communication is a complex process that involves respect for the personality of the interlocutor with whom the dialogue is being conducted.
Truly human communication is built on respect for the dignity of another person, observance of the norms of morality developed by mankind.
In a broad sense, the concept of a culture of behavior includes all aspects of the internal and external culture of a person: etiquette, culture of life, organization of personal time, hygiene, aesthetic tastes in the choice of consumer goods, labor culture.
Particular attention should be paid to the culture of speech: the ability to speak and listen, to conduct a conversation is an important condition for mutual understanding, checking the truth or falsity of one's opinions and ideas.
Speech is the most meaningful, capacious and expressive means of communication.
A high speech culture implies a high culture of thinking, because immature thoughts cannot be expressed in a clear, accessible form.
The culture of speech is an integral part of the general culture of a person, the ability to accurately, expressively convey one's thoughts.
Language reflects the state of morality in society. Colloquial and jargon emphasize laziness of thinking, although, at first glance, they help communication, simplifying this process. Incorrect, interspersed with jargon, speech indicates a person’s poor upbringing.
In this regard, the thoughts of K. Paustovsky seem relevant that in relation to each person to his language, one can accurately judge not only his cultural level, but also his civic value. True love for one's country is unthinkable without love for one's language. A person who is indifferent to his native language is a savage. He is inherently harmful, because his indifference to the language is explained by the uttermost indifference to the past, present and future of his people.
Language is not only a sensitive indicator of the intellectual, moral development of a person, his general culture, but also the best educator.
A clear expression of one's thoughts, the exact choice of words, the richness of speech form a person's thinking and his professional skills in all areas of human activity.
Academician D.S. Likhachev rightly notes that “sloppiness in clothes is disrespect for the people around you and for yourself. It’s not about being smartly dressed. is on the verge of ridiculous. You must be dressed cleanly and neatly, in the style that best suits you, and depending on age. To an even greater extent than clothing, language testifies to a person’s taste, his attitude to the world around him, to yourself."
Our language is an essential part of our overall behavior and life. And by the way a person speaks, we can immediately and easily judge who we are dealing with: we can determine the degree of intelligence of a person, the degree of his psychological balance, the degree of his possible complexes.
Our speech is the most important part not only of our behavior, but also of our soul, mind, our ability not to succumb to the influences of the environment.
Everything, no matter what we talk about, everything and always depends on the state of morality. The tongue senses it. In this saddle.
N.M. Karamzin said: "... Language and literature are ... the main ways of public education; the richness of the language is the wealth of thoughts, ... it serves as the first school for the young soul, imperceptibly, but all the more impressive in it the concepts on which the most deep sciences...
3. The role of rhetoric in public life
The development of democracy, the spread of the ideas of individual freedom and the equality of people before the law determined the need of society for rhetoric, which would show how to convince an equal to an equal.
History shows that during periods of fundamental social change, rhetoric has always been in demand by life - one can recall the role and place of rhetoric in the life of Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, in the era of the Great French Revolution, the period of the Civil War in the United States, the role of revolutionary rhetoric after the overthrow of the autocracy and in the period October Revolution and Civil War in Russia. It is no coincidence that public speech played such a prominent role in ancient democracies and disappeared in the Middle Ages, when mainly theological and church rhetoric dominated.
At present, human rights are gradually becoming the most important aspect of the public life of developed countries. Under these conditions, it became necessary to convince people, moreover, people who are not equal to each other in terms of education and culture, but who require equal treatment. In democracies, persuading people has become essential in preparing for elections. A person is individually unique, not like others, and this makes communication difficult, necessitates learning to communicate. countries. NOT. Kamenskaya Problems of rhetoric in contemporary Russia. // Language as a means of communication: theory, practice, teaching methods. - 2008 - p. 195.
In Russia, as in any developed democratic country, public democratic discussion of various social problems is the most important condition for the very existence of a democratic state, the basis for its functioning, a guarantee of public approval of important decisions by the population. It cannot be argued that public discussions in modern Russia are completely absent. But on vital issues, when it is necessary to make an important decision at the state or local level, such discussions are carried out mainly by the administrative or legislative elite, and more often behind the scenes.
Such discussions are practiced in elected political bodies: in the State Duma, in local self-government bodies. There are talk shows on television. These programs reflect the society's need for a public discussion of problems and interest in such discussions. At the same time, it should be noted that minor problems are often discussed, many of the programs quickly disappear, which shows the instability of the public's interest in such programs.
Discussions in newspapers arouse the interest of readers, but have a limited resonance, since people often do not believe in the effectiveness of the newspaper word, they believe that discussions and compromising evidence are made to order and do not reflect the truth. It must be admitted that modern Russian society almost completely lacks the tradition and technique of a comprehensive democratic public discussion of problems of public interest in labor collectives, discussion clubs, educational institutions and, in general, at the level of ordinary citizens.
There is no experience of public discussions in Russian political practice, and generally accepted rules for holding such events, uniform requirements for the rules of speeches and for answering questions, and the distribution of roles for participants in the discussion. There is no tradition of equal observance of the rules by all participants in such discussions, regardless of their official position, there is no experience of respectfully asking questions and respectfully answering substantive questions, there is no tradition of strict adherence to ethical and rhetorical norms of discussion.
At the same time, the public discussion of issues of public interest is of great importance for the formation of the mechanisms of democratic procedures, for everyday democratic practice. Without the skills and habit of public discussion of socially significant problems of both national and local importance by ordinary citizens of Russia, the formation and development of a democratic state is impossible.
Social progress in the XX century. significantly expanded the possibilities of rhetoric. Millions of people in Russia were involved in the processes of political transformation: three revolutions, two world wars, the Cold War, the spread of democracy in the world, the collapse of the USSR affected the population of the country. Radio and television contributed to the influence of the word on the mindset of a huge audience.
The role and possibilities of oratory have greatly increased. The end of the XX - the beginning of the XXI century. marked by the democratization of public life in Russia and the countries of the former socialist camp. The former Soviet republics became independent states. Democratic elections of presidents, parliamentarians, and self-government bodies involved millions of people in political life. Oratory is in demand again.
It is necessary in every possible way to encourage the development of oral public discussion of socially significant problems in Russian society, as well as to teach rhetorical skills, starting from school. The rhetorical education of Russian citizens is a very important task today.
4. The role of rhetoric in professional activity
Society is divided by differences in confessional rites. Society includes various professions and various forms of organization of professional activities, various areas of law and management styles, physical culture requires targeting of ages and the nature of the physiology of individuals. Abstract thinking is determined by the difference between the sciences and the fields of technology. The difference in talents determines the difference in people's professional activities.
In this process speech activity plays a leading role. The fact is that any form of education requires speech actions in order for it to be established one way or another.
So, for teaching the arts, for introducing works of art into society (ordering, displaying, criticizing, interpreting a work by an artist, educating an artist), society uses speech actions. With the help of speech actions, the selection of the best (classical) works, their systematization, classification, codification and storage, and presentation of art to consumers are organized.
Any forecasting system requires interpretation of the current and predicted situation. Management only resorts to formalisms in order to present language information in a convenient form. At the center of the rite are language actions. The rules of the game are explained in language. Hence, the problem of the diversity and unity of society in vivid forms is concentrated in language actions and, in fact, is controlled by language actions.
When we talk about the professional competence of a specialist, we mean, first of all, his knowledge of his specialty, but at the same time, we assume that professional knowledge is supported by the general humanitarian culture of a person, his ability to understand the world around him, and his ability to communicate. As we have already said, the ability to communicate for a number of professions, and economics in the first place, is an integral part of professional competence, a necessary condition for true professionalism. Professional speech competence should be taught, given the necessary knowledge, and basic skills should be formed. So what should be taught and taught? What does the concept of “professional communicative competence” include?
When we talk about the professional competence of a specialist, we mean, first of all, his knowledge of his specialty, but at the same time, we assume that professional knowledge is supported by the general humanitarian culture of a person, his ability to understand the world around him, and his ability to communicate. As we have already said, the ability to communicate for a number of professions, and economics in the first place, is an integral part of professional competence, a necessary condition for true professionalism.
In fact, the dissertation research of T.V. Mazur “Professionally oriented rhetorical training of law students at the university” [Mazur: 2001]. She writes: “Currently, the problem of speech competence of a lawyer is more acute than in previous years… there is a clear need to organize high-quality, professionally significant speech training for future specialists at a university…” [Mazur 2001: 3-4]. To form the speech competence of lawyers, it offers a whole block of disciplines, each of which provides a certain aspect of training (for example, “introduction to legal rhetoric”, “legal oratorio”, etc.) At the same time, the system of skills that provide professional speech training includes such as determining the strategy and tactics of speech behavior in professional activities, achieving the best fulfillment of communication goals, effectively delivering oral monologues and speaking with them in typical speech situations of professional activity, effectively building speech behavior in dialogical communication [ibid: 16, 17] , that is, we are talking about fluency in the repertoire of professional speech genres
O.Ya. Goykhman in the monograph “Scientific and practical problems of teaching non-philological students speech communication ...”, notes that in order to “achieve communicative competence in the social sphere, certain groups of skills are needed, including the skills to: communicate verbally and non-verbally, negotiate, act together” [ Goykhman 2000: 21-22]. The components of teaching professional communicative competence, according to the scientist, should be the culture of speech and elementary literacy of students, which leaves much to be desired among modern school graduates. One cannot but agree with these provisions.
At the same time, one should agree with N.K. Garbovsky and supplement the definition of professional speech as a system of speech genres regularly used in the process of professional-role interaction of communicants. Professional speech, in our opinion and in the opinion of such researchers of professional speech communication as T.A. Milekhina, N.I. Shevchenko, can act in different ways, depending on the composition of the communicators (specialist/non-specialist) and the situation of communication (official/informal), and depending on this, oral professional speech will be closer or further from the “ideal” professional speech, which we can observe only when communication of specialists in a formal setting. With whom you have to communicate, in what conditions the communication takes place, it will largely depend on which version of the “professional language” a professional economist should turn to in order to be correctly understood and ultimately complete the intended communicative task and achieve success.
Conclusion
Rhetoric and culture of speech pervades all spheres of society. Language is a form of thought and a means of communication. Rhetoric is necessary for the formation of the cultural level of a person, his ability to establish relationships with society. A professional career is very dependent on the culture of communication and the use of professional language. The ability to build relationships with colleagues is essential for a productive professional activity.
It is necessary to promote in every possible way the idea of oral public debate of socially significant problems, as well as to promote rhetorical norms and teach debating, starting from school. It seems that this is the most important social task of today, the solution of which will allow creating a truly democratic climate in society, will lead to the formation of civil responsibility of citizens for their country, for their own decision in elections or a referendum, will contribute to the formation of attention and interest in other people's opinion, the formation political and interpersonal tolerance, so necessary for our society.
Literature
N. Voichenko. “Code of honor of the speaker or On the art of public speaking. " // Journalist. - No. 12. - 2008 - 38 p.
O.Ya. Goykhman “Scientific and practical problems of teaching speech communication of non-philologist students…”. - 2000
Tatiana Zharinova. “Does Modern Society Need Rhetoric? » // Magazine «Samizdat». - 2005
NOT. Kamenskaya Problems of rhetoric in contemporary Russia. // Yazak as a means of communication: theory, practice, teaching methods. - 2008 - p. 195
T.V. Mazur, “Professionally oriented rhetorical training of law students at the university”. - 2001
I.P. Pavlov, "On the Russian mind" // "Literary newspaper". 1981 N30
The role of language in the formation of a person's personality. - 2009
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