“The office premises of the Krasnodon police turned into chambers of terrible torture. As it became known later, the gendarmes, who arrived as part of a punitive team from the city of Magdeburg, had a secret instruction instructing them to use all kinds of "measures of physical coercion" during interrogations of those arrested. And the punishers diligently carried it out. Prisoners were placed in a cold cell with ice water, their hands and feet were tied behind their backs and hung up, they were beaten with a rubber cable, their fingers and toes were crushed under the door, red-hot needles were driven under their nails, their hair was pulled out, their arms were twisted, stars were cut out, their eyes were gouged out, they cut off pieces of the body and even ... chopped off their heads. In the police building, heart-rending cries were constantly heard, the arrested were taken covered in blood, in clothes torn to shreds. M.Ya. Bortz, who was arrested by the police as a hostage and kept in prison for some time, recalled: “I decided to lie on the floor, but before I had time to do it, I suddenly heard heart-rending screams, then muffled groans. I went to the door, knelt down and through the keyhole began to watch the corridor. A policeman ran along the corridor with a bucket in his hands, they carried a ramrod, some wide belts and ropes. Somewhere nearby, heart-rending cries were heard again. I couldn't help but stand up and walk away from the door. They beat and tortured people for hours until two in the morning, then everything was quiet. I didn't close my eyes until morning.

The savage form of interrogations and the horrors of torture can be judged by the fact that the gendarmerie translator Lina Artes (German by nationality, maiden name Rimpel) asked the command to release her from work, because she could not stand the terrible sights. During the interrogation on July 9, 1947, Renatus said: “... The translator Lina Artes asked to be released from work, since the gendarmes during interrogations treat the arrested too rudely. Guardsman Zons allegedly severely beat the arrested after dinner. I granted her request and spoke to Zons on the matter. He admitted that he really beat the arrested, but for the reason that he could not get evidence from them in any other way.

Among other things, the torment of the young underground workers was intensified by the fact that they were constantly starved. This inhuman and savage action was used by the punishers as an "effective" way to undermine the physical and moral strength of the Young Guards.

At the end of January 1943, Solikovsky and Zakharov brought Sergei Tyulenin for another interrogation. According to former police investigator Cherenkov, “he was mutilated beyond recognition, his face was covered with bruises and swollen, blood oozed from open wounds. Immediately three Germans entered, and after them Burgardt [translator], summoned by Solikovsky, appeared. One German asked Solikovsky what kind of person he was who was so beaten. Solikovsky explained. The German, like an angry tiger, knocked Sergey down with a blow of his fist and began to torment his body with forged German boots. He struck him with terrible force in the stomach, back, face, trampled and tore into pieces his clothes along with the body. At the beginning of this terrible execution, Tyulenin showed signs of life, but soon he fell silent, and they dragged him dead from the office. Usachev was present at this terrible massacre of a defenseless youth.

* The text of the memoirs is given according to: Gordeev A.F. A feat in the name of life. Publisher: Center for Economic Education: 000 "Dneprrost", 2000: OCR, edited by Dmitry Shcherbinin (http://molodguard.ru).

From the card of a member of the Komsomol-youth underground Sergei Tyulenin of the Young Guard Museum in Krasnodon: “What beatings and injuries were inflicted during interrogations and executions: gouged out eyes, broken nose, hands twisted with barbed wire; dressed was taken out of the pit - hung on the wall.

Extract from the act of investigating the atrocities committed by the Nazis in the Krasnodon district of the Voroshilovgrad region dated October 12, 1946:

52. Tyulenin Sergey Gavriilovich - 1924 * year of birth. In the police cell, during torture in front of the mother, Alexandra Vasilyevna Tyulenina, a through gunshot wound on the left hand was burned with a red-hot rod, fingers were placed under the door and clamped until the limbs of the hands were completely dead, needles were driven under the nails, hung on ropes, beaten, after which poured out with water. During the extraction of his corpse from the pit of mine No. 5, the lower jaw and nose were knocked to one side, the spine was broken.

* Moscow, archive of the KGB under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, d. 100275, v. 8, l.d. 44: copy: archive of the Young Guard Museum, f. 1,d. 7517, l. one.

Unbroken and unbowed

At one of the meetings with readers, Alexander Fadeev, the author of the novel The Young Guard, was asked the question: what made the strongest impression on him?

“My answer is this: the character of this youth, which I had to portray in the novel. A comparison with the youth of my youth involuntarily came to mind. The overwhelming majority of the Young Guard were intelligent young people, while in our underground there were extremely few intelligent young people - revolutionaries.<...>As for the working youth, they were wonderful youth, very revolutionary-minded. But she was semi-literate, her revolutionary spirit was mostly spontaneous. Many of them were not familiar with political literature. Many graduated from elementary school, parochial, or even were completely illiterate. That's what the youth was like in my time. In Krasnodon, we see a different picture: people with education, brought up by Soviet society, rose to the fight. People whose revolutionary consciousness is clear and not spontaneous. After all, the Young Guards, by their origin, did not represent anything outstanding. Most of them were children of miners. Vanya Zemnukhov was the son of a watchman, Valya Borts's father and mother worked as teachers. And the young guards themselves were nothing exceptional. These were typical young people familiar to all of us, students of our schools. Precisely because they are our most ordinary Soviet youth, who came from the most ordinary ordinary Soviet families, that is why all the activities of the Young Guard deserve to be depicted in a work of art as something typical of all Soviet youth.

* Fadeev A.A. Materials and research. - M.; Hood. lit., 1977. -S. 131. (Documents from the Gorky IMLI fund of the USSR Academy of Sciences.)

From the story of Anatoly Kovalev, * a member of the "Young Guard"

“... I was arrested in 1943 on the night of January 29th. When I was brought to Solikovsky's office, he shouted: “Do you think you will run away? We will find you everywhere!

Whip brought in. The executioners started throwing me down. I stood with my hands behind me and my legs slightly apart: in this position no one could knock me down. Then Solikovsky hit me with a revolver in the temple, and I fell. They hung me three times: twice by the neck and once by the legs. They put a bag on your head, pull it up - and you don’t remember anything; you wake up on the floor - they pour water, and the torture begins again. One executioner beat on the neck, another pulled on the hair, they trampled on the stomach, beat with whips.

In the cell, I used to say to Viktor Lukyanchenko: “Viktor, turn me over!” And when I come to my senses, I start doing gymnastics following the example of Grigory Kotovsky. On January 31, they shouted to us on the cameras: “Get ready for Rovenki!”.

“We know what Rovenki!” - I said. "Shut up, Stalinist!" Zakharov shouted and hit me in the teeth. All the Young Guards were called Stalinists by the police. They tied our hands back with a telephone wire, put four people at the bottom of the carts. I sat with Misha Grigoriev, Yuri Vitsenovsky, Vladimir Zagoruiko. On the other cart - Nyusya Sopova, Sergey Tyulenin, Vitya Lukyanchenko and another young guard. There were 9 policemen - drunk, with machine guns. The thought came to me: run away. And I whispered to Misha: "Misha, let's run!" - “Yes, how to run? Hands are tied ... "- Misha barely answered. Gathering the last of my strength, I tried to loosen the wire and after some effort I felt: the wire was weakened. But I kept my hands behind my back.

From the first wagon, the Young Guards were led to the pit of mine No. 5. The police commanded: “Well, get up, partisan bastard, and bend your head down!” Nyusya Sopova replied: “What do you want to prove with this?” This steadfast girl, when they hung her by her braids, never once shouted, and one of her braids was torn off. When they brought us to the pit, Zakharov shouted: “You will die not from the hands of Solikovsky, but from me personally! You will be my eightieth!” The police turned all their attention to the pit... I rushed. It was like a whirlwind caught me. He did not run, but seemed to fly. On the way he threw off his coat, the galoshes flew off somewhere, remained in cloaks. When I ran a few steps, shots were heard. I fell, got up and ran again. All the time I was afraid that they would hit my leg. Suddenly something stung in the left arm above the elbow. I grabbed my hand, I was wounded. The jacket began to rub the wound - I threw it off. Clutching his shirt sleeve, he ran through the gardens and orchards of the village. When I ran up the mountain, I stopped, the shots stopped. He tore his shirt, bandaged the wound, and, having rested, ran on ...

[February] 1943."

* On January 31, 1943, the last group of Young Guardsmen was shot in Krasnodon. That night Anatoly Kovalev escaped from execution. Hiding from police pursuit, he left the city and went missing. Here are excerpts from Anatoly's story to his parents before leaving Krasnodon, which are quoted from: Young Guard. Documents and memoirs... - Donetsk, "Donbass", 1977. - S. 65-67.

Memoirs of Anatoly Kovalev's mother *

“...Running away from the village into the steppe, when the shots became less frequent and, apparently, the police lost track, I took off my shirt, tore it up and bandaged the wound, remaining in one T-shirt. I ran almost to Duvanka, from there back and ran to Sakhalin, st. Chapaev. I knocked on the door of a house, they did not let me in. A man answered at the next door and told me where to go. I knocked on the door indicated by this man, they opened it for me. “Save us, our front has been broken through…” and fell into the hands of the approaching owner, Pavel Yakovlevich Kupriyanov. They bandaged my wound and fed me.

Kupriyanov kept looking out the window to see if the police were coming, and asked him: “Is school 5 far from here? I can't figure out where I've gone."

When he was convinced that Kupriyanov's people were reliable, they would not betray him, he told the whole story of what had happened.

Then Kupriyanova said:

“Anatoly turned to me:

Lift up your shirt and look what they did to me.

When I looked, I almost fainted - pieces of meat hang all over my back. We showed him a place to hide - under the foundation of the house, and Anatoly spent most of the night standing in the yard, leaning against a post, peering to see if the police would appear in time to jump under the foundation of the house.

The next morning, the Kupriyanovs dressed him in women's bad clothes, like a beggar, took him to Krasnodon. He is bent over a little and shaking his hand like a sick person. The policemen pass by him, looking for him near the fifth school, having broken through all the passages and cellars. The Germans also met along the way. Finally got to the mountains. Krasnodon to a familiar young lady and member of the "Young Guard" Antonina Titova.

On February 2, 1943, Tonya Titova's mother comes to us and says: "Do you have any strangers?" We were shaking, we thought something terrible would tell, and she: "Anatoly ran away from the execution, wounded in his left hand, lies with us."

We died of joy and fear. On the same day I went to the Titovs - to look at my son, this martyr, who miraculously escaped from the executioners. And there was great joy that I saw my son, with whom, I thought, I parted forever, but it was hard to look at the exhausted, tormented, all beaten, pale. And I remembered him before being taken to the police: a fresh, cheerful, vigorous, strong wrestler, holding 18 people on his chest (probably in a sports pyramid. - E. Shch.), and now ...

But Anatoly reassured me: it's okay, we'll survive. And he began to tell me what kind of torture he was subjected to: three times they hung him, twice by the neck, once upside down, pulling the bag over his head, hanging him on the gallows. You lose consciousness and remember nothing. Then they take it off, pour it with water and start beating again. Three men trampled on the stomach, one hit on the neck, others held on to the hair. And whipping is nothing compared to all other tortures. Solikovsky, the chief of police, the executioner, hit him once with the handle of his revolver in the temple, and he thought that he would kill him. All sorts of torture was used, they beat with butts on the head and back.

When Anatoly was still imprisoned, Solikovsky said: “Do you think you will run away? We have people everywhere."

It was scary at night, Titova said: “Grinsing his teeth, delirious:“ I don’t know anything, I won’t say anything, hit harder, you don’t know how to hit. Anatoly stayed with the Titovs for 4 days, and Titova began to notice that the neighbors were suspicious, and one of them said just that: “Look so that you don’t get caught.” Hearing this, Anatoly became agitated, blackened right in his face and said: “It would be better if they shot me over the pit, than they would take me away and start torturing me again. So I’d rather drive a knife into my throat, but I won’t give myself up alive. ” Then Titova began to calm him down: “Anatoly, don’t worry, you are still sick. We're worried, we don't know where to hide you. Our neighbor was persuaded, he has a secret place. As luck would have it, the Germans stopped at his place with cars. They stood in the center, and when the bombing began, they migrated to our outskirts. Anatoly was very happy when our people began to bomb: “Ours will come soon. If only the reconnaissance showed up, I would now run to them. ” He used to stand at the window, smiling when the neighbors were hiding in the cellars from the bombing.

On the fifth day, Anatoly changed into women's clothes and went with Tonya Titova to the 12th room (probably to the village of mine No. 12. - E. Shch.) to his relatives. After staying there for two days, Tonya comes running and tells us: “You can’t be there anymore, a neighbor walks around and asks what kind of man this is.”

What to do, where to go? Anatoly's father decided: "Tonya, take him home." Tonya and Anatoly came running. He quickly changed into men's clothes, and we stood "on the clock", looked in all directions to see if the police were coming. I collected some food for him. Having quickly jumped out of the house, we went with my father to Dolzhanka - 30 km from Krasnodon, to a familiar person - Nikolai Katelkin. My father said that on the way he met a man who knew Anatoly. We decided to go the other way, otherwise he will declare. Subsequently, it turned out that this guy himself ran away from the police, who stole young people. But he nevertheless blabbed to someone that the "King", i.e. Anatoly went with some grandfather to Dolzhanka.

The next day, my father came from Dolzhanka and said that he did not know what to do with Anatoly. You can’t stay with Nikolai, because a policeman lives next door and there are a lot of Germans around. At this time, our friend Girya Gordey Gerasimovich, who had left with his son for his homeland in Zaporozhye in August to earn bread, just at that moment arrived home, i.e. to Krasnodon, pick up your family. Gordey's wife, who knew about everything that happened to Anatoly from the day of his arrest and escape from execution, sympathized and helped us with food at that time, since the high cost was terrible, we had to pay 20 rubles for a glass of barley flour. And Anatoly had a good appetite, and it was impossible to feed him with a glass of flour. She told her husband about what happened to Anatoly and, considering the danger of his situation, after consulting with her husband, she suggested that he take Anatoly to the Zaporozhye region in the village of Verkovka, Orekhovsky district. We, says Girya, just to drive through Rovenki, if only we don’t run into our policemen, and then no one will know him further and, perhaps, we will get documents for Anatoly. His papers remained with the police. And in which case, it will be possible to hide there. ”

It is known that in the first days after the arrests began, when the headquarters decided that the members of the organization should leave the city and, if possible, cross the front line, some of the Young Guards carried out this installation. As it turned out, this was not easy to do. All settlements in the 50-kilometer frontal zone were “stuffed” with policemen and gendarmes. German troops were stationed in large settlements. The population was extremely suspicious of any outsider - their own, someone else's? For harboring a person without documents, as for assisting the partisans, the death penalty threatened. With the approach of the Red Army, these measures were tightened: they shot the whole family and set fire to the house. Now it becomes clear in what situation the underground workers were, trying to escape from persecution, because. they were put on the wanted list. It was a real cocked trap. The slightest oversight - and he instantly slammed shut. Radik Yurkin, Vasily Levashov, Sergey Tyulenin and, of course, Anatoly Kovalev found themselves in this position. To date, the fate of Kovalev is unknown. Perhaps someone gave it away? Then who shot him and where is his grave? These questions remain open...

* RGALI, f. 1628, on. 1, d. 758, l. 18, 18 (rev.), 19, 19 (rev.).

Let's ask ourselves: why did Tyulenin return to Krasnodon? As it was possible to establish, Sergey, the only one of the Young Guards, at the beginning of the third decade of January, returns for the fourth time at the risk of his life from behind the front line to the occupied territory in order to continue the fight against the hated enemy. This is the main argument in favor of his decision to return to Krasnodon, teeming with Germans and traitors. Miraculously surviving after the execution of a group of Red Army soldiers and young patriots in the city of Kamensk, he could freely go to the east. And no one could oblige him to go west. The conditional front line was 5-10 kilometers from Kamensk. It as such did not exist at that time in this area of ​​hostilities. The Red Army advanced, waging local battles for large settlements, cities, railway stations. Sergey, possessing natural ingenuity, cunning and experience, could slip between the police-German garrisons and again find himself in the location of the Soviet troops. The only thing that made it difficult for him to move was a wound in his arm. But with this wound, he overcame the path through the occupied territory from Kamensk to Krasnodon, which is more than 50 kilometers. Yes, even at night, in severe frost and off-road, poorly dressed, shod in something. And yet, Sergei Tyulenin did not go east, but went west, as it turned out - towards his death.

From the memoirs of a resident of the village of Volchensk, Kamensky district, V.D. Govorukhina

“In January 1943, a boy wounded in his right hand came to our apartment and introduced himself as Sergei Tyulenin. We lived very poorly, and we had no Germans. He said that he was wounded in Kamensk. At that time there were battles for this city. The Germans threw Sergei and other guys into the basement and closed it, and in the evening they began to shoot them. Sergei was wounded in the arm, he fell, others began to fall on him. When everything calmed down, he came to his senses, got out from under the corpses and quietly left the city at night. We washed his wound, fed him what he had, and he stayed with us overnight.

I suggested that he stay with us, we could hide, there were a lot of mines around, and we would wear food, but he refused. He bluntly stated: "I'm not afraid of them!" After that, we gave him food for the road, and he went to Krasnodon.

* Memoirs of V.D. Govorukhina are quoted from: Young Guard. Documents and memories... -Donetsk, Donbass. 1977.-S. 173.

"I'm not afraid of them ... I will gnaw them with my teeth!"

This credo of Sergei Tyulenin in the conditions of brutal occupation serves as an answer to the question of why he was martyred.

What was he guided by, choosing the path between life and death?

Courage beyond reason.

A sense of duty.

A sense of camaraderie.

Finally, the responsibility of the leader - he is a member of the headquarters of the "Young Guard".

It is impossible to isolate any one weighty argument from the above. Everything was there. But at the most crucial moment of making a decision, the main role was nevertheless played by his pathological hatred of the German occupiers, which was then his essence and essence. This determined the whole order of his life, the order of his actions.

And only then - duty, responsibility for the assigned work and everything else ...

Carefully looking through the military component of Tyulenin's biography, you come to the conclusion that even before the start of the occupation, he probably becomes a military intelligence officer.

The main exploits of the patriots are now widely known. But in the life of Sergei there was a special secret that has not been disclosed so far, which has not been included either in Fadeev's novel or in other works about Krasnodontsy - his connection with the intelligence officer Bychenko.

“Until June 1942,” recalled Nadezhda Alekseevna Tyulenina, “feodosia Bychenko, a cadet of the Krasnodon school of paratroopers, lodged with us. Sergei became attached to him.

In June 1942, Bychenko said goodbye to us. He told me that in case Krasnodon was occupied, the weapons base was located in the Izvara mine and that four Maxim machine guns were buried in Churilinaya Balka.

In November 1942, this scout (once again!) came to Krasnodon and handed over to Sergei a package for our army intelligence, located behind the front line, in Belaya Kalitva. Then I accompanied my brother to the Bolshoy Sukhodol farm. Sergey not only delivered the package to its destination, he also visited intelligence there, while he was wounded in the arm and returned home a week later. It was his first injury."

The task of a military intelligence officer is to establish the location of enemy military units in the rear, their composition and weapons, and transmit information - orally, in writing or by radio. Who better than Tyulenin to be a scout? He brilliantly knew the area within a radius of 50 km from the house. This is where the practice of a pigeon breeder came in handy for Sergey, when he went with pigeons far from home, released them so that they returned to the roof of their native dovecote in Krasnodon Shanghai. A good memory, extraordinary physical endurance, when he could walk quickly without sleep, food, going on a run, overcoming tens of kilometers, as well as Bychenko's guarantee, probably contributed to the fact that the intelligence department of any division or army instructed Sergei to collect and transmit intelligence about adversary. This, I would say, a parallel task, was not known to anyone, not even to the sisters whom he trusted. In the occupied Krasnodon, a four-month close cooperation between Sergei Tyulenin and intelligence officer Lyubov Shevtsova is immediately established and then traced.

Undoubtedly, the information about the enemy that Tyulenin obtained while moving around the occupied territory, he passed on to Shevtsova, and she - to the destination. From the memoirs of the mother and sisters Tyulenins, it follows that during the occupation of Krasnodon, Sergei practically did not spend the night at home. Where it was worn by one intelligence department knew when Tyulenin periodically reported information about the location of enemy units.

“The front line,” recalls Nadezhda, “we [Sergei and his sisters Dasha and Nadezhda] crossed in Davido-Nikolsk on January 15, then we went to the village of Karaich, Glubokinsky district, Rostov region, where we met with our troops traveling on armored vehicles. Seryozha told them about the location of the German troops...

He was taken to the car, and he left with our units. In the afternoon he returned to the village of Karaich. He arrived on horseback and said that he would stay for several hours, then he would go to the intelligence headquarters in the village of Glubokoe. We said goodbye and he left. From Glubokoye, he was sent to intelligence, which went to the city of Kamensk.

So, after crossing the front line, Sergei first of all goes to the "undercover intelligence headquarters", probably the army.

It is known that after being wounded in Kamensk, Sergei decides to return home. January 25, 1943 he appears in Krasnodon. First, he came to the house of his sister Natalya and told her about what had happened to him during those fifteen days (from January 11 to 25) and how he had been wounded. Then he goes to his mother's house.

What is it: a mistake or a fatal inevitability?

Sergei Tyulenin's choice at that moment was small. Staying with your sister, putting her family at risk of being shot? He could not allow this. And Sergey makes a fatal decision - to go to his home. And where was he to go? Wounded, exhausted, hungry... It was necessary to make a dressing, warm up, eat, and only then act. Outwardly, there were no signs of a police ambush around the yard. But as it later became known, what was happening in the house was closely monitored by a neighbor - “bitch Lazurenko”, who periodically appeared in the house, flirting with the child of Sergei Feodosia's sister.

And then everything is simple. Seeing Sergei sleeping, she informs the police station about the appearance in the Tyulenins' house of her son, whom the police have been looking for since the first day of the failure of the Young Guard (read the memoirs of sisters Natalia, Feodosia and Sergei's mother Alexandra Vasilievna). And the trap closed. Sergei could still save himself by rushing through the door leading to the courtyard. However, the police were cautious. They came at night, when Sergei, tired to death, slept soundly.

In these last days of January, the gendarmes and policemen were especially raging. Soviet troops were approaching Krasnodon. The Germans began to take revenge for Stalingrad, and the policemen pandered to them in order to cling to at least their last cart with looted goods, which was heading to the rear - to the west. So, by the way, did the selling skin - I. Melnikov. In the meantime, the police and gendarmes are jointly conducting the last raid (January 27-31). The Young Guards fall into their trap: Yuri Vizenovsky, Mikhail Grigoriev, Vladimir Zagoruiko, Anatoly Kovalev, Viktor Lukyanchenko, Dmitry Ogurtsov, Semyon Ostapenko, Anna Sopova and Vasily Subbotin, who for the time being were hiding with friends and relatives. They were tortured for four days, while the rest were tortured for two weeks or more. Lyuba Shevtsova was tormented for 32 days - from January 8 to February 9, 1943, when the gendarme Hollender killed her with an explosive bullet in the face. Probably, the "German creature" could not withstand the piercing gaze of her blue eyes.

From the novel "Young Guard"

Seryozhka was silent when they beat him, was silent when Fenbong, twisting his arms back, reared him up, was silent, despite the terrible pain in his wounded arm. And only when Fenbong pierced his wound with a ramrod, Seryozhka gritted his teeth.

Yet he was remarkably resilient. He was thrown into solitary confinement, and he immediately began tapping in both directions, recognizing his neighbors. Rising on tiptoe, he examined the gap under the ceiling - whether it was possible somehow to widen it, break the plank and slip out at least into the courtyard of the prison: he was sure that he would leave everywhere if he broke out from under the castle. He sat and recalled how the windows were located in the room where he was interrogated and tortured, and whether the door that led from the corridor to the courtyard was locked. Ah, if not for the wounded hand! .. No, he still did not consider that everything was lost. On those clear frosty nights, the rumble of artillery on the Donets was heard even in the cells.

The next morning they confronted him and Vitka Lukyanchenko.

No ... I heard that he lives nearby, but I never saw him, ”said Vitka Lukyanchenko, looking past Seryozhka with dark velvety eyes, which alone lived on his face.

The earring was silent.

Then Vitka Lukyanchenko was taken away, and a few minutes later, accompanied by Solikovsky, his mother entered the cell.

They tore off the clothes of an old woman, the mother of eleven children, threw her on a bloody trestle bed and began to beat her with wires in front of her son.

Seryozhka did not turn away, he watched how his mother was beaten, and was silent.

Then he was beaten in front of his mother, but he remained silent. And even Fenbong lost his temper and, grabbing an iron crowbar from the table, broke Seryozhka's good arm at the elbow. The earring became all white, perspiration appeared on his forehead. He said:

It's all...

On this day, the entire group of those arrested from the village of Krasnodon was brought to the prison. Most of them could not walk, they were dragged along the floor, taken under the armpits, and thrown into already overcrowded cells. Kolya Sumskoy was still moving, but one of his eyes was gouged out by a whip and leaked out. Tosya Eliseenko, the same girl who once screamed so cheerfully when she saw the Tumbler soaring into the sky, Tosya Eliseenko could only lie on her stomach: before she was sent here, she was put on a red-hot stove.

And as soon as they were brought, a gendarme entered the cell to the girls after Lyubka. All the girls, and Lyubka herself, were sure that she was being led to execution... She said goodbye to the girls, and they took her away.

But Lyubka was not taken to execution. At the request of the field commander of the region, Major General Kler, she was taken to Rovenki for interrogation.

Summing up the last 15 days of Sergei Tyulenin's life, you come to the conclusion that, having taken his comrades and sisters to a safe place - beyond the front line, he continues to conduct reconnaissance in the area of ​​​​combat operations on the front line, and then returns back to continue his oath - to destroy the "two-legged creatures" on their native land. To survive in such a situation is one chance in a thousand. Did he understand it then? Understood. On January 15, when he was at home for the penultimate time, he became aware of the arrest of his comrades. He knew that he was being hunted, that they were waiting for him. However, the feeling of hatred for non-humans, who introduced the "new order" - ordnung - with fire and sword on the ancient Slavic land, and the absolute absence of fear of the "scoundrels of mankind" - "I'm not afraid of them" - took over. He rushed to Krasnodon to kindle the light of freedom in the abyss of darkness, similar to medieval barbarism.

Krasnodon apocalypse

On February 14, Soviet troops entered Krasnodon. The task force of the 3rd Guards Army of the Southwestern Front, which included formations of the 23rd TC of Lieutenant General of the Tank Forces E.G., took part in his release. Pushkin (he is also the group commander) consisting of: 56th motorized rifle brigade (lieutenant colonel A.Ya. Kravtsov), 3rd tank brigade (colonel V.I. Krasnogolovy), 39th tank brigade (colonel F.V. Rumyantsev); 203rd Rifle Division (Colonel G.S. Zdanovich), part of the forces of the 206th Rifle Division (Colonel L.Sh. Mukhamedyarov) *.

* Liberation of cities: A guide to the liberation of cities during the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945. -M.: Military Publishing, 1985. - S.

By order of the city council of deputies of the working people of Krasnodon and the Krasnodonugol trust, which resumed their activities, a special commission was created and work began to extract the executed underground workers from the bottom of the pit. Their leadership was entrusted to V.G. Gromov, who at that time was the acting head of mines No. 1-bis and No. 5. Shortly after exploring the bottom of the pit, the members of the rescue team, at the direction of Gromov, suspended work. He referred to the lack of overalls, the danger to life of cadaveric poison. Parents and relatives of the dead young guards strongly demanded the continuation of the extraction of the bodies of the heroes and the removal of Gromov. Their request was granted, work on lifting the bodies was resumed on February 17 under the leadership of M.T. Androsova *.

* Father of a member of the underground Komsomol group of the village of Krasnodon L.M. Androsova.

As the People's Artist of the USSR Nonna Mordyukova, who plays the role of Ulyana Gromova in the film Young Guard, writes in her memoirs:

“When they started talking about the fact that there, at a depth, a deadly gas had formed in the mine and that it was dangerous for a person to go down there, one of the mothers resolutely declared:

I'm not afraid of gas! I will die - so for our children. I'll climb!

They tied her with ropes and, lowering her down, everyone shouted to her: “Ver!”, “Ai” or “Oh!”

She answered cheerfully, and at the very bottom she suddenly fell silent. "Faith!" And Vera, not from the gas, but from what is standing on a pile of bodies, choked. There was no gas: apparently, somewhere it was good to see through. Then she, one by one, supporting under her armpits, began to pull out the bodies of the dead. Pulled out for two days. It was impossible to recognize anyone, only by the remnants of clothes they guessed their own ... But Ulyana Gromova and Sergei Tyulenin were not among them.

Parents sighed with hope, but then the bodies of their children were found aside...” *.

* Mordyukova N. Do not cry, Cossack! -M .: Olympus; Smolensk: Rusich, 1997.-S. 101.

Memoirs of the mother of Zhora Arutyunyants Takush Mkrtychevna (Tatyana Nikitichna) *

“On January 26, Sergei Tyulenin and his mother were arrested. On January 27, I see a cart pulling up with three policemen in it. I tell my husband: they are following us. Chief of Police Zakharov enters with another policeman. First question: where is the son. There was a summons, I tell him, he went to you.

We captured your son in Gerasimovka. And they came to you to confiscate property.

I was shaking all over - maybe not him? And he with a smile:

No, it's him, I know your son: tall, thin, black.

On the morning of the 31st they receive a transfer, and in the evening their party is sent to Rovenki and shot, and one escaped execution. As it became known later, it was Kovalev.

We are questioned and given the word to avenge the fallen comrades. After the entry of our troops, they began to get the corpses of the dead from the pit of the 5th mine, where our children had been thrown.

How many of our tears were shed when parents hardly recognized their children - mutilated and unrecognizable. And we are every day from morning to evening, waiting, just about to get it. On February 23, exhausted from tears of torment, they came home at 5 pm. We sit in silence, remembering our son and his close comrades.

And suddenly, like a ghost, the silhouette of our son darted past the window. I was sitting right in front of the window. I scream: it's Zhora! My husband thought I was crazy. I jumped up and ran around the room. I beat myself with my hands. Here our son runs in. Yes, son, and not a mutilated corpse, whom we were waiting for every minute, and not a ghost, as my husband told me, but our real, living Zhora. I thought that I would lose my mind, I can’t come to my senses, and my husband rushes to his son and kisses, kisses his son, then me. I calmed down a little, hugging, hugging his warm cheeks, not a cold corpse. I hear him say: "Well, why are you crying, you see, I'm alive."

When he told the story of his escape for the front line, I realized that the police were deceiving us, they wanted to know where our son was, and also to profit from the good.

Arriving home, Gregory became silent and gloomy. Grief and longing for his comrades began to overcome him. I told him to step over the graves of his comrades.

At the moment, our son Georgy Arutyunyants is in the ranks of the Red Army, defending his homeland from enemies and traitors, avenging the fallen comrades and shed tears of mothers, fathers, brothers and sisters, and avenging his brother, who died on July 6, 1943 in the Kursk direction.

Sorry for the blots and mistakes, as we can, we wrote it.

Little is known about their [underground] work in detail.

* RGALI, f. 1628 (Fund of A.A. Fadeev), on. 1, d. 758, l. 2-5. (Original, manuscript in ink with notes in the margins of A. Fadeev "To the plot".)

64 lifeless bodies were raised. Of these, only 57 people were identified. On March 1, with a huge gathering of residents of Krasnodon and suburban areas, the heroes of the underground were buried with military honors in a mass grave in the central square of the city, and also, at the request of some parents, in the city park named after Lenin Komsomol.

As the guide of the museum "Young Guard" told us, the guests of Krasnodon, the participants of the scientific and practical conference, the surroundings of the city were deafened three times by the terrible moan of the people and the heartbreaking cries of the parents.

students of the 10th grade Demesh Antonina and Bunkova Anastasia, project leader Shlendova M.A.

The abstract describes the events of the tragic transition of Soviet ships from Tallinn to Kronstadt at the end of August 1941. About the courage of sailors for the survivability of ships, about mutual assistance and selflessness, steadfastness and heroism in saving human lives. who stood up to fight the Nazis. It is this topic “Feat for the sake of life” that I would like to reveal in this work. To tell about the wonderful team of the Kazakhstan transport and its legendary struggle for the survivability of the ship in order to save the lives of thousands of Soviet people, to tell about the feat that was accomplished not only by the crew of this ship, but by all the people of the vast Soviet country. This is truly the self-sacrifice of Soviet sailors for the sake of life.

III. Tallinn crossing.

Before the beginning of the Great Patriotic War in Tallinn, the main base of the Baltic Fleet, there were more than 200 warships, boats and transports. In August 1941, Hitler gives the order: "to capture the Soviet ships at any cost." The USSR State Defense Committee orders: "to prevent the destruction of Soviet ships by starting their withdrawal from Tallinn immediately." The movement of ships began on August 28-29 in a hurry, under enemy fire from land, sea and air (Fig. 3). Dozens of ships had to be destroyed in the port.

In total, 112 ships, 23 transports and auxiliary vessels reached Kronstadt. 15 ships were lost (5 destroyers, 2 submarines, 2 patrol ships, 3 minesweepers, a gunboat, a patrol boat and a torpedo), 51 transport and auxiliary vessels. Human losses are much more difficult to calculate. The official figure is more than 20 thousand people, but this is the number that was subject to registration - those liable for military service. And how many civilians were evacuated from Tallinn is unknown, since the evacuation was carried out spontaneously. Of the approximately 42 thousand participants in the evacuation reached Kronstadt (including swimming) - about 18 thousand people. The abstract uses the memories of eyewitnesses of the events: sailor Ogarkova G.V., Abramichev P.G., former commander of the control company of the anti-aircraft regiment G.A. Potyomin, career officer of the tsarist army, a descendant of the dynasty of military commanders of the Russian Empire. A resident of Kronstadt, Potyomin is a graduate of school 425. It was he who organized all the work for the survivability of the former timber carrier, turned into a warship, on board of which, by chance, there were more than 5,000 people. How many destinies intertwined in a single impulse of the struggle for vitality. The ship "Kazakhstan" is an ordinary merchant ship, a former timber carrier. When leaving Tallinn, it took on board about five thousand military personnel and civilians. Terrible trials fell to the share of this old ship with its crew: the control failed, the ship fell behind the caravan, the bomb damaged the port side, and then a fire started, and the radio went out of order. Fascist planes from the air caused serious damage to ships, and in the sea the sailors were in danger of being blown up by fascist mines. Despite the low speed, serious damage to the ship "Kazakhstan" reached Kronstadt.

The story of N.G. Mikhailovsky
Now the legend of "Kazakhstan" appears before us in all its glory, we just need one more small touch to bring it to the end. All the heroes who brought the beaten "Kazakhstan" to Kronstadt were subsequently awarded orders and noted in the order of the Supreme Commander No. 303 as "a group of daredevils selflessly devoted to the Motherland."

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Introduction.

Sailors, submariners, infantrymen, gunners, marines and pilots who grew up in Kronstadt made their invaluable contribution to the Great Victory. The memory of the heroes of the Great Patriotic War will not be erased or lost as long as people remember the unparalleled courage and heroism of the entire Soviet people who stood up to fight the Nazis. It is this topic “Feat for the sake of life” that I would like to reveal in this work. We decided to talk about the wonderful team of transport "Kazakhstan" and its legendary struggle for the survivability of the ship in order to save the lives of thousands of Soviet people, to talk about the feat that was accomplished not only by the crew of this ship, but by all the people of the vast Soviet country. This is truly the self-sacrifice of Soviet sailors for the sake of life.

II. People's feat in the name of life

The Second World War was, without a doubt, the largest and most destructive in the history of mankind. In our country, 1,710 cities and towns were completely destroyed, 1,670 churches and 427 museums were plundered, more than 25 million people lost their roof over their heads, and huge environmental damage was caused. The total economic losses of the USSR were about 20 times higher than the national income of the country in 1940. In the midst of this wild chaos, people died not in hundreds, not in thousands, they died in millions. Bombings, the horrors of concentration camps, eternally tormenting hunger and fear pursued everywhere. The war was everywhere, but this did not break the invincible strength of the Russian spirit. Everyone rose to the struggle - from young to old, rose to a feat in the name of life. For 65 years now we have been celebrating our Victory in the Great Patriotic War, glorifying the resilience and courage of the defenders of our Motherland, mourning the fallen heroes and honoring the great feat of the entire Soviet people. 27 million human lives is an irreparable loss. But it's scary to think how many more could have died if it weren't for the dedication and courage of the heroes of the war. Saving people, they did the truly impossible, fought to the bitter end, sacrificing their lives.

III. Tallinn crossing.

Before the beginning of the Great Patriotic War in Tallinn, the main base of the Baltic Fleet, there were more than 200 warships, boats and transports. In August 1941, Hitler gives the order: "to capture the Soviet ships at any cost." The USSR State Defense Committee orders: "to prevent the destruction of Soviet ships by starting their withdrawal from Tallinn immediately." The movement of ships began on August 28-29 in a hurry, under enemy fire from land, sea and air (Fig. 3). Dozens of ships had to be destroyed in the port.

In total, 112 ships, 23 transports and auxiliary vessels reached Kronstadt. 15 ships were lost (5 destroyers, 2 submarines, 2 patrol ships, 3 minesweepers, a gunboat, a patrol boat and a torpedo), 51 transport and auxiliary vessels. Human losses are much more difficult to calculate. The official figure is more than 20 thousand people, but this is the number that was subject to registration - those liable for military service. And how many civilians were evacuated from Tallinn is unknown, since the evacuation was carried out spontaneously. Of the approximately 42 thousand participants in the evacuation reached Kronstadt (including swimming) - about 18 thousand people.

IV. Eyewitnesses remember.

The story of Galina Vasilievna Ogarkova, a participant in the Tallinn crossing.

“I was only 20 years old. I still remember how planes dived at us, the wounded groaned, ships burned and sank. I had to help the sailors, fill the machine-gun belts with cartridges, then run to the deck to give them to the machine gunners. I myself stood up to the anti-aircraft machine gun, repulsing the attacks of fascist aircraft. Our ship was damaged and I was thrown overboard by the blast. I swam well, but it was hard to stay in cold water. The training ship "Lensoviet" came to the rescue, which picked up me and the surviving sailors. And how many of them died in the waters of the gray-haired Baltic!* The Tallinn passage is an example of the desperate courage of sailors, doctors and ordinary citizens. How many destinies intertwined in a single impulse of the struggle for vitality.

"Kazakhstan" is an ordinary merchant ship, a former timber carrier.

When leaving Tallinn, he took on board about five thousand military personnel and civilians. Terrible trials fell to the share of this old ship with its crew: the control failed, the ship fell behind the caravan, the bomb damaged the port side, and then a fire started, and the radio went out of order. The Nazi Junkers attacked one by one, trying to finish off the wounded Kazakhstan. 164 bombs were dropped on the old steamer.

But the ship not only survived, but also safely delivered more than 4,000 passengers (wounded, women, children) to Kronstadt under its own power. The legendary vitality of an old timber truck and its strength of resistance became an example of a real feat in the name of life.

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* Shlendova M.A. " They were born in Kronstadt», ISS, St. Petersburg, 2004, pp. 121-1222) The story of Peter Georgievich Abramicheva

From the memoirs of Peter Georgievich Abramichev,former commander of an anti-aircraft regiment control company:

“We went up to the deck of the “Kazakhstan” tired, exhausted by many days of battles near Tallinn. We already knew not only what a counterattack is, but also what hand-to-hand combat is.

"Kazakhstan" stalled on the beam of Nargen Island. Lieutenants Ruchkin, Davydov and foreman Tukhmarov were on duty at the anti-aircraft guns installed on board, they fired direct fire in the last days of the fighting near the walls of Tallinn. We headed for Kronstadt. Ahead of us, a small transport ran into a mine, a cap of fire flashed, as if a match had flared up, and the transport, breaking in two, quickly began to sink. The boats that followed us were picking up the few remaining on the water.

We decided to organize a mine observation group. Minami the sea teemed. I led a group of observers on the port side. Until 4 o'clock in the morning we stood on a mine watch. Until the pain in the eyes peered into the water overboard. In the morning, foreman Yakimov persuaded me to lie down for an hour.

I woke up from the furious noise and uproar. People rushed about, the deck trembled. “Sink! - croaked someone's voice. “Get overboard!” There was a terrible hubbub all around, someone threw themselves overboard, German planes, rumbling, attacked us again and again. Aleksey Avrashov jumped onto the deck; he served as a driver in the fleet headquarters. “Let go! he commanded. “I will shoot at anyone who succumbs to panic. Get off the side!"

The lower part of the bridge and the navigational cabin were engulfed in fire, and upstairs, on the platform of the bridge, Avrashov stood, authoritatively ordering: “Stop panic on pain of being shot. Start putting out the fire!" Yakimenko ran up to me: “Comrade lieutenant, we are here! Here are buckets and ropes.

Someone dragged an armful of canvas buckets, someone attached a shkert to the buckets and lowered the buckets overboard. Even helmets were put into action. Boiled work. A living conveyor was formed, water was passed from hand to hand. Four hours fought with the fire, and, in the end, put out the fire. But the "Kazakhstan" stood still, enveloped in steam rising from the hot metal.

Nine Ju-88s appeared in the sky, one by one they go into a dive and try to finish off the wounded "Kazakhstan". To many, and even to me, at that time it seemed that salvation was on the water. There was a great temptation at the next entry of the "Junkers" to jump into the water. Not far from the side, I saw a small raft without people, which seemed so safe from the ship. But I was not alone. The fighters were with me. I could not expose my weakness to them, just as I could not do anything to save them. "Lie!" I commanded. We lay down and pressed ourselves against the boards as if they were capable of protecting us. And they protected. Not a single hit in this seemingly long raid. Apparently, the fascist pilots bombed ahead of time, while the transport stalled and stood still.

Someone suggested setting fire to unnecessary junk on the deck, blowing smoke and misleading the Nazis, creating the appearance of a fire. In addition, the true location of the transport was masked by smoke (Fig. 9).

Somewhere they found smoke bombs. We smoked for several hours, and flying planes did not touch us. But then the smoke cleared, and we were again in sight ...

It was decided to make rafts with a carrying capacity for 40-50 people from the boards of the hold flooring and transport people on them to the island of Waindlo, which could be seen in the distance, which was about ten miles from us.

He seemed so close - it is worth throwing yourself into the water, and in half an hour you are saved. But the cold water fettered the body, it was difficult to swim, and very few managed to reach the island.

In the bow, our regiment commander, Major Ryzhenko, commanded. I was his assistant. At the stern is a commander with the rank of colonel, but I never found out who he was.

3) Georgy Andreevich Potemin

I would like to add that we can be proud of the very person who commanded at the stern of "Kazakhstan". This is a resident of our city, Georgy Andreevich Potemin, a regular officer of the tsarist army, a descendant of the dynasty of military commanders of the Russian Empire, a graduate of the Kronstadt Real School (now school 425). After the October Revolution, Georgy Andreevich served in the Red Army and was an active participant in the events that decided the fate of Russia. In January 1941, he became one of the leaders of the strengthening of coastal defense in Estonia, and in August of the same year, he took part in the battles near Tallinn. Georgy Andreevich left Tallinn together with his last defenders on "Kazakhstan".

When a fire broke out that engulfed the middle part of the ship, and the crew split up, Potemin was at the stern. At the head of the colonel, a military council was immediately organized. Under his leadership, the fighters put out the fire and repaired the ship. When the smoking and bombed-out "Kazakhstan" approached the island of Waindlo, A.G. Potemina was unanimously appointed commandant of the island. Here Georgy Andreevich distributed the fighters into sectors and organized the defense. For heroic resistance to the enemy, saving the ship and people, Colonel Potemin was awarded the highest government awards. In the most difficult months before the blockade was broken in 1943, A.G. Potemin was on the Leningrad front, was the chief of staff of the Nevsky fortified sector of the KBF* . Georgy Andreevich finished the war with the rank of major general.

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* Shlendova M.A. "They were born in Kronstadt", ISS, St. Petersburg, 2004, pp. 124-125

Now it’s worth returning to the memoirs of Peter Abramichev and following the further development of events at Kazakhstan:

“We pulled out long thick boards from the holds. My fighters had tools with them: a sledgehammer, axes and a crowbar. Someone joked: “Well done anti-aircraft gunners! Thrifty people." The wounded were loaded onto the lowered rafts, which were steadily floating on the water. A boat approached "Kazakhstan" from Waindlo Island to take the rafts and tow them to the island.

However, it turned out that the boat was not able to tow two huge rafts with people. So far only one raft had to be sent.

But how slowly the boat was moving! Commercials need more than one day to transfer all the people from "Kazakhstan"! It was decided to create a team of passengers and try to revive the transport, make it move.

Specialists were found, among them a young mechanical engineer from a warship, wounded in the head. He organized something like an engineering meeting.

All night the work was in full swing. And at 5 o'clock in the morning, assistant captain Zagorulko announced through a megaphone that the steam was raised, the car was repaired, "Kazakhstan" could go under its own power under manual control.

We cheered up. It was decided: at 6.00 we will weigh anchor and go to Waindlo Island.

The agonizing minutes of waiting pass. Anchors cannot be selected, the windlass is damaged. We decided to remove the anchor - the chains from the stoppers. All this was done by volunteers.

The ship set off and slowly moved forward towards the saving land. On this land, we could already fight the enemy, and you can’t take us so easily with your bare hands!

This island stretched out in length for 250-300 meters. Its width is even less - 50-60 meters. The only military facility on the island is the Stenscher lighthouse. The lighthouse team was armed with a 37 mm automatic anti-aircraft gun installed to defend the lighthouse from the air. It was immediately announced that Colonel Potemin was the commandant of the island. The formation of battalions, companies, platoons and squads began. We occupied the all-round defense of the island, in case of an enemy attack.

"Kazakhstan" was picking up speed when the signalman junior sergeant Kozlov said:

A boat is coming towards us from Waindlo Island.

We decided that the boat came out to meet us and congratulate us on our victory. However, it was noticeable that the boat was worried about something. A sailor stood on the wheelhouse of the boat and quickly semaphored.

The course leads to danger, there is a minefield ahead, - Kozlov reported, reading the semaphore from the boat.

"Kazakhstan" went straight to the minefield set by our ships. We could have died if we hadn't been signaled in time. Thanks boat! His team did not know sleep and fatigue.

About 400 people she picked up at sea and delivered to the island. And now she has gone to sea to warn us of the danger.

We slowed down and moved carefully, avoiding the minefield and maneuvering.

Due to the heavy draft and the sloping shore, "Kazakhstan" could not come close to the island. At 50 meters from the shore, he stalled the course. Unloading has begun.

I was appointed commander of the first platoon of the second company of the first battalion. We are located in the central part of the island. In total there were five battalions on the island itself and the reserve of the island commandant on "Kazakhstan".

They say sleep is the hardest thing, but we were tormented by hunger. We ate for the last time in Tallinn on August 26, and then on the go. We arrived on the island on August 29th. The search for products began. Food supplies were only enough for the wounded for a day or two, no more. On "Kazakhstan", except for two sacks of millet, nothing else was found. In the cauldrons of a small bathhouse built for the lighthouse team, porridge was cooked, it was given two tablespoons per brother. But that was good too. Many were tormented by thirst, and at the well, near the lighthouse, people relentlessly crowded and drank brackish water endlessly.

On August 29, we started organizing the defense: equipping trenches, laying stones. The soldiers cleaned their weapons. During the day there were two single raids by the Junkers. They bombed the island, but the bombs hit the water. True, one Yu-88 tried to bombard the island with cannon fire, but he himself came under fire from our small anti-aircraft guns and hastened to get out.

On August 31, the lighthouse signalman (Fig. 12) discovered smoke, and then the silhouettes of ships approaching the island. An alert has been declared. Everyone took their places. The signalman could not identify the ships in any way. We are ready to fight. A small boat pulled forward and opened artillery fire, but its shells did not reach the island. There was a deafening explosion to our right. It was a mine that exploded. The boat fired not at the island, but at the mines.

These are ours! Ours are coming! shouted the signalman from the lighthouse. Following the boat, minesweepers approached the small pier one by one and took on board the defenders of Tallinn. Some of the people could not take the ships. They had to return to "Kazakhstan" (Fig. 13). It was refloated, and when darkness fell, thanking the small island of Waindlo, we headed for Kronstadt.

4) Memoirs of Alexei Grigorievich Avrashov.

Now, after reading this short sketch from the memoirs of Pyotr Abramichev, we can imagine what real courage and unparalleled heroism are. Forgetting about fear, hunger and fatigue, the team of "Kazakhstan" managed to maintain composure and, moreover, to develop a clear plan of action. And all this was done not for their own sake, but for the sake of those 5,000 passengers: the wounded, women and children.

After the war, life parted the ways of the heroes, and many of them never met again. But Pyotr Abramichov managed to find Alexei Grigoryevich Avrashov, the very person who managed to eliminate the panic when a fire broke out at Kazakhstan. Remembering the past years, they started talking about "Kazakhstan" and Alexei Grigorievich shared his memories and impressions of those terrible days on the ship:

“I haven't slept for the last three days - there were such fights in Tallinn that I didn't have to sleep. When he arrived at Bekcherov harbor, he loaded his car onto the "Kazakhstan" and asked the commandant for permission to lie down in his empty cabin. I woke up from a strong explosion somewhere nearby, jumped out of bed, wanted to jump out into the corridor, but the door was jammed, it did not open. He grabbed a chair and knocked out a large window pane - a porthole, got out on deck in trousers and a naval uniform, without a headdress. The first thing I came across on the deck was a leather raglan thrown off by someone. He put it on and felt for the pistol in his inside pocket. There was a hubbub all around, German planes attacked us again and again, the sky was lit up with fire. People were running around on deck. Others threw themselves overboard in despair. On the approach to the bridge, I ran into Zagorulko, who was trying to restore order. He is not a military man and addressed people through a megaphone too softly and delicately. I shouted to Zagorulko: “Follow me!” We went up to the boat deck. I grabbed a megaphone from Zagorulko and shouted out a command: everyone stay where they are! I remember that I threatened with a pistol and even fired one or two warning shots into the air.

A fire tug approached, they wanted to help us put out the fire. But the tug approached from the right, and we had a fire on the left side. They have a very short hose. Our timber truck blazed more and more. Something had to be done to put out the fire.

Is there a bucket? I asked Zagorulko.

There is, comrade general, - he answered and sent for buckets.

“The general is so general,” I thought, and ordered to line up in a chain and prepare to extinguish the fire. The panic subsided. I stood among those who put out the fire. On the ship they formed their own military council headed by Colonel Potemin. Under his leadership, we put out the fire, then repaired the car and under our own power reached the nearest islet of Waindlo.

I remember that there was a writer on "Kazakhstan". I don’t know my last name, and was it really interesting for me in a fever?! Only he was a real man, apparently from the military, an experienced commander. He also pacified the panicking, cheered everyone up, said that we - in trouble - were reported by radio to the command of the fleet and help was already coming to us. And I knew that the radio room was smashed to smithereens.

But the people believed, and you can’t imagine how people began to put out the fire - they say, you need to hold out for an hour or two.

The writer mentioned by Alexei Grigorievich is Alexander Ilyich Zonin. His account of his experience on the "Kazakhstan" contains some more new details, without which the story of the passage on the "Kazakhstan" would be incomplete. Alexander Ilyich recalls:

“Our headquarters group, with the division commander at the head, is being led to the crew mess. Here I meet Regimental Commissar Lazuchenkov, authorized by the Military Council of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet. He is confused - all plans are violated, we should have already left, but we continue to stand, and fall into the tail of the last column. According to the plan, the "Kazakhstan" was supposed to take no more than two thousand passengers, but took four. There were some cars in the holds (It is possible that in this case we are talking about the first Soviet radars that were on board the "Kazakhstan"). And most importantly, the upper deck is packed with people so that we can’t get to the fire engines. Anti-aircraft gunners are very constrained.

A former foreman from the destroyer "Lenin" comes up to me - it's time for him to watch, and he offers me a bed in his cabin.

I go to bed but I can't sleep. First I hear how, finally, we are filming. The anchor, rattling the chain, goes into the hawse. We seem to be the only large unit ship at the tail of the caravan. With us only hunter boats and old motor-sailing schooners.

18.20 - bomb explosions, and between their deafening roar, which causes the ship to roll, our anti-aircraft guns begin to bark from above. Suddenly a list in the opposite direction, the door swings open, the feeling is as if the ship is going into the water. A terrible blow ... Crowds of people are running through the corridor to the stern ladder - they have a general expression of fear and madness on their faces.

The first reaction is to run along with everyone, but for some reason I don’t run and, looking out the window, I see how the sea returns to its former plane. Apparently, the ship is not sinking, the roll has decreased. I try to get dressed without haste.

I went up to the boat deck. From here you could see a lot. The link of fascist planes was returning. Anti-aircraft gunners concentrated on putting up a curtain. They worked in front of a wall of smoke and fire that covered the bridge, the funnel, the mast, and the rest of the ship to the bow. Passengers helped them, dragging boxes with shells and machine-gun discs. But there were others, those who were seized by panic at the moment the bomb hit. I already knew that the bomb scattered the people on the bridge, penetrated into the bowels of the engine, interrupted the electric drive, and the ship, out of control, drifted into the sea and more and more lagged behind the last column of ships that had left Tallinn.

The wall of fire closed and divided the ship into two parts. At the very stem and in the paint shop below deck, a team formed by itself, the leaders of which were the battalion commissar Gosh, the anti-aircraft gunner Major Ryzhenko, a captain with a Georgian surname I forgot, who also later served in Kronstadt garrison, and a lame typist from Sutyrin's headquarters. Thanks to the anti-aircraft gunners commanded by Ryzhenko, we organized the defense of the ship. When his voice died down, I picked up a megaphone and repeated the whispered commands. We clearly understood that in order to save the ship it was necessary to put out the fire. Any dishes from buckets to helmets were used. Lined up in a chain, everyone who could act, from soldiers to women and children, poured water on the fire. Ryzhenko whispered, and I repeated through a megaphone that help was coming to us. Meanwhile, help was only a hope, but in fact, according to our calculations, 164 bombs had already been dropped on our old steamer. The radio transmitter was hopelessly damaged, and we could not fix it in any way. At dusk, we realized that the enemy aircraft in our area considered their work completed. The fire subsided.

Now we had to stop drifting, anchor; then, by any means, get the ship moving and bring it at least to Waindlo, a small island with a SNiS station. This is how the spontaneously formed headquarters of the ship determined our task. (As it has been accurately established, indeed, in the most critical situation on the “Kazakhstan”, a headquarters was created to rescue the ship under the leadership of Colonel (later Major General) Georgy Andreevich Potemin. Windlo."

5) The story of N.G. Mikhailovsky*

Now the legend of "Kazakhstan" appears before us in all its glory, we just need one more small touch to bring it to the end. All the heroes who brought the beaten "Kazakhstan" to Kronstadt were subsequently awarded orders and noted in the order of the Supreme Commander No. 303 as "a group of daredevils selflessly devoted to the Motherland." But there was one more person whom it would be criminal not to mention. Every ship should have a captain, but in our story about "Kazakhstan" nothing was said about the captain. Meanwhile, he was during the transition, along with the crew and passengers, heroically stood up to protect his ship during a fire. But a fatal accident happened. The captain of "Kazakhstan" was none other than V.S. Kalitaev, whose fate N.G. Mikhailovsky in his memoirs "Tallinn Diary":

“In early July 1941, Vyacheslav Kalitaev led “Kazakhstan” from Leningrad to Tallinn. At dawn, before sunrise, two German torpedo boats attacked the Kazakhstan. They appeared suddenly from the starboard side, and the signalman immediately reported two rapidly approaching torpedoes. The fate of the passengers, the crew, the ship was decided by the captain's instant and precise reaction and the clear, quick execution of his commands in the car and on the steering wheel. Down in the engine room, people who couldn't see what was going on above were told from the bridge of a torpedo attack. And immediately the captain's commands followed one after another, based on a lightning-fast calculation of the ship's course and the course of the torpedoes threatening her board. He commanded "Right to board!" helmsman and turned on the telegraph handle to "Full speed ahead." Kalitaev turned the transport towards the torpedoes, at the intersection of their course. It was the only chance in such a position to evade the blow. The attackers also calculate accurately, shooting in such a way that the attacked person does not have time to make any maneuver - either to stop the move, or to jump forward, giving the fullest move, or to turn away from the intersection with the course of torpedoes. But Kalitaev found an unexpected maneuver, cutting off the path towards the torpedoes. On the verge of time, he saved the transport by passing both torpedoes a few centimeters from the hull - under the stern.

It could be assumed that this is a lucky lottery ticket. But an hour later, "Kazakhstan" was attacked by six torpedo boats. Two were driven away by a patrol car that was guarding the transport. Four managed to go on the attack. The first pair of torpedoes again went to the starboard side, only one, closest in course, was ahead of the other. Kalitaev used it. He repeated the previous maneuver with a slight correction: he missed first the first, then the second torpedo under the stern. The enemy threw the next two torpedoes at such an interval that there was no point in repeating the maneuver: the one that was further from the course of the transport was launched earlier and went ahead, the nearest one went in a ledge, lagged behind the first. Kalitaev realized that, moving forward at full speed, he could evade the impact of only one torpedo, but would inevitably expose himself to the second.

1. Mikhailovsky N.G.. "Tallinn diary", M, Modern Russia, 1985

Then he commanded "Left aboard!" and began to turn stern to the torpedoes, hoping to be in the corridor between them. Only vast experience, sharpened flair and true marine talent allowed the captain to accurately place the ship in a narrow corridor. Centimeters to the right, centimeters to the left - the end. Both torpedoes slipped along the sides. "Kazakhstan" took the most advantageous position - stern to the attackers. But there is shallow water and the coast ahead, but we have to go to Tallinn. Lying down on the course, Kalitaev was forced to again expose the starboard side to attack. The enemy did not miss this opportunity. Attacking for the third time, and according to the total score that morning - for the fourth time, the enemy narrowed the corridor and left almost no interval between two torpedoes. There is no time to turn the transport around, there is no hope for previous successes, everything is prepared in case a torpedo hits the side. But the captain's brain works at lightning speed, dictates to him a new course, a position in relation to the torpedoes at a certain angle. One torpedo goes under the forecastle, the other - under the stern. Waiting - no explosion. The first report of the signalman: "Passed under the icebreaking section." Another moment - and again the report: "Disappeared under the stern, passed under the stern inspection." Both passed. All eight torpedoes - by. Of course, for such a lottery ticket, one had to have excellent helmsmen and mechanics, a well-coordinated crew that carried out the captain's plan and decision with amazing accuracy. And the captain himself, when I asked him in Tallinn about these attacks, answered both me and all the correspondents who besieged him with praise to the shipbuilders: "A perfectly controlled ship."

Now back to the August transition. Vyacheslav Semenovich from the first minute of this transition stood on the command bridge. When the "Kazakhstan" was attacked by a submarine, it was he, Kalitaev, who skillfully maneuvered and again avoided torpedoes.

Transport began to be severely bombed. Kalitaev quickly climbed to the upper bridge to the signalmen and to the commander of the anti-aircraft guns placed on the ship. There at that time was the most dangerous and most important command post for transport.

The bomb killed the commander of the anti-aircraft gunner, signalmen, everyone who was on the upper bridge. Kalitaev was thrown down by an air wave. He lost consciousness. “... I felt the roar and crack of the breaking ceiling and cabin, I don’t remember anything else,” Kalitaev later told the investigator. - I came to my senses for a while, I don’t know after what period of time, I was lying on the right side of the bridge with my head to the ladder leading to the upper bridge ... I felt that my whole head and neck were wet, I ran my hand along the back of my head .. all covered in blood. I didn’t find any injuries after myself ... I regained consciousness already in the water, the stern of the ship passed me, and noticed that the propeller was barely rotating ... There were a lot of people around me in the water, and 60 meters away - 80 behind a half-flooded ship's boat, around which 10-15 people were floundering. I took off my jacket and boots and floated on the water, I didn’t have a belt, and I didn’t wear it on the flight so as not to create panic ... I floated on the water for half an hour.

And then, together with the sailor of the 2nd class Ermakov and the third mechanic Kotov, he was selected for the Shch-322 submarine - along with other sailors. The boat "Sch-322" at that time was commanded by Lieutenant Commander Yermilov. Kalitaev could not return to his ship. The boat took him to Kronstadt. Delivered before "Kazakhstan" came there.

So there were life circumstances: the captain ended up on the mainland earlier than his heroic transport.

The time in Kronstadt was such that every hour people rose from the dead, became orphans or were born again. Both fame and bad news quickly spread. Someone tried to portray the matter as if the captain had abandoned his transport in trouble.

Every case of the loss of a ship or vessel must be investigated, especially if the captain or commander survived. In this case, confusion arose, but no one seemed to doubt the impeccability of such a person as Kalitaev. Even if circumstances were against him. The circumstance, however, is the only one: he arrived at the port before the ship arrived there. In the description, compiled after the incident - on September 11, 1941 and signed by the head of the shipping company N. A. Khabalov and the head of the political department Z. A. Rossinsky, it was said about Kalitaev that he was a strong-willed, disciplined and courageous person who saved the ship in dangerous wintering conditions during ice on the front line. Two forensic expert commissions declared the captain "insane" at the time of the incident. All seven surviving crew members defended the captain without reservation - this is now confirmed by archival data. Of the seven, only four survived to victory; they sailed on other ships and on other seas. Three died at the front, defending Leningrad.

There is an entry in my diary about the August night of forty-three in Kronstadt, spent in the room of the head of the club of the artillery battalion. The head of the club Levchenko once served on the destroyer "Karl Marx", then - in Tallinn, he was a passenger of the "Kazakhstan". He wept, remembering the captain, who was sued in vain.

The investigation ended favorably for Kalitaev. Medical experts supported the conclusions of the investigator. But somewhere, an extensive report on the heroic “Kazakhstan” was moving from one instance to another, based on both facts and rumors, not verified, not cleared of random conjectures, of terrible lies. When order No. 303 came, the investigation turned onto a predetermined path. Kalitaev was shot. And the correspondents who wrote about "Kazakhstan" were told: "This name should be crossed out."

V. Conclusion.

This is how the life of a hero who devoted his life to the sea, put his soul into his ship and gave all his strength to protect it, tragically ended. The name of V.S.Kalitaev does not appear so often in stories about the legendary "Kazakhstan", but it is impossible not to mention him. The heroism and all-conquering courage of this great captain must not be lost in the shadows.

His name should be mentioned in the same row with all the names of the brave defenders of the ship "Kazakhstan".

Now we can safely say that the legend of transport "Kazakhstan" is fully formed with the maximum number of details and nuances. The heroes, whose memories we have now plunged into, did not dissolve in the turbulent stream of history and time, their memory will live as long as we remember the feat in the name of life, to which the entire Soviet people rose, until we forget that for the terrible word "war"

References

1. Beshanov V.V. "Leningrad Defense", Minsk, Harvest, 2006
2. Zonin S.A., Vorontsov A.P., “In the center of the cyclone”, Lenizdat, 1987
3. Krestyaninov V.Ya., Kronstadt. Fortress. City. Port, Ed. Ostrov, St. Petersburg, 2002, pp. 111-124.
4. Krivosheev G.F., Andronikov V.N., Burikov P.D., Gurkin V.V. "The Great Patriotic War without the stamp of secrecy." Book of losses, Moscow, Veche, pp. 49-59, 257-258
5. Mikhailovsky N.G. Tallinn Diary (BVMF in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945) Moscow, Modern Russia, 1985, pp. 120-210
6. Polyanovsky E., "Wreath of repentance", Moscow, "Izvestia", 1991, pp. 122-177
7. Surikov V.L., book-album, “Kronstadt. War. Blockade”, St. Petersburg, 2005
8. Tikhomirov R.V., "Chronicle of the feat." Dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the Great Victory”, Book-digest to the publications of the newspaper “Worker Kronstadt” for 1941-1945 and the newspaper “Kronstadtsky Vestnik” from 1998 to March 2005, Kronstadt, 2005, pp. 94-97, pp. 151-160
9. Shlendova M.A., “They were born in Kronstadt”, St. Petersburg, Ed. "ISS", 2004, pp. 88-89

A young graduate student saved an old woman who, gaping, almost got hit by an electric train. But, having managed to push the old woman off the railroad tracks, the graduate student himself was hit by a train. And here is one reasoning: this is not a feat, but stupidity. The old woman would have died a natural death in two days, and the graduate student, they say, was talented.

Do you think such a sacrifice is justified?

WHAT IS CONSCIENCE

MATTEO FALCONE

(P. Merimee)

"In 18 ... the year I visited Corsica, the house of Matteo Falcone, which was located half a mile from the maquis (poppies are dense thickets). Matteo Falcone was a rather rich man in those places: he lived honestly on the income from his numerous herds. He was known in those parts for the high art of handling weapons.The accuracy with which he fired a gun was unusual even for this region, where there are so many good shooters.

He was considered as good a friend as he was a dangerous enemy; once he brutally dealt with a rival in love. Matteo was married. His wife Giuseppa bore him first three daughters (which infuriated him) and, finally, a son, whom he named Fortunato, the hope of the family and the successor of the family. The daughters were successfully married off: in which case the father could count on the daggers and carbines of his sons-in-law. The son was only ten years old, but he already showed great promise.

One early autumn morning, Matteo and his wife went to the maquis to look at their herds, which were grazing in the clearing. Little Fortunato wanted to go with them, but the pasture was too far away, someone had to stay behind to guard the house, and his father did not take him with him. From what follows it will be seen how he had to repent of that.

Several hours had passed since they left; little Fortunato was lying quietly in the very sun, when suddenly his thoughts were interrupted by a shot from a rifle. On the path leading from the plain to Matteo's house, a man appeared, covered in rags, overgrown with a beard. He could hardly move his legs, leaning on the gun. He had just been shot in the thigh.

It was a bandit named Giannetto, who, having gone to the city at night for gunpowder, was ambushed by Corsican voltigeurs. He fired furiously and, in the end, managed to escape from the chase, hiding behind the ledges of rocks. But he was not far ahead of the soldiers: the wound did not allow him to reach the maquis.

He approached Fortunato and asked to be hidden, explaining that soldiers were chasing him. Fortunato hesitated, but when the bandit rummaged in the leather bag hanging from his belt and took out a five-franc coin, which he probably hid to buy gunpowder, Fortunato smiled, grabbed a silver coin, said Giannetto:

- Do not be afraid of anything.

Immediately he made a large hole in a haystack that stood near the house. Giannetto curled up in it, and the boy covered it with hay so that the air penetrated there, and he had something to breathe. It would never have occurred to anyone that someone was hidden in the mop. In addition, with the cunning of a savage, he came up with another trick. He brought a cat with kittens and put it on the hay so that it looked as if it had not been stirred for a long time. Then, noticing traces of blood on the path near the house, he carefully covered them with earth and again, as if nothing had happened, stretched out in the sun.

A few minutes later, six riflemen in brown uniforms with yellow collars, under the command of a sergeant, were already standing in front of Matteo's house. This sergeant was a distant relative of Falcone. His name was Teodoro Gamba. He was a very active man, a storm of bandits, whom he caught quite a few.

- Hello, nephew! he said, going up to Fortunato. - How you grew up! Has anyone passed by here just now?

– How do I know?

– How do you know? Damn you, you damned brat! I'm sure you saw Giannetto. Maybe even hid it. Guys! Enter the house, look for our fugitive there. He hobbled on one paw, and this bastard has too much common sense to try to walk to the maquis with a limp. Yes, and traces of blood end here.

The soldiers began to carefully inspect the yard and the house.

And Fortunato continued to laugh.

One of the soldiers approached the haystack. He saw the cat, and carelessly jabbing his bayonet into the hay, shrugged his shoulders, as if realizing that such a precaution was absurd. Nothing moved, the boy's face did not show the slightest emotion.

The sergeant and his squad were losing patience; they were already looking at the plain, as if about to return to where they came from, but then their boss, making sure that the threats did not make any impression on the son of Falcone, decided to make a last attempt and test the power of affection and bribery.

The sergeant pulled out of his pocket a silver watch, which cost a good ten crowns, and, noticing that the eyes of little Fortunato lit up at the sight of it, he said to him, holding the watch hanging by the end of the steel chain:

- You bastard! You would probably like to wear such a watch on your chest, you would walk proudly through the streets of Porto-Vecchio, like a peacock, and when passers-by would ask you: "What time is it?" - you would answer: "Look at my watch."

“When I grow up, my uncle corporal will give me a watch.

“Yes, but your uncle's son already has a watch... though not as beautiful as this one... and he's younger than you. The boy sighed.

- Well, do you want to get this watch, nephew? Fortunato did not extend his hand behind them, but said to him with a bitter smile:

- Why are you laughing at me?

“God, I’m not laughing. Just tell me where Giannetto is, and the watch is yours.

As he spoke, he brought the watch closer and closer to Fortunato, almost touching the boy's pale cheek with it. Fortunato's face clearly reflected the struggle that had flared up in his soul between the passionate desire to receive a watch and the duty of hospitality. And the clock swayed in front of him, spinning, now and then touching the tip of his nose. The temptation was too great.

Fortunato raised his left hand and pointed with his thumb over his shoulder at the haystack he was leaning against. The sergeant understood immediately. He let go of the end of the chain, and Fortunato felt like he was the sole owner of the watch. He jumped up faster than a doe and ran ten paces away from the shock, which the voltigeurs immediately began to scatter.

The hay stirred, and a bloody man with a dagger in his hand crawled out of the hay: he tried to stand on his feet, but the dried wound did not allow him to do so. He fell. The sergeant rushed at him and pulled out the dagger. He was immediately tied hand and foot, despite resistance.

Lying on the ground, twisted like a bundle of brushwood, Giannetto turned his head towards Fortunato, who approached him.

- Traitor! he said more contemptuously than angrily.

The boy tossed him a silver coin which he had given him—he knew he no longer had any right to it—but the culprit seemed to take no notice of it. With complete composure, he said to the sergeant:

- Dear Gamba! I cannot walk: you will have to carry me to the city.

While the voltigeurs were busy, some preparing a stretcher from chestnut branches, some dressing Giannetto's wound, Matteo Falcone and his wife suddenly appeared at the turn of the path that led to the maquis.

At the sight of the soldiers, Matteo first of all thought that they had come to arrest him. Where does such an idea come from? Matteo's conscience was clearer than anyone's, for it had been ten years since he had turned the muzzle of his gun on a man, but he was still on his guard and prepared to defend himself staunchly if necessary.

The sergeant was somehow uneasy when he saw Matteo approaching slowly with a gun at the ready and a finger on the trigger, but he made a bold decision - to meet him halfway and, like an old acquaintance, tell him everything that had happened:

“I came by to say hello to you and Sister Peppa. Today we made a fair finish, but we have too noble booty, and we cannot complain of fatigue. We just covered Giannetto Sanpiero.

“That scoundrel defended himself like a lion,” continued the sergeant, a little annoyed. “He killed one of my shooters and crushed Corporal Chardon's arm; Well, yes, this is not a big problem: after all, Chardon is French ... And then he hid so well that the devil himself would not have found him. If not for my nephew Fortunato, I would never have found him.

- Fortunato? Matteo exclaimed.

- Yes! Giannetto hid in that haystack over there, but his nephew discovered his trick. I will tell his uncle the corporal about this, and he will send him a good gift as a reward. And I will mention both him and you in the report addressed to the prosecutor.

- Damn it! Matteo said softly.

They approached the group. Giannetto was lying on a stretcher, they were going to carry him away. Seeing Matteo next to Gamba, he somehow grinned strangely, and then, turning to face the house, spat on the threshold and said:

- House of the traitor!

Only a man doomed to death could dare to call Falcone a traitor. A blow from a dagger would immediately repay the insult, and such a blow would not have to be repeated.

However, Matteo raised only his hand to his forehead, like a heartbroken man.

Fortunato, seeing his father, went into the house. Soon he reappeared with a bowl of milk in his hands and, lowering his eyes, handed it to Giannetto.

The sergeant signaled to start, said goodbye to Matteo, and, having received no answer, quickly moved towards the plain.

About ten minutes passed, and Matteo remained silent. The boy glanced anxiously first at his mother, then at his father, who, leaning on his gun, looked at his son with an expression of restrained anger. - You're off to a good start! Matteo finally said in a calm voice, but terrible for those who knew this man.

- Father! cried the boy; his eyes filled with tears, he took a step forward, as if about to fall on his knees before him. But Matteo shouted:

And the boy, sobbing, stopped motionless a few paces from his father.

Giuseppa arrived. She noticed the watch chain, the end of which stuck out from under Fortunato's shirt.

Who gave you this watch? she asked sternly.

- Uncle Sgt.

Falcone snatched out the watch and, throwing it with force against a stone, smashed it to smithereens.

- Wife! - he said. - Is this my child? Giuseppa's swarthy cheeks were brick red.

“Remember, Matteo! Think about who you're talking to!

“So this child is the first in our family to become a traitor. Giuseppa rushed to Matteo and grabbed his arm.

- It's your son! she cried in a trembling voice, glaring her black eyes into her husband's eyes and as if trying to read what was going on in his soul.

“Leave me alone,” Matteo said. - I'm his father! Giuseppa kissed her son and, crying, returned to the house. She threw herself on her knees in front of the image of the Mother of God and began to pray fervently. Meanwhile, Falcone, having walked two hundred paces along the path, descended into a small ravine. The place seemed to him suitable for the fulfillment of his plan.

- Fortunato! Stand by that big stone. Fulfilling his order, Fortunato fell to his knees.

– Pray!

- Father! Father! Do not kill me!

– Pray! repeated Matteo menacingly. Stumbling and crying, the boy read "Our Father" and "I believe."

- Have you finished?

- Father, have mercy! I'm sorry! I will never again! I'll ask Uncle Corporal to pardon Giannetto!

He murmured something else. Matteo raised his gun and, taking aim, said:

- May God forgive you!

Fortunato made a desperate effort to get up and fall at his father's feet, but he did not succeed. Matteo fired and the boy fell dead.

Without even looking at the corpse, Matteo went along the path to the house for a shovel to bury his son. Before he had gone a few steps, he saw Giuseppa: she was running, alarmed by the shot.

- What did you do? - she exclaimed.

- Served justice.

- Where is he?

- In the ravine. I will bury him now. He died a Christian. I will order a memorial service for him. I must tell my son-in-law, Theodore Bianchi, to come and live with us."

What personality traits did Fortunatto show?

ABILITY TO KEEP THE WORD

The Ashby family had two sons. The boys grew up, it was time to go to college, but parents, poor people, could only pay for the education of one son. The brothers decided that Flynn, the older brother, would go to study first, and when he graduated, he would help his younger brother get an education.

Flynn studied. The younger brother helped his parents with the housework, and the parents paid for Flynn's studies. Years passed, Flynn finished his studies, got married, and did not remember his promise to help his younger brother. So the younger brother did not learn, he was left without education.

· Evaluate the act of the older brother.

SCHOOL LIFE

There were two friends in 8 "b" class. They went hiking together, played different games, walked.

Once with the company they went to play football in the backyard of the school. Dima, one of his friends, accidentally kicked the ball into the window and broke the glass.

The director, of course, called the boys. Dima confessed to everything. Seryozha, Dima's friend, didn't say anything, kept silent, got scared, although he could have said a word in defense of his comrade. A friend, when a misfortune happened, abandoned his friend.

· How can you evaluate the act of Sergei?

Does he have a conscience?

On this topic:

Old Isergil").

Goals:

1) educational:

to expand students' knowledge of literary trends;

Show the features of romanticism on the example of the legend of Danko;

· to analyze the legend about Danko from the point of view of its ideological originality;

2) developing:

develop logical thinking and coherent speech of students;

Improve students' skills in working with literary text;

3) educators:

Through the analysis of the legend, to educate students in respect for high moral qualities: disinterestedness, pride, kindness, the ability to sacrifice.

Equipment: media projector, presentation for the lesson, portrait of M. Gorky, illustrations for the work.

During the classes.

1. Creation of the psychological atmosphere of the lesson.

Invented by someone simply and wisely

Greet with a smile: “Good morning!”

Good morning! - the sun and the birds.

Good morning! - smiling faces.

And everyone becomes kind, trusting...

good morning let it last until the evening !

With anticipation of a good day, pleasant communication with each other, success in joint work, we will begin our working day.

2. Actualization of students' knowledge.

Y. Levitansky in one of his poems said:

Everyone chooses for himself
woman, religion, road.
Serve the devil or the prophet -
everyone chooses for himself.

Everyone chooses for themselves
a word for love and for prayer.
Dueling sword, battle sword
everyone chooses for themselves.

Everyone chooses for themselves.
Shield and armor. Staff and patches.
The measure of final retribution.
Everyone chooses for themselves.

Everyone chooses for himself.
I also choose as best I can.
I have no complaints against anyone.
Everyone chooses for himself.

What is this poem about?

Life is not a melting candle. It's something like

miraculous torch that hit a man

in hand for a moment and it must be forced

blaze as brightly as possible before passing

future generations.

How do you understand the words of Bernard Shaw about life?

(A person's life should be bright, interesting and

benefit other generations).

II. goal setting

Today we continue the conversation about the work of Maxim Gorky, who in his works created many images of strong, courageous people. We will continue our acquaintance with the "Legend of Danko" from the story "Old Woman Izergil", a story about his short but bright life.

The main character of this story said very important words:

«…… when a person loves feats, he always knows how to do them and will find where it is possible. In life, you know, there is always a place for exploits. And those who do not find them for themselves are simply lazy or cowards, or do not understand life ...

Try to identify the theme, goals and objectives of the lesson.

Theme of the lesson "Feat in the name of people"

Identify the main idea of ​​the "Legend of Danko".

Describe the image of Danko.

To prove that in life there is always a place for a feat.

Remember what a feat is.

(Feat is a heroic deed performed in dangerous conditions,

associated with risk).

To what extent is a feat reasonable and when does a person need to perform it?

(When a person realizes that other people are in mortal danger and without help they cannot survive).

3. Checking homework.

Problem: what events formed the basis of the heroic image of Danko?

Essay on keywords.
Danko.
1. Swamp and darkness.
2. Two roads.
3. Fear bound people.
4. In the eyes of Danko - strength and light.
5. Hard way.
6. Torch of great love for people.

Independent work, discussion in groups, presentation - 3-5 minutes.

Not really
1. Helped people, saved their lives. 1. He took his own life.
2. Performed a heroic deed. 2. Nobody appreciated his act.
3. Trampled the heart.
Debate.

III. Project Protection

The story "Old Woman Izergil" was written in 1895. The theme of the story is about the meaning of human life, about what human happiness is.

An old Moldavian woman named Izergil tells the legend of the young man Danko. This legend is based on the biblical story of how Moses led the people of Israel out of Egypt.

1. Comparison of the Legend of Danko with the biblical legend of Moses.

An old Moldavian woman named Izergil tells the legend of the young man Danko. This legend is based on the biblical story of how Moses led the people of Israel out of Egypt.

Reading the Bible story in the presentation.

Comparative analysis.

1) What is the similarity between the plots of the biblical story and the legend of Danko?

Moses and Danko act in similar circumstances - they take people out of places that are dangerous for further residence. In both cases, the path turns out to be difficult, and the relationship of Moses and Danko with the crowd is complicated with the loss of people's faith in their salvation.

2) How does the plot of the legend of Danko differ from the biblical story?

2. "The Legend of Danko" - a romantic work?

Working with literary terms.

The story "Old Woman Izergil" is written in the spirit of romanticism.

Reading material from the textbook (p. 89). Recording the main points.

Work on the table (presentations)

How would you describe a romantic hero?

Danko is strong, proud, freedom-loving. But such people are lonely, they are destroyers of everyday life, vulgarity, sleepy vegetation of the majority.

The basis of the composition of the work is the antithesis.

!!!Fizminutka

Why does Gorky choose the romantic type of hero?

1) The time of the beginning of M. Gorky's work falls at the turn of the century, a period that is usually called difficult time in history.

2) This is the period when the destruction of the old and the emergence of the new takes place.

3) This renewal takes place in all spheres of life, including the changing view and idea of ​​universal human values.

4) This is the moment when the familiar seems unnecessary, outdated, there is a need to find a "moral ideal".

5) Such an ideal for the writer Gorky becomes a hero who has all the best human qualities: handsome, strong, fearless, recognizing only personal freedom and seeking to use his strength in difficult situations. .

3. Comparative analysis of the "Legend of Larra" and "Legend of Danko".

2 legends - 2 life positions.

4. The myth of Prometheus. What is common in the feat of Danko and Prometheus?

Reflection.

v I think the lesson was helpful to me because…

v I think I succeeded...

Choose 1 phrase for your desk mate:

v You are great.

v I am satisfied with your work in the lesson.

v You could do better.

· What goals and objectives did we define at the beginning of the lesson? Have we achieved all of them?

· Identify the main idea of ​​the "Legend of Danko".

· Describe the image of Danko.

Prove that in life there is always a place for a feat.

Evaluation.

A. de Saint - Exupery said: “Judge yourself. This is the hardest part. If you can judge yourself correctly, then we are truly wise.” Therefore, I suggest that each of you evaluate your work in the lesson.

Homework (optional)

1. Write an essay-reasoning, choosing one of the topics

2). “For what is it worth living and fighting for?”

3). "Feat in the name of ..."

2. Story "Today's Heroes"

Why did these people do this? Was there a need for their heroism?

How are they similar to Danko.

3. Legends and our time. Write a reasoning (5 - 6 sentences on one of the questions)

Can you give evidence that such individualists as Larra have existed at all times?

Are you sure that our society would appreciate the feat of Danko?

Who can be called a hero today?

Literature.

1. , Lesson developments in literature, Grade 7. Programs 68 and 102 hours. 2nd edition corrected and enlarged. M.: "VAKO", 2005, 368 p. - (To help the school teacher).

2. Gruzdev and his time. 1868- 1896: 3rd ed. M., 1962.

October 04, 2017 at the Military Institute (Railway Troops and Military Communications) a solemn and mourning meeting was held dedicated to the 76th anniversary of the feat by the Hero of the Soviet Union, Sergeant Miroshnichenko V.P.

Mass during the Great Patriotic War was the heroism of railroad soldiers.

One of the most striking feats was the feat of Sergeant of the Railway Troops Viktor Petrovich Miroshnichenko.

On October 4, 1941, fascist armored units reached the Snopot River. The railway bridge over the river was mined. A group of fighters led by Sergeant V.P. was ordered to blow up the crossing. Miroshnichenko.

When enemy tanks and infantry entered the bridge, Miroshnichenko activated the blasting machine, but there was no explosion: the electrical network was interrupted by a shell fragment. There was only one way out...

Bleeding from his wound, Miroshnichenko got to the charge and set fire to a piece of Fickford cord! There was a powerful explosion. Together with multi-ton bridge trusses, fascist tanks and infantry collapsed into the water.

Sergeant Viktor Petrovich Miroshnichenko carried out the order at the cost of his own life. Stopped the enemy.

For the feat accomplished on the river Snopot, (Bryansk region), by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated 22 July 1942 to him posthumously, was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

The courageous warrior is forever enrolled in the lists of the 76th separate railway battalion. In the 2nd company, where the hero served, there is his neatly made bed, next to it on the wall is a portrait of Sergeant V.P. Miroshnichenko.

An excerpt from the order of the Minister of Defense of the USSR attracts attention, it reads: "His selfless devotion to the Motherland and boundless loyalty to the oath should serve as an example for all personnel of the Armed Forces" .

Every day at the evening verification, the foreman pronounces the name of the Hero first, and the right-flank, minting every word, answers:

Sergeant Viktor Petrovich Miroshnichenko - died a heroic death in the struggle for the freedom and independence of our Motherland.

Many schools and streets throughout our country are named after Hero Viktor Miroshnichenko.

In all units and formations of the Railway Troops, monuments were erected dedicated to the Hero of the Soviet Union, Sergeant Miroshnichenko V.P.

Every year, the Railway Troops hold competitions for the best specialist (crew) of the Railway Troops, dedicated to the memory of the Hero of the Soviet Viktor Petrovich Miroshnichenko.

The feat of Sergeant Miroshnichenko is an example of selfless service to the Motherland, he calls on all of us to be always ready to give all our strength, and if necessary, our lives, defending our Fatherland.