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Security threats: external, internal, cross-border. Threats to national and economic security

Natural and artificial threats

Development of new information technologies and general computerization have led to the fact that information security is not only becoming mandatory, it is also one of the characteristics of IS. There is a rather extensive class of information processing systems in the development of which the security factor plays a primary role (for example, banking information systems).

Under IP security refers to the protection of the system from accidental or intentional interference in the normal process of its functioning, from attempts to steal (unauthorized receipt) of information, modification or physical destruction of its components. In other words, this is the ability to counteract various disturbing influences on the IS.

Under the threat of information security refers to events or actions that can lead to corruption, unauthorized use, or even destruction of the information resources of the managed system, as well as software and hardware.

Threats information security are divided into two main types - these are natural and artificial threats. Let's dwell on natural threats and try to identify the main ones. . To natural threats include fires, floods, hurricanes, lightning strikes and other natural disasters and phenomena that are beyond human control. The most common among these threats are fires. To ensure the security of information, a prerequisite is the equipment of the premises in which the elements of the system (digital data carriers, servers, archives, etc.) are located, with fire sensors, the appointment of those responsible for fire safety and the availability of fire extinguishing equipment. Compliance with all these rules will minimize the risk of loss of information from a fire.

If premises with valuable information carriers are located in close proximity to water bodies, then they are subject to the threat of information loss due to flooding. The only thing that can be done in this situation is to exclude the storage of information media on the first floors of the building, which are prone to flooding.

Lightning is another natural threat. Very often during lightning strikes, network cards, electrical substations and other devices fail. Especially significant losses, when network equipment fails, are borne by large organizations and enterprises, such as banks. To avoid such problems, it is necessary that the connecting network cables be shielded (shielded network cable immune to electromagnetic interference) and the cable screen must be grounded. To prevent lightning from entering electrical substations, a grounded lightning rod should be installed, and computers and servers should be equipped with uninterruptible power supplies.

The next type of threat is artificial threats, which in turn divided into unintentional and deliberate threats. Unintentional Threats- these are actions that people commit through negligence, ignorance, inattention or out of curiosity. This type of threat includes the installation of software products that are not included in the list of necessary for work, and subsequently can cause system instability and loss of information. This also includes other "experiments" that were not malicious intent, and the people who performed them were not aware of the consequences. Unfortunately, this type of threat is very difficult to control, not only is the staff qualified, it is necessary that each person is aware of the risk that arises from his unauthorized actions.

Deliberate Threats- Threats associated with malicious intent of intentional physical destruction, subsequently failure of the system. Deliberate threats include internal and external attacks. Contrary to popular belief, large companies suffer multimillion-dollar losses often not from hacker attacks, but through the fault of their own employees. Modern history knows a lot of examples of deliberate internal threats to information - these are the tricks of competing organizations that introduce or recruit agents for the subsequent disorganization of a competitor, the revenge of employees who are dissatisfied salary or status in the company and so on. In order to minimize the risk of such cases, it is necessary that each employee of the organization corresponds to the so-called "trustworthiness status".

To external intentional threats include threats of hacker attacks. If the information system is connected to the global Internet, then to prevent hacker attacks, it is necessary to use a firewall (the so-called firewall), which can be either built into the equipment or implemented in software.

Man trying to disrupt work information system or gain unauthorized access to information, commonly referred to as a cracker, and sometimes a "software pirate" (hacker).

In their illegal actions aimed at mastering other people's secrets, crackers seek to find such sources of confidential information that would give them the most reliable information in the maximum volume with minimal cost to obtain it. With the help of various tricks and a variety of techniques and means, ways and approaches to such sources are selected. In this case, the source of information means a material object that has certain information that is of particular interest to attackers or competitors.

The main threats to the security of information and the normal functioning of the IS include:

Leakage of confidential information;

Information compromise;

Unauthorized use of information resources;

Erroneous use of information resources;

Unauthorized exchange of information between subscribers;

Refusal of information;

Violation of information service;

Illegal use of privileges.

Leakage of confidential information- this is an uncontrolled release of confidential information outside the IP or the circle of persons to whom it was entrusted in the service or became known in the course of work. This leak may be due to:

Disclosure of confidential information;

Leaving information through various, mainly technical, channels;

Unauthorized access to confidential information in various ways.

Disclosure of information by its owner or possessor is the intentional or careless actions of officials and users to whom the relevant information was duly entrusted in the service or work, which led to familiarization with it by persons who were not admitted to this information.



Uncontrolled care of confidential information via visual-optical, acoustic, electromagnetic and other channels is possible.

Unauthorized access- this is an unlawful deliberate possession of confidential information by a person who does not have the right to access protected information.

The most common ways of unauthorized access to information are:

Interception of electronic radiation;

The use of listening devices (bookmarks);

Remote photography;

Interception of acoustic emissions and restoration of the text of the printer;

Copying media overcoming protection measures

Disguise as a registered user;

Disguise under system requests;

Using software traps;

Exploiting the shortcomings of programming languages ​​and operating systems;

Illegal connection to equipment and communication lines of specially designed hardware that provides access to information;

Malicious disabling of protection mechanisms;

Decryption by special programs encrypted: information;

information infections.

The listed ways of unauthorized access require quite a lot of technical knowledge and appropriate hardware or software developments on the part of the cracker. For example, technical leak channels are used - these are physical paths from the source of confidential information to the attacker, through which it is possible to obtain protected information. The reason for the occurrence of leakage channels is the design and technological imperfections of circuit solutions or the operational wear of the elements. All this allows hackers to create converters operating on certain physical principles, forming an information transmission channel inherent in these principles - a leakage channel.

However, there are quite primitive ways of unauthorized access:

Theft of information carriers and documentary waste;

Proactive collaboration;

Declining to cooperate on the part of the burglar;

probing;

Eavesdropping;

Observation and other ways.

Any methods of leaking confidential information can lead to significant material and moral damage both for the organization where the IS operates and for its users.

There is and is constantly being developed a huge variety of malicious programs, the purpose of which is to corrupt information in the database and computer software. A large number of varieties of these programs does not allow the development of permanent and reliable remedies against them.

Khorev Anatoly Anatolievich,
doctor of technical sciences, professor
Moscow state institute electronic engineering
(Technical University),
Moscow city

Information Security Threats

6. Protection against unauthorized access to information. Terms and definitions: guidance document: approved. decision of the chairman of the State Technical Commission of Russia dated March 30, 1992 [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://www.fstec.ru/_razd/_ispo.htm .

7. Code Russian Federation on administrative offenses: Feder. Law of July 30, 2001 No. 195-FZ: [adopted by the State. Duma December 20, 2001: approved by the Federation Council December 26, 2001]. [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://www.rg.ru/2001/12/31/admkodeks-dok.html .

8. Commentary on the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. - 3rd ed., rev. and add./Under total. ed. Yu.I.Skuratova, V.M.Lebedeva. -M.: Norma-Infra-M, 2000. - 896 p.

9. On trade secrets: Feder. Law of July 29, 2004 No. 98-FZ: [adopted by the State. Duma on July 9, 2004: approved by the Federation Council on July 15, 2004]. [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://www.rg.ru/2004/08/05/taina-doc.html .

10. About personal data: feder. Law of July 27, 2006 No. 152-FZ: [adopted by the State. Duma on July 8, 2006: approved by the Federation Council on July 14, 2006]. [Electronic resource]. -Access mode: http://www.rg.ru/2006/07/29/personaljnye-dannye-dok.html

11. About information, information technologies and information protection: Feder. Law of July 27, 2006 No. 149-FZ: [adopted by the State. Duma on July 8, 2006: approved by the Federation Council on July 14, 2006]. [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://www.rg.ru/2006/07/29/informacia-dok.html .

12. List of confidential information: approved. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of March 6, 1997 No. 188. [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://www.fstec.ru/_docs/doc_1_3_008.htm

13. Regulations on certification of informatization objects according to information security requirements: approved. Chairman of the State Technical Commission under the President of the Russian Federation November 25, 1994 [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://www.fstec.ru/_razd/_ispo.htm .

14. Rules for classifying information constituting a state secret to various degrees of secrecy: approved. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 4, 1995 No. No. 870 (as amended on January 15, May 22, 2008). [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://govportal.garant.ru:8081/SESSION/SungJswow/PILOT/main.html .

15. Technical protection of information. Basic terms and definitions: recommendations for standardization R 50.1.056-2005: approved. By order of Rostekhregulirovanie dated December 29, 2005 No. 479-st. - Input. 2006-06-01. - M.: Standartinform, 2006. - 16 p.

16. Khorev A.A. Technical protection of information: textbook. allowance for university students. In 3 vols. Vol. 1. Technical channels of information leakage. - M.: SPC "Analytics", 2008. - 436 p.

ESSAY

By discipline: Political science

Topic: The main threats to Russia's security



Introduction

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction


The security of the Russian Federation is the state of protection of the vital interests of its citizens, society and the state from internal and external threats.

By security threats we mean potential threats to political, social, economic, military, environmental and other, including spiritual and intellectual values ​​of the nation and the State. Security threats are closely linked to the national interests of the country, including outside its territory. In each specific case, their elimination requires special forms and methods of the State's activity: the use of appropriate special bodies, forces and means of the state.

The main security objects are:

personality - its rights and freedoms; society - its material and spiritual values;

state - its constitutional system, sovereignty and territorial integrity

The threat to the security of the Russian Federation is a combination of conditions and factors that endanger the vital interests of the individual, society and the state.

The real and potential threat to security objects, emanating from internal and external sources, determines the content of activities to ensure internal and external security, depending on the spheres of life of society and the state, which are targeted by security threats. they can be conditionally divided into political (threats to the existing constitutional order), economic, military, informational, man-made, environmental and others.

security threat economic russia

1. Threats to security: external, internal, cross-border


Today, there are several types of threats to the national security of the Russian Federation: external, internal and cross-border. External threats include the deployment of groupings of armed forces and assets near the borders of the Russian Federation and its allies, territorial claims against the Russian Federation, threats of secession of certain territories from the Russian Federation; interference in the internal affairs of R.F. from foreign countries; buildup of troop groupings leading to disruption of the existing balance of forces near the borders of the Russian Federation; armed provocations, including attacks on Russian military installations located on the territory of foreign states, as well as on objects and structures on the State Border of the Russian Federation and the borders of its allies; actions that impede Russia's access to strategically important transport communications; discrimination, non-observance of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens of the Russian Federation in some foreign states

The main external threats to national security are:

.a decrease in the role of Russia in the world economy due to the targeted actions of individual states and interstate associations, such as the UN, the OSCE;

2.reduction of economic and political influence on the processes taking place in the world economy;

.strengthening the scope and influence of international military and political associations, including NATO;

.emerging trends towards the deployment of military forces of foreign states near the borders of Russia;

.the worldwide proliferation of weapons of mass destruction;

.the weakening of the processes of integration and the establishment of economic ties between Russia and the CIS countries;

.creation of conditions for the formation and outbreak of military armed conflicts near state borders Russia and CIS countries;

.territorial expansion in relation to Russia, for example, from Japan and China;

.international terrorism;

.weakening of Russia's position in the field of information and telecommunications. This is manifested in the reduction of Russia's influence on international information flows and the development by a number of states of information expansion technologies that can be applied to Russia;

.a sharp decrease in the military and defense potential of the country, which does not allow it, if necessary, to repel a military attack, which is associated with a systemic crisis in the country's defense complex.

.revitalization of activities in Russia foreign organizations engaged in intelligence and collection of strategic information;

Experts refer to internal threats as follows: attempts to forcibly change the constitutional order and violate the territorial integrity of Russia; planning, preparation and implementation of actions to disrupt and disrupt the functioning of organs state power and control, attacks on state, economic and military facilities, life support facilities and information infrastructure; creation, equipping, training and activities of illegal armed formations; illegal distribution of weapons, ammunition and explosives on the territory of the Russian Federation; large-scale organized crime activities that threaten political stability in some regions of the Russian Federation. Activities of separatist and radical religious national movements.

The main internal threats to national economic security are:

1.strengthening the degree of differentiation of living standards and incomes of the population. The formation of a small group of the wealthy population (oligarchs) and a large part of the poor population creates a situation of social tension in society, which can ultimately lead to serious socio-economic shocks;

2.deformation of the sectoral structure of the national economy. The orientation of the economy towards the extraction of minerals creates serious structural shifts;

.strengthening the uneven economic development of the regions. A sharp difference in the level of socio-economic development of the regions destroys the existing ties between them and hinders inter-regional integration;

.criminalization of Russian society. In society, the tendencies to receive unearned income through direct robbery and seizure of property have sharply increased, which negatively affects the overall stability and stability of the national economy. Great importance has a total penetration of criminal structures into the state apparatus and industry and the emerging trend of merging between them;

.a sharp decline in the scientific and technical potential of Russia. The basis of economic growth - the scientific and technological potential - has been practically lost over the past decade, due to a reduction in investment in priority scientific and technical research and development, the mass exodus of leading scientists from the country, the destruction of science-intensive industries, and the strengthening of scientific and technical dependence;

.strengthening isolation and striving for independence of the subjects of the Federation. Russia has significant territories that function within the framework of a federal structure;

.increased interethnic and interethnic tension, which creates real conditions for the emergence of internal conflicts on ethnic grounds;

.widespread violation of the single legal space, leading to legal nihilism and non-compliance with the law;

.decline physical health population, leading to degradation due to the crisis of the health care system;

.demographic crisis associated with a steady trend of prevalence of general mortality of the population over the birth rate.

Taken together, internal threats to national security are closely intertwined and interrelated.

The environmental situation in the world is characterized by negative trends. Her characteristic features are exhaustion natural resources, periodic occurrence of extensive zones of ecological disasters and catastrophes, degradation of renewable natural resources. Most countries are characterized by the use of environmentally imperfect technologies in industry, agriculture, energy, transport. A real threat to Russia's interests is the tendency to use its territory for the disposal of hazardous waste from the chemical and nuclear industries of the developed countries of Europe.

There are growing negative trends in the global social sphere. There is an increase in the proportion of patients, the disabled, people suffering from hunger and malnutrition, the use of poor-quality water. The proportion of illiterate and unemployed remains high (according to the official unemployment rate, Russia is still among the most prosperous countries, ranking approximately 7th in the world). However, according to the classification International Organization Labor in Russia, there are more than 5 million unemployed. Approximately the same number work part-time working week or are on forced leave, the level of material support of the population decreases. Migration processes are expanding to alarming proportions. deterioration in physical and mental development of people.

The threat to the physical health of the nation is manifested in the crisis state of health care systems and social protection of the population. There is widespread alcoholization of the population. The consumption of recorded and unrecorded alcohol per capita in terms of pure alcohol is from 11 to 14 liters, while the situation is assessed as dangerous at an indicator of 8 liters

Cross-border threats are manifested in the following:

Creation, equipment and training on the territory of other states of armed formations and groups for the purpose of their transfer for operations on the territory of Russia;

The activities of subversive separatist, national or religious extremist groups supported from abroad, aimed at undermining the constitutional order of Russia, creating a threat to its territorial integrity and the security of its citizens. Cross-border crime, including smuggling and other illegal activities on an alarming scale;

Drug trafficking activities that create a threat of drug penetration into the territory of Russia or the use of its territory for the transit of drugs to other countries;

Activities of international terrorist organizations.

Terrorism, having a very complex content, affects the national security of the country at all its levels - interstate, state, international, national, class and group. In addition, domestic and international terrorism violates the nation's ability to self-preservation, self-reproduction and self-development.

Domestic and international terrorism carry a similar threat. In general, the boundary between these types of terrorism is so shaky (according to most scientists, terrorist acts committed in Russia are manifestations of precisely international terrorism) that, as the author sees it, it is very difficult to clearly separate the threats from them.

Terrorism poses a threat to the interests of the country in the social sphere, which are to ensure high level the life of the people. destroying the economic and political system life of society, terrorism hinders the attainment of society's highest value, which is its own well-being.

Terrorism violates the main inalienable right of every person - the right to life. The result of two Chechen wars and the activities of all pro - and anti-Russian administrations - a full-scale humanitarian catastrophe. Over the 12 years of the anti-terrorist war in the Chechen Republic, the total losses amounted to about 45 thousand people. Over half a million residents of Chechnya and adjacent territories were forced to leave their homes

The process of identifying sources of dangers and threats requires a clear understanding of their general and specific features. The sources of danger to the security of the state are in the most various fields the life of society. It seems that the most significant of them are hidden in the spheres of political relations of the state, classes, social groups society; economic relations; spiritual and ideological, ethno-national and religious, as well as in the environmental and information security spheres, etc.

2. Threats to national economic security


Economic threats are contained in economic relations, in economic categories - changes in exchange rates, interest rates, prices, violations of obligations under contracts, etc. The objects of economic threats are the economies of entire countries, regions, industries, individual economic systems, enterprises, population groups, families, more precisely, family budgets (households - in Western terminology) as economic systems of the lower hierarchical level. Thus, economic threats are threats to economic systems generated by economic relations and phenomena. However, the root causes of economic threats usually lie not in the economy itself, but in other areas.

In the economic sphere, the threats are complex in nature and are primarily due to a significant reduction in the gross domestic product, a decrease in investment, innovation activity and scientific and technical potential, the stagnation of the agricultural sector, an imbalance in the banking system, an increase in public debt, a tendency to predominate in export deliveries of fuel and raw materials and energy components, and in imports - food and consumer goods, including basic necessities. The weakening of the country's scientific, technical and technological potential, the reduction of research in strategically important areas of scientific and technological development, the outflow of specialists and intellectual property abroad threaten Russia with the loss of leading positions in the world, the degradation of high-tech industries, increased external technological dependence and undermining Russia's defense capability

Disorganization of the national economy - up to its bankruptcy (as a result of targeted and large-scale speculation in the market valuable papers or a massive presentation of payment requests that the Russian Federation, as a debtor country, will not be able to fulfill, followed by the seizure of foreign property and the freezing of bank accounts and other negative consequences).

Economic blockade, or "soft embargo" (in the form of intense, targeted competition).

food vulnerability. Russia runs the risk of crossing the "red" line in food imports: the critical level for the country's food independence is about 30%, while in a number of industrial areas the share of foreign food is up to 60%. Adjacent to this scenario is the problem of biological degradation of the population due to the consistent deterioration in the structure of nutrition and the quality of consumer products.

There is not only the possibility of the Russian economy degrading to the level of a natural resource enclave of the world economy, but also the possible prospect of a phased withdrawal of the country from the world resource trade.

The threat of criminalization of society is the loss by the state of control over economic and financial activities.

According to some estimates, criminal groups in one form or another control 20-30% of commercial and banking structures. A manifestation of this threat is large-scale corruption in all echelons of power.


3. Principles for ensuring the security of the Russian Federation


The main principles of security are:

legality;

maintaining a balance of vital interests of the individual, society and the state;

mutual responsibility of the individual, society and the state to ensure security;

integration with international security systems.

Observance of the rights and freedoms of citizens while ensuring the security of the Russian Federation

When ensuring the security of the Russian Federation, restrictions on the rights and freedoms of citizens are not allowed, except in cases expressly provided for by law.

Citizens, public and other organizations and associations have the right to receive clarifications regarding the restriction of their rights and freedoms from security agencies. At their request, such explanations are given in writing within the time limits established by law.

Officials who have exceeded their powers in the process of ensuring security are liable in accordance with the law


4. Basic functions of the security system


The security system is formed by legislative, executive and judicial authorities, state, public and other organizations and associations, citizens participating in ensuring security in accordance with the law, as well as legislation regulating relations in the field of security.

The main functions of the security system are:

identification and forecasting of internal and external threats to the vital interests of security facilities, implementation of a set of operational and long-term measures to prevent and neutralize them;

creation and maintenance in readiness of forces and means of ensuring security;

management of forces and means of ensuring security in everyday conditions and in emergency situations;

implementation of a system of measures to restore the normal functioning of facilities without

dangers in the regions affected by the emergency;

participation in security measures outside the Russian Federation in accordance with international treaties and agreements concluded or recognized by the Russian Federation

Forces and means of ensuring the security of the Russian Federation

Forces and means of ensuring the security of the Russian Federation are created and developed in accordance with the decisions of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, decrees of the President of Russia, short-term and long-term federal security programs.

The security forces include:

Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, federal security agencies, internal affairs agencies, foreign intelligence, security of legislative, executive, judicial authorities and their senior officials, tax service;

services for liquidation of consequences of emergencies, the formation of civil defense of the Ministry of Emergency Situations;

border troops FPS, internal troops Ministry of Internal Affairs;

bodies ensuring the safe conduct of work in industry, energy, transport and agriculture;

communications and information security services, customs, environmental authorities, public health authorities and other government security authorities

Conclusion


Ensuring national security at a sufficient level makes it necessary to constantly monitor external and internal threats, and therefore their list is constantly changing depending on specific political, social, legal and economic conditions.

In modern conditions, both domestic and foreign policy successes of countries are determined not only by their military and economic power, but also by successes in establishing actual control over the main information and cultural processes. The information technology gap is turning into a serious global security threat. because it creates real opportunities to exploit the intellectual potential of other countries for their own purposes, to spread and implement their ideological values, their culture and language, to hinder the spiritual and cultural development of the rest of the world, to transform and even undermine its spiritual and moral foundations. Instead of "hot" wars, methods of information warfare have been increasingly used to achieve their political goals.

The international security system created after the end of the Second World War did not initially provide for measures to counter such threats, therefore one of the main tasks facing humanity is to erect a strong barrier to such hazardous phenomena.

Bibliography


1.Law of the Russian Federation "On Security" M. 1992

2. Smirnov A.T.,Shakhramanyan M.A., Kryuchek N.A. Life safety. M 2009

3. Koshelev A.N.National economy. M 2008

4. Prokhozhev A.A.General Theory of National Security 2005

.. Belykh V.S.Problems of national economic security of Russia "internal and external factors"Business, management and law Scientific and practical economic and legal journal No. 2 2007

6. Zagashvili V.S.Economic security of Russia. - M.: Gardarika, 2004.

7. Zelenkov M.Yu.Legal basis general theory security Russian state in the 21st century - M.: MIIT Law Institute, 2002.

8. Kulikov. BUT Antiterrorist struggle requires systemic coordination //Guardian, October 19, 2006

In the modern world, in the light of recent events, topics are increasingly being raised that explain risk factors and, in general, all military threats to Russia's national security. To consider this problem more broadly, it is necessary to first understand the concept itself. The satisfaction of any national interests in the modern world is due to the mutual and mutual action of countries on the world stage with the assistance of forces directly within the country. Such relations are on the verge of cooperation and confrontation - at the same time. this state of affairs can be regarded as an ordinary struggle for survival. Therefore, one way or another, countries should take into account mutual interests. But in case of non-compliance with the rules of the game or a disregard for one state to another, this can be regarded as a threat to the security or integrity of the state, at least in economic terms.

What is a security risk

Thus, military threats to Russia's national security can be defined as indirect or direct risks to freedom, constitutional rights, territorial value, the level and quality of life of citizens, development, security and defense of the state.

Such clashes based on the satisfaction of their national interests are the first step towards security-related problems. This is how the interpretation of the concept looks, but based on this, the following should be noted. In the absence of national interest, the threat as such does not exist, thus, it can be classified as a danger, which in itself can appear not only as a result of human activity, but also natural, man-made and natural disasters.

Threat classification

Before considering how strong the national security of the Russian Federation is and where danger should be expected from, it is worth analyzing the types of threats.

A potential threat is always considered during the development and creation of any program. Despite the plan and its direction, such risks must be calculated. At the same time, immediate threats require the immediate activation of special systems and "levers" for the crisis to take an adequate response. Most often, the focus of such problems is precisely potential threats. Sources may be targeted, for a specific purpose and relatively geographically focused. The latter, in turn, can be determined not only by external, but also by internal sources, which we will discuss in more detail using a specific example.

Internal threats to Russia's national security

At the moment, the main threats to military security can be divided into the following:

  • in society can be one of the most dangerous risks. This is the so-called time bomb, which can explode at any moment, as soon as the gap between the rich and the poor reaches a critical limit. This implies the growth of tension in society, prostitution, alcoholism, drug addiction, and the criminal component.
  • Resource orientation, in this example, oil and gas, of course, allows you to have a high income for the entire state, but at the same time, it is worth noting that there can be no talk of any sustainable and stable economic growth.
  • Growing economic growth gap between different regions. In conditions when one region lives better than another, ties are destroyed, and this definitely does not contribute to integration between regions.
  • Criminogenic situation of the whole society in Russia. Recently, cases of unearned income have become more frequent, and this can be observed both among the general population and the top of power, which affects the general instability and instability of the economy. In such a situation, it is almost impossible to bring the national economy out of the current crisis.
  • Problems associated with a decrease in scientific and technical potential as the basis for economic growth. In fact, the national security of the Russian Federation is facing a rather serious threat, due to the fact that recently Russia has not made a sufficient contribution to science-intensive industries, so the necessary scientific potential simply does not exist.
  • Separatist views of individual territories that function on the principle of a federal structure.
  • Interethnic and interethnic tension, which has only intensified in recent years.
  • The demographic crisis and the decline in the physical health of the population.

If we consider all the above security threats together, it is clear that they are quite closely related. When one occurs, the next one may become relevant, and so on along the chain. The elimination of all these problems is necessary in order to ensure the preservation of statehood. But in addition to internal threats, special attention should be paid to external ones.

External Threats to Russia's National Security

As for problems from outside, everything is much simpler here, and they seem more obvious, since basically the whole country suffers from their action. Among these threats are the following:

  • International terrorism.
  • Reducing the role of the Russian Federation in world political and economic life, due to the targeted actions of both specific states and organizations (the example of the OSCE and the UN).
  • Territorial expansion relative to China and Japan.
  • Constant increase in NATO's military presence.
  • Deployment of military forces near the borders of Russia, in particular the United States.
  • The proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.
  • Deterioration of relations with the CIS countries, in particular Belarus and Ukraine.
  • The crisis of the country's defense potential.
  • The constant occurrence of military armed confrontations near the borders and countries of the CIS, a vivid example of this is the military coup of 2013-2015.
  • The weakening of the position in the field of telecommunications, due to a number of countries that are investing simply colossal funds in the information war.
  • Activation on the territory of the Russian Federation of foreign organizations, spies and the so-called

Thus, internal and external threats necessarily require constant monitoring in order to keep security under control.

Manifestation of the US threat (Cold War)

In fact, there have been constant attempts to display an unfriendly attitude on the part of the United States, and many facts testify to this, and such maneuvers from this side will continue in the future. this problem can hardly be found, since the interests of the Russian Federation and America lie in completely different planes and understanding of what is happening. But, as experts have already noted, the Cold War did not actually end, but only a short break was taken in order to hit Russia with renewed vigor.

Much can shed light on recent chess castlings in Eastern Europe and the interest of the United States in all of this. Despite the fact that the CIA has 4 bases outside of America, plans are most likely to build another one right on the borders with Russia, namely in Ukraine.

As can be seen from the latest situation in this country, Ukrainian structures are incompetent, extravagant, deceitful, and, in addition, there are obvious elements of disrespect for either the Russian president or the state as a whole. If the CIA base is opened, then America will be able to carry on a conversation with the Russian Federation, if not in elevated, then in confident tones. Thus, an experienced, highly debugged structure will appear at the borders, which established its own order in more than 40 countries.

The conflict in Ukraine as a direct threat

Touching upon the topic of "the enemy at the gates", it is certainly worth noting that military threats to Russia's national security have become critical after the conflict in Ukraine, and this is noted by competent services around the world.

So, suppose that the plans of the government of the most “democratic” country in the world (according to its own version) really include the construction of bases in Ukraine. Why is this needed and what will it actually give? In fact, the answer lies not only in the geopolitical control of this region. Naturally, in this country, the first thing to do is to create a special center for the training of radicals and terrorists, so that later they will be transferred to Russia to cause unrest. In this case, we are talking about those young people who have been ideologically indoctrinated since the early 1990s. Now, almost more than half of the friendly, fraternal and once united country within the USSR considers Russia to be the root of all troubles and the main enemy, so they will gladly go to learn how to kill the enemy at American training grounds.

Radicals and terrorist organizations

The threat of terrorism and radicalism can be noted as a no less problem. The primary task of such organizations is to exacerbate the degree of tension, induce chaos, unrest and fear in society, the need to rock the situation and strain the situation.

As you know, there is a lot of direct evidence that the United States is creating terrorists on an industrial scale, but for some reason the world community constantly turns a blind eye to this (for unknown reasons). In Afghanistan, it was al-Qaeda, and its actions were directly directed against the USSR. After the collapse, the need for it subsided, and after that the CIA double agent Osama bin Laden was also killed, as an extra and already unnecessary witness, but in the media he was presented as terrorist No. 1.

What do we see in the modern world? Libya, Syria, Ukraine, and then who? And next will be Russia, and will help America in this ISIS. Thus, it can be said with confidence that the threat of terrorism mainly comes from only one "democratic" state, which, under the guise of an ardent fighter against these structures, itself creates a danger.

NATO

Despite the fact that NATO bases have filled the whole world, direct military operations with the Russian Federation are practically excluded. Therefore, military threats to Russia's national security from this bloc are close to zero. Many facts can speak about this, and, of course, the Russian "nuclear fist" plays an important role. No one wants to doom the entire planet to death, and the opening of the Southern and Eastern fronts can just lead to this. Of course, the possibility of active participation of this bloc is not ruled out if the Russian Federation is still able to withstand the economic blockade and sanctions, but still, this will again not be open, but underground activity in the preparation of militants, terrorists and their transfer to the territory. But, one way or another, such external military threats, as one can safely regard as potential

Economic threat (sanctions)

In the course of recent events, one wonders why such a large, rich and powerful country suffers from deliberate economic impact? And the problem is the following, as they say, "trouble came from where they did not expect it." Modern Russia- this is a raw material appendage of the economy, but not our own, we are talking about exports. The impact of the sanctions was so planned and tangible that all the world's levers were involved. This is the artificial reduction in oil prices by the Arab states, and the restrictions that Europe has introduced. The modern economy of the Russian Federation largely ignores the needs of the citizen, as it did 20 years ago. Modern business itself does not produce enough, and often just sells its own raw materials or, even worse, imported goods. Therefore, emphasis was placed on the most vulnerable and vital sectors. This should be regarded as an impetus for re-profiling to the eastern market, but isn’t it too late, couldn’t this move have been foreseen?

Modern Threats

Of course, terrorism is the No. 1 threat to Russia's national security, but if you look into the near future, then several more, no less important, problems may be added to this problem. As early as 2015, the Russian Federation may find itself in the very center of a fight to the death for natural resources. The world began to rebuild from multipolarity to polycentrism, instability began to grow, competition became fiercer between new centers of power. Modern world enters one of the most difficult demographic, ecological and resource periods. Russia in this situation is a very important player, thanks to its own. And no military threat is terrible only when you are treated as an equal, and in the case of Russia, when they are afraid. Therefore, no matter how many attempts are made to weaken its geopolitical and geographical positions, all of them will be nullified. But with growth in fossil fuels steadily rising and gas and oil remaining the main energy sources with a projected share of 84% through 2030, Russia's time is yet to come. The only danger is that the Russian Federation borders on 16 states, which every now and then try to revise their borders.

Forecast for the future

Of course, the Kremlin's relations with Brussels and Washington will never be the same again. And in response to all the threats of NATO, the US NMD systems, the constant "color" revolutions in a number of post-Soviet countries and near the borders of Russia, the government updated the doctrine, which refers to ensuring the national security of the state. According to this document, in response to action, counteraction will immediately follow, thanks to which the whole country can sleep peacefully and not worry about its future.

    The main forms of application of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

    The purpose of the use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and other troops.

    Basic principles of the development of the military organization of the state.

    Factors determining the military-political situation.

    External threats to national security.

    Internal threats to national security.

    Cross-border threats to national security.

    Factors of uncertainty in the field of construction and use of the RF Armed Forces.

    Priorities foreign policy RF.

    The main objectives of the military policy of the Russian Federation at the present stage.

    Types of military conflicts and their brief description.

    To reveal the concept of "Military organization of the Russian Federation" and its main tasks.

    The composition of the military organization of the Russian Federation.

    Types and branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

    What applies to conventional weapons.

    Nuclear weapons: - types of ammunition;

The damaging factors of nuclear weapons;

The distribution of nuclear weapons by the nature of the application.

17. Chemical weapons. CW groups according to the nature of the impact on the body.

18. Biological weapons. Concept and brief description.

19. Expand the concepts: quarantine, observation.

20. Non-lethal weapons. A brief description of.

21. Promising types of weapons of mass destruction.

22. Expand the concept of "Mobilization preparation".

23. Expand the concept of "Mobilization".

24. Special formations of health care: concept, classification.

25. Management bodies of special healthcare units:

purpose and rights.

26. Management bodies of special healthcare units:

27. Rear health care hospitals: purpose.

28. State material reserve: concept, purpose.

29. Mobilization reserve: concept, procedure for its formation, requirements for the shelf life of material assets.

30. The order of inventory of material assets of the mobilization reserve.

31. Military accounting: concept. Categories of citizens subject to and not subject to military registration.

32. Types of rear hospitals, their tasks and organizational structure.

33. Conscription of citizens.

34. What is military service.

35. Tasks and organizational structure of observational health care centers of the Russian Federation.

    The main forms of application of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

The main forms of employment of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and other troops:

    strategic operations, operations and combat operations in large-scale and regional wars;

    operations and combat actions - in local wars and international armed conflicts;

    joint special operations - in internal armed conflicts;

    counter-terrorist operations - with participation in the fight against terrorism in accordance with federal law;

    peacekeeping operations.

    The purpose of the use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and other troops.

Purposes of the use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and other troops:

    in a large-scale (regional) war if it is unleashed by any state (group, coalition of states) - protecting the independence and sovereignty, territorial integrity of the Russian Federation and its allies, repelling aggression, defeating the aggressor, forcing him to cease hostilities on conditions that meet the interests of the Russian Federation and its allies;

    in local wars and international armed conflicts - the localization of a hotbed of tension, the creation of prerequisites for ending a war, an armed conflict, or for forcing them to stop at an early stage; neutralizing the aggressor and reaching a settlement on terms that meet the interests of the Russian Federation and its allies;

    in internal armed conflicts - the defeat and liquidation of illegal armed formations, the creation of conditions for a full-scale settlement of the conflict on the basis of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal legislation;

    in operations to maintain and restore peace - the disengagement of the opposing sides, the stabilization of the situation, and the provision of conditions for a just peace settlement.

    Basic principles of the development of the military organization of the state.

The main principles of the development of the military organization of the state:

    adequate consideration of the conclusions drawn from the analysis of the state and prospects for the development of the military-political situation;

    centralization of leadership;

    unity of command on a legal basis;

    the achieved correspondence, within the limits of the country's economic capabilities, of the level of combat and mobilization readiness, as well as the training of military command and control bodies and troops (forces), their structures, combat strength and strength of the reserve, stocks of materiel and resources to the tasks of ensuring military security;

    unity of training and education;

    realization of the rights and freedoms of military personnel, ensuring their social security, decent social status and standard of living.

    Factors determining the military-political situation.

The military-political situation is determined by the following main factors:

    reducing the risk of unleashing a large-scale war, including a nuclear one;

    formation and strengthening of regional centers of power;

    strengthening of national, ethnic and religious extremism;

    activation of separatism;

    the spread of local wars and armed conflicts;

    intensification of the regional arms race;

    proliferation of nuclear and other types of weapons of mass destruction, their means of delivery;

    exacerbation of information confrontation.

    External threats to national security.

External threats include:

Deployment of groupings of forces and means aimed at a military attack on Russia or its allies;

Territorial claims against the Russian Federation, the threat of political or forceful exclusion from Russia of its individual territories;

Implementation by states, organizations and movements of programs to create weapons of mass destruction;

Interference in the internal affairs of the Russian Federation by organizations supported by foreign states;

Demonstration of military force near the borders of Russia, conducting exercises with provocative goals;

The presence near the borders of the Russian Federation or the borders of its allies of centers of armed conflicts that threaten their security;

Instability, weakness of state institutions in border countries;

The build-up of groupings of troops, leading to a violation of the existing balance of forces near the borders of the Russian Federation or the borders of its allies and the sea waters adjacent to their territory;

Expansion of military blocs and alliances to the detriment of the military security of Russia or its allies;

The activities of international radical groups, the strengthening of the positions of Islamic extremism near Russian borders;

The introduction of foreign troops (without the consent of the Russian Federation and the sanction of the UN Security Council) on the territory of states adjacent and friendly to the Russian Federation;

Armed provocations, including attacks on military installations of the Russian Federation located on the territory of foreign states, as well as on objects and structures on the state border of the Russian Federation or the borders of its allies;

Actions that impede the operation of the Russian systems of state and military control, ensuring the functioning of strategic nuclear forces, warning of a missile attack, anti-missile defense, control of outer space and ensuring the combat stability of troops;

Actions that impede Russia's access to strategically important transport communications;

Discrimination, suppression of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens of the Russian Federation in foreign countries;

The proliferation of equipment, technologies and components used to manufacture nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction, as well as dual-use technologies that can be used to create WMD and their means of delivery.

    Internal threats to national security.

Internal threats include:

Attempts to forcibly change the constitutional order and violate the territorial integrity of Russia;

Planning, preparation and implementation of actions to disrupt and disrupt the functioning of public authorities and administration, attacks on state, national economic, military facilities, life support facilities and information infrastructure;

Creation, equipment, training and functioning of illegal armed formations;

Illegal distribution (trafficking) on ​​the territory of the Russian Federation of weapons, ammunition, explosives, etc.;

Large-scale activities of organized crime, threatening political stability on the scale of the subject of the Russian Federation;

Activities of separatist and radical religious-nationalist movements in the Russian Federation.

    Cross-border threats to national security.

To the concept cross-border threats include political, military-political or forceful threats to the interests and security of the Russian Federation, which combine the features of internal and external threats. Being internal in form of manifestation, in their essence (sources of emergence and stimulation, possible participants, etc.) are external.

These threats include:

Creation, equipment, provision and training on the territory of other states, armed formations and groups for the purpose of their transfer for operations on the territory of the Russian Federation or the territories of its allies;

Activities of subversive separatist, national or religious extremist groups directly or indirectly supported from abroad, aimed at undermining the constitutional order of the Russian Federation, creating a threat to the territorial integrity of the state and the security of its citizens;

Cross-border crime, including smuggling and other illegal activities on a scale that threatens the military and political security of the Russian Federation or stability on the territory of Russia's allies;

Conducting information (information-technical, information-psychological, etc.) actions hostile to the Russian Federation and its allies;

Activities of international terrorist organizations;

Drug trafficking activities that pose a threat to the transportation of drugs to the territory of the Russian Federation, or the use of the territory of Russia for the transportation of drugs to other countries.

    Factors of uncertainty in the field of construction and use of the RF Armed Forces.

Under uncertainty factor refers to a situation, conflict or process of a political or military-political nature, the development of which can significantly change the geopolitical situation in a region that is a priority for Russia's interests or create a direct threat to the security of the Russian Federation. The factors of uncertainty are:

Reducing the role of the UN Security Council formal and actual deprivation of its prerogatives to authorize the use of military force in the world. The expansion of the practice of using military force for political or economic purposes on the basis of a national decision will significantly reduce the significance and effectiveness of political instruments for resolving crisis situations and significantly lower the threshold for the use of the Armed Forces. This may require Russia to seriously adjust its plans for military development and deployment of troops. Thus, the retention by the UN Security Council of the authority to authorize the use of military force in the world is seen as the most important instrument for maintaining international stability.

The possibility of returning to nuclear weapons the properties of a real military instrument. Attempts were noted to return nuclear weapons to the range of acceptable military instruments through the implementation of "breakthrough" scientific and technical developments in new types of nuclear weapons that turn nuclear weapons into relatively "clean" ones, the use of which does not have such significant negative consequences as the use of earlier types of nuclear weapons. weapons. The conduct of similar R&D in a number of countries and the adoption of political decisions on the possibility of their expanded financing are considered by the RF Ministry of Defense as a factor capable of seriously changing world and regional stability. In fact, the question is raised about the possibility of targeted use of nuclear weapons in regional conflicts against military and civilian targets in order to destroy large groups of armed forces and civilian infrastructure. The lowering of the threshold for the use of nuclear weapons at the operational-tactical and tactical levels, which devalues ​​the importance of conventional armed forces and weapons, transforms the threat of the use of nuclear weapons from a political one into a military-political one. This will require Russia to overhaul its command and control system and create a deterrence capability, perhaps not only through a change in nuclear policy, but also through a readiness to implement asymmetric measures.

Possibility of strengthening WMD proliferation processes, including nuclear technology, and delivery vehicles. The expansion of the practice of using armed forces without the sanction of the UN Security Council may provoke a greater demand for weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear weapons, among regional centers of power seeking to create an instrument of deterrence. In addition to the general destabilization of the international situation, this will also have a number of military-applied consequences. The appearance in the regional balances of forces of the nuclear factor on both sides will significantly change the nature of the armed struggle. For Russia, this process, if implemented on a full scale, will create the problem of expanding measures to counter the threat of the development and use of weapons of mass destruction in regional conflicts, both at the political and military-technical levels.

Prospects and direction of development of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. At present, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) plays a crucial role in ensuring regional stability in Central Asia and the western part of the Far East region. In the event of further strengthening of the political and military-political potential of this structure, Russia will have a zone of peace and stability in the Southeast and Far East directions, excluding the emergence of a large-scale military threat, which Russia will have to confront alone. In the event that there is a complete or partial renationalization of the security policy of the states of the region, Russia will be forced to consider the region as a potential source of ethnic conflicts, border disputes and general military-political instability. This can naturally make adjustments to Russian military planning, as well as to the principles for deploying groupings of forces and means of permanent readiness units.

Possible directions for the development of the NATO enlargement process. In the event that NATO is transformed into a political organization with a historically formed military potential, the process of expanding the Alliance to the east will remain within the framework of a political dialogue with Russia regarding the conditions for further interaction. In this dialogue, difficulties will inevitably arise related to the conditions for the integration of new member countries into the Alliance and their role in it, since Russia firmly advocates the absence of anti-Russian components not only in military planning, but also in the political declarations of the member countries of the Alliance. Otherwise, the partnership between Russia and NATO is devoid of functional meaning. However, if NATO continues as a military alliance with a predominantly offensive military doctrine, especially against the backdrop of a weakening role of the UN Security Council in deciding on the use of force, this will require a radical restructuring of Russian military planning and the principles of building the Russian Armed Forces, including in the range of possible actions elements of a preventive strategy in the event of a threat to the Russian Federation. Moreover, such a restructuring will require the deployment of groups of foreign troops on the territory of states bordering on Russia. A change in Russian nuclear strategy and an increase in the importance of tactical nuclear weapons for ensuring stability in the Western strategic direction are not ruled out.

    Priorities of foreign policy of the Russian Federation.

The Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation defines the main priorities of the foreign policy of our state in solving global problems:

Formation of a new world order;

Strengthening international security;

Ensuring favorable foreign policy conditions for Russia in the field of international economic relations;

Respect and protection of human rights at the international level;

Information support of foreign policy activities.

    The main objectives of the military policy of the Russian Federation at the present stage.

Based on the current situation and the fact that the highest priority of Russia's state policy is to protect the interests of the individual, society and the state, it is necessary to identify the main goals of Russia's military policy at the present stage.

1) Ensuring the reliable security of the country, maintaining and strengthening its sovereignty and territorial integrity, strong and authoritative positions in the world community, which to the greatest extent meet the interests of the Russian Federation as a great power, as one of the influential centers of the modern world and which are necessary for the growth of its political, economic , intellectual and spiritual potential.

2) Impact on global processes in order to form a stable, fair and democratic world order based on universally recognized norms of international law, including, above all, the goals and principles of the UN Charter, on equal and partnership relations between states.

3) Creation of favorable external conditions for the progressive development of Russia, the rise of its economy, the improvement of the living standards of the population, the successful implementation of democratic reforms, the strengthening of the foundations of the constitutional order, and the observance of human rights and freedoms.

4) Formation of a belt of stability along the perimeter of the Russian borders, assistance in eliminating existing and preventing the emergence of potential hotbeds of tension and conflicts in the regions adjacent to the Russian Federation.

5) Search for agreement and concurring interests with foreign countries and interstate associations in the process of solving the problems of world security, determined by Russia's national priorities, building on this basis a system of partnerships and allied relations that improve the conditions and parameters of international cooperation.

    Types of military conflicts and their brief description.

Armed conflict. One of the forms of resolving political, national-ethnic, religious, territorial and other contradictions with the use of means of armed struggle, in which the state (states) participating in hostilities does not go into a special state called war. In an armed conflict, the parties, as a rule, pursue private military-political goals.

An armed conflict may result from the escalation of an armed incident, a border conflict, an armed action and other limited-scale armed clashes, during which the means of armed struggle are used to resolve contradictions.

An armed conflict may be of an international character (with the participation of two or more states) or of an internal character (with the conduct of armed confrontation within the territory of one state).

Local war. A war between two or more states, limited by political goals, in which military operations will be conducted, as a rule, within the borders of the opposing states and mainly the interests of only these states (territorial, economic, political, and others) are affected.

A local war can be waged by groupings of troops (forces) deployed in the area of ​​conflict, with their possible reinforcement through the transfer of additional forces and assets from other directions and partial strategic deployment of the armed forces.

Under certain conditions, local wars can develop into a regional or large-scale war.

regional war. A war involving two or more states (groups of states) of a region by national or coalition armed forces using both conventional and nuclear weapons on a territory bounded by one region with adjacent oceans, seas, air and outer space, in the course of which the parties will pursue important military-political goals. To conduct a regional war will require the full deployment of the armed forces and the economy, the high tension of all the forces of the participating states. If nuclear-weapon states or their allies participate in it, a regional war will be characterized by the threat of transition to the use of nuclear weapons.

Large scale war. War between coalitions of states or the largest states of the world community. It can be the result of an escalation of an armed conflict, a local or regional war by involving in them a significant number of states from different regions of the world. In a large-scale war, the parties will pursue radical military-political goals. It will require the mobilization of all available material resources and spiritual forces of the participating states.

    To reveal the concept of "Military organization of the Russian Federation" and its main tasks.

The defense of Russia's national interests in the military sphere is decided first of all, military organization of the state, which represents a set of state and military administration bodies, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies, as well as allocated parts of the scientific and industrial complexes, the joint activity of which is aimed at ensuring defense and military security, protecting the vital interests of the state.

The main task of the military organization of the Russian Federation is the exercise of deterrence in the interests of preventing aggression of any scale, including the use of nuclear weapons against Russia and its allies.

    The composition of the military organization of the Russian Federation.

Organizationally, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation consist of centralized military command and control bodies, associations, formations, military units, institutions and organizations, as well as military educational institutions that are included in the types and types of troops, Logistics of the Armed Forces and troops that are not included in the types and types of troops Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Military authorities designed to lead troops (forces) in various units in both peacetime and wartime. These include commands, headquarters, departments, departments and other permanently and temporarily created structures. For placement and operation of command and control agencies in combat conditions, command posts are deployed.

Associations- these are military formations, including several smaller formations or associations, as well as units and institutions. The formations include an army, a flotilla, a military district - an operational-strategic territorial combined arms association, and a fleet - a naval association.

Military district- this is an operational-strategic territorial combined-arms association of military units, formations, educational institutions, military institutions of various types and branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. A military district, as a rule, covers the territory of several subjects of the Russian Federation.

Fleet is the highest operational-strategic association of the Navy. Commanders of districts and fleets direct their troops (forces) through headquarters subordinate to them.

connections are military formations consisting of several units or formations of a smaller composition, usually various types of troops (forces), special troops (services), as well as units (subdivisions) of support and maintenance. Formations include corps, divisions, brigades and other equivalent military formations.

Military Unit- organizationally independent combat and administrative-economic unit in all types of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Military units include all regiments, ships of 1st, 2nd and 3rd ranks, separate battalions (divisions, squadrons) and separate companies that are not part of battalions and regiments.

Toinstitutions of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation include such structures to ensure the life of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, such as military medical institutions, officers' houses, military museums, editorial offices of military publications, sanatoriums, rest houses, camp sites, etc.

to military schools include: military academies, military universities and institutes, higher and secondary military schools, military faculties at civilian universities, the Suvorov and Nakhimov schools, training and retraining courses for officers.

    Types and branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation include the branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation:

The type of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is like an integral part, distinguished by special weapons and designed to perform the tasks assigned to them. The types of the Armed Forces include: Ground Forces, Air Force (Air Force), Navy (Navy).

Ground Forces, Air Force and Navy. Each branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation consists of branches of service (forces), for the comprehensive support of the combat activities of the branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, they include special troops and rear services.

To the branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation include: Space Forces. Strategic Rocket Forces, Airborne Troops. A branch of service is understood as a part of the branch of the Armed Forces. distinguished by the main armament, technical equipment, organizational structure, the nature of training and the ability to perform specific combat missions for interaction with other branches of the armed forces.

Special troops serve to provide for the types and types of troops and assist them in the performance of combat missions. These include: engineering troops, chemical troops, radio engineering troops, signal troops, automobile troops, road troops and a number of others.

    What applies to conventional weapons.

conventional weapons comprise all fire and strike weapons that use artillery, aviation, small arms and engineering ammunition, conventional missiles, high-precision weapons, volumetric explosion (thermobaric) ammunition, incendiary ammunition and mixtures.

The relativity of the term "conventional weapons" should be emphasized, since the use of this type of weapon can lead to mass casualties among the population. This is evidenced by the experience of wars and armed conflicts of the 20th century.

In recent years, there has been a sharp increase in the combat potential of developed countries due to the quantitative and qualitative buildup of conventional weapons. Thus, having accumulated significant stocks of weapons of mass destruction, the United States and its allies increased the production of weapons of conventional systems. Their damaging properties and combat effectiveness have sharply increased.

Fire and strike weapons include firearms (small arms, artillery, bombs, mines, grenades), jet and rocket weapons.

Firearms - a weapon in which the energy of an explosive is used to eject a projectile (mines, bullets, other fillers). Firearms include artillery weapons (howitzers, cannons, mortars) and small arms (machine guns, machine guns, rifles and pistols).

Relatively new models of firearms, widely used in military conflicts of the 20th century are ammunition with ready-made submunitions. In particular, we are talking about ball bombs, needle-filled ammunition and a more modern, fragmentation-beam projectile.

ball bombs contain up to 300 and. more than metal or plastic balls with a diameter of 5-6 mm. During the explosion, the balls scatter at high speed in all directions and cause multiple injuries to soft tissues and internal organs, as well as fragmentary bone fractures. During the aggression in Vietnam, the US military used ball bombs in cluster form (about 600 bombs per cluster).

Needle-filled ammunition contain from 5 to 12 thousand thin steel needles or arrows, which, when exploded and scattered, are bent in the shape of a hook and inflict multiple severe injuries, most often leading to death. These munitions can conditionally be classified as means of mass destruction, since when they explode, the range of projectiles reaches 500 m with an area of ​​damage up to 70-80 hectares.

Fragmentation-beam projectile with ready-made striking elements simultaneously throws out 1500 2-gram bullets, destroying all life on an area of ​​​​3000-5000 m²

Rocket weapon - ground, aviation and marine installations (10-45 barrels) for volley fire with unguided rockets delivered to the target due to the thrust of a jet engine (Grad, Pinocchio systems).

Missile weapons (in conventional equipment) - a system in which means of destruction are delivered to the target by missiles: a complex that includes a missile with a conventional launcher, a launcher, means of targeting, test and launch equipment, means that control the flight of the missile, vehicles, etc. devices.

The most effective type of conventional weapons is precision-guided weapons (PW).

Accepted for high-precision weapons include various kinds of devices and means intended for delivering "point" remote strikes in automatic mode. The concept of WTO includes a set of weapons (missiles, aerial bombs, land mines), their means of delivery (launchers, aviation), guidance and navigation. High accuracy (up to 10 m) and high charge power allow you to strike at well-protected targets and shelters. Precision weapons are often referred to as reconnaissance-strike systems (RUS) or reconnaissance-strike systems (RUK).

Volumetric explosion ammunition (thermobaric ammunition)

Thermobaric ammunition – devices capable of producing detonating gas-air or air-fuel mixtures. As a result of the detonation of a gas-air or air-fuel mixture flowing into cracks, trenches, dugouts, military equipment, ventilation hatches and communication cables of leaky engineering structures, buildings, protective structures and buried objects can be completely destroyed. Moreover, explosions in a confined space are highly effective not only for causing damage (destruction) to fortifications (protective) structures, but also for destroying enemy manpower and the population.

Named ammunition has the following damaging factors: shock wave, thermal and toxic effects.

Incendiaries (mixtures)

incendiary mixtures are pyrotechnics containing napalm (incendiary mixtures based on petroleum products with a combustion temperature of up to 1200 ° C), phosphorus (metallized incendiary mixtures - pyrogels, with a combustion temperature of up to 1600 ° C) or thermite (thermite mixtures with a combustion temperature of up to 2000 ° C ). They can be equipped with air bombs, mines, land mines, flamethrowers. Incendiary mixtures were widely used during the Korean War (1950-1953) and the American aggression in Vietnam (1964-1974). The damaging effect of incendiary mixtures is due to thermal burns of the skin and mucous membranes, infrared radiation and poisoning by combustion products. The burning fiery mixture can affect not only the skin, but also the subcutaneous tissue, muscles and even bones: deep burns of III and IV degrees occur in 70-75% of cases. Phosphorus burns can be complicated by poisoning of the body when phosphorus is absorbed through the burn surface. The impact of incendiary mixtures on the human body often causes combined lesions, leading to the development of shock, the appearance of which is possible in more than 30% of those affected.

The unifying link for the considered damaging agents is the presence of a single leading damaging factor - the ability to cause mechanical (wounds) and traumatic injuries to people.

    Nuclear weapons: - types of ammunition;

- damaging factors of nuclear weapons;

- distribution of nuclear weapons according to the nature of the application.

Nuclear weapon – ammunition, the damaging effect of which is based on the use of intranuclear energy released during explosive nuclear reactions (fission, fusion, fission and fusion at the same time).

Distinguish atomic, thermonuclear and neutron munitions. Depending on the power of the ammunition(energy of a nuclear explosion in TNT equivalent (kilotons, megatons)), they distinguish: ultra-small (up to 1 kt), small (1-10 kt), medium (10-100 kt), large (100 kt-1 mt) and extra large (over 1 mt) nuclear munitions.

By the nature of the use of nuclear weapons allocate : ground, underground, underwater, surface, air and high-altitude explosions.

The damaging factors of the reference ground explosion include (Film No. 2/2 ORP): light emission(30-35% of the energy of a nuclear explosion goes to the formation), shock wave (50%), penetrating radiation (5%:), radioactive contamination of the area and air,electromagnetic pulse, as well as the psychological factor, i.e. the moral impact of a nuclear explosion on personnel.



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