Features and characteristics of conversational style. Essay on the topic "conversational style"

The conversational style of communication is used in an informal setting. It is typical for oral speech, but can be expressed in writing (note text, personal diary, informal correspondence). In the process of communication, common language is used. The conversational style is actively accompanied by gestures and facial expressions, it is also influenced by the emotionality of the interlocutors and circumstances.

The main features of colloquial speech:

Reduction of sentences to simple ones, and removal of some members of the sentence, if the meaning of the statement is clear even without them. Example: I miss you - I miss you.
Short phrases abbreviated to one word are used. An example of a similar word: maternity leave - decree.
The pronunciation of the word in a simplified form. Such a shorthand is used in colloquial, familiar communication. An example of a similar word: "right now" instead of "now."

The linguistic features of the conversational style are expressed in the simplification of statements based on the spontaneity of colloquial speech. Few people know how to speak coherently and beautifully without preparation, and spontaneous speech presupposes a certain development of speech abilities.

In order to avoid the appearance of unrelated parts, pauses, reservations, and profanity, abbreviations are used. Examples of the work of the law of "saving the means of speech": a five-story house - a five-story building, a utility room - a utility room.

Label cliches. A set of template phrases used in repetitive situations of daily communication. Example: "Get out? Hello".
Close contact of communicating people. Information is conveyed verbally and non-verbally.
Expressiveness or specific expressiveness of statements with the use of reduced expressions (example: fuck, go crazy).
Everyday content.
Imagery.

The linguistic features of the conversational style are expressed in specific pronunciation (example: stress on the wrong syllable), lexical heterogeneity, morphology and syntax. Everyday style is not used for writing scientific literature, when compiling documents.

Signs of everyday style

The main features of the conversational style:

unconstrained, familiar form of communication;
appraisal;
emotionality;
inconsistency, from the point of view of logic;
discontinuity of speech.

Conversational style is most clearly manifested in oral speech in the form of a dialogue.

The features that define the conversational style are situational, informal and natural communication. This includes the lack of preparatory thinking about speech, the gestures and facial expressions used. Particles, sentence words, interjections, introductory words, connecting constructions, repetitions are actively used.

Everyday style implies the use of a polysemantic word, word formation is evaluative: suffixes of diminutiveness or magnification, neglect, flattery are used.

Functions and purpose of everyday style

The main features of the conversational style:

transfer of information;
communication;
impact.

The goal pursued by the everyday style of interaction between people is communication, the exchange of impressions and feelings.

Analysis of conversational genres

The characteristic of conversational style is a narrower concept than colloquial speech. In colloquial speech, non-literary components are used (examples: vernacular, slang words, dialect). Conversational style is expressed by linguistic means.

Genres of colloquial speech characterize the interaction between people. These include:

Conversation. A popular genre is communication for communication. This is an exchange of impressions, emotions, points of view. The conversation is characterized by a calm manner, it is a pleasant pastime.
Story. A monologue dedicated to some event. All aspects of the event that occurred are covered in detail, an assessment is expressed.
Dispute. Here each of the interlocutors defends his own view. In colloquial speech, the dispute is characterized by the informality of relations between the disputants and the ease of communication.
Letter. The text of the letter has a specific goal: reporting events, conveying feelings, establishing or maintaining contact, calling for something. The obligatory use of the etiquette formula is assumed - greeting and farewell, the further content of the text is free. This is one of the written genres of colloquial speech, informal epistolary interaction. The topics of such texts change arbitrarily, incomplete sentences, expressive expressions are used.
A note. Distinctive feature genre - brevity. This is a small everyday text, the purpose of which is a message about what needs to be done, a warning, an invitation, gestures of courtesy. Sample text: "I'll be there soon, don't forget to buy milk." Sometimes the text of the note is presented as a hint of something.
A diary. The genre differs from the rest in that the recipient and the author are the same person. The text of the diary is an analysis of past events or one's own feelings, creativity that contributes to the improvement of the word and the personality itself.

Analysis of conversational genres contributes to understanding the style of speech behavior, the structure of natural communication.

Functional styles of speech help to determine the kind of language used in various areas of communication. The sphere of interaction between people at the everyday level involves the included functions of the conversational style of statements or texts.

1. general characteristics colloquial style, its style features
2. Language features of conversational style
3. Rules of conversation
List of sources used

1. General characteristics of the conversational style, its style features

The colloquial style refers to the peculiarities of the colloquial speech of native speakers of the literary language. The colloquial style is characteristic of the oral form of the literary language, however, it can be found in the written form of the language in some genres, for example, in private letters, announcements, explanatory notes, notes, etc.

The conversational style is manifested mainly in the sphere of domestic relations, but some of its features can also be observed in informal professional communication. This style is reflected in different types everyday and professional speech, for example, in family speech, in a friendly conversation, in small talk, in the conversation of professional colleagues, etc. Even in family everyday speech, its varieties are distinguished on the basis of the division of the family by age, gender, in relation to the family (direct and indirect relatives, household members), as well as on the basis of the educational, religious characteristics of the family (peasant family; enlightened intelligent family; religious family - non-religious).

The conversational style in its various manifestations is characterized by some common style features: informality, ease of communication; unprepared speech; automatism of speech; the predominance of the oral form; the predominance of dialogical speech, when speakers are directly involved in the conversation (although a monologue is also possible); accompanying speech with gestures, facial expressions; concretized nature of speech; emotional and evaluative informativeness, affectivity of speech; ellipticity of speech (omissions of words are explained by the influence of the situation); discontinuity, often logical inconsistency of speech; expression personal relationship to what is being said (usually); availability of speech standards; idiomatic speech (phraseological units). The concept of colloquial style is narrower than colloquial speech, since non-literary elements (vernacular, dialects, jargon, etc.) can also be used in colloquial speech. The stylistic features of colloquial style are expressed in linguistic means.

2. Language features of conversational style

The stylistic features of the conversational style are manifested at all levels of the language (phonetic, lexical, morphological and syntactic). At the phonetic level, the stylistic features of the conversational style are manifested in a variety of intonation, rhythm, tempo of speech, in the ellipticity of speech. Spoken speech is characterized by an acceleration of tempo, expressiveness (expressiveness), emotionality (expression of feelings) of speech, incomplete pronunciation of sounds and syllables, increased reduction (weakening) of vowel sounds, assimilation of consonant sounds (likening adjacent consonants) For example: 1. “One and a half thousand total gave!” - the mother said with some strange triumph ... (YuNagibin) [Thousands instead of a thousand] 2. “Hello, Van Vanych” [Instead of hello, Ivan Ivanovich]. At the lexical level, the originality of the conversational style is manifested in the following. Vocabulary (words) with a specific meaning, often everyday content, are widely used in speech, there are no book words with an abstract meaning, terms, new borrowed words that have not yet been mastered by native speakers.

In colloquial style, words expressing appreciation are frequent. For language in general, for spoken language, the predominance of negative evaluation is especially characteristic. G. Pavlov writes: “Colloquial speech is unusually generous with humor: the car “Zhiguli” is called “Zhiguli” and “Zhiguli”, “chatter” - bad wine, “cabal” - clubbing ... There are words-jokes, words-mocking, words- parodies…” [Does the word grow on asphalt? // Litergaz., 1981, No. 40]. The colloquial style is characterized by the use of phraseological units (stable combinations) that make speech expressive, for example: the sea is knee-deep, stick to the throat with a knife, heavy to lift, ears wither, in broad daylight, set a bath, fool around, lip is not a fool, thing in oneself, wash one's hands, get into a mess, rack one's brains, hand on heart, I'll never know, grated kalach, pour from empty to empty, Sisyphean labor, Achilles' heel, from the Kolomna verst, etc.

Often there are author's neoplasms in colloquial (literary) speech, the meaning of which is determined by the conditions of communication, the speech situation. In the colloquial style, the polysemy of words (polysemy) is developed, while there is a rethinking of words known in the language, the so-called individually-occasional change in the meaning of words. The word-formation features of colloquial speech are primarily associated with the expression of evaluation. The colloquial style is characterized by the use of nouns and adjectives with evaluation suffixes (endearment, neglect, diminutiveness, magnification), for example, -usch- (-yusch) (big, healthy), -enk- (-onk-) (white, healthy) , -eshenek-, -eshenk-, -ehonk- (-ohonk-) (sedehonek, sedeshenek, healthy), -ik, -chik (soup, lemon), -ek, -ok (gull, onion), -ets ( soup), -k- (milk), -tse (tree), etc. In addition, a large number of suffixes, forming a word, also express an assessment of attitude and are purely colloquial in nature. Here are a few examples: -aga (-yaga) (hard worker, hard worker), -ukha, -ushka (simple, vostreha), -yga (hurried), -un (nonsun, flyer), etc. There are also colloquial suffixes among verbs, for example, -anu-: slapped, knocked. For example, the prefix raz- (ras-) has a colloquial coloring, indicating a high degree of what is named in the generating word: beautiful, cheerful, amiable. In colloquial literary speech, compound words are frequent, formed by the repetition of one word, words of the same root or words that are close in meaning: food-eating, walking-walking, walking-walking, quietly-quietly, quietly-peacefully, quietly-quietly. In the field of morphology also the specificity of the conversational style can be noted. For example, akL.Vshcherba also wrote: “Our colloquial speech tends to spread the plural forms to the stressed -a from the well-known category of masculine names” Compare: professors, teachers instead of obsolete professors, teachers, and also sweaters (colloquial) and sweaters, jumpers (colloquial) and jumpers, engineers and engineers (colloquial), winds and winds, years and years (colloquial), editors and editors (colloquial), and many others.

In the genitive case of the masculine singular, the endings -a and -u occur. Words ending in -a are neutral (that is, they are typical for any style), and words ending in -y are a sign of conversational style, cf .: analgin tablet - analgin tablet, soup bowl - soup bowl, kefir bottle - kefir bottle.

In colloquial speech, short adjectives are rarely found (such as beautiful, good, etc.); simple superlative forms of adjectives (such as the most beautiful, most interesting) are rarely used, they are replaced by a complex superlative form (the most beautiful, the most interesting); complex forms of the comparative degree (such as more beautiful, more intelligent) are often replaced by simple forms such as more beautiful, smarter; possession of colloquial speech are possessive adjectives with suffixes -in, -ov, indicating belonging to an individual: father's house, father's character, mother's shawl, grandfather's hat.

A striking feature of numerals in colloquial speech is the loss of inclination of simple and especially complex (such as five hundred, fifty) and compound numbers (such as one hundred and forty-five, five hundred and eighty-two). Pronouns in colloquial speech weaken their meaning and they are used to express expression (to create expressiveness of speech), for example: This one, yours, tall has come. There is a lot of originality in the use of verb forms in colloquial speech So, in colloquial speech, verbs with suffixes -yva-, -iva-, -va- are used, denoting a repeated action in the past like hazhival, talking, sitting.

These verbs were also widely used in the book language of the 18th-19th centuries, but in the modern language they are preserved only in colloquial speech (cf. A. Pushkin: Here the gentleman sat and modern: I have been to Moscow more than once). Colloquial speech is characterized by the use of interjectional verbs like grab, jump, jump, bang.

These verbs, found in fiction, reflect colloquial speech (they are a sign of stylization for folk speech), cf Krylov: Grab a friend with a stone in the forehead, in Pushkin: Tatyana - jumped into another canopy Wed: He was riding a bicycle and suddenly - bang into a ditch . To express expression (enhance the expressiveness of speech), the figurative use of tense forms is used.

So, the forms of the present tense are used in the story of past events in order to make a visual, figurative narrative about a past event.

For example: I was walking down the street yesterday and I see: columns of cadets are walking along the street. The forms of the present tense are also used in the sense of the near future, to denote an action that will definitely take place in the future: Tomorrow I'm going on a business trip; I'm going to study at the university; I'm going to law school this year. The forms of the present tense can acquire a timeless meaning, denoting a generalized action, characteristic of many.

It is no coincidence that this present generalized tense is used in proverbs and sayings: You go quieter, you will continue; Do you like to ride - love to carry sleds; Bell ringing does not cure diseases; They don’t die with sadness, they just dry. Sv colloquial speech: You used to go through the spring forest and see how everything around wakes up. In figurative meanings, along with the forms of the present tense, the future tense of verbs is used: I see, they are leading him, and when they start to fall, they will pick them up. gossip, instead: I spit on gossip .; may have the meaning of the future tense: If there is no answer from him, I died (instead of dying). In figurative meanings, forms of inclinations are used to enhance the expressiveness of speech. So, forms of the imperative mood often in colloquial speech have a conditional meaning, for example: If such an opportunity happened to me, a rabid dog bites me, I would immediately shoot myself in the forehead [From a letter to A.P. Chekhov]. Forms of the imperative mood are also used to indicate the only way out of some situation (often in combination with a particle at least): I have such a handwriting, even go to the ministers [From a letter to A.P. Chekhov; She has no home, no family, like it or not, but sit and listen to the conversations. The forms of the subjunctive mood (conditional) are used in the imperative sense to express a softening of a request, advice, command, for example: Would you go to sleep - instead of: Go to sleep; Would you read - instead of: Read! Read! Since the opinion of the speaker is usually expressed in colloquial speech, the use of verb forms with personal pronouns is characteristic: I will go; I'll bring; I learned, etc. In this regard, the use of personal pronouns in colloquial style is much higher than in other styles. Conversational style is characterized by a peculiar quantitative ratio of parts of speech.

So, participles and participles are not characteristic of colloquial speech and are usually replaced by personal verbs (instead of: seeing, said, it is used: I saw and said; instead: the boy who read the book is the boy who read the book). Unlike other functional styles, in colloquial interjections, expressing a variety of emotions: Alas! Oh! O! etc. In colloquial speech, particles are widespread, for example, such as: well, here, after all. The syntactic features of the conversational style are the most specific and bright Prof. A.M. Peshkovsky wrote: “The stylistic possibilities in syntax are much more diverse and significant than in morphology. According to the conditions of the place, only a list of the most important categories of syntactic synonyms can be given here, leaving the reader to think about the internal differences when the need arises.

Our task is to put forward the fundamental importance of this work” [Principles and techniques of stylistic analysis and evaluation of fiction] It is in the syntax that the ellipticity, emotionality, and expressiveness of the colloquial style is most clearly manifested. Characterizing colloquial speech, A.M. Peshkovsky wrote: “... We always do not finish our thoughts, omitting from speech everything that is given by the situation or the previous experience of the speakers. So, at the table we ask: “Do you have coffee or tea?”; having met a friend, we ask: “Where are you going?”; having heard the annoying music, we say: “Again!”, offering water, we say: “Boiled, do not worry!” etc. Thus, the colloquial style is characterized by the widespread use of incomplete sentences, in which the main members of the sentence are most often omitted, incentive and interrogative, declarative and exclamatory sentences, for example: Where are you from ?; Water over here!; Was there?; Oh, good!; Ah, how good! Wherein great importance in oral speech has intonation.

The sentence “Well, you helped!”, pronounced with different intonation, can have a direct, positive meaning, or it can express an ironic assessment, like the sentence “Oh, good!”.

In colloquial speech, there is a freer word order than in A.M. Peshkovsky pointed out that the main treasury of the syntactic synonymy of the Russian language is the free word order: “Thanks to it, a combination consisting, for example, of 5 full-valued words (let’s say “I’ll go for a walk tomorrow morning”) allows 120 permutations. And since each permutation slightly changes the meaning of the whole phrase, we get 120 synonyms” [A.MPeshkovsky, Decree]. The fast pace and unpreparedness of colloquial speech determine the predominance of short sentences, in which usually the number of words does not exceed 5-7 units. Among complex sentences, compound and non-union sentences are typical. Complex sentences make up 10% in colloquial speech, while in other styles they are about 30%. Most often, complex sentences with subordinate explanatory clauses are used, which are attached to a few verbs: speak, say, think, hear, see, see, feel and under: He saw that...; I said that…; He realized that ... and under.

In colloquial speech, interjectional sentences are frequent, making speech emotional, expressive: Fathers!; Well well!; Here's to you!; Oy! and under; sentences expressing agreement (approval) or disagreement (negation): Yes .; Not.; Of course.; Undoubtedly. In colloquial speech, there are usually a lot of introductory words expressing assertion, doubt, assumption: maybe, it seems, certainly, really, and under. Thus, the colloquial style has bright linguistic features that distinguish it from other functional styles of the literary language.

3. Rules of conversation

A.P. Chekhov wrote: “For an intelligent person, speaking badly should be considered as indecent as not being able to read and write.” K. Paustovsky believed that “... in relation to each person to his language, one can accurately judge not only his cultural level, but also his civic value. True love for one's country is unthinkable without love for one's language." Above, the need for good speech for business people, politicians, and writers was emphasized. However, it should be said about the role of speech skills in everyday life, Everyday life. We find interesting material in the article by V.Iannushkin. [Russian speech - 1990 - No. 1 - p83-87] Let's give some thoughts from this article. Traditionally there are general rules conducting and constructing speech. They are created by the practice of people and passed down from generation to generation. It is interesting that they can be found in folklore materials, in particular, in proverbs and sayings.

Although these rules are simple at first glance, the behavior of an adult depends largely on how he uses them. Violation of the conditions of speech can lead to various troubles, it is not in vain that there are warnings: “My tongue is my enemy”, “All the troubles of a person are from his tongue”, as well as parting words: “A good word is half happiness”. Any dialogue is possible on the condition that you be polite to each other. Folklore rules remind: “The language will not dry out from pleasant words”, “One good word is better than a thousand words of abuse” Impoliteness can be different - from outright rudeness to an outwardly benevolent tone that hides complete disregard for the neighbor (remember the meeting between Maxim Maksimych and Pechorin, their dialogue) .

The basis of speech relations should be goodwill and the ability to listen: “Speech is red by listening.” It is very important to hear each other in communication: “Tongue is one, ear is two. Say once, listen twice” Attention to the interlocutor, to the audience is also necessary in order to start speaking. Paradoxically speaking, speech begins with listening, understanding the situation, a correct assessment of the situation. The speaker must always remember that he is “caught” by the listener in mistakes. And this is evidenced by folk wisdom: "Answers when they do not ask."

Speech behavior is very important in the relationship between a man and a woman. A classic example of this is the book of the Roman orator and publicist 1 vnePublius Nason Ovid “The Art of Loving”, whose advice to men and women on how to win and how to keep love, relate mainly to speech behavior. Here are tips for a conversation when meeting: “Then try to start a conversation with her. First, talk about indifferent things ... ". The two most significant classics of world and domestic rhetoric, Aristotle and Lomonosov, began in their reasoning with the "philosophy of love", and then offered ways to awaken this feeling in the "audience" (interlocutor) M.V. Lomonosov wrote: “Love is the inclination of the spirit to someone else, in order to have pleasure from his well-being. This passion can justly be called the mother of other passions... Love is as strong as lightning, but it penetrates without thunder, and its strongest blows are pleasant. When rhetoric arouses passion in the listeners, then he can already triumph over them. “[Lomonosov M.V. A short guide to eloquence // Complete collection of works. Vol. VIIM-L., 1952, p. 176] Classics offers us a history of dialogue styles, a kind of typology of the Russian family, if we consider the relationship of Chatsky and Sophia, Onegin and Tatiana, Lensky and Olga, Pechorin and Princess Mary, types of families in the novels of L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”, “Anna Karenina”, etc. Finally, the union of Andrey Stolz and Olga Ilyinskaya is ideal “for all times and peoples” (it appears exactly like this if you carefully read the pages of I.A. Goncharov’s novel “Oblomov”) : “Outside and they did everything like the others. They got up, although not at dawn, but early; they liked to sit for a long time over tea, sometimes they even seemed to be lazily silent, then they dispersed to their corners or worked together, dined, went to the fields, studied music ... the conversation did not end with them, it was often hot. Their sonorous voices rang through the rooms, reached the garden, or they quietly transmitted, as if drawing in front of each other the pattern of their dreams, the first movement, elusive for the tongue, the growth of an emerging thought, a barely audible whisper of the soul ... And their silence was - sometimes thoughtful happiness ...

They did not greet the morning with indifference; could not stupidly plunge into the dusk of a warm, starry, southern night. They were awakened by the eternal movement of thought, the eternal irritation of the soul and the need to think together, feel, speak! But what was the subject of these heated debates, quiet conversations, readings, long walks? Yes, that's all ... Not a single letter was sent without being read to her, no thought, much less execution, swept past her; she knew everything and everything occupied her because it occupied him.” You can read about the rules of family and everyday dialogue in the books of psychologists. It is curious that the psychologist's advice turns out to be predominantly rhetorical, that is, related to the creation of the image of the speaker and the listener, the appropriate construction of a dialogue between people. Here is a description of the psychologist's conversations. In Smekhova in the Moscow consultation on family and marriage. He “teaches to talk to each other calmly and kindly.

Learn to listen without interrupting. And hear. Learn to ask and answer questions. Solving problems together…””Among the main causes of family quarrels and conflicts, he sees the wrong speech: he failed to establish a dialogue, to open up”[We and our family. A book for young spouses - M., 1989, p85]. It also provides a test for observation of speech, specific expressions, in which the ability to be cultural in communication and properly organize family dialogue is manifested. He and she are asked to rate how often they use forbidden and desirable expressions. Among the forbidden ones: “I told you a thousand times that…”, “How many times do you have to repeat…”, “What are you thinking…”, “Is it really difficult for you to remember that…”, etc. Among the desired: “You are my smartest…”, “You are my most beautiful…”, “It is so easy for me with you…”, “You always understand me correctly…”, etc. Letters from readers confirm the idea that family well-being, if not based, then, in any case, is expressed in speech well-being (Consent yes, there is a treasure in the family) . I told him not to call me, and I inspire myself: I don’t have a son and I don’t want to talk and I won’t. Because, according to the rules of conversation, you can not harm the interlocutor. This is harm not only to the offended, but also to the offender. Is there a cure for this? Certainly there is. A harsh word can be answered in different ways. First: “As it comes around, it will respond.” But will the position be fair when offended pride does not allow a sober look at the conflict and resolve it with a soothing word? Or another option: “Do not remember malice against the insolent”, that is, do not hold evil, do not remember evil.

The ability to maintain benevolence, the ability not to be irritated is an important quality that enables people to understand each other. The basic rules for conducting a dialogue are given in the book by Yu.V. Rozhdestvensky "Introduction to General Philology" (1979). They are systematized according to proverbs about speech. The study of proverbs about speech showed that the rules relate to the organization of the dialogue, as well as the rules for the speaker and the rules for the listener. The rules for organizing a dialogue are divided into three categories.

1. The rules determine the attitude of people in the dialogue and are as follows.

a) A person is evaluated by knowledge of the forms of speech behavior (etiquette): “A horse is recognized in riding, a person in communication”;

c) it is forbidden to insult with the word: "I hear from a fool."

2. The second category determines the order of the conversation and contains the following rules.

a) The word precedes other actions: “Clever with the tongue, stupid with the hands”;

b) listening precedes speaking: “Chew before you swallow, listen before you speak”;

c) silence is part of the dialogue: "Silence is also an answer."

3. The third category of rules defines typical mistakes in dialogue.

a) An error in violating the subject of the dialogue: “Grandfather talks about a chicken, and grandmother talks about a duck” “I tell him about Foma, and he talks about Yerema”;

b) an error in choosing a participant in the dialogue: “A deaf person listens to a dumb person speak”;

c) an error in the order of the dialogue: "Answers when he is not asked."

Thus, in a conversation, you need to behave in accordance with the rules of politeness: give preference to a conversation over a non-verbal activity, preference to listen to the interlocutor before your speech and “be able to remain silent without violating the etiquette of the conversation” [Yu.V. Rozhdestvensky Theory of Rhetoric M., 1999, pp. 343-344]

There are also rules for the speaker.

a) Rules of caution: “If you follow your tongue - it will protect you, dismiss it - it will betray”, “The word is not a sparrow: you release it - you won’t catch it”;

b) the idea of the speech: “Do not say everything you know, but know everything you say”, “Before you speak, think about the meaning of the words”; “Better to be silent than to speak badly”;

c) typical mistakes: inappropriateness of speech: “It is better to cry by the way than to laugh at the wrong time”, “You need to correct the razor and give advice on time”; the triviality of the content of the speech for the listener (lack of novelty): “Teaches the fish to swim”, “Eggs taught the mind to the chicken”; verbosity: “The rope is good when it is long, and speech is good when it is short”, “Whoever talks a lot, makes a lot of mistakes”.

There are various rules for the listener, for example:

a) it is necessary to see the difference in the speech received from different persons: “One hundred people - one hundred opinions”; “how many heads - so many minds”;

b) it is necessary to highlight true and false information: “There is no firewood that does not burn, there are no people who do not make mistakes”;

c) it is necessary to determine the sincerity of the speaker: “The hare says “run”, the greyhound says “catch””;

d) it is necessary to see errors in the content of the speaker's speech: “I started for health, ended for peace (illogicality); “A few words, a lot of reservations” (uncertainty of judgment)”.

The rules for conducting a conversation are given in old Russian manuals and new works on speech etiquette. Here are some old, but still not outdated norms:

- reasoning should be, observing the quality of speech;

- to speak by the way;

- bring kindness to the conversation;

- talk about personal only at the request of the interlocutor;

- do not boast of acquaintance with people of high position;

- do not take someone aside during a general conversation;

- do not ask about the origin;

- do not eavesdrop;

- do not use vulgar expressions;

- do not ask intimate questions;

- do not gossip.

The worst thing in conversation is lies, slander, gossip. Of course, not all the rules for conducting a conversation are given here. Let us only emphasize that the rules require the observance of many, very specific qualities of colloquial literary speech, which ensure its success.

It is in colloquial literary speech that the colloquial style is reflected with its bright language features.

List of sources used

1. Electronic source - http://www.uprav.biz/articles.php
2. Solganik G.Ya. Text style: Proc. allowance. – M.: Flinta, Nauka, 1997. – 256 p.

Essay on the topic “Conversational style in Russian” updated: October 21, 2018 by: Scientific Articles.Ru

Under colloquial style Speech is usually understood by the features and color of the spoken language of native speakers of the literary language. The spoken language has developed in the urban environment, it is devoid of dialect features, it has fundamental differences from the literary language.

Conversational style presented both orally and in writing - notes, private letters.

The sphere of colloquial style of speech is the sphere of domestic relations, professional (oral form).

Common features: informality, ease of communication; unprepared speech, its automatism; the predominant oral form of communication (usually dialogic), a monologue is possible.
Emotionality, gestures, facial expressions, the situation, the nature of interlocutor relationships - all this affects the characteristics of speech, allows you to save the actual language means, reduce the language volume of the statement, simplify its form.

The most characteristic linguistic means that create style features are:

In vocabulary and phraseology	words that have a colloquial coloring, including everyday content; specific vocabulary; a lot of words and phraseological units with expressive and emotional coloring (familiar, affectionate, disapproving, ironic). Limited: abstract, foreign origin, terminological vocabulary; book words. However, the vast majority of words are commonly used, neutral.
Synonymy	more often (situational).
Word-building features	colloquial style are associated with its expressiveness and appraisal. Suffixes of subjective evaluation with the meaning of flattery, disapproval, magnification, etc. are widely used. (noodle, sun, cold, dirt); with the coloring of colloquialism: -to- (sleepover, candle), -yaga (laborer, laborer), *-yatina* (vulgarity, vulgarity), -sha (doctor, usher). Formation of adjectives of estimated value ( big-eyed, thin, healthy), verbs ( play pranks, talk, get healthy, lose weight). To enhance expression, word doubling is used ( big-very big, big-eyed-big-eyed, black-black).
In morphology:	there is no predominance of the noun over the verb. Verbs are more common here. More often (than in the artistic style of speech) personal pronouns and particles are used (including colloquial: well, here it is). Very common possessive adjectives ( Petya's sister, Fedorov's wife). Participles are rare, participles are almost never found. Short adjectives are rarely used. Among the case formations, variants of the forms of the genitive and prepositional cases in -y (from home, on vacation, no sugar). Trend: do not decline the first part of your own name (to Ivan Ivanovich), do not decline compound numbers (out of two hundred and thirty-five), decline abbreviations (in RAI). The tense meanings of the verb are varied (past and future in the meaning of the present). Verbal interjections (jump, lope, bang) are widely used.
Characteristic features of the syntax	incomplete sentences, interrogative and imperative sentences.
Order of words in a sentence	free

Simple verbal predicates expressed by the infinitive ( she's crying again); interjection ( and he bangs on the ground); repeating the predicate ( and do not do).

Impersonal sentences are widespread in colloquial speech. In oral speech, pauses, the emphasis of certain words in the voice, the acceleration and deceleration of the tempo of speech, the strengthening and weakening of the power of the voice are of great importance.

In oral colloquial speech, there are many peculiar turns that are not characteristic of book speech.

For example: People are like people; And the boat swam and swam; The rain keeps pouring; Run and buy some bread; Oh, smart one! So I will listen to you! And he called me a friend! What a man! Found someone to be friends with! Good helper!

Emotional and expressive assessments of a subjective nature are also characteristic of colloquial speech, since the speaker acts as a private person and expresses his personal opinion and attitude. Very often this or that situation is evaluated exaggeratedly: “Wow the price! Go crazy!”, “Flowers in the garden - the sea!” , "I am thirsty! I'll die! The use of words in a figurative sense is typical, for example: "You've got porridge in your head!"

The colloquial style of speech is characterized by rich pictorial and expressive possibilities of the language. Poets, writers, publicists often turn to the means of speech expressiveness.

Word order in spoken language is different from that used in writing. Here the main information is concretized at the beginning of the statement. The speaker begins his speech with the main, essential element of the message. To focus the attention of the listeners on main information, use intonation emphasis. In general, word order in colloquial speech is highly variable.

So, the dominant of colloquial style, especially colloquial speech that exists in the oral form of informal personal communication, is the minimization of concern for the form of expression of thoughts, hence the phonetic fuzziness, lexical inaccuracy, syntactic carelessness, the widespread use of pronouns, etc.

Sample Conversational Style Text

- What time is it? Something is hunting. A seagull.
- The people from idleness got into the habit of cracking, as Gogol said. I'll put the kettle on now.
- Well, you and I have earned a lot today, but do you know what idleness is?
- I guess.
- and what would you do then when idleness comes?
- I can not even imagine. After all, it is necessary to study, idleness!

All book styles of the Russian literary language are opposed to the colloquial style. The colloquial style serves the sphere of easy communication of people in everyday life, in the family, in transport, the sphere of informal relations in the workplace. The main function of colloquial speech is communication, a direct and unconstrained exchange of thoughts, feelings, desires between communicants.

The main extralinguistic features of the colloquial style of speech are informality, informality, spontaneity and unpreparedness speech act. The sender and recipient of the speech are directly involved in the conversation, often changing places.

The main form of implementation of the conversational style is oral speech, although it can also be manifested in writing (informal letters, diaries, notes).

An important role in oral colloquial speech is reliance on pragmatic conditions of communication (environment, situation, purpose and objectives of communication), as well as non-verbal means of communication (facial expressions, gestures).

Colloquial speech is also characterized by a high degree expressiveness, emotionality, evaluative reaction, which is associated with the informal nature of communication.

The extralinguistic features of colloquial speech are associated with its most common language features, as standard, stereotype, discontinuity, inconsistency, incomplete structure, sentence breaks with various inserts, repetitions of words and sentences, the use of emotionally and expressively colored language means.

Conversational informal communication is carried out between people who know each other well in a particular situation. Therefore, communicants have a certain common stock of knowledge, which is called background knowledge. It is background knowledge that makes it possible to build such reduced statements in colloquial communication that are completely incomprehensible outside of this knowledge. Let's say your family knows that you went to take the exam. And when you joyfully return and say one word - “great!” - it becomes clear to everyone what is at stake.

Spoken speech is realized in conditions of direct communication, therefore everything that is given by the situation, that is known to the communicants and that constitutes a common stock of background knowledge for them, is usually omitted from speech. So, A.M. Peshkovsky, characterizing colloquial speech, wrote: “We always do not finish our thoughts, omitting from the speech everything that is given by the situation or the previous experience of the speakers. So, at the table we ask: “Do you have coffee or tea?”; having met a friend, we ask: “Where are you going?”; having heard the annoying music, we say: “Again!”; offering water, let’s say: “Boiled, don’t worry!”, seeing that the interlocutor’s pen does not write, let’s say: “And you with a pencil!” etc." (Peshkovsky A.M. Objective and normative point of view on the language // Peshkovsky A.M. Selected works. M., 1959. P. 58).

Features of the colloquial style of speech are manifested at all levels of the language system. At the lexical level, there are many neutral words and expressions, words with a specific lexical meaning, household vocabulary is widely used.

The use of non-literary vocabulary (jargon, vulgarism, rude, abusive, obscene words and expressions) is not the norm of colloquial speech, since it contradicts not only the literary and linguistic norm, but also grossly violates ethical norms. Foul language is pseudo-communication, in which ethical norms are grossly violated.

In the field of morphology, one can note specific grammatical forms that function only in a colloquial style of speech. For example, forms in -а (-я) in the nominative case of plural nouns ( conductor, accountant, inspector), forms in –y (-u) in the genitive and prepositional singular ( a glass of tea, a lot of people, being in the workshop, on vacation), null-ending forms in the genitive plural ( five kilos, kilo orange), some verb forms ( waving, trembling, pouring). Colloquial speech is also characterized by specific morphological forms (for example, vocative forms of address such as Mash, Kat-a-Kat). At the same time, it lacks many morphological forms characteristic of book speech. So, participles and participles are rarely used as part of participles and participles; only participles and gerunds are possible, acting as ordinary adjectives or adverbs. One of the characteristic features of colloquial speech is the widespread use of pronouns that replace nouns and adjectives and are used without relying on context. In general, the conversational style is characterized by the predominance of verbs over nouns, especially personal forms of the verb.

Features of colloquial speech are most clearly manifested at the syntactic level. The brevity and brevity of the conversational style lead to the predominance of simple sentences in it, in which there is often no verb-predicate, which makes the statement dynamic. The incompleteness of constructions, incomplete structure, ellipticity (omissions of individual members of the sentence) is one of the brightest means of speech economy, which distinguishes colloquial speech from other varieties of the literary language.

Of the complex sentences in the colloquial style, compound and non-union sentences are the most common; they have a pronounced emotional and expressive coloring and are not used in book speech. The emotionality and expressiveness of colloquial speech lead to the widespread use of interrogative and exclamatory sentences in it.

Conversational style

Speaking- functional style of speech, which serves for informal communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting. It often uses colloquial and colloquial vocabulary.

Peculiarities

The usual form of implementation of conversational style is dialogue, this style is more often used in oral speech. There is no pre-selection of language material in it.

In this style of speech, extralinguistic factors play an important role: facial expressions, gestures, environment.

Conversational style is characterized by emotionality, figurativeness, concreteness, and simplicity of speech. For example, in a bakery, the phrase: “Please, with bran, one” does not seem strange.

The relaxed atmosphere of communication provides greater freedom in the choice of emotional words and expressions: colloquial words are more widely used ( to be stupid), colloquial ( neigh, deadhead, awful, disheveled), slang ( parents - ancestors, iron, world).

In the colloquial style of speech, especially at its fast pace, a smaller reduction of vowels is possible, up to their complete loss and simplification of consonant groups. Word-building features: subjective evaluation suffixes are widely used. To enhance expressiveness, doubling words is used.

Limited: abstract vocabulary, foreign words, book words.

An example is the statement of one of the characters in A.P. Chekhov's story "Revenge":

Open it, damn it! How much longer will I have to freeze in this through wind? If you had known that it was twenty degrees below zero in your hallway, you would not have made me wait so long! Or maybe you don't have a heart?

This short passage reflects the following features of the conversational style: - interrogative and exclamatory sentences, - colloquial interjection "damn it", - personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person, verbs in the same form.

Another example is an excerpt from a letter from A. S. Pushkin to his wife, N. N. Pushkina, dated August 3, 1834:

Shame on you, lady. You are angry with me, not understanding who is to blame, me or the post office, and you leave me for two weeks without news of yourself and the children. I was so embarrassed that I didn't know what to think. Your letter calmed me, but did not console me. The description of your trip to Kaluga, however funny, is not at all funny to me. What is the desire to wander into a nasty provincial town to see nasty actors playing nasty old, nasty opera?<…>I asked you not to travel around Kaluga, yes, it’s clear that you have such a nature.

In this passage, the following language features of the colloquial style appeared: - the use of colloquial and colloquial vocabulary: wife, drag, nasty, drive around, what a hunt, union yes in the meaning of ‘but’, the particles are not at all, introductory word apparently, - a word with an evaluative derivational suffix town, - inversion word order in some sentences, - lexical repetition of the word is bad, - address, - presence interrogative sentence, - the use of personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person singular, - the use of verbs in the present tense, - the use of the plural form of the word Kaluga (driving around Kaluga) that is absent in the language to designate all small provincial towns.

Lexical means

Colloquial words and phraseological units: vymahal (grew up), electric train (electric train), vocabulary with emotionally expressive coloring (class), diminutive suffixes (gray). suffixes of subjective assessment: hard worker, hard worker, hostel, secretary, director, handy. Substantivation, the use of words of contraction - deletion, record-book; truncations - comp.