53. Protection of flora and fauna in international treaties

The international legal protection of the plant world has mainly developed in three directions:

1) the protection of natural regional complexes is expressed in the establishment of a special regime for certain territories: the organization of national parks, nature reserves with a strict regime is envisaged, where hunting, shooting or trapping of animals, as well as collecting collections and destroying flora are prohibited or limited. There are a number of agreements on the protection of the natural environment and wildlife in Asia, Africa, America, and Antarctica. Almost all agreements contain recommendations for states to introduce effective national legislation for the protection of natural resources and wildlife in their territories. In many agreements, a list of specially protected animals and plants is given, strictly protected areas are indicated, as well as the procedure for importing animals and plants into these areas.

Basic provisions on the protection of the Antarctic environment set out: in the Antarctic Treaty of 1959; in the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, May 20, 1980; in the 1964 Agreed Measures for the Protection of the Fauna and Flora of Antarctica; in the Convention "On the Protection of Antarctic Seals" 1972. Under special international control are taken National parks individual states; this is due to the fact that they are important natural reserves of flora and fauna;

2) regulation of extraction and fisheries, taking into account the protection of the living resources of the sea. The main international rules for mining and fishing in the oceans are set out in the Convention on the High Seas of 1958 and the Convention on Fisheries and the Protection of the Living Resources of the Sea of ​​1958. Also, the regulation of mining and fishing, taking into account the protection of living resources of the sea, is provided for by: law 1982; the Convention on Fisheries and the Conservation of Living Resources in the Baltic Sea and the Belts of September 13, 1973;

3) protection of rare, endangered species of flora and fauna. Under international protection are: fur seals, polar bears, almost all species of seals, whales, dolphins, etc. The protection of rare, endangered species of flora and fauna is regulated by: Agreement "On the Conservation of Polar Bears" dated November 15, 1973 .; Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals of June 23, 1979; the Convention on Wetlands of February 2, 1971; the International Plant Protection Convention of February 6, 1951; Agreement "On cooperation in the field of quarantine and protection of plants from pests and diseases" of December 14, 1959; Convention on international trade endangered species of wild fauna and flora” dated March 3, 1973; Convention on Biological Diversity, signed by representatives of over 150 states at the UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro and entered into force on March 21, 1994.

This text is an introductory piece.

Chapter XIV Protection and rational use of the animal world In Russia, the fauna of vertebrates includes 1513 species, “of which 320 are mammals, 732 are birds, 80 are reptiles, 29 are amphibians, 343 are freshwater fish, 9 are cyclostomes, and it occurs in the seas of the Russian Federation up to 1500 species of marine fish.

Conservation of objects of the animal world In order to preserve the habitat of objects of the animal world, specially protected natural territories can be created. On the territories of state nature reserves, national parks and other specially protected natural

Article 7.11. Use of objects of the animal world without a permit (license)

Article 8.36. Violation of the rules of relocation, acclimatization or hybridization of objects of the animal world Violation of the rules of relocation, acclimatization or hybridization of objects of the animal world -

Article 8.37. Violation of the rules for the use of objects of the animal world 1. Violation of the rules of hunting - shall entail the imposition of an administrative fine on citizens in the amount of from five to ten times the minimum wage with or without confiscation of hunting tools, or deprivation of the right

Article 23.26. Bodies authorized in the field of protection, control and regulation of the use of wildlife objects classified as hunting objects and their habitat 1. Bodies authorized in the field of protection, control and regulation of the use of animal objects

10. Parties to international treaties Parties to international treaties are subjects of international law that have contractual legal capacity. Each state has the legal capacity to conclude treaties (Article 6 of the Vienna Convention on the Law

38. Fundamentals of the organization of forestry and state control and protection of forests and flora outside the forests

Article 7. 11. Use of objects of the animal world without a permit (license) Use of objects of the animal world without a permit (license), if such a permit (such a license) is obligatory (obligatory), or in violation of the conditions stipulated by the permit

Article 8. 36. Violation of the rules of relocation, acclimatization or hybridization of objects of the animal world Violation of the rules of relocation, acclimatization or hybridization of objects of the animal world -

Article 8. 37. Violation of the rules for the use of objects of the animal world 1. Violation of the rules of hunting - shall entail the imposition of an administrative fine on citizens in the amount of from five to ten times the minimum wage with or without confiscation of hunting tools or deprivation of the right

Article 23

Article 7.11. Use of wildlife objects and aquatic biological resources without a permit (license) Use of wildlife objects or aquatic biological resources without a permit (license), if the permit (license) is mandatory or in violation

Article 8.36. Violation of the rules of relocation, acclimatization or hybridization of objects of the animal world and aquatic biological resources Violation of the rules of relocation, acclimatization or hybridization of objects of the animal world and aquatic biological resources -

Article 23.26. Specially authorized state bodies for the protection, control and regulation of the use of objects of the animal world and their habitat 1. Specially authorized state bodies for the protection, control and regulation of the use of objects

Topic XI. Protection and rational use of wildlife Basic provisions. - Rights and obligations of wildlife users. - Civil Law Principles of Animal Use

forest resources is one of the most important types. It includes: forest stem stocks (source of timber), technical resources (for example, cork). And also, fodder, hunting, food and medicinal.

In accordance with the peculiarities of the natural conditions of Russia and the course of its historical development forests occupy the largest area in its structure (800 million hectares), or 40% of the entire territory. the strip stretched across the country from west to east. The forests of Russia are diverse in their species composition. Coniferous forests predominate. Spruce wood is used to make paper, while wood from broad-leaved trees is used to make furniture and parquet. In addition to this, the forest is a habitat for many valuable species of animals and birds, so hunting and breeding of fur-bearing animals are developed here.

The forest wealth of our country is concentrated mainly in the eastern regions - and on. But the forests of the north of the European part of Russia are used more intensively. And in the Asian part, logging is concentrated mainly in the south. The largest ones work in Arkhangelsk, Syktyvkar, Ust-Ilimsk, Krasnoyarsk.

In 1919, the first Soviet reserve, Astrakhansky, was established. It is located in the delta. Rare sturgeons, waterfowl, and rare plants are protected here. There are currently 89 nature reserves in Russia.

Reserve- a piece of territory or water area where one of the components of nature is protected. They can be permanent or temporary.

A specially protected area with intact complexes and unique natural and anthropogenic objects.

National parks, unlike reserves, combine the tasks of nature protection of strictly controlled use, that is, short-term visits for the purpose of recreation and educational tourism. Now there are 29 national parks in the country.

Plant protection. The plant world plays a huge role in the life of the biosphere of our planet. Of all plant resources highest value in the life of nature and man belongs to forests.

The forest is characterized by the highest biological productivity. It produces the bulk organic matter on Earth and is a huge factory of oxygen. The importance of the forest in conservation water resources and soil. The forest converts surface runoff into groundwater. Snow in the forest melts more slowly than in the open, so the flow of melt water into the rivers is regulated, which prevents floods. Forests protect fields from dry winds. They also contribute to the accumulation of moisture in the soil, reduce the surface runoff of water, and prevent the soil from being washed away and washed away by melted snow and rain waters.

The forest weakens the force of the wind, prevents the blowing of snow, protecting the soil and seedlings of winter crops from freezing. Thus, the forest as a whole improves the climate. The state of crop yields in the forest zone is determined by the forest.

The forest is called "green gold", referring to its special value and universal economic and environmental significance. The forest provides wood, food, technical and medicinal raw materials. In the forests there are many valuable game animals and birds, a lot of mushrooms and berries. The forest is a source of human health.

Rational use of forests, their protection and restoration is the most important link in the system of nature protection as a whole. Forest protection presupposes strict scientific rationing of cuttings, extensive control of forest pests and diseases, and protection from fires.

Forest protection is associated with the improvement of the organization of forestry, its correct placement, and an increase in forest productivity. A tree grows in the forest for a very long time. Spruce is considered ripe only at the age of 120-200 years. Therefore, concern for the restoration of the forest is one of the most important. Approximately one third of the cut down forests are restored naturally. The rest requires active measures. However, reforestation work in our country is still poorly carried out. The forest cover of many areas is below the indicators provided for by the norms.

The efforts of forestry science and practice are aimed at finding a reduction in the growing time of valuable forest species by using the achievements of selection. Forest care is expressed in thinning, cleaning, lightening, sanitary felling, protection from fires, pests, and diseases. All this improves the condition of the forest and increases its productivity.

Human influence on vegetation is very diverse. In the process of logging, mowing, collecting herbs and berries, the number of wild plant species decreases. Man worsens the living conditions of many plants and their communities. Environmental pollution has a negative and detrimental effect on plant life.

Not only forests, but also other plant complexes, primarily urban green spaces and green areas around cities, which play a positive role in the life of the urban population, as well as meadows and pastures, are subject to careful protection.

The protection of the plant world is carried out in two directions: the protection of the main plant communities and the protection of rare and endangered plant species. In our country, many plant species have become rare. These include silk locust, chestnut-leaved oak, pistachio, holly, etc. Many herbaceous, beautifully flowering plants are also among the protected plants. middle lane, for example, sleep-grass, kupena, orchis, two-leaved love, forest anemone, lungwort, lily of the valley, bathing suit, etc. The collection of these plants is strictly prohibited. The extinction of plants has severe ecological consequences, since the existence of 10-30 species of insects usually depends on one plant species.

Proper forest management, thoughtful use of pastures and lands, extensive landscaping, conservation of rare species - all this contributes to the protection of flora.

Animal protection. The role of animals in the development and life of nature is great and varied. Eating plants and each other, animals participate in the biological cycle of substances. Animals are of great importance in the formation of landscapes. Limestones and coral reefs are entirely created by animals. The role of animals in the soil-forming process is great. Animals have a great influence on plant life. Most flowering plants are pollinated by insects. The resettlement of many plants also occurs with the help of animals (birds, animals).

The importance of mollusks as a source of food for other animals and as water filterers, ensuring its purification, is diverse. Fish are important in aquatic ecosystems. The role of birds as insect exterminators is exceptionally great.

For the biosphere of our planet, all biological species are necessary and useful. Each animal is a unique value. All wildlife must be protected. The loss of any species is undesirable for the biosphere as a whole.

In the process of economic activity, man has introduced adverse changes in nature (direct extermination of animals, destruction of their habitats, pollution of the environment, etc.), which has led to a sharp decrease in the number of many animals, and in some cases to their complete disappearance.

Many species of animals have disappeared forever from the face of our planet (tur, sea cow, wingless auk, etc.). It is impossible to restore them. Since the middle of the 20th century, one species or subspecies of animals has disappeared every year.

The number of some species of animals is so small that it threatens their further existence. They need special protection. These are mainly game animals (sable, bison, polar bear, snow leopard, sea otter, Turanian tiger, bustard, little bustard, pink gull, three species of cranes, etc.).

Hunting for animals of rare and endangered species is prohibited in our country. In addition, disturbance factors are eliminated (resting zones are allocated in places of nesting, molting, wintering, on the flight paths of birds), favorable habitats for animals are created, provided with fodder lands. The implementation of these activities is carried out mainly in reserves and reserves.

The protection of the animal world involves the prohibition of hunting not only in reserves, but also in green areas around cities, the prohibition of shooting birds during the period of incubation of eggs and feeding of chicks, hunting of female mammals during the period of raising their cubs, catching fish during spawning and catching juveniles. Measures are being taken to attract birds (creation of artificial nests, winter feeding of animals, etc.).

The success of the protection of flora and fauna largely depends on the participation in this work of the general population, especially young students. In this regard, environmental education is of great importance.

Questions.1. How is flora protected in your area? 2. What rare protected plants grow in your area? 3. What are the main directions in the protection of wildlife? 4. What protected animals live in your area?

Every year, the plant world, like nature in general, suffers more and more from human activities. Plant areas, especially forests, are shrinking all the time, and territories are being used to build various objects (houses, enterprises). All this leads to changes in various ecosystems and to the disappearance of many species of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants. Because of this, the food chain is disrupted, which contributes to the migration of many animal species, as well as to their extinction. In the future, climate change will follow, because there will no longer be active factors that maintain the state of the environment.

Reasons for the disappearance of flora

There are many reasons why vegetation is destroyed:

• construction of new settlements and expansion of already built cities;
• construction of factories, factories and other industrial enterprises;
• laying roads and pipelines;
• conducting various communication systems;
• creation of fields and pastures;
• mining;
• building reservoirs and dams.

All these objects occupy millions of hectares, and earlier this area was covered with trees and grasses. In addition, climate change is also a significant reason for the disappearance of flora.

The need for nature conservation

Since people actively use Natural resources, very soon they can deteriorate and be exhausted. Including the plant world may die. To avoid this, nature must be protected. For this purpose, they create botanical gardens, national parks and reserves. The territory of these objects is protected by the state, all the flora and fauna here is in its original form. Since nature is untouched here, plants have the opportunity to grow and develop normally, increasing their distribution areas.

One of the most important actions for the protection of the plant world is the creation of the Red Book. Such a document exists in every state. It lists all plant species that are disappearing and the authorities of each country must protect this flora, trying to preserve the populations.

Outcome

There are many ways to preserve the plant world on the planet. Of course, each state must protect nature, but first of all, everything depends on the people themselves. We ourselves can refuse to destroy plants, teach our children to love nature, protect every tree and flower from death. People are destroying nature, so we all have to correct this mistake, and only realizing this, we need to make every effort and save the plant world on the planet.

According to forest zoning, the territory under consideration belongs to the subzone of the middle taiga of the taiga zone of the West Siberian Plain. Projected facilities are located on the lands of the State Land Reserve and the Izluchinsky forestry of the Nizhnevartovsk forestry.

Table 4.5. Distribution of vegetation in the area under consideration

	Vegetation	total area (in mapping area)*
	Willows sedge-reed grass
	Aspen grass-forb
	Forb birch forests
	lowland swamps
	transitional swamps

Note: * ? areas are given without technogenically disturbed lands (1397.4 ha) and water bodies (833.7 ha).

Food plants are represented primarily by berries: cranberries, blueberries, lingonberries, currants, blueberries, mountain ash and cloudberries. Lettuce plants include hogweed, angelica, oxalis, nettle, common dandelion, etc. In the area under consideration, 30 plant species can be classified as food plants.

The most numerous (78 species) are medicinal plants. Highlander amphibian, burnet, kakalia spear-shaped, field horsetail, lingonberry leaf, bearberry, blueberry, fruits of mountain ash, cranberry, lingonberry, blueberry, etc. are widely used.

The impact on vegetation occurs as a result of the construction and operation of the designed facilities. The damage to plant resources consists in a decrease in the area covered with natural vegetation, a reduction in the resources of living ground cover, and the total stock of forest plantations. The distribution of alleged violations by types of vegetation is presented in Table. 4.6.

Table 4.6. Distribution of suspected disturbances by vegetation types

Vegetation
	Hygromesophytic meadows in combination with lowland bogs
	Willows sedge-reed grass
	Birch forests forb-langsdorf-reindeer
	Aspen grass-forb
	Forb birch forests
	Pine forests shrub-sphagnum
	dwarf sphagnum cedar
	lowland swamps
	High shrub-sphagnum bogs
	transitional swamps

The main vegetation disturbances occur mainly in the strip allocated for the construction of the designed facilities. At the same time, on the lands allocated for long-term use, irretrievable destruction of vegetation occurs, and in the short-term - violations are reversible or partially reversible.

Mechanical damage to the surface is the most common type of impact. The main disturbances of the soil and vegetation cover are observed as a result of the movement of vehicles and construction equipment. When the soil is compacted, its structure deteriorates, soil aggregates are destroyed, and porosity decreases.

In addition to mechanical impact, the soil and vegetation cover of the territory in case of possible emergency situations will be contaminated with oil products. In addition to the direct herbicidal effect caused by the pollutant, vegetation is affected by changes in the physicochemical properties and microbiological activity of soils.

The most sensitive indicator of oil pollution in comparison with other components of phytocenoses is the living ground cover. Due to the small size of plants, a significant part of their vegetative and generative organs is disturbed, the root system of these plants is located mainly in the upper ten-centimeter soil layer, which is most quickly and heavily polluted.

All measures for the protection of atmospheric air, surface and ground waters and land resources are at the same time measures for the protection of flora and fauna. In addition, the main types of work during the construction of the designed facilities will be carried out in the winter.

The characterization of the fauna of game animals in the area of ​​the deposit was made based on the results of winter route counts conducted by the Nizhnevartovsk hunting inspection in 2004 on the territory of the Nizhnevartovsk region. The abundance of the main species of game animals in the main types of land are given in Table. 4.7.

Table 4.7. Abundance of the main species of game animals in the territory of the Nizhnevartovsk region, individuals / km 2

* floodplain habitats

In terms of numbers among mammals, insectivores and rodents absolutely dominate, accounting for more than 99% of the total abundance. Population density of small mammals in meadows and lowland swamps (up to 9 thousand individuals / km 2). In small-leaved and pine forests, these indicators reach an average value (4-7 thousand individuals / km 2), and the minimum total abundance of animals is typical for raised and transitional bogs (2 thousand individuals / km 2). In willow, aspen, birch forests and low-lying swamps, alternating with meadows, common and small shrews predominate. In raised bogs, combined with transitional bogs, the average and tundra shrews are leading in terms of numbers.

The habitat of the district includes 9 species of birds listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation. These are the black stork, red-throated goose, lesser white-fronted goose, lesser swan, osprey, golden eagle, white-tailed eagle, peregrine falcon, Siberian crane and eagle owl. The occurrence of these species is mainly associated with their spring and autumn migration.

The most tangible damage to game animals will be felt during the construction period in areas located at a distance of up to 2-3 km from the facilities under construction. The impact of the construction of oilfield facilities on the animal world is primarily expressed in the increased disturbance factor caused by the operation of machinery, equipment and the presence of people. This impact is short-term and will only occur during the construction period. To reduce the disturbance factor, some activities will be carried out in winter, outside the breeding season.

The influence of the development of oil fields on the fauna of invertebrates has not been studied enough. In general, it can be assumed that in the zone of permanent allotment for the construction of oilfield facilities, where the soil and vegetation cover is completely destroyed, the vast majority of invertebrates die completely and irretrievably. No less negatively affects the soil mesofauna and severe oil pollution. The impact of oil and oil products on complexes of soil invertebrates is proportional to the intensity of pollution. Large invertebrates die completely in this case.

Collection rates for damage to game animals are adopted in accordance with the “Taxes for calculating the amount of recovery for damage caused by legal and individuals illegal obtaining or destruction of objects of the animal world classified as hunting objects ”(Appendix to the order of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Russian Federation dated May 25, 1999 No. 399).

Recovery rates for damage to other groups were adopted in accordance with the Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation dated May 4, 1994 No. 126 “On approval of rates for calculating the amount of recovery for damage caused by illegal extraction or destruction of objects of flora and fauna”. The exposure period is assumed to be 15 years.

The damage to game animals from the designed development is presented in Table. 4.8, damage to other groups of animals - in table. 4.9.

The loss of animals and the decrease in the productivity of their populations occur both as a result of the direct removal of habitats for construction projects, and a decrease in the number of animals in the vicinity of objects under construction due to an increase in the disturbance factor and fishing pressure. In total, during the period of exploitation of the site of the deposit, the loss of game animals will amount to 1228 individuals (including direct damage - 235 individuals), and the damage caused to the hunting economy is estimated at 143.5 thousand rubles.

Table 4.8. Calculation of losses and damage to game animals from field development

	Losses of animals, individuals	Damage, rub.
	indirect
white hare
Ermine
teal whistle
ptarmigan

Table 4.9. Calculation of losses and damage to terrestrial vertebrates from field development

The greatest damage as a result of the construction of the facility is caused by invertebrates and amounts to 278,396.32 thousand rubles. Most of the damage (95%) consists of the loss of soil fauna, the rest is accounted for by other terrestrial invertebrates.

Thus, the total damage to the animal world in value terms is 291.31 million rubles. At the same time, more than 95% of the damage falls on invertebrates, whose role in terrestrial ecosystems is the greatest.

According to the established practice, payment for damage to the animal world is not collected in full. In Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, the necessary funds are transferred to the Department of Hunting and make up 5% of the complex cadastral valuation of the district's lands. Nevertheless, the valuation of zoological resources, carried out in full, makes it possible to correctly compare various options expected (or realized) impact on wildlife and increases responsibility for the rational use of biological resources.