a term denoting a sharp increase from ser. 1960s production of agricultural crops in many countries of the world through the use of high-yielding varieties of seeds, improving the culture of agriculture, taking into account natural and climatic conditions.
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GREEN REVOLUTION
(Green Revolution) In the early 1960s the improvement of agricultural production in the Third World countries, financed by international funds, led to what came to be called the "Green Revolution". Improvement went primarily through the use of hybrid seeds, mechanization and pest control. Countries were assisted in the dissemination of high-yielding varieties developed by an international team in Mexico. The same applies to pesticides and to the system of saving resources on the basis of large-scale production, which can only be organized through the mechanization of agriculture. This initiative actually led to a significant increase in agricultural production in the Third World. However, the "green revolution" was opposed by "environmentalists" (environmentalism), and others, because it led to environmental disasters in those countries where it had the greatest success. The successful mechanization of agriculture led to a change in the structure of the labor force and society as a whole, the strengthening of class differences, as well as the exclusion from agricultural production of some national minorities and politically marginal groups such as women. In addition, the new plant varieties were not resistant to local diseases and required the widespread use of pesticides, polluting water bodies and soil and increasing the dependence of many Third World countries on imports (because the pesticides were produced in the West). Moreover, the commercialization of agriculture has led to the export of food from these countries, increasing the dependence of producers on a market that does not always work in the interests of most producers.
29. " Green revolution» and its consequences
One of the problems of human society in present stage development is the need to increase food production. This is due to the increase in the population of the planet and the depletion of its soil resources.
Temporary positive results of increasing the production of grain crops were achieved in the third quarter of the 20th century. They were achieved in countries where energy consumption increased significantly, progressive forms of agricultural technology were used, and mineral fertilizers were used. The yields of wheat, rice and corn have increased. New high-yielding varieties of plants were bred. There was a so-called green revolution. This revolution has not touched the countries that do not have enough of the necessary resources.
« green revolution” took place both in traditionally used agricultural territories and in newly developed ones. Agrocenoses created by man in order to obtain agricultural products have low ecological reliability. Such ecosystems cannot self-repair and self-regulate. As a result of the "Green Revolution", a great impact was made on the biosphere of the planet. Energy production was inevitably accompanied by air and water pollution. Agrotechnical measures used in soil cultivation have led to soil depletion and degradation. The use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides contributed to the atmospheric and river anthropogenic influx of nitrogen compounds, heavy metals, organochlorine compounds into the waters of the World Ocean. Wide application organic fertilizers became possible due to the increase in their production volumes.
The objects of production and storage of fertilizers and pesticides have made a significant contribution to the treasury of biosphere pollution.
The "Green Revolution" arose as a result of the rapid growth of industry and the development of science.
During the "Green Revolution" large areas of virgin lands were developed. For several years, high yields were collected. But "nothing is given for free" according to one of the provisions of B. Commoner. Today, many of these territories are depleted endless fields. It will take more than one century to restore these ecosystems.
The increase in the productivity of ecosystems by humans has led to an increase in the cost of maintaining them in a stable state. But there is a limit to such an increase until the moment when it becomes economically unprofitable.
As a result of the "green revolution" mankind has added environmental global problems.
30. Significance and ecological role of fertilizers and pesticides
Fertilizer property It has been known since ancient times to increase the fertility of soils and the productivity of cultivated plants grown by man. Composts, bird droppings, humus, and manure have been used as fertilizers for many millennia. Enrichment of the soil with substances necessary for crops is achieved by plowing into the soil of green legumes (peas, alfalfa) grown locally. The listed fertilizers are organic.
Soil characteristics can be improved by the use of mineral (chemical) fertilizers, which contain a large amount of one or more basic plant nutrients, microelements (manganese, copper, etc.). With the help of mineral fertilizers, you can maintain the balance of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium in the soil. If it is necessary to correct the pH value, lime or gypsum is added to the soil. As fertilizers, cultures of microorganisms, bacteria are used today, converting organic and mineral substances into a form that is easily absorbed by plants. Pesticides are used by humans to protect plants, agricultural products, wood, wool, cotton, leather, as a barrier to pests and to control disease vectors. Pesticides are chemical substances, the use of which inevitably has a negative impact on humans and the natural environment. The use of herbicides and pesticides causes the death of a number of soil organisms, a change in the soil-forming process. The use of pesticides must be carried out in compliance with the norms and purpose. Some organochlorine pesticides, in particular DDT, are banned for use. Chordane, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorocyclohexane and lindane, toxaphene, mirex are used as pesticides. Most of these substances are fat-soluble and accumulate in the fatty tissues of animals and humans, affect reproductive function, cause cancer, and changes in the nervous system. Pesticides penetrate deep into the soil - up to 70115 cm. It should be noted that pesticides migrate in the arable horizon to a depth of 200 cm. Pesticides enter groundwater horizons, which, at discharge points, carry pollution into surface water bodies. At present, many agricultural crops, which are the basis essential products nutrition - cereals, oilseeds, vegetables, roots and tubers - are contaminated with organochlorine pesticides.
Story
The term was coined by former USAID director William Goud in .
Start green revolution was laid in Mexico in 1943 by the agricultural program of the Mexican government and the Rockefeller Foundation. The biggest success of this program was Norman Borlaug, who developed many high-performance varieties of wheat, including lodging-resistant short stems. K - Mexico fully provided itself with grain and began to export it, for 15 years the grain yield in the country has increased 3 times. Borlaug's developments were used in breeding work in Colombia, India, Pakistan, and Borlaug received the Nobel Peace Prize.
Effects
At the same time, due to the widespread use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides, environmental problems arose. The intensification of agriculture disturbed the water regime of the soils, which caused large-scale salinization and desertification. Copper and sulfur preparations, which cause soil pollution with heavy metals, were replaced by aromatic, heterocyclic, organochlorine and phosphorus compounds (karbofos, dichlorvos, DDT, etc.) by the middle of the 20th century. Unlike older preparations, these substances work at a lower concentration, which has reduced the cost of chemical processing. Many of these substances were found to be stable and poorly degraded by biota.
A case in point is DDT. This substance has even been found in animals of Antarctica, thousands of kilometers from the nearest application sites for this chemical.
John Zerzan, a prominent anarcho-primitivist ideologue and civilization denier, writes about his assessment of the Green Revolution in his essay "Agriculture: The Demonic Engine of Civilization":
Another post-war phenomenon was the Green Revolution, billed as the salvation of impoverished Third World countries with the help of American capital and technology. But instead of feeding the hungry, the Green Revolution drove millions of victims of a program that supports large corporate farms from the arable lands of Asia, Latin America and Africa. The result was a monstrous technological colonization that made the world dependent on the capital-intensive agricultural business and destroyed the former farming communities. There was a need for vast expenditures of fossil fuels and, in the end, this colonization turned into an unprecedented violence against nature.
Notes
Links
- Norman E. Borlaug"Green Revolution": yesterday, today and tomorrow // Ecology and Life, No. 4, 2000.
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See what the "Green Revolution" is in other dictionaries:
Conventional name for a phenomenon that took place in the 1960s–70s. in a number of developing countries. The "Green Revolution" was to intensify the production of grain crops (wheat, rice) in order to increase their gross yields, which was supposed to solve ... ... Geographic Encyclopedia
A term coined in the 1960s. 20th century in connection with the process of introducing new high-yielding varieties of grain crops (wheat, rice) that has begun in many countries in order to sharply increase food resources. "Green Revolution" ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
A set of measures for a significant (revolutionary) increase in crop yields, especially cereals (wheat, rice, corn, etc.) in some countries of South Asia (in particular, India, Pakistan, the Philippines), Mexico ... Ecological dictionary
"GREEN REVOLUTION"- a term that appeared in con. 1960s in the bourgeois economy and s. X. lit. re to denote the process of introducing the achievements of scientific and technical. progress in s. x ve and to characterize the ways, methods and means of a sharp increase in productivity p. X. production, ch ... Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary
Revolution (from late Latin revolutio turn, upheaval, transformation, conversion) is a global qualitative change in the development of nature, society or knowledge, associated with an open break with the previous state. Originally the term revolution ... ... Wikipedia
What is the green revolution, its meaning and consequences? How the green revolution is connected with the use of fertilizers and pesticides
The term "Green Revolution" refers to the middle of the 20th century, plus or minus a decade. Primarily characteristic of the West, it means a chain of rather significant changes in agriculture, as a result of which the share of world agricultural production has increased several times.
The green revolution took place in a number of developing countries literally before the eyes of one generation. The introduction of new, more productive varieties of plants, the expansion of irrigation, the use of new types of fertilizers, pesticides and modern agricultural machinery - all that the revolution gave to the agro-industrial complex of the planet.
The term Green Revolution itself was coined by former USAID director William Goud in 1968, when half the world was reaping the labors of the process.
It all started in 1943 in Mexico. It was there that the agricultural program of the Mexican government and the Rockefeller Foundation gained a large scale, thanks to which the development of innovations for agriculture began. The most important agronomist of that time can be called Norman Borlaug, who developed several highly effective varieties of wheat. One of them, with a short stem 9 that prevents wheat from lodging) is used for crops to this day. Thus, by the mid-1950s, Mexico was 100% self-sufficient in grain and was able to start exporting it. The fact that grain yields have tripled in 15 years is entirely the merit of the Green Revolution. The developments used in Mexico were adopted by Colombia, India, and Pakistan. Norman Borlaug in 1970 received Nobel Prize peace.
The green revolution continued to spread around the world, mainly among developing countries. So, in 1963 on the basis of the Mexican research institutions the International Center for the Improvement of Wheat and Maize (CIMMYT) was established, which carried out breeding work with the best varieties, significantly improving their yield and survival.
The advantages of the Green Revolution are obvious: thanks to it, the growing population of the Earth remained full, and the quality of life in some areas has increased markedly, because the number of calories in food consumed per day has increased by 25% in developing countries.
The downsides began to show up a bit later. Due to the spread of mineral fertilizers and pesticides, environmental problems began to arise more and more often. The intensification of agriculture has disturbed the water regime of soils, which has caused large-scale salinization and desertification.
Copper and sulfur preparations, which cause soil pollution with heavy metals, were replaced by aromatic, heterocyclic, organochlorine and phosphorus compounds (karbofos, dichlorvos, DDT, etc.) by the middle of the 20th century.
They have an effect at a much lower concentration, which made it possible to reduce the cost of chemical treatment. But many of them turned out to be unpredictably stable and did not decompose in nature for several years.
A striking example of such a drug is DDT. This substance was later found even in animals of Antarctica, thousands of kilometers from the nearest places of application of this chemical.
And another consequence of the Green Revolution is the rapid globalization and the capture of the markets for seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and agricultural machinery in developing countries by American companies.
Agriculture and its economic features.
- In agricultural production, the economic process of reproduction is intertwined with the natural, general economic laws are combined with the action of natural laws. In the agro-industrial complex, plants and animals are used as objects of labor, which develop according to natural laws.
- Land is the main and irreplaceable means of production, that is, the means and subject of labor, while in industry it is the spatial basis for the location of production. It acts as a means of labor when its fertility affects the growth and development of agricultural plants, as an object of labor. When it is processed, fertilizers are applied to it, etc.
- The industry is highly dependent on the state of natural and climatic conditions
- Seasonality of agricultural production. It is caused by the discrepancy between the period of production and the working period. This is manifested in the uneven (during the year) use of resources (sowing periods, harvesting costs for seeds and fuel), sales of products and receipt of proceeds. Spatial dispersal of production, which requires highly mobile units, a large supply of equipment, etc.
- The release of heterogeneous products requires specific means of production. Most of them cannot be used for other agricultural work (for example, a beet harvester for harvesting grain crops).
- Price inelasticity of food demand: Demand is weakly responsive to price changes. Therefore, when approaching the moment of saturation of the market with food products (if commodity producers reduce prices in order to increase sales), cash receipts will decrease and production may become unprofitable. sooner or later they are satisfied and a further increase in production will be unprofitable
When the market is relatively saturated with food and agricultural products, price reduction does not provide an adequate increase in demand.
"Green Revolution" and its main directions.
Green revolution - this is a transition from extensive farming, when the size of the fields was increased to intensive farming - when the yield was increased, all kinds of new technologies were actively used. This is the transformation of agriculture based on modern agricultural technology. This is the introduction of new varieties of crops and new methods leading to higher yields.
Programs for the development of agriculture in countries in need of food, the main tasks were the following:
- breeding new varieties with higher yields that would be resistant to pests and weather phenomena;
- development and improvement of irrigation systems;
- expanding the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, as well as modern agricultural machinery
Agro-industrial complex. Geography of world crop and livestock production.
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