Drilling water wells by hand. How to make a well with your own hands without equipment

Professional drilling of wells is a very expensive pleasure. Depending on the method of penetration, the cost of services of specialized companies ranges from 15-50 USD. e. for each meter of depth. Note that the task is really not an easy one, and therefore most owners of dachas and estates turn to specialists for its solution. Hence the purpose of this material is to consider options for how you can drill a well on a site with your own hands without the use of expensive equipment. We will describe the available methods so that you can evaluate the complexity and amount of work, and then start moving along the chosen path.

How deep is drinking water

it main question, which the homeowner puts when organizing the water supply of the dwelling. Only geological exploration can give an exact answer to it. suburban area carried out in recent years. To be convinced of this, it is worth studying the layout of aquifers in the thickness of the earth.

As you can see, the water is located on different horizons, between which impermeable rocks lie - dense loam, limestone and clay. To determine the appropriate layer, we propose to slightly decipher the presented scheme:

Closest to the surface are waters that enter the ground due to precipitation - the so-called perched water. In some places, it starts from a depth of 0.4-0.8 m and continues up to 20 m. As a rule, this is dirty and poorly filtered water containing harmful impurities.
At depths of up to 30 m, there are cleaner groundwater, whose stock is also fed by precipitation. Most home wells break out to this horizon (its upper limit can be at a distance of 5-8 m from the surface). This water must be filtered before drinking.
Underground water accumulations located in the sandy layer have undergone good natural filtration and are suitable for drinking water supply. If you want to make a well with your own hands, then you will need to reach this horizon.
The purest water is located in limestone voids at a depth of 80-100 m, which is unattainable using artisanal drilling methods. Since artesian water is under pressure, after punching a well, the flow independently rises to ground level, or even splashes out.

Note. The boundaries of the occurrence of perched water and ground water are indicated very conditionally, their depth may vary depending on the terrain and other factors.

Location of the source of autonomous water supply

When we figured out between which layers a suitable horizon is located, we need to determine the place for the future source of water supply. We will not talk about dubious options like dowsing with a frame or a vine slingshot, but will give a number of simple tips:

learn all about neighboring wells and wells: their depth, water quality and location;
retreat as far as possible from the sources of pollution - septic tanks, outdoor toilets and barnyard;
note: wells are not drilled on a hill, for this it is better to choose a lowland.

In any case, you need to be patient. It is likely that you will not be able to get drinking water the first time and you will need to make several attempts.

About drilling technologies

Before we talk about the methods of drilling, we list the types of wells:

to the water;
on the sand;
on limestone (artesian).

A shallow well for water is made in order to reach the upper horizons and organize the supply using a pump. This also includes the Abyssinian well from a pipe of small diameter. Accordingly, drilling into sand and into limestone means deepening to the lower layers, as shown in the diagram above.

This is what auger drilling looks like

There are several technologies for punching narrow vertical channels in the earth:

With the help of a drill made in the form of an auger. To reach the desired depth, the drill builds up with new sections as it dives.
Core drilling. In this case, the main tool is a hollow pipe with a sharp end, where carbide teeth are welded. In the process of deepening, the glass is filled with rock, which is periodically cleaned out.
Hydraulic method (direct or reverse flushing). The bottom line is that the drill is lowered into the channel along with the casing, and the soil from the working area is constantly washed out by the pressure of the water supplied by the drainage pump.
The shock-rope method involves driving the same glass and periodically excavating the soil to the surface. It uses the impact force from the free fall of the tool placed inside the casing. Typically, the operator manually raises the glass, tied to the coil with a cable, and then releases it into free flight to the bottom of the well.

Reference. For the passage of loose layers or intermediate water carriers, when the auger or glass enters the slurry, a special device is used - a bailer or a drill-spoon. This is a piece of pipe check valve in the form of a petal or a ball, filled with liquid rock with each dive. Then the bailer is lifted and cleaned.

The design of a homemade bailer

In addition to the above methods, water well drilling is carried out using the Abyssinian well technology. In short, a pipe with a diameter of 32 mm with a cone at the end is immersed to the level of groundwater, which is subsequently pumped out of the well by a surface pump.

In order to drill at the well site with your own hands and not use specialized equipment, you can implement only 2 technologies: shock-rope and Abyssinian well. We will tell about them further.

How to punch punch

This is the most inexpensive technology, but rather laborious. For work you will need the following devices:

a tripod made of rolled metal with a hook and a block on top;
winch with a cable, equipped with a handle;
driving tool - a glass and a bailer;
welding machine;
manual drill.

Ground punching cup

Advice. If you have a welding inverter and the skills to work with it, you can weld these simple devices in your garage. But the manufacture homemade devices justified when you need to break through not one well, but 10 or 20. It's easier to rent a tripod with a coil.

Before drilling the soil to the required depth, prepare casing pipes. Their diameter should be such that the working tool passes freely inside, but with a minimum clearance, and the length should correspond to the height of the tripod. One condition: impact technology is not applicable on rocks or in soils with stone inclusions. To penetrate such horizons, you will need a carbide-tipped drill.

Independent drilling of a well for water is carried out in the following order:

From the first section of the casing, make a filter by drilling Ø8-10 mm holes in a checkerboard pattern with a step of 7-8 cm on a pipe section 1 meter long. From above, close the holes with a stainless steel mesh fixed with rivets.
Make a leader hole with a hand drill to a depth of 0.5-1 m. Here it is important to correctly set the tool at an angle of 90 ° to the surface so that the channel is strictly vertical.
Insert the first section of casing into the hole, correct the vertical and insert the impact tool inside.
Leaving a helper to maintain the casing, raise and lower the glass using the spool. When filling, take it out and clean out the rock. As the soil is removed, the pipe will take its place and gradually sink into the ground. To speed up the process, attach a couple of heavy weights to it.
When the edge of the first section drops to the ground, weld the second section to it, strictly controlling the vertical level. Continue in the same way until you reach the water layer.

Welding the next section in level

An important point. Passing the top water, you will surely come across the slurry that falls out of the iron glass. A mixture of clay and water must be selected from the well using the bailer method, installing it instead of a conventional tool.

When the end of the pipe drops 40-50 cm below the groundwater level, stop punching the channel and proceed to “rocking” the source. To do this, lower the pipe connected to the surface pump to the bottom of the HDPE and pour 2-3 buckets of water into the shaft. Then turn on the unit and let it run for 2 hours, controlling the cleanliness and water pressure. Last step- arrangement of the well and connecting it to the water supply of the house, as described in. For more details on the drilling process, see the video:

Abyssinian well

Unlike traditional underground channels, the Abyssinian well has a small diameter (no more than 50 mm) and water is pumped out of it by a surface pump, not a submersible one. It is believed that due to the rarefaction created, such a well does not silt, and over time, its debit only grows due to the forced washing out of soil capillaries. In fact, such assertions have no serious grounds.

Before making an Abyssinian well, prepare the required number of casing pipes with a length of 2-2.5 m. Since penetration below 15 m is not expected, it is enough to have 6-7 ready-made segments Ø50 mm on hand, plus the first section with a steel cone at the end - a needle. She will play the role of a drilling tool.

Finished Needle with Mesh

The technology looks like this:

Make the first section of the casing - the so-called needle. Weld a metal cone to its end, and make holes on the sides and place the mesh, as described in the previous section.
Dig a small leader hole, insert a needle into it and start driving, keeping to the vertical. To do this, you can use the same tripod with a suspended weight or another device.
As you sink, weld in new sections and continue to drive in the casing. When approaching the estimated depth, check the appearance of water with a weight on a string.
After passing the aquifer, lower the polymer pipeline connected to the hand column into the well. Fill it with water and pump the source for 30-60 minutes until clear water comes out. Then proceed to the installation of an autonomous water supply.

Abyssinian well device

Advice. When you start ordering the manufacture of a steel cone, keep in mind that its "skirt" should be 3-5 mm wider than the casing pipe, so that when driving, the mesh does not peel off the walls of the shaft. To facilitate labor, make the end of the needle as sharp as possible.

The Abyssinian well has one significant drawback: before drilling it, you need to know for sure that there is groundwater in this place. Otherwise, you run the risk of burying all the pipes in the ground, since it is not always possible to extract them back. The advantages of the source are simplicity in execution and minimal consumption of materials. If you wish, you can punch such a well right in the house, as a team of workers demonstrates in the video:

Conclusion

The impact drilling method is really suitable in a situation where you need to make a well in the country on your own. Yes, and the Abyssinian well is arranged according to the same technology. To use other methods - auger, core and hydraulic - you need special equipment - a drilling rig, a drainage pump, and so on. But it is impossible to completely abandon these options, despite the high prices, because the composition of the soil and the depth of the water carriers can be different. You can’t break through the rock manually and you won’t go to the horizon over 50 m.

A country house or cottage cannot do without water. Without moisture, plants will not bloom luxuriantly and bear fruit well, delighting the eye of the owner. The lack of a centralized water supply or scheduled water supply is an inconvenience that can be corrected by drilling a well in your area. The cheapest thing is to do it yourself and it is not as difficult as it seems at first glance. You can verify the simplicity by watching the video.

Types of wells

Before you start creating a well with your own hands, you need to figure out what types of such hydraulic structures exist. Depending on the depth of groundwater, there are 3 main types of wells.

"Abyssinian well"

"Abyssinian well" - a well, the depth of which is usually no more than 10 - 12 meters. His The name of the technology is due to the Abyssinian region in Ethiopia, where in the 19th century the British military learned how to extract water in this way in semi-desert conditions. The average daily consumption is no more than 25 cubic meters.

The advantages of such a well include:

simplicity of design and installation;
low cost of work and materials;
lack of special permits for drilling;
low hardness of pumped water;
the possibility of placing a well inside the house.

Disadvantages of this type of wells:

high probability of various pollutants entering the water from nearby landfills or a toilet due to the shallow depth of the well;
such drilling is not suitable for all types of soil.

sand well

A sand well is used in areas with a depth of groundwater from 10 to 50 meters depending on the location of the layer of aquifer sandstone from which water will enter the system. On average, about 20 cubic meters of water can be pumped out of such a well per day.

The advantages of a sand well are as follows:

ease of project implementation;
low costs for drilling and component parts;
lack of permission from government agencies;
the ability to do all the work with your own hands without the use of expensive special equipment.

Well Disadvantages:

the need for constant pumping of water;
sometimes it is required to install additional filters with an overestimated concentration of certain chemical elements;
small average daily consumption.

Artesian well

An artesian well provides water from deep rocks that lie much deeper than 50 meters. Due to the great depth and high pressure, it is best to perform all drilling and commissioning work with the help of specially trained personnel and equipment designed for this, despite the recommendations of videos from the network.

Such a well has several advantages:

water supply several households at once due to high average daily productivity;
the possibility of refusing deep-well pumps due to high pressure in system;
high water quality.

Flaws:

high cost of installation;
high hardness of produced water;
the need to receive public institutions permits for drilling and operation wells.

After getting acquainted with the types of wells, their advantages and disadvantages, you can choose the best option for yourself and get to work.

How to drill the "Abyssinian well" with your own hands?

After a place is chosen for the well, a hole of 1x1x0.5 m is dug. Then they start drilling with a conventional garden drill, the diameter of which is 50 or 80 mm. As the auger deepens into the soil, the drill is built up with pipe segments.

Work continues until an aquifer begins, which can be determined by the wet sand coming out of the trunk. Usually such a layer begins at a depth of 5 - 7 meters, but it can be deeper. Below 10 - 12 meters, drilling is not recommended, since raising water from such a depth will be problematic - a pump located on the surface will not cope with raising moisture, and pumping with your own hands is a very tedious and irrational task.

At the next stage, the drill is disassembled and proceed directly to driving the needle, which can be done by hand. She represents pipe section with filter and steel cone tip, with which the structure enters the ground. The filter is made as follows: slits of 2.5 cm are drilled in the walls of the pipe and in steps of 2 cm (in a section of 80 cm), this zone is wrapped with wire and covered with a 16x100 cm stainless mesh on top. The mesh and the tip are fixed on the pipe with tin solder. Care should be taken to ensure that all components of the needle and wellbore are made of the same material - this will eliminate corrosion.

The needle, together with pipes (1 - 1.5 m long) and fastening threaded couplings, can be purchased at specialized stores.

At the beginning of driving, a needle is inserted into the hole made by the drill and buried in the soil until about 20 cm of the pipe remains above the ground. Then to her the next segment is screwed on and the process is repeated until the entire structure is driven in. During work, the free space around the pipe is covered with soil and rammed.

As for the whipping tool, here you can choose one of the approaches.

With the help of a special headstock, which is made in the form of a heavy cylinder (up to 30 kg). It has a through channel and thanks to it it can freely move up and down the pipe, striking at the same time on the bodice fixed on the pipe wall. The channel can be plugged on one side, then the blows will be applied to the upper part of the pipe on which the coupling is screwed, but this can damage the threaded connection.
With the help of a strong metal rod, which is located inside the pipe and transmits the shock impulse directly to the conical tip of the needle. Together with the extension of the pipe, it is also necessary to lengthen this rod; at the end of the work, it is removed from the pipe.

After the entire structure is driven into the ground, well needs to be drilled until clear water appears. This is best done with a hand pump (normal hand-held column) or an electric self-priming pump. When using an electric pump, the well must be filled with water from above before pumping, otherwise the pump will not pump water.

If all the work is done correctly and soundly, then the "Abyssinian" can work for several decades, while not requiring special care. Occasionally, if necessary, you can clean the filter by supplying pressurized water to the well.

You can learn more about drilling of this type from the video on the network.

Do-it-yourself sand well drilling

In preparation for drilling, the site where they will work is cleared of foreign objects. Here, a hole is dug to a depth of 1 m, it will prevent the top layer of earth from falling into the mine.

A tripod or similar frame structure is installed on the prepared site, which can also be assembled by hand. A winch is attached to the tripod tower, which, during drilling, will extract the drill from the soil.

For deepening into layers of soil use a screw drill, which is usually operated by two people using handles. It is very important to set the drill strictly vertically with a minimum deviation before starting work.

During drilling operations the drill must be periodically removed from the wellbore to clear the rock, preventing it from being drawn into the ground, in which the extraction of the auger to the surface would become a very difficult or impossible task.

As the auger sinks deeper into the mine, the rod that transmits torque to the working body must be lengthened by the corresponding segments using a thread or some other connection.

When working at a sufficient depth, water can be supplied to the barrel to facilitate the rotation of the tool.

A feature of drilling such wells is the need to install casing pipes in the process of extracting soil from the mine, which, like the drill, build up as the well deepens. As long as the top layers of the soil do not crumble, casing can be neglected, but as soon as the structure becomes unstable, the pipe installation process must begin immediately.

Casing is needed in order to prevent:

shedding of the walls of the mine;
ingress of low-quality water from the upper layers;
clogging during further operation of the well.

For the manufacture of casing pipes, a polymeric material is usually used. The pipes are connected to each other by means of threads or special couplings. Holes or slots are made on the lower section of the casing pipe for water intake from the aquifer. Such holes are made at a distance of 0.5 m from its end.

Upon reaching the aquifer, the shaft deepens another 300 - 400 mm, after which drilling stops. The space around the casing filled with gravel, all dirty water is pumped out of the barrel and the well is prepared for operation: a submersible electric pump is lowered (the minimum distance from the pump to the bottom of the well is 1 m) and all work related to connecting to the water supply is performed.

The most important thing is to correctly determine the depth of the aquifer and, accordingly, the type of well before starting work. This is easy to do - all the necessary information can be obtained from the neighbors in the area.

Due to the extreme complexity of drilling an artesian well, it is best to entrust it to professionals.

When working with heavy and dangerous working tools, safety precautions must be observed so that there are no accidents.

Installation of expensive submersible pump must be entrusted to specialists to prevent its breakdown.

After commissioning a well (Abyssinian or sandy) it is recommended to conduct an examination of the produced water which is carried out in special laboratories.

All the incomprehensible moments of drilling various wells with your own hands, without using expensive special equipment, can be clarified by watching a video from the network.

Of course you can drill your own well. Just for starters, you need to have an idea of \u200b\u200bhow this is done and what kind of water you want to get in the end.

Some people think whether it is possible to make it in a well. Theoretically it is possible, but not necessary. It will just incur additional costs. It is better to install it near the well.

Let's go through the process of doing this work step by step. You will be offered instructions, you can also see everything from photos and videos and understand how it is done. After all, the price of the issue here is quite high, this is high-quality water in the house.

Types of wells

Drilling a well in the country is not so difficult. Its price will depend on the depth of the water. A sand well will be much cheaper from and this should also be taken into account.

Well on the sand	Done to a great depth. Therefore, it is quite possible to do all the work with your own hands and this will significantly reduce the cost of your venture. Before starting work, you should find out what quality the water is at a shallow depth. To do this, it is best to take a sample from the neighbors and take it for examination and check the quality. We will give the parameters below.
Artesian well	Suitable for the place where you live permanently. This water is of better quality. But the work will cost more. Here it would be better to hire a specialized organization. And immediately it will be necessary to provide for its cleaning. It is located in lime layers and therefore has a high iron content. Immediately provide for proper filtering.
Abyssinian well	Abyssinian well or tubular, has a depth of about 8-12 meters. Its difference is that the water in it is much cleaner. Here the top water does not get in, just as dirt and dust cannot penetrate;

Attention: If you do not live permanently in the country and you only need water for irrigation, then you can safely make such a design.

Determining the quality of water

Water in a well or well is considered drinking water in the following cases:

When the water is clear thirty centimeters deep;
When nitrate impurities do not exceed 10 mg/l;
When one liter of water contains no more than 10 Escherichia coli;
When the taste and smell on a five-point scale, water is estimated at least three points.

To determine these indicators, water must be subjected to laboratory analysis in the sanitary and epidemic service.

How to drill a well

Let's analyze this process from a theoretical point of view:

Work begins with digging a hole, whose depth and diameter must be at least two meters, or a side of one and a half meters. This measure prevents further shedding of the soil of the upper layer.
The pit is strengthened with plank shields. Further, with the help of a column and a drilling rig, a well is drilled. The drill column is suspended on a tower at the central point of the future well.
The drill string consists of several rods, which, with the help of adapter sleeves, are lengthened during the drilling process. The drill head is mounted at the end of the column.
The tower is mounted from logs, steel pipes, a channel or a corner, which are made into a tripod, at the top of which a winch is attached.

Attention: If the water is shallow, drilling can be done without a tower. In this case, special shortened rods one and a half meters long are used. If you cannot do without a tower during drilling, the length of the rods in this case should be at least three meters.

What to drill

The equipment and method of drilling is selected based on the type of soil. The tool used must be made of carbon steel.

Drilling is carried out using the following drill heads:

For drilling in clay soils, a drill is used in the form of a spiral with a base of 45-85 mm and a blade 258-290 mm long.
In percussion drilling, a drill bit is used. The drill can have a flat, cruciform and other shapes.
Drilling in loam, sandy clay or clayey sand is carried out using a spoon drill made in the form of a spoon and having a spiral or longitudinal slot. This drill has a diameter of 70-200 mm and a length of 700 mm and deepens for a passage of 30-40 cm.
Extraction of loose soil is carried out using a drill-bailer using shock method. The bailers are made from a three-meter pipe and have a piston and ordinary appearance. Inside the bailer should have a diameter of 25-96 mm, outside 95-219 mm, its weight should be 89-225 kg.

Drilling is a cyclic process, periodically accompanied by cleaning of the drilling tool from the soil. Cleaning is carried out with the complete extraction of the drill from the soil. Accordingly, the difficulty of extracting them from the well depends on the length of the hose.

well drilling

A well in the area can be drilled using one of the drilling methods:

Shnekov.
Rotary.
Shock-rope.

Drilling technologies differ among themselves in the ways of destruction of rocks inside the well and the option of extracting soil from the wellbore. The use of different equipment affects the quality and cost of building devices.

What is auger drilling

The cheapest and simple method well device is considered. The technology of the work is that the classic Archimedean screw, called an auger, excavates the soil.

The process is reminiscent of the drilling of a hole for fishing under the ice by amateurs. winter fishing. This method is used to drill a well with a depth of not more than 10 meters. No drilling fluid or water is used to flush the structure.

The instruction indicates that this method can be used without problems in dry and soft soils. Rocky, hard rocks encountered in the drilling process and quicksand are not amenable to auger drilling.

Tip: When punching, the length of the hole in the ground must be clearly maintained so that it reaches the required aquifer and protects the aquifer from Wastewater and getting top water.

How to make a drill from an auger from a combine harvester

For drilling a well under water, augers from old combines can be used as a drilling tool. After a little modernization, the auger from an agricultural machine turns into a fairly suitable drill.

You will also need pipe-rods with threading to increase the height of the drilling string.

Then you need:

Convert the lower tubular end into a kind of screw. To do this, at a distance of approximately 80 cm from the helical end, two knives are welded with an angle to the horizontal direction equal to 25º.
A threaded coupling is installed at the upper end of the drill. Weld it in order to be able to screw the rods.
A transverse handle is welded onto one of them. With the help of which the auger will be screwed into the ground. All subsequent rods are built up between this rod and the auger.

Tip: By increasing the length of the cross handle, which is welded to the guide rod, it is easier to turn it.

What is rotary drilling

To drill a deep well in a rotary way, a special drill pipe is used. In its cavity, a rotating shaft is immersed into the well, the end of which is equipped with a tip - a chisel.

A load is created on the bit by the action of a hydraulic installation. With this method, you can dive into water of any depth. Most of these structures are performed by rotary drilling.

Washing out of rock or soil from the well is carried out with a special drilling fluid that is fed into the pipe in one of two ways:

By pumping the pump into the drill pipe, and then the solution with the rock exiting by gravity to the outside through the annulus - direct flushing.
Getting into the annulus by gravity, and then pumping out the solution with the rock from the drill pipe - backwashing.

The washing out of the rock in the second case allows you to get a higher flow rate of the well. In this case, it is possible to better open the desired aquifer.

The disadvantage of this technology is the involvement of sophisticated equipment, which greatly increases the cost of work. With direct flushing, the construction of a well is cheaper, so the owners of private houses most often order it for the construction of a structure on their site.

Tip: An artesian well is performed using drilling machines owned by specialized companies.

What is percussion drilling method

The oldest, labor-intensive and very slow method of drilling is shock-rope (see). But, with its help, you can get a high-quality well, ready to last up to half a century.

The technology is as follows:

Rock or soil is broken under the action of a heavy projectile, which rises to a certain height, and then falls down with force.
With the help of a bailer, the destroyed rock is removed from the wellbore.

The advantage of the drilling method is that there is no need to use water or a special drilling fluid during operation, which allows you to more accurately open the aquifer, and thereby ensure the maximum well flow rate and increase its service life.

The disadvantages of the method include:

Great labor intensity.
High cost of drilling.
To access the second and subsequent aquifers, isolation of the higher aquifers is required. For this, additional casing strings are used, which increases the cost of purchasing pipes of a different larger diameter.
The amount of work that must be performed by specialists is also increasing.

Well buildup

The buildup is the process of cleaning the well from dirt. It requires the use of a powerful centrifugal pump. It is also possible to use, but this type of pump will extend the process time.

So:

For the speedy cleaning of the well with a vibration pump, it must be raised several times so that the water loosens up and the solid sediment does not have the opportunity to sink to the bottom.
The well sway will affect the shrinkage of the gravel screening between the well and the pipe, for this reason the gravel should be added periodically. Usually, buildup takes a lot of time, and since this process releases a large amount of water, it should be arranged in advance to drain it into the ditch.

After the pumping process is completed, the well can be equipped with a pump that is suitable for its everyday operation. Now you know if you can do this work yourself. The video in this article will help you not to miss the details of this work.

Making a bore hole

Of course, you need to refine your design. You can do this according to your idea.

There are several options for doing this job:

Build a small wooden house or other structure above the well, varnish it or paint it;
Around the well, you can lay out an unusual pattern of bricks, stones, pebbles, concrete, create an ornament or build something;
You can close the well with the help of planted plants, for example, plant a willow and build a flower garden near it.

What are the features of well operation

There are several rules for using wells, following which the price of its operation is reduced:

Regardless of the type of construction, cleaning should be carried out regularly.
Signs of contamination of the system are: the presence of air pockets when opening the water; the presence of other impurities in the water.
If cleaning is not carried out in time, such contamination can cause breakdowns that cannot be repaired, which means that a complete replacement will be needed.
To restore the functionality of the system, it is enough to perform a purge.
A radical cleaning method is the use of acid or electricity. But this should be carried out only by highly qualified specialists.

Have you decided to build a well on your own site in order to provide your home and family with enough clean water? However, were you shocked by the amount that it would cost to drill it? Agree that this event, although quite expensive, is extremely necessary.

The high cost naturally forces us to look for an alternative to the services of drillers. We will tell you how to drill a well with your own hands. We will help you deal with the peculiarities of driving and arranging a water source - this is quite a feasible task for those who are not afraid of hard work.

The article discusses different ways well construction. After reviewing them, you will understand whether you can perform all the necessary operations. For better assimilation of the above information, the article is equipped with step by step photos and videos showing the process of drilling and making drilling tools at home.

Before starting drilling, you should study the composition of the soil at the site in order to at least roughly imagine your future well.

Depending on the characteristics of the aquifer, there are three types of wells:

Abyssinian well;
filter well;
artesian well.

The Abyssinian well (or well-needle) can be arranged almost everywhere. They punch it where the aquifer lies relatively close to the surface and is confined to the sands.

For its drilling, driving technology is used, which is not suitable for the construction of other types of wells. All work can usually be completed within one business day.

This scheme allows you to study the features of the device of various wells in order to better understand the technology of their drilling and choose the appropriate method (click to enlarge)

But the flow rate of such wells is small. To provide the house and the plot with enough water, it sometimes makes sense to make two such wells on the site. The compact dimensions of the equipment make it possible to arrange such a well right in the basement without any problems.

Filter wells, which are also called "sand" wells, are created on soils where the aquifer lies relatively shallow - up to 35 meters.

Usually these are sandy soils that lend themselves well to drilling. The depth of the filter well usually varies between 20-30 meters.

This diagram clearly shows the device of the filter well. A filter must be installed at the bottom of it to prevent sand and silt from entering the water.

Work in a good scenario will take two to three days. needs good maintenance, since the constant presence of particles of sand and silt in the water can cause silting or sanding.

The typical life of such a well can be 10-20 years. The period may be longer or shorter, depending on the quality of the well drilling and its further maintenance.

Artesian wells, they are wells “for limestone”, are the most reliable, since the water carrier is confined to bedrock deposits. Water contains numerous cracks in the rock.

Silting of such a well usually does not threaten, and the flow rate can reach about 100 cubic meters per hour. But the depth to which drilling is to be carried out usually turns out to be more than solid - from 20 to 120 meters.

Image gallery

Of course, drilling such wells is more difficult, and it will take much more time and materials to complete the work. A professional team can cope with the work in 5-10 days. But if we are drilling, it may take several weeks, or even a month or two.

But the effort is worth it, because artesian wells can last half a century, or even more, without problems. Yes, and the flow rate of such a well allows you to supply water not only to one house, but also to a small village. Only for a device of similar production are not suitable manual methods drilling.

The physical and mechanical properties of soils also have great importance when choosing a drilling method.

In the course of work, it may be necessary to go through a variety of layers, for example:

wet sand, which lends itself to drilling in almost any way relatively easily;
water-saturated sand, which can be removed from the trunk only with the help of a bailer;
coarse-grained rocks(gravel and pebble deposits with sandy and clay aggregates), which are drilled with a bailer or a glass, depending on the aggregate;
quicksand, which is fine sand, supersaturated with water, it can only be scooped out with a bailer;
loam, i.e. sand with abundant inclusions of clay, plastic, well amenable to drilling with an auger or core barrel;
clay, plastic rock, which can be drilled with an auger or a glass.

How to find out what soils lie under the surface, and at what depth is the aquifer? Of course, you can order geological studies of the soil, but this procedure is not free.

Almost everyone chooses a simpler and cheaper option - a survey of neighbors who have already drilled a well or built a well. The water level in your future water source will be at about the same depth.

Drilling a new well a short distance from an existing facility may not follow exactly the same scenario, but it will most likely be very similar.

Simple Well Drilling Methods

Professional drillers have the equipment and tools to drill quite literally in a couple of days. But an amateur craftsman usually has neither such means nor the skills to work with them. However, there are drilling methods that do not require this. The most commonly used drilling is auger or percussion-rope method.

Method #1 - auger drilling

As the name implies, this method of drilling uses an auger or auger. The device is a rod, to the end of which a working tool is attached. This method of drilling also uses a chisel to break up boulders, if required. The design of the screw resembles a screw, the diameter of which can be different.

It is literally screwed into the ground, and the propeller blades help to extract drilled rock from the trunk.

The diagram shows auger drilling. The drill is fixed on a tripod and rotated by hands, it is periodically removed to free the mine from loosened soil

Drilling is carried out as follows:

By rotating the drill rod, a vertical recess is made in the ground.
As the well deepens, a drill with loosened soil is periodically raised to the surface.
As the shaft lengthens, the rod is increased, attaching new and new parts to it.
To build up the rod, use a reliable threaded connection or clamps.
The walls of the well are immediately protected by casing pipes.
The drill is cleaned and work continues.
They drill until the aquifer is reached.
It is recommended to go through the aquifer completely and go deep into the underlying soil layer by about 0.5 m.
The drill is removed from the well.
Using a drill rod, a filter is lowered into the casing string.
The casing pipe is raised so that its lower edge is approximately in the center of the aquifer, and does not rest against the ground.

It is believed that with the help of an auger, only a relatively shallow well can be drilled - about 20-30 m deep. However, much depends on the condition of the soil. For drilling loose sands and coarse deposits, it is recommended to use a bailer.

In auger drilling, a drilling rig can be used to hold the equipment in the correct position. To raise the drill up, you can use the motor. If so-called “wet” drilling is performed, a place should be provided for wet soil removed from the well, water settling, etc.

To facilitate the process of building up the casing, its position is fixed with the help of special clamps that can be made independently.

When choosing auger drilling, it should be remembered that the presence of water in the wellbore has a destructive effect on its walls.

Method #2 - rotary drilling

Speaking of rotary drilling methods (namely, the auger method belongs to them), it is worth mentioning drilling using a rotor. It is this method that is most often used by drillers for sinking workings in rocks. For its implementation, a special drilling rig with a rotor is used.

Drilling is carried out using the same drill, but it is rotated not manually, but with the help of a motor. The rotor transmits the moving moment to the drill rod, i.e. and on a projectile located deep in the ground.

The soil is destroyed, the tool goes deep into the rock. To remove it, water is given into the well under pressure, which washes out small fragments of soil, or they scoop everything out with a bailer.

Rotary drilling is carried out using a special drilling rig. It is difficult to make such equipment on your own, but you can rent it.

The rotary method is not very suitable for self-drilling, since the equipment for it cannot be made in a couple of hours “on the knee”. It is necessary to buy, rent or borrow a special drilling rig with a motor. By the way, such devices work not only on electricity, there are also gas-generating models.

In addition to the installation, you need equipment for intensive flushing of the well and / or a powerful compressor for purging it. Finally, skills in working with such devices are required.

The drill should rotate almost continuously, and the emerging nuances, such as getting stuck in the rock, should be dealt with skillfully and quickly. It is usually easier for a novice master to work with a homemade drill or bailer.

During the so-called “wet” drilling, the walls of the well get wet, which reduces their strength, so the casing should be lowered into the well immediately

Rotary drilling still has a number of undeniable advantages - this is the most fast way drilling, and it usually lends itself to almost any soil. However, with this method of drilling, when there is almost always water present in the mine, it is especially important to immediately start the installation of the casing string in order to prevent the walls from collapsing.

Method # 3 - bailer drilling (percussion-rope method)

Rope percussion or bailer drilling is significantly different from auger and rotary drilling, because in this case nothing needs to be rotated.

When drilling an Abyssinian well, a narrow auger drill is first used to go through hard ground and reach a quicksand

The hose is not lowered into such a well, its role is played by the narrow pipe itself. The pump is installed directly on the top of the Abyssinian well.

The casing pipe, which at the same time is the shaft of the mine, is extended in sections of 1-3 meters, and the threaded connections are carefully sealed with winding and silicone sealant. Compact dimensions make it possible to arrange such a well even in the basement of a private house, so as not to take up space on the site.

The Abyssinian well is also called a needle well, since the casing with a filter tip really resembles a needle. Threaded connections of such a pipe should be carefully sealed

To make a needle well filter, a series of holes about 10 mm in diameter are made on the bottom of the pipe. The perforated section is covered from the outside with a layer of a special metal mesh of galloon weaving. Such a filter will reliably prevent fine sand from entering the well.

When figuring out how to drill or drill a needle well yourself, close attention should be paid to the method of driving a string of narrow casing pipes. This operation can be performed using a rod or headstock. A long metal rod is used as a rod, which is gradually increased as it is lowered along with the casing.

The blows of the rod during operation fall on the tip. At the same time, the pipe connections also experience additional stress and can be deformed. Sometimes, with strong impacts, the coupling connection can simply break during clogging, and this is unacceptable. Grandma is a load with a hole.

A special head is put on the upper end of the casing pipe, on which they are struck to hammer the pipe to the desired depth. With this method of clogging, the load is distributed more evenly, but the integrity of the joints is still at risk. Therefore, only high-quality materials should be used to drill the Abyssinian well.

In this case, only a threaded connection that is coaxial with the center of the pipe is appropriate. Correctly perform such a thread can only be on lathe. A torn pipe will cause a lot of trouble for the master, since it is almost impossible to pull out a piece of a column stuck in the ground.

Work will have to start over, and costs will rise markedly. But if for some reason it was not possible to drill an Abyssinian well, almost all materials can be reused.

Production of drilling tools

As mentioned earlier, drilling tools can be made on your own, borrowed from friends, or purchased commercially.

Sometimes a drilling rig can be rented. However, the goal of self-drilling is usually to keep costs as low as possible. The easiest way to drill cheaply is to do.

The diagram shows the arrangement of various drilling tools. With the help of a chisel, especially hard soil can be loosened, and then it is removed with a drill, bailer or other device.

Option # 1 - spiral and spoon drill

Manual drilling can be done with a spiral or spoon drill. For the manufacture of a spiral model, a thick pointed rod is taken, to which knives are welded. They can be made from a steel disk cut in half. The edge of the disk is sharpened, and then the knives are welded to the base at a distance of about 200 mm from its edge.

A do-it-yourself drill for auger drilling can be of different designs. Its obligatory elements are knives with pointed edges and a chisel installed at the bottom.

Knives should be located at an angle to the horizontal. An angle of about 20 degrees is considered optimal. Both knives are placed opposite each other. Of course, the diameter of the drill should not exceed the diameter of the casing. Usually a disc with a diameter of about 100 mm is suitable. The knives of the finished drill should be sharpened sharply, this will facilitate and speed up drilling.

Another version of the spiral drill can be made from a rod and a strip of tool steel. The width of the strip can vary between 100-150 mm.

Steel should be heated and rolled into a spiral, hardened, and then welded to the base. In this case, the distance between the turns of the spiral should be equal to the width of the strip from which it is made. The edge of the spiral is carefully sharpened. It is worth noting that it is not easy to make such a drill at home.

A spiral auger for drilling can be made from a pipe and a steel strip, however, it is not always easy to roll the tape into a spiral, weld and harden the tool at home

To make a spoon drill, you need a metal cylinder. In conditions self-manufacturing the easiest way is to use a pipe of a suitable diameter, for example, a 108 mm steel pipe.

The length of the product should be about 70 cm, it will be difficult to work with a longer device. On this case, a long and narrow slot should be made, vertical or spiral.

A homemade spoon drill is easiest to make from a piece of pipe of a suitable diameter. The lower edge is folded and sharpened, and a hole is made along the body for cleaning the drill

Two spoon-shaped knives are mounted in the lower part of the body, the cutting edge of which is sharpened. As a result, the soil is destroyed by both horizontal and vertical edges of the drill.

The loosened rock enters the cavity of the drill. Then it is taken out and cleaned through the slot. In addition to knives, a drill is welded along the axis of the device in the lower part of the drill. The diameter of the hole made by such a drill will be slightly larger than the device itself.

Option #2 - bailer and glass

To make a bailer, the easiest way is also to take metal pipe suitable diameter. The wall thickness of the pipe can reach 10 mm, and the length is usually 2-3 meters. This makes the tool heavy enough so that when it hits the ground, it is effectively loosened.

Image gallery

Construction of a frame for a slamming device

Manual well drilling technology, as a rule, is resorted to when it is necessary to provide a summer residence or a private house water supply. Sometimes a well is chosen for this function, but a well for water is still preferable - it has several advantages:

Long service life;
Aquifers lie deep underground, which helps to produce cleaner water;
The rate of water replenishment at wells (the so-called debit) is much higher than at wells.

There are several drilling technologies and downhole structures themselves. The very process of drilling wells under water with your own hands is much simpler than it might seem at first. The methods described below do not require the purchase and use of expensive complex equipment or special highly specialized knowledge. Manual drilling of wells is quite within the power of every man.

Types of wells

Verkhovodka

The uppermost layer is the high waters - they lie about 10 m from the surface. Sometimes they are used to provide water, but this is not recommended. For the safe use of such water, constant sanitary checks are required - the upper water is rarely suitable for drinking, more often it is used for technical needs.

Well on the sand

Usually, wells are drilled to a free-flow reservoir - it lies about 5-20 m from the surface and is much safer for drinking than water from the upper reservoir. A well in an unconfined formation is called a sand well. Before you start drinking water, it is still recommended to check it with the involvement of a sanitary organization, but obtaining a positive conclusion is much more likely.

The free-flow formation has no pressure, while for safe operation it is necessary to filter small soil particles. The debit of such a well is approximately 2 cubic meters. m / day.

borehole on limestone

It produces water of the highest quality. The depth of such wells for limestone can be from 7 to 50 m. The composition of the aquifer includes: loam, limestone and water-resistant rock. It is these wells that contain water of very high quality, and therefore, in order to provide drinking water, it is better to drill wells for water with your own hands in limestone.

The reservoir has its own pressure - it helps to raise water to the surface. The debit is 5 cubic meters. m/day However, it is still recommended to carry out a sanitation check before using the water. Important advantages of such a well over all others are:

long term services;
simplified water supply system, due to the well's own pressure;
stable daily debit;
no need for a sand filter;
high quality and purity of water.

An artesian well is located in interstratal waters and provides the highest quality and unique purity of water. The depth of such a well lies from 30 to 50 m deep, so it is almost impossible to drill it manually.

Yes, and it’s not worth trying to drill a well under water in such a reservoir on your own, since artesian waters are considered valuable natural resource and protected by law.

drilling depth

Before starting work, it is necessary to determine the depth of the planned well, for which you need to know at what depth the aquifer lies. To do this, it is necessary to conduct geological studies or at least ask the neighbors operating the well about the depth of their well. There are also in our time folk experts dowsers who are able to find the closest location of water from the surface of the earth.

According to their depth, wells are divided into three main types:

shallow- no more than 3 m. It is recommended to drill such a well if the water from it will be used only for technological and operational needs.
Medium deep- no more than 7 m. Such a well is created if the produced water will be used both technical and drinking, but with dubious quality;
Deep- more than 7 m. This type of well is done when there is a need for a large amount of drinking water.

Methods for self-drilling wells

Hydro drilling

Hydrodrilling is carried out by pumping water into the drill string (pipe) at the bottom of which there are special holes. Water erodes the soil below and rises up into the pit into the gap between the drill pipe and the walls of the well. Most of the soil raised with water settles in the pit, and the water itself enters the second pit in a purified form.

The drilling pump pumps out purified water from the 2nd pit and feeds it to the pump. As a result of a closed cycle, water consumption is relatively low.
As the well deepens, the drill pipe is extended with additional threaded pipes.

At the end of drilling work, casing is lowered into the well. The casing pipe is equipped with a filter in drilled holes or notches and is located at the end of the casing pipe. As a rule, the filter has a length of about 1 m.

Auger drilling

This type of drilling is carried out using a steel pipe equipped with spirally welded blades. Such a drill is also called an auger, it is convenient for drilling soft or medium-hard soils, but is contraindicated in the presence of stony or rocky soil.

The drilling technology using auger drill is as follows:

The rotation of the drill starts into the ground.
When the auger goes into the ground to its full depth (or the rotational force becomes very large), it is removed and the soil is cleaned off the blades. To facilitate the rotation of the drill, you can pour water into the well.
The pipe is built up from above to the drill and it again descends into the ground;
The procedure continues until the aquifer is reached.

Mostly, auger drilling is used in professional drilling rigs, but you can also work with hand augers. It is not easy to work with such a drill, the process itself requires certain skills and knowledge.

Well-needle

Alternative name: Abyssinian well is, rather, not a drilling method, but a direct clogging of a pipe through which water will flow into the ground. The tool is a rod with a tip in the form of a cone, the maximum diameter of which is greater than the diameter of the pipe to be driven.

Pipes for a well-needle are thick-walled water pipes, the diameter of which varies from 25 to 32 m. A prerequisite for such pipes is tightness, since they are driven into the ground once and for all. If the pipes are to be joined by welding, sufficient qualification of the welder is required to ensure tightness. If the pipes are threaded, sealing and sealing of the threaded connection is required.

The design of the Abyssinian well:

Needle;
Filter - drilled holes in the bottom of the pipe for the aquifer;
Wire and a small mesh of stainless steel over the drilled holes, which must be welded to the pipe so that they do not peel off when driven.

The wire is necessary from stainless steel in order to avoid electrolytic corrosion in the case of using wire made of copper or brass.

In order not to break the upper end of the pipe when driving it into the ground, you can use an eccentric or wedge fixture that is put on the pipe. It is a ring with an internal cone, into which another conical split ring with an external counter-cone is inserted, or separate conical plates. The ring is put on the pipe and wedged on the cones in such a way that its downward movement becomes impossible. Next, the headstock is taken (it is also a heavy and large ring with two handles) and the headstock hits the wedged ring and the pipe is buried in the ground.

Shock rope method

The percussion-rope method of creating wells has earned its popularity due to its simplicity and accessibility. However, this is a rather slow process, since this method requires a lot of physical effort. It can be used with almost any type of soil.

The drilling technology is simple and straightforward, and the process is as follows: a tripod is installed, at the upper end of which there is a pulley. A rope has the ability to slide along the pulley, at one end of which a drilling tool is installed, at the other end the tool is manually lifted. The tool is sharply thrown into the well, releasing the rope, and then the tool is pulled to the surface by the rope, where, upon reaching a penetration depth of about 0.5 m, the tool is cleaned.

The following tool is used for such drilling:

drill glass, otherwise called Schitz projectile - designed to work with viscous, highly sticky soils;
the bailer is a piece of pipe with a spring-loaded damper valve that opens during impact and closes when lifted up, preventing soil from spilling out. It is used while working with loose rock;
a spoon drill is a piece of pipe with petals bent at the bottom. Used for loose or loose soil;
a drill bit with a plate in cross section is used to pass through rock layers.

In the percussion-rope method, the casing can be installed and lowered as the well gets deeper. In this case, the pipe must be metal, since plastic pipe can be damaged from the inside by a drill string.

Casing Types

The diameter of such a pipe must be selected, referring to the parameters of the well and the size and type of the pump intended for use. Materials for pipes are quite diverse and not all of them are safe for operation.

Pipe materials:

asbestos pipes- contain a very strong carcinogen and are therefore very harmful to use;
galvanized pipes - negatively affect the human body, there is a risk of poisoning;
steel pipes are an economical and practical option, but over time they rust up to through corrosion;
stainless steel pipes do not carry anyone harmful influence to the human body and, among other things, help to significantly increase the life of the well. The disadvantage of such pipes is the non-democratic price of stainless steel and the complex technology of its cooking;
HDPE and PVC pipes(plastic) - one of the most commonly used materials, deserving such reverence due to its availability and low cost. However, they are only suitable for wells of shallow depth (no more than 15 m), since they do not tolerate large loads well, and can be damaged from the inside by a submersible pump.

Some nuances

It is desirable for a drilled well to go through a buildup, in which water is poured into the gap between the well and the casing and is pumped out of the pipe. It is possible to pump through a pipe and pump out between the pipe and the ground, but this method can disrupt the aquifer.
Further, daily pumping of the entire volume of water from the well is necessary to increase the debit and increase the transparency of the water.
To operate the well, it is necessary to use a filter. It would be optimal to mount the filter directly to the pump inlet.
The life of a well depends on the regularity of water intake and the amount of water pumped out.