Metallurgical complex includes all stages of production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals: mining and enrichment of ore, smelting of metals, production of alloys and rolled products, secondary processing of metals. The complex also includes other industries associated with metal smelting - coke, refractory, flux, magnesite, etc.

Along with the fuel and energy complex, metallurgy is the basic branch of the industry. Therefore, the first places in the smelting of metals are held by the developed ones - the USA, Japan, Germany, Russia and China. But, as in the case of energy resources, the extraction of metal ores is moving from developed countries to developing ones.

The USSR created a powerful metallurgical complex that produced almost all types of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and their alloys, occupying the first or third places in the world in steel smelting, production of rolled products, aluminum, platinum, gold and other metals. After the collapse of the country, half of the metallurgy capacities remained in Russia. Due to the strong decline in the demand for metals fell. The general decline in Russian metallurgy is estimated at 35-40%, but by 2000 its growth began and now it has reached a level close to 1990. Russia is in the top five countries in the world in terms of metal smelting, it can increase their output by 1.5 -2.0 times. The country exports metals to Europe, the USA, China, which gives about 20% of the country's foreign exchange earnings. However, due to strong competition and customs barriers of individual countries, Russia cannot, although it has the opportunity, to increase the export of both ferrous and non-ferrous metals.

Ferrous metallurgy is one of the oldest industries in Russia, which arose in the 18th century in the Urals. Today it produces 66 million tons of steel, ranking 4th in the world. Ferrous metallurgy includes the production of manganese, chromium and iron and their alloys. Due to the fall in demand in mechanical engineering, especially from outside, more than half of the steel is exported. To save this industry in market conditions, its technological restructuring is required.

There are several technologies in modern metallurgy. Until now, it was based on large full-cycle metallurgical plants (blast-furnace metallurgy), producing cast iron, steel, and rolled products. They require the proximity of large reserves of ore, coking coal, water resources, the creation of many auxiliary industries, a large workforce, developed infrastructure and energy. Although they provide cheaper metal, they are difficult to upgrade technologically and are a strong source of environmental pollution. In Russia, 8 such plants have been created - in the Urals, in Central Russia and which provide 2/3 of the production of ferrous metals.

More modern is electrometallurgy, which makes it possible to smelt steel bypassing the blast-furnace process (i.e., the production of pig iron), as well as to widely use scrap and secondary metal for remelting (pitch metallurgy). In European countries, the accumulated secondary raw materials already satisfy half of the demand for iron ore. Electrometallurgy makes it possible to more freely place small steelmaking workshops in any centers of mechanical engineering, using its waste and producing steel grades of the required assortment and quality. In Russia, there are such industries, but they are not enough to produce a wide range of modern metals.

The main areas of ferrous metallurgy in Russia are:

• Ural - produces half of the country's steel and rolled products, the main smelting of which takes place at large full-cycle plants - Magnitogorsk - one of the largest in the world, Nizhne-Tagilsky, Orsk-Khalilovsky. In the Urals, there are also many plants of conversion metallurgy, ferroalloys, alloyed steels, rolled products, producing high-quality metal. The Urals have almost exhausted their raw materials and import iron ore from the KMA and coal from Kuzbass and Kazakhstan.
• Center - gives 1/4 of the country's steel and uses KMA iron ore. Steel is smelted at combines in Lipetsk and Stary Oskol (domainless electrometallurgy) and at steelmaking plants in Tula, Moscow, Elektrostal. This area also includes the largest Cherepovets plant, created at the intersection of coal flows from the Vorkuta basin and iron ore from the Murmansk region.
• Kuzbass is the base of metallurgy in Siberia, producing 1/5 of the country's metal at the expense of two full-cycle plants - in the city of Novokuznetsk. It uses local coal and iron ore from Gornaya Shoria (Khakassia) and the Irkutsk region. However, the raw material base limits the development of metallurgy.

There are also pig metallurgy plants in Siberia—in Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Krasnoyarsk, and others. On the whole, ferrous metallurgy is an industry with a strong concentration of production at a small number of large enterprises.

The prospects for ferrous metallurgy are not connected with the growth of its production, the capacities of which are sufficient, but with its technological improvement. The development of electrical and converting technologies will help it locate in accordance with the specific needs of mechanical engineering, as well as solve other problems - improve the environmental characteristics of the industry, improve the quality and diversify the range of products, which is important both for the country's resurgent mechanical engineering and for strengthening its position in the world market.

Non-ferrous metallurgy, like ferrous metallurgy, is one of the old industries, but in the 20th century it was significantly updated. At the beginning of the century, it was based on "heavy" metals - copper, nickel, lead, zinc; then "light" metals - aluminum, magnesium, titanium - came to the fore in connection with the development of communications, aviation, space technology, etc. In the 80-90s. great importance acquire alloying and rare metals - tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, mercury, zirconium, etc., necessary for obtaining alloys with special properties. Precious metals have always retained their special role - gold, silver, platinum.

More than 70 types of non-ferrous metals are produced in the world, but only 4 countries have a complete set of them - in the USA, Russia,. Russia possesses almost all non-ferrous metal ores, and only a few, for example, bauxite, chromite, manganese, it imports. The production of most non-ferrous metals falls into 2-3 stages: ore enrichment, which is located at raw material sources; smelting of crude metal - near sources of heat, energy and water, the consumption of which is quite large; obtaining pure metal - in areas of its consumption.

In Russia, the Angaro-Yenisei region with plants in Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk, Bratsk, Shelekhov (Irkutsk region), and Novokuznetsk became the main area for aluminum smelting. It ranks second in the world in terms of production. The Urals is distinguished by the smelting of copper and other metals, where local and imported ores are used, as well as secondary raw materials. A special place in non-ferrous metallurgy is occupied by the complex ores of Taimyr and the Murmansk region, the largest metallurgical plants of which smelt copper, nickel, platinum and other rarer metals. The production of lead and zinc, tungsten and molybdenum is located in Primorsky Krai and on. Russia is a traditional producer of gold and silver with their mining in the Magadan region, the Chukotka district, Yakutia, and since the 60s. diamonds are also mined in Yakutia.

The largest regions for obtaining pure metals are Central and Ural, they are also their consumers. The main consumer industries are aviation, communications, space technology, electronics, nuclear power, robotics and other high-tech industries.

In connection with economic crisis In the 1990s, the demand for non-ferrous metals dropped sharply, especially in the aircraft industry, the defense complex, communications - among their largest consumers. The smelting of aluminium, nickel, titanium, magnesium and cobalt decreased by more than 2/3; in general, enterprises are loaded by 40-50%. Non-ferrous metallurgy survives due to the export of aluminum, gold, platinum, palladium, and titanium, being in the top five countries of the world in terms of their volume.

The prospects for the recovery of non-ferrous metallurgy are associated with a general revival of the economy, and, first of all, with the development of branches of scientific and technological progress, as well as the production of modern household appliances, lung Vehicle. Russia, having a wide range of non-ferrous metallurgy industries, can develop them in the desired direction.

The history of mankind has more than one thousand years. Throughout the entire period of the existence of our race, there has been a steady technological progress, an important role in which was played by the ability of a person to handle metal, create and mine it. Therefore, it is quite logical that metallurgy is something without which it is impossible to imagine our life, the normal performance of work duties, and much more.

Definition

First of all, it is worth understanding how scientifically, from a technical point of view, they call the modern sphere of production.

So, metallurgy is a branch of science, technology, which covers the process of obtaining various metals from ore or other materials, as well as all processes related to the transformation of the chemical composition, properties and structure of alloys.

Structure

Today, metallurgy is the most powerful industry. In addition, it is a broad concept that includes:

• Direct production of metals.
• Processing of metal products both hot and cold.
• Welding.
• Application of various metal coatings.
• Section of science - materials science. This direction in the theoretical study of physical and chemical processes, he is guided by the knowledge of the behavior of metals, alloys and intermetallic compounds.

Varieties

All over the world there are two main branches of metallurgy - ferrous and non-ferrous. Such a gradation has developed historically.

Ferrous metallurgy is the processing of iron and all alloys in which it is present. Also, this industry involves the extraction from the bowels of the earth and the subsequent enrichment of ores, steel and iron foundry production, rolling of billets, production of ferroalloys.

Non-ferrous metallurgy includes work with ore of any metal except iron. By the way, they are conditionally divided into two large groups:

Heavy (nickel, tin, lead, copper).

Lightweight (titanium, magnesium, aluminum).

Scientific Solutions

There is no doubt that metallurgy is an activity that requires the introduction of innovative technologies. In this regard, many countries of our planet are actively research work, the purpose of which is to study and apply in practice a wide variety of microorganisms that would help to solve, for example, such a topical issue as cleaning Wastewater, which are a mandatory component of metallurgical production. In addition, processes such as biological oxidation, precipitation, sorption, and others have already become a reality.

Separation by technological process

Metallurgy plants can be conditionally classified into two main groups:

Pyrometallurgy, where processes take place at very high temperatures (melting, roasting);

Hydrometallurgy, which consists in extracting metals from ores using water and other aqueous solutions using chemicals.

The principle of choosing a site for the construction of a metallurgical plant

In order to understand on the basis of what conclusions a decision is made to build an enterprise in a particular place, it is worth considering the main factors for the location of metallurgy.

In particular, if the question concerns the location of a non-ferrous metallurgy plant, then criteria such as:

• Availability of energy resources. The production associated with the processing of light non-ferrous metals requires an enormous amount of electrical energy. Therefore, such enterprises are being built as close as possible to hydroelectric power plants.
• Required amount of raw materials. Of course, the closer the ore deposits are, the better, respectively.
• environmental factor. Unfortunately, the countries of the post-Soviet space cannot be classified in the category where metallurgy enterprises are environmentally friendly.

Thus, the location of metallurgy is a most complicated issue, the solution of which should be given the closest attention, taking into account all kinds of requirements and nuances.

In order to form the most detailed picture in the description of metal processing, it is important to indicate the key areas of this production.

Ferrous metallurgy enterprises have several so-called redistributions in their composition. Among them: sintering, steelmaking, rolling. Let's consider each of them in more detail.

Domain production

It is at this stage that iron is released directly from the ore. This happens in a blast furnace and at temperatures above 1000 degrees Celsius. This is how iron is smelted. Its properties will directly depend on the course of the melting process. By regulating the smelting of the ore, one can ultimately obtain one of two conversion (used later for the production of steel) and foundry (iron blanks are cast from it).

Steel production

Combining iron with carbon and, if necessary, with various alloying elements, the result is steel. There are enough methods for its smelting. Let us especially note the oxygen-converter and electrosmelting, which are the most modern and highly productive.

Converter melting is characterized by its transience and the resulting steel with the required chemical composition. The process is based on blowing oxygen through the lance, as a result of which the pig iron is oxidized and transformed into steel.

The electric steelmaking method is the most efficient. It is thanks to the use of arc furnaces that the highest quality alloyed steel grades can be smelted. In such units, the heating of the metal loaded in them occurs very quickly, while it is possible to add the required amount of alloying elements. In addition, the steel obtained by this method has a low content of non-metallic inclusions, sulfur and phosphorus.

alloying

This process consists in changing the composition of steel by introducing calculated concentrations of auxiliary elements into it for subsequent imparting certain properties to it. Among the most commonly used alloying components are: manganese, titanium, cobalt, tungsten, aluminum.

rental

Many metallurgical plants have a rolling group of workshops. They produce both semi-finished products and fully finished products. The essence of the process is the passage of metal in the gap between the mill rotating in opposite directions. Moreover, the key point is that the distance between the rolls should be less than the thickness of the passed workpiece. Due to this, the metal is drawn into the lumen, moves, and eventually deforms to the specified parameters.

After each pass, the gap between the rolls is made smaller. Important point- often the metal is not ductile enough in a cold state. And therefore, for processing, it is preheated to the required temperature.

Consumption of secondary raw materials

In modern conditions, the market for the consumption of recycled materials, both ferrous and non-ferrous metals, is steadily developing. This is largely due to the fact that ore resources, unfortunately, are not renewable. Each year of their production significantly reduces reserves. Given the fact that the demand for metal products in machine building, construction, aircraft building, shipbuilding and other sectors of the national economy is steadily growing, it seems quite reasonable to develop the processing of parts and products that have already exhausted their resource.

It is safe to say that the development of metallurgy is to some extent explained by the positive dynamics of the industry segment - the use of secondary raw materials. At the same time, both large and small companies are engaged in the processing of scrap metal.

World trends in the development of metallurgy

In recent years, there has been a clear increase in the output of rolled metal products, steel and cast iron. This is largely due to the real expansion of China, which has become one of the leading planetary players in the metallurgical production market.

At the same time, various factors of metallurgy allowed the Celestial Empire to win back almost 60% of the entire world market. The remaining ten major manufacturers were: Japan (8%), India and the United States of America (6%), Russia and South Korea (5%), Germany (3%), Turkey, Taiwan, Brazil (2%).

If we consider 2015 separately, then there is a tendency to reduce the activity of metal product manufacturers. Moreover, the largest decline was noted in Ukraine, where the result was recorded, which is 29.8% lower than last year.

New technologies in metallurgy

Like any other industry, metallurgy is simply unthinkable without the development and implementation of innovative developments.

So, employees of the Nizhny Novgorod state university developed and began to put into practice new nanostructured wear-resistant hard alloys based on tungsten carbide. The main direction of application of innovation is the production of modern metalworking tools.

In addition, a grate drum with a special ball nozzle was modernized in Russia in order to create a new technology for processing liquid slag. This event was carried out on the basis of the state order of the Ministry of Education and Science. Such a step fully justified itself, since its results ultimately exceeded all expectations.

The largest metallurgy enterprises in the world

• ArcelorMittal is a company headquartered in Luxembourg. Its share is 10% of the total world steel production. In Russia, the company owns the Berezovskaya, Pervomaiskaya, Anzherskaya mines, as well as the Severstal Group.
• Hebei Iron & Steel- a giant from China. It is wholly owned by the state. In addition to production, the company is engaged in the extraction of raw materials, its transportation and research and development. The company's factories use exclusively new developments and the most modern technological lines, which allowed the Chinese to learn how to produce ultra-thin steel plates and ultra-thin cold-rolled sheets.
• Nippon Steel- representative of Japan. The management of the company, which began its work in 1957, is seeking to merge with another enterprise called Sumitomo Metal Industries. According to experts, such a merger will allow the Japanese to quickly reach the first place in the world, overtaking all their competitors.

They are mainly due to the geography of mineral deposits necessary for the metallurgical process. From the position of economic feasibility, metallurgical plants appear in the neighborhood of iron ore deposits. This is a general rule.

However, there are exceptions to it. The absence of coal basins and powerful power plants close to iron ore deposits excludes the possibility of building a metallurgical plant in such an area. Ideal conditions the concentration in one place of all factors is considered: the presence of ore, coal and electricity.

The choice of the area for the construction of a metallurgical plant plays an important role, because new cities grow around the new enterprise, infrastructure develops and the economic activity of small businesses increases. Most metallurgical plants play a city-forming role in their locations.

Importance of metallurgy for economic development

Russia is one of the world leaders in steel production. Metallurgical industry Russian Federation constitutes a significant part of the country's gross domestic product. According to this indicator, it is second only to the oil and gas sector.

The export of steel products provides stable foreign exchange earnings to the Russian economy.

The metallurgical complex consists of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. Products manufactured by metallurgical plants are used in a huge number of sectors of the economy. Ferrous metallurgy indirectly creates jobs in related industries.

Raw material base

Domestic metallurgy is developing due to the wealth of minerals that fill the bowels of the state.

Numerous deposits of coking coal fully meet the needs of metallurgists. Most of the Ural plants operate on coal supplied from the Kuznetsk coal basin (Kuzbass).

In terms of iron ore reserves, the Russian Federation is now in first place in the world. About 19% of the world's reserves of this mineral are located on its territory. Large deposits of iron ore are called the iron ore basin. The largest examples in the post-Soviet space are:

• Krivoy Rog iron ore basin;
• iron ore basin of the southern Urals;
• Kursk magnetic anomaly.

The development of iron ore deposits is also carried out by underground (mine) methods.

The expediency of developing deposits of coal or ferruginous quartzite is determined by the depth of the deposits, the transport accessibility of the deposit, as well as technological parameters.

Having considered the factors (not only raw materials) influencing the choice of the area for the location of metallurgical plants.

Criteria for choosing the location of metallurgical enterprises

The greatest economic effect is achieved with the concentration of enterprises and related industries in one territory. This gives steel mills significant savings on transportation costs.

It also greatly simplifies the organization of production management:

• Metallurgical plants require large volumes of water resources due to the specifics of the technology. This leads to the necessity of their location near water bodies.
• The environmental factor is also important. Metallurgical plants cannot be built near nature protection zones. Their design should take into account the wind rose of each specific area.
• Electrometallurgical plants require large amounts of electricity and scrap metal to operate. Such enterprises are built, as a rule, close to powerful hydroelectric power stations.

Industrial areas with metallurgical plants should be at a reasonable distance from residential areas. Under the influence of these factors, design institutes develop new metallurgical enterprises that comply with all environmental protection standards.

Among the many factors in the placement of ferrous metallurgy, a special place is occupied by its proximity or remoteness from large river and sea ports. Export deliveries are most expedient when shipping products by sea, which is the cheapest. Proximity to location river system- one of the main requirements for the construction site of a metallurgical plant.

Ferrous metallurgy

Centers for the development of metallurgy in Russia

The majority of Russian metallurgical enterprises are located in the Urals. This region accounts for up to half of the total volume of steel produced. The main giants of the industry are deployed in Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk and Nizhny Tagil.

In the European part of Russia, large plants are located in Lipetsk, Cherepovets and Stary Oskol. In the latter, by the way, there is the only electrometallurgical plant in Russia.

In the West Siberian region, metallurgical production is represented by two large plants in Novokuznetsk. Factors in the location of metallurgy in Siberia are determined by the presence of cheap Kuzbass coal in this territory.

The geography of the location of metallurgical enterprises is quite extensive. General rule for the three named centers of metallurgy is the attraction to sources of raw materials and fuel.

Metallurgy of non-ferrous metals has its own characteristics.

How does this industry differ from ferrous metallurgy in terms of the factors of its location?

Placement of plants for the production of non-ferrous metals

Non-ferrous metallurgy is very diverse. It is divided into the following subspecies:

• copper;
• lead-zinc;
• nickel-cobalt;
• aluminum;
• titanium-magnesium;
• production of precious metals.

In total, the Russian industry produces more than seventy types of non-ferrous metals. Half of the non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises of the Russian Federation are aluminum. They gravitate towards powerful hydroelectric power stations.

A distinctive feature of non-ferrous metal smelting plants is high level environmental pollution from their activities and the high energy intensity of the process.

Non-ferrous metals are distinguished by the diversity of their deposits. The geography of deposits of non-ferrous metals is very extensive. “Give examples,” the majority of the population will say. These are mountains, and rivers, and large ore massifs on the ground and underground. Gold and rare earth metals "live" in the sands. People can bring samples of some copper mines in the Urals, where it is mined from groundwater.

The metallurgical process for the production of non-ferrous metals is similar to the same process in ferrous metallurgy, although it has its own characteristics. The technological chain for the production of non-ferrous metals is as follows:

• ore mining and enrichment;
• melting in high-temperature furnaces;
• pressure treatment.

Criteria for choosing the location of non-ferrous metallurgy facilities

The geological factor is the main one of the criteria influencing the location of plants for the production of non-ferrous metals. Due to the low share of the useful component in non-ferrous metal ores, their transportation is not economically feasible.

This requires the location of the plants of this industry in the places of mining. Nickel production, for example, is strictly localized.

Such factors lead to the fact that production is located in adverse climatic conditions - in the Arctic Circle (Norilsk).

The development of a non-ferrous metal deposit is often associated with a number of difficulties. Access to useful minerals is often protected by a shield of waste rock and has to be blown up. Such development requires the use of a large amount of equipment: excavators, conveyors, electric locomotives.

Problems and prospects for the development of metallurgy in Russia

A common problem of the Russian metallurgical complex is the need for modernization and technical re-equipment.

Domestic metallurgical enterprises are faced with the task of reducing the energy intensity of their production. The rapid growth of metallurgy in China requires Russian producers to take effective measures to reduce costs.

Cost reduction while maintaining the quality of manufactured products is the only way to be competitive manufacturers in the global steel parts market.

Metallurgy on Far East will be developed due to deposits of iron ore in the Aldan province and the discovery of coking coal deposits in Yakutia. The construction of full-cycle metallurgical enterprises in the Far East is due to the need to reduce the cost of metal for the local machine-building plants.

Rail deliveries significantly increase the cost of rolled steel. This factor plays a negative role in the competitiveness of metal-intensive enterprises in the Far East.

The power and prosperity of the state depends on the efficiency of the economy and military potential. The development of the latter is impossible without the development of metallurgy, which in turn is the basis of mechanical engineering. Today, the focus is on the metallurgical complex of Russia and its importance for the industrial and economic sphere of the country.

General characteristics of the metallurgical complex

What are mining and metallurgical complexes? This is a set of enterprises that are engaged in mining, enrichment, metal smelting, production of rolled products and processing of secondary raw materials. The following industries are part of the metallurgical complex:

• Ferrous metallurgy , which is engaged in the smelting of steel, iron and ferroalloys;
• Non-ferrous metallurgy , which is engaged in the production of light (titanium, magnesium, aluminum) and heavy metals (lead, copper, tin, nickel).

Rice. 1 Metallurgical plant

Principles of location of enterprises

Enterprises of the mining and metallurgical complex are not placed randomly. They depend on the following factors for the placement of metallurgy:

• Raw material (physical and chemical features of ores);
• fuel (what type of energy must be used to obtain the metal);
• Consumer (geography of distribution of raw materials, main sources of energy and availability of transport routes).

Rice. 2 Fuel factor of metallurgy placement

Main metallurgical bases

All of the above factors have led to an uneven distribution of metallurgical enterprises. Entire metallurgical bases were formed in some territories. In Russia, there are three:

• central base - this is a fairly young center, the foundation of which is the iron ores of the area of ​​the Kursk magnetic anomaly, the Kola Peninsula and Karelia. The main production centers are the cities of Lipetsk, Stary Oskol and Cherepovets;
• Ural base - this is one of the largest centers of metallurgy in Russia, the main centers of which are Magnitogorsk, Novotroitsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil and Krasnouralsk;
• Siberian base - This is a center that is still in the development stage. The main source is Kuznetsk coal and iron ore from the Angara region and Mountain Shoria. The main center is the city of Novokuznetsk.

Comparative characteristics and scheme of work of the metallurgical bases of Russia can be presented in the following table:

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Non-ferrous metallurgy

Based on the purpose and chemical and physical characteristics and properties, non-ferrous metals are divided into:

• Heavy (copper, lead, tin, zinc, nickel);
• Light (aluminum, titanium, magnesium);
• Precious (gold, silver, platinum);
• Rare (zirconium, indium, tungsten, molybdenum, etc.)

Non-ferrous metallurgy is a complex of enterprises that is engaged in the extraction, enrichment and metallurgical processing of ores of non-ferrous, noble and rare metals.

In this chain, aluminum, copper, lead-zinc, tungsten-molybdenum and titanium-magnesium industries are distinguished. In addition, this also includes enterprises for the production of precious and rare metals.

Non-ferrous metallurgy centers in Russia

The centers of the aluminum industry are Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayansk and Novokuznetsk. Large aluminum plants located in these cities are developing on the basis of their own raw materials from the Urals, the North-West region and Siberia, as well as imported ones. This production is quite energy-intensive, so the enterprises are located near hydroelectric power plants and thermal power plants.

The main center of the copper industry of our country is the Urals. Enterprises use local raw materials from the Gaisky, Krasnouralsky, Revdinsky and Sibaysky deposits.

The lead-zinc industry of the mill depends on the extraction of polymetallic ores, and therefore is located near the places of their extraction - Primorye, North Caucasus, Kuzbass and Transbaikalia.

Rice. 3 Gold mining in Chukotka

Problems and prospects

There are problems in every industry. The metallurgical complex is no exception. Among the main problems of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy are the following:

• high energy consumption;
• low capacity of the domestic market;
• high level of depreciation of fixed production assets;
• lack of certain types of raw materials;
• destruction of the process of reproduction of stocks of raw materials and ore;
• technological backwardness and insufficient introduction of new technologies;
• shortage of professional staff.

But all these issues can be resolved. Russia continues to be a major player in the global market for metallurgical products. The share of Russian metallurgy in world production accounts for more than 5% of steel, 11% of aluminum, 21% of nickel, and more than 27% of titanium. The main indicator of the competitiveness of Russian metallurgy in the foreign market is that the country maintains and even expands its export opportunities.

What have we learned?

Today we learned what is meant by the term "metallurgical complex". This industry is divided into black and non-ferrous metallurgy. The location of mining, ore dressing, metal smelting, and rolled metal production enterprises has its own characteristics and depends on three factors: raw materials, fuel, and consumer. There are three metallurgical bases operating and developing in the Russian Federation: Central, Ural and Siberian.

Topic quiz

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Date 9th grade

Lesson topic metallurgical complex, black metal.

Goals: To study the structure and significance of metallurgy. To introduce the features of ferrous metallurgy and the problems of metallurgy. Give definitions to the concepts "combine", "metallurgical base". Describe the metallurgical bases.

Equipment: Card "Metallurgy", collection "Ferrous metallurgy" (coal, coke, iron ore-magnetic, red, brown, cast iron, steel).

During the classes

I. Organizational moment

II. Checking homework

1) Work in groups of 4 people. Students take turns answering homework questions (see previous lesson). One student answers, three in the group listen to him. Students can evaluate the answer of a friend and put a mark on him in a notebook. The teacher at this time can listen to the answers of 4 students and mark them in the journal. 2-3 minutes to answer.

2) Find out who completed the task individually by choice (after working in a group, listen to the answers to the questions of the headings “My point of view”, “The problem awaits your solution”, “My land is in the fate of Russia”).

Oral survey:

What are the advantages and disadvantages of hydropower?

What is the impact on environment power industry?

Name the most "dirty" and "clean" power plants. How can the negative impact on the environment of thermal power plants, hydroelectric power plants, nuclear power plants be reduced?

According to fig. 44, account. D., s. 129 identify areas of the country where the production of clean energy is the most promising? (For the use of wind, the most promising are the coasts of the seas of the Arctic Ocean, where the average annual wind speed exceeds 6 m / s; for the use of tides at TPPs, the bays of the Barents and White Seas (Mezenskaya Bay), as well as the bays of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk - Penzhenskaya Bay and bays on the western seashore; energy production at solar power plants is possible in the North Caucasus, the Lower Volga region, in Altai, where the value of total solar radiation is more than 100 kcal / m2; thermal waters (at GeoPP) are available in Western Siberia, in the Baikal region, in Kamchatka.)

According to fig. 43, account. D., s. 126 determine the areas of the largest reserves of hydropower resources. In which areas the costs of electricity production are minimal, and in which areas the construction of hydroelectric power stations is the most promising.

III. Learning new material

The metallurgical complex produces structural material - metal, which is used for the manufacture of machines, machine tools, equipment of many factories, for the construction of railways, etc. The main consumer of metal is mechanical engineering. The metallurgical complex consists of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. 90% of the metal produced is ferrous metal - steel.

Today we will get acquainted with ferrous metallurgy, adhering to the general plan for studying the industry.

Plan on the board:

1. The value of the industry in the national economy.

2. Composition, structure of the industry (types of enterprises, technological features of enterprises).

3. Features of metallurgy (concentration of production, combination, material consumption).

4. Factors and principles of location of enterprises.

5. Metallurgical bases of Russia and the largest enterprises, their connections in terms of raw materials and fuel.

6. Problems and prospects for the development of the industry.

The Russian economy cannot develop today without metal. Industries such as automotive, military production, transport (railroads), shipbuilding, construction, etc. cannot do without steel.

The technological chain of ferrous metallurgy production is as follows:

[blast shop| - [steel shop] - | rolling shop]

Working with the map:

Find on the map of the atlas "Metallurgy", or account. A. s. 132, fig. 36, full cycle plants. Where are they located? (Nizhny Tagil, Magnitogorsk, Lipetsk, Cherepovets, Novokuznetsk - mostly near ore deposits in the Urals and in the KMA region.)

The main part of the metal is produced at metallurgical plants.

Writing in a notebook

Combine - these are enterprises that, in addition to metallurgical production, have production of other industries related to the main technologically and economically.

Which factories do not belong to metallurgy? (Production of cement and building materials, nitrogen-fertilizer plant.)

Why are these productions part of the metallurgical plant? (They work on waste from the main production: a nitrogen fertilizer plant on the by-products of an air separation shop, a building materials plant uses slag waste from blast-furnace and steel-smelting production.)

What is the economic benefit of the combination? (Transport is reduced and waste is used to produce useful products.)

Where are metallurgical plants built? The location of metallurgical enterprises is influenced by raw materials, fuel, consumer, water, transport and environmental factors.

1. Full-cycle metallurgical plants are located near raw materials or fuel or on ore (raw materials) and fuel streams.

2. Limit plants and small metallurgy plants are oriented towards scrap metal (waste from machine-building plants), therefore they are located in large cities, focusing on the consumer.

3. A metallurgical plant is also a water-intensive enterprise, therefore it is built near a large river, lake or pond.

4. Metallurgy is a "dirty" industry, so you cannot build several metallurgical plants in one city. It is impossible to exceed the "environmental ceiling", this will adversely affect the health of the population.

5. The steel plant cannot work without railway, since the flows of raw materials, fuels are very huge.

Clusters of smelters that share a common ore or fuel base and produce a country's base metal are called a smelter base. There are 3 main metallurgical bases in Russia:

1. Ural;

2. Central;

3. Siberian.

Study the metallurgical bases of Russia on your own (study D., pp. 138-139; study A., pp. 132-134; map of the atlas "Metallurgy")1. What raw materials do the base factories use (own or imported)?

2. The quality of the mined ore.

3. Type of fuel (coal).

4. Large factories base.

5. Base problems.

Students in groups around the tables can work through options for one base and then discuss the results of the work in class.

I. Fixing

Mark 3 bases on the contour map, indicate deposits of ore, coal and large metallurgical plants.

Using the maps of the atlas "Metallurgy", "Electric power industry", "Fuel industry", "Transport", determine a promising area for the construction of a full-cycle metallurgical plant. (This may be the area of ​​Neryungri, Chulman.)

Homework

According to account D.: §25-26, p. 139 questions 1-2, p. 135 questions 1-2.

According to account A.: §30, p. 131-135 questions, p. 138 questions 2-6 and 10.

Individual task (according to A., p. 139) "My point of view."

lookahead task

Prepare a report on new technologies for ore mining (individually).