The metallurgical complex includes ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy: a set of related industries and stages production process from the extraction of raw materials to the production of finished products - ferrous and non-ferrous metals and their alloys. The integrity of this intersectoral complex is due, first of all, to the similarity of the industries that form it in terms of the nature of mining and the technology of pyrometallurgical processing of ore raw materials, as well as the use of finished products as structural materials. The metallurgical complex is characterized by concentration and combination of production. The state and development of the metallurgical industry ultimately determine the level of scientific and technological progress in all sectors of the national economy. The specifics of the metallurgical complex are the scale of production and the complexity of the technological cycle that are incomparable with other industries. The complex-forming and district-forming significance of the metallurgical complex in the territorial structure of the national economy of Russia is exceptionally great.

These technical and economic features have a strong influence on the territorial organization of ferrous metallurgy: the development of raw materials and fuel bases of appropriate size, the choice of the most efficient in terms of the use of natural, labor and material resources, options for locating enterprises, the establishment of certain spatial combinations of metallurgical production with other industries industry. The USSR is well supplied with raw materials for the development of ferrous metallurgy: about half of the explored ores are located on its territory. Most of them are rich (not requiring enrichment) and relatively easily enriched ores. Russia ranks first in the world in terms of iron ore production and the level of concentration of its production.

The dynamics of the development of ferrous metallurgy can be traced according to the table.

The output of finished rolled products will increase without an increase in pig iron production. It is planned to improve the structure of metal products through the production of rolled sheets, rolled products from low-alloy steel and with hardening treatment. It is planned to expand the production of pipes for oil and gas pipelines.

Ferrous metallurgy has the following features of the raw material base:

the raw material is characterized by a relatively high content of the useful component - from 17% in siderine to 53-55% in magnetite iron ore. The share of rich ores accounts for almost a fifth of the industrial reserves that are used for enrichment;

variety of raw materials in terms of species (magnetite, sulfide, oxidized, etc.), which makes it possible to use a variety of technologies and obtain metal with a wide variety of properties;

various mining conditions (both mine and open pit, which accounts for up to 80% of all raw materials mined in the ferrous metallurgy);

the use of ores that are complex in composition (phosphorous, vanadium, titanomagnetite, chromium, etc.). At the same time, more than 3/5 are magnetite, which facilitates the possibility of enrichment.

There have been structural shifts in steel production. At present, the main method of steel smelting is open-hearth. The share of oxygen-converter and electric steelmaking methods accounts for only about 1/2 of the total production volume.

Changes in ferrous metallurgy are due to the growth in the production of metal powders, the use of which makes it possible to improve the quality characteristics of products, reduce their labor intensity and metal consumption.

It is extremely important to develop on an industrial scale the technology of obtaining iron from ores by direct reduction, which, moreover, is much less energy-intensive than blast-furnace production. On the territory of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA), the Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant currently operates, with a design capacity of 5 million tons of metallized pellets and 2.7 million tons of rolled products per year.

Ferrous metallurgy is characterized by a highly developed production combination. The combination of metallurgical processing with coal coking is especially beneficial. Therefore, the predominant part of all coke is produced by metallurgical plants. Modern large enterprises of ferrous metallurgy, by the nature of internal technological relations, are metallurgical and energy-chemical plants.

Combines are the main type of ferrous metallurgy enterprises in most industrialized countries. Enterprises with a full cycle produce more than 9/10 of pig iron, about 9/10 of steel and rolled products. In addition, there are plants producing iron and steel, steel and rolled products (including pipe and hardware plants), as well as separate iron, steel and rolled products. Enterprises without iron smelting are classified as so-called conversion metallurgy. A special group in terms of technical and economic parameters is made up of enterprises with electrothermal production of steel and ferroalloys. There is "small metallurgy" - the production of steel and rolled products at machine-building plants.

Ferrous metallurgy with a complete technological cycle is an important area-forming factor. In addition to the numerous industries that arise on the basis of the disposal of various kinds of waste from iron smelting and coal coking - heavy organic synthesis (benzene, anthracene, naphthalene, ammonia and their derivatives), the production building materials(cement, block products), Tomas flour (in the processing of iron ores with a high content of phosphorus), ferrous metallurgy attracts related industries. Its most typical satellites are: thermal power industry, primarily installations that are part of metallurgical plants and can operate on secondary fuel (surplus blast-furnace gas, coke, coke breeze); metal-intensive engineering (metallurgical and mining equipment, heavy machine tools). Ferrous metallurgy forms around itself such powerful and diversified industrial complexes that have arisen in the Urals and Kuzbass.

Full-cycle metallurgy, conversion and "small" differ from each other in terms of location. Raw materials and fuel are especially important for the placement of the former, they account for 85-90% of all costs for iron smelting, including approximately 50% for coke and 35-40% for iron ore. For 1 ton of pig iron, 1.2-1.5 tons of coal is required (taking into account losses during enrichment and coking), 1.5 tons of iron ore, over 0.5 tons of flux limestone and up to 30 m 3 recycled water. This emphasizes the importance of the mutual transport and geographical position of raw materials and fuel bases, water supply sources and auxiliary materials.

The balance reserves of iron ores amount to 107.1 billion tons, including 63.7 billion tons of explored reserves, or more than 2/5 of the world's resources (1975). Of these, approximately 15% are rich ores (with an iron content of over 55%), used without enrichment. More than 1/2 of the total explored reserves are concentrated within the KMA (16.7 billion tons) and the Krivoy Rog basin (15.5 billion tons). The Kachkanar group of deposits (6.1 billion tons) in the Urals is also distinguished.

The most important deposits of manganese ores are located in Western Siberia (Usinskoye).

A positive factor in relation to the efficiency of the location of enterprises is the territorial combinations of coking coal and iron ores: Donbass - KMA, South Yakutsk basin - Aldan basin, etc. The mutual location of resources of iron ore and coking coal, their quantity, quality, operating conditions, proximity to industrial centers and transport routes determine the importance of each raw material and fuel base of metallurgical production in the territorial division of labor. The European part is far ahead of the eastern regions in terms of explored reserves of iron ore, and is noticeably inferior to them in terms of explored reserves of coking coal. In the eastern regions, on the contrary, there are much more fuel resources compared to raw materials.

For the extraction of iron ore and coking coal, the ratios between the European and Eastern regions are different. The first provides more than 5 times more raw materials, and 1.5 times more fuel than the eastern regions. At the same time, about 1/2 of coking coal is in the Donbass. This coal (in its natural form and as coke) is supplied to many regions of the European part, and is also exported. The main source of fuel is Kuzbass (about 1/3 of the total production of coking coal).

A characteristic trend in the development of ferrous metallurgy is the concentration of production of metallurgical raw materials at the largest and most profitable deposits in terms of operating conditions, with a wide deployment of an open pit followed by enrichment of iron ores, as well as the production of metallized pellets. The main raw material bases of ferrous metallurgy will in the future be the KMA in the European zone, the Angara-Ilim and Aldan basins in the eastern regions.

At present, the ratio of costs for raw materials and fuel shows that enterprises located near sources of iron ore and using imported fuel, ceteris paribus, are able to produce cheaper metal compared to those enterprises that are located near sources of coking coal and work on imported raw materials. . However, in practice, the placement of metallurgical production equally depends on both the raw material and the fuel and energy factor, which is confirmed by the experience of our country. In the USSR, ferrous metallurgy, being the basis for the formation of many industrial complexes, attracts various fuel-intensive industries (chemistry, electric power, building materials industry, etc.). Therefore, along with the areas of distribution of iron ores, it also finds favorable conditions within the coal regions.

Full-cycle ferrous metallurgy gravitates, depending on economic feasibility, to sources of raw materials (the Urals, the central regions of the European part), fuel bases (Donbass, Kuzbass).

In some cases, it is expedient to territorially divide a single metallurgical cycle by placing the production of iron and steel near sources of raw materials, and the production of rolled products with products of the fourth stage (rolled profiles, sheet steel with various coatings, strips, etc.) - in areas of concentrated consumption of finished products. Converting metallurgy focuses mainly on sources of secondary raw materials (waste from metallurgical production, waste from rolled products, depreciation scrap) and on places of consumption of finished products, since the largest amount of scrap metal accumulates in areas of developed engineering. "Small" metallurgy interacts even more closely with mechanical engineering.

The production of ferroalloys and electric steels is distinguished by special features of the location. Ferroalloys - alloys of iron with alloying metals (manganese, chromium, tungsten, silicon, etc.) - are obtained in blast furnaces and by an electrothermal method. In the first case - at full-cycle metallurgical enterprises, as well as with two (cast iron - steel) or one (cast iron) redistribution, in the second - at specialized plants. Electrothermal production of ferroalloys due to high energy consumption (up to 9 thousand kWh per 1 ton of production) is optimal in areas where cheap energy is combined with resources of alloying metals. The production of electric steels is developed near energy sources and scrap metal.

Historically, domestic ferrous metallurgy first arose in the central regions of the European part of the country. Starting from the 18th century, the production of ferrous metals moved to the Urals, which for a long time was the main metallurgical region.

Of the total amount of pig iron smelted in the country, more than 9/10 is conversion, the rest is cast iron, and also in small amounts - blast-furnace ferroalloys. Pig iron production is concentrated in the RSFSR (more than 1/2 of all smelting), where it is localized in the Urals, in the Central, Central Black Earth and Northern regions, in Western Siberia.

The current distribution of ferrous metallurgy enterprises shows that, with a significant territorial concentration of production, most regions of the country use metal smelted in the Urals.

There are three metallurgical bases on the territory of Russia - Central, Ural, Siberian. These metallurgical bases vary in scale; specialization and structure of production; transport and geographical position, availability of raw materials and fuel and energy resources, the nature of the location of enterprises, the level of development of concentration and combination, technical and economic indicators of metal smelting, and other features.

The Ural Metallurgical Base is the largest in Russia and is inferior in terms of production of ferrous metals only to the Southern Metallurgical Base of Ukraine within the CIS. To share Ural metallurgy accounts for 52% of pig iron, 56% of steel and more than 52% of rolled ferrous metals from the volumes produced on the scale of the former USSR. The Urals uses imported Kuznetsk coal. The own iron ore base is depleted, therefore, a significant part of the raw materials is imported from Kazakhstan (Sokolovsko-Sarbaiskoye deposit), from the Kursk magnetic anomaly and Karelia. The strengthening of the raw material base is associated with the development of titanomagnetites (Kachkanar deposit) and siderites (Bakal deposit), which account for 3/4 of the iron ore reserves. The first ones are already involved in the development (Kachkanar GOK). The largest centers of ferrous metallurgy were formed in the Urals (Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, Novotroitsk, Yekaterinburg, Serov, Zlatoust, etc.). With a significant development of conversion metallurgy, enterprises with a full cycle play the main role. They are located mainly along the eastern slopes. Ural mountains. On the western slopes, pig metallurgy is more represented.

The concentration of production in the Urals is high. The predominant part of ferrous metals is produced by giant enterprises (Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil), which arose during the years of industrialization as part of the Ural-Kuznetsk Combine (UKK). At the same time, many small plants (albeit reconstructed) have survived in the Urals, producing over 1/10 of iron and steel, and more than 1/5 of all rolled products. A prominent place is occupied by the production of ferroalloys by blast furnace (Chusovoi) and electrothermal (Serov, Chelyabinsk) methods, pipe rolling (Pervouralsk, Chelyabinsk). In addition, the Urals is the only region where naturally alloyed metals are smelted (Novotroitsk).

The ferrous metallurgy of the Urals is currently being partially reconstructed (the first stage of steelmaking at the Magnitogorsk Combine and metallurgical plants of small capacity).

Central metallurgical base - district early development ferrous metallurgy, where the largest reserves of iron ores are concentrated. The center, being an old area of ferrous metallurgy, developed relatively recently in two unrelated directions: the first is the smelting of cast iron and blast-furnace ferroalloys (Tula, Lipetsk), the second is the production of steel and rolled products mainly from scrap metal (Moscow, Elektrostal, Nizhny Novgorod and etc.).

Ferrous metallurgy of the Center is completely dependent on imported fuel (Donetsk coal or coke). The resources of raw materials, represented by the KMA deposits, practically do not limit production. Great importance has scrap metal. Almost all iron ore is mined in an open pit. Along with rich ores, ferruginous quartzites are mined in large quantities (Lebedinsky, Mikhailovsky and Stoilensky GOKs). The Yakovlevskoye deposit of rich ores is being developed. KMA serves as a source of raw materials not only for the factories of the Center, it also provides it to a number of enterprises in the Urals, the South, and the North. Within the KMA, a particularly promising production of metallized pellets arose here. On this basis, electrometallurgy is developing without blast-furnace redistribution (Oskol Combine). The production of cold-rolled strip was created (Orlovsky steel-rolling plant).

The metallurgical base of Siberia as the metallurgical base of Russia is in the process of formation. Siberia and the Far East account for about a fifth of the iron and finished rolled products produced in Russia and 15% of steel. Modern production is represented by two powerful enterprises with a full cycle - the Kuznetsk Iron and Steel Works and the West Siberian Plant (Novokuznetsk), and several conversion plants (Novosibirsk, Guryevsk, Krasnoyarsk, Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky, Komsomolsk-on-Amur), as well as a ferroalloy plant (Novokuznetsk). The raw material base is the iron ores of Gornaya Gioria, Khakassia and the Angara-Ilimsk basin (Kormunovsky GOK). Fuel base - Kuzbass.

The ferrous metallurgy of Siberia and the Far East has not yet completed its formation. Therefore, on the basis of efficient raw materials and fuel resources, in the future, it is possible that new centers of ferrous metallurgy will emerge, in particular, the Taishet plant using Kuznetsk coal and Angaroilimsk ores, as well as the Barnaul plant for the processing of Lisakov brown iron ore with the production of phosphorus-saturated slag, which is important for meeting the needs of Siberia in mineral fertilizers.

In the Far East, the prospects for the development of ferrous metallurgy are associated with the creation of a full-cycle enterprise using coking coal from the South Yakutsk basin.

Interregional ties for ferrous metals are largely due to:

a variety of manufactured profiles of rolled products and regional differences in the structure of their consumption;

high territorial concentration of rolled products production;

territorial dispersal of consumption of rolled products;

inconsistency on the scale of various processing stages (iron, steel, rolled products) for metallurgical bases;

lack of pipe rolling in the eastern regions.

In general, it is indicative that the country's metallurgical bases exchange various profiles of rolled products among themselves, moreover, they partially import them from metal-consuming regions. At the same time, the most important metal-consuming regions, where the size of consumption far exceeds the scale of production, export certain types of rolled products.

The most important long-term task is to establish the necessary proportions between the stages of the metal processing for each metallurgical base. The existing territorial differences in terms of combining production are such that in terms of iron and steel smelting at full-cycle enterprises, the Urals far outstrips other regions that produce ferrous metals.

At the current stage of the development of the national economy, the ecological situation in many regions of Russia has sharply worsened, which cannot but be taken into account in the process of locating metallurgical enterprises. Big impact on condition environment provided by the metallurgical complex. Metallurgical enterprises are major pollutants of the atmosphere, water bodies, forests, and lands. The higher the level of environmental pollution, the greater the cost of pollution prevention. The growth of these costs can lead to unprofitability of any production.

Ferrous metallurgy enterprises account for 20-25% of dust emissions, 25-30% of carbon monoxide, more than half of sulfur oxides of their total volume in the country. These emissions contain hydrogen sulfide, fluorides, hydrocarbons, compounds of manganese, vanadium, chromium, etc. Ferrous metallurgy enterprises take up to 20% of water of its total consumption in industry and heavily pollute surface waters.

The problems of locating this industry are especially difficult due to the fact that high level The development of productive forces and the latest achievements in science and technology make it economically feasible to build large enterprises with multifaceted rear connections (mines, lime quarries, coking plants, etc.). Each of these features in one way or another affects the efficiency of this industry, but the greatest importance, as a rule, belongs to the raw material and fuel factors, since ferrous metallurgy is very material-intensive.

In general, large-scale ferrous metallurgy can develop effectively only in areas that have natural prerequisites for this. Failure to comply with this requirement leads to a shortage of prepared ores and high-quality coking coal at individual enterprises. Metal consumption also has an impact on the location efficiency of ferrous metallurgy. It was the proximity to the largest metal-consuming centers of Russia that served as one of the main factors in the creation of metallurgy in the central and northwestern regions in the 17th century and the first half of the 18th century.

The presence of water sources also affects the location of metallurgical plants. In some cases, especially where there is a tense water management balance, their role can become decisive.

Despite the ongoing structural changes in the industry, caused by the chemicalization of production and more and more wide application light and non-ferrous metals, plastics and other products of chemical synthesis, ferrous metals have not lost their role as the main structural material in industry and transport. They are widely used in construction and other sectors of the economy. Their production remains one of the most important indicators of the industrial development of a country, reflecting its technical level.

Date 9th grade

Lesson topic metallurgical complex, black metal.

Goals: To study the structure and significance of metallurgy. To introduce the features of ferrous metallurgy and the problems of metallurgy. Give definitions to the concepts "combine", "metallurgical base". Describe the metallurgical bases.

Equipment: Card "Metallurgy", collection "Ferrous metallurgy" (coal, coke, iron ore-magnetic, red, brown, cast iron, steel).

During the classes

I. Organizational moment

II. Checking homework

1) Work in groups of 4 people. Students take turns answering homework questions (see previous lesson). One student answers, three in the group listen to him. Students can evaluate the answer of a friend and put a mark on him in a notebook. The teacher at this time can listen to the answers of 4 students and mark them in the journal. 2-3 minutes to answer.

2) Find out who completed the task individually by choice (after working in a group, listen to the answers to the questions of the headings “My point of view”, “The problem awaits your solution”, “My land is in the fate of Russia”).

Oral survey:

What are the advantages and disadvantages of hydropower?

What is the environmental impact of the power industry?

Name the most "dirty" and "clean" power plants. How can the negative impact on the environment of thermal power plants, hydroelectric power plants, nuclear power plants be reduced?

According to fig. 44, account. D., s. 129 identify areas of the country where the production of clean energy is the most promising? (For the use of wind, the most promising are the coasts of the seas of the Arctic Ocean, where the average annual wind speed exceeds 6 m / s; for the use of tides at TPPs, the bays of the Barents and White Seas (Mezenskaya Bay), as well as the bays of the Sea of Okhotsk - Penzhenskaya Bay and bays on the western seashore; energy production at solar power plants is possible in the North Caucasus, the Lower Volga region, in Altai, where the value of total solar radiation is more than 100 kcal / m2; thermal waters (at GeoPP) are available in Western Siberia, in the Baikal region, in Kamchatka.)

According to fig. 43, account. D., s. 126 determine the areas of the largest reserves of hydropower resources. In which areas the costs of electricity production are minimal, and in which areas the construction of hydroelectric power stations is the most promising.

III. Learning new material

The metallurgical complex produces structural material - metal, which is used for the manufacture of machines, machine tools, equipment of many factories, for construction railways etc. The main consumer of metal is mechanical engineering. The metallurgical complex consists of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. 90% of the metal produced is ferrous metal - steel.

Today we will get acquainted with ferrous metallurgy, adhering to the general plan for studying the industry.

Plan on the board:

1. The value of the industry in the national economy.

2. Composition, structure of the industry (types of enterprises, technological features of enterprises).

3. Features of metallurgy (concentration of production, combination, material consumption).

4. Factors and principles of location of enterprises.

5. Metallurgical bases of Russia and the largest enterprises, their connections in terms of raw materials and fuel.

6. Problems and prospects for the development of the industry.

The Russian economy cannot develop today without metal. Industries such as automotive, military production, transport (railroads), shipbuilding, construction, etc. cannot do without steel.

The technological chain of ferrous metallurgy production is as follows:

[blast shop| - [steel shop] - | rolling shop]

Working with the map:

Find on the map of the atlas "Metallurgy", or account. A. s. 132, fig. 36, full cycle factories. Where are they located? (Nizhny Tagil, Magnitogorsk, Lipetsk, Cherepovets, Novokuznetsk - mostly near ore deposits in the Urals and in the KMA region.)

The main part of the metal is produced at metallurgical plants.

Writing in a notebook

Combine - these are enterprises that, in addition to metallurgical production, have production of other industries related to the main technologically and economically.

Which factories do not belong to metallurgy? (Production of cement and building materials, nitrogen-fertilizer plant.)

Why are these productions part of the metallurgical plant? (They work on waste from the main production: a nitrogen fertilizer plant on the by-products of an air separation shop, a building materials plant uses slag waste from blast-furnace and steel-smelting production.)

What is the economic benefit of the combination? (Transport is reduced and waste is used to produce useful products.)

Where are metallurgical plants built? The placement of metallurgical enterprises is influenced by raw materials, fuel, consumer, water, transport and environmental factors.

1. Full-cycle metallurgical plants are located near raw materials or fuel or on ore (raw materials) and fuel streams.

2. Limit plants and small metallurgy plants are oriented towards scrap metal (waste from machine-building plants), therefore they are located in large cities, focusing on the consumer.

3. A metallurgical plant is also a water-intensive enterprise, therefore it is built near a large river, lake or pond.

4. Metallurgy is a "dirty" industry, so you cannot build several metallurgical plants in one city. It is impossible to exceed the "environmental ceiling", this will adversely affect the health of the population.

5. A metallurgical plant cannot work without a railway, since the flows of raw materials and fuel are very huge.

Clusters of smelters that share a common ore or fuel base and produce a country's base metal are called a smelter base. There are 3 main metallurgical bases in Russia:

1. Ural;

2. Central;

3. Siberian.

Study the metallurgical bases of Russia on your own (study D., pp. 138-139; study A., pp. 132-134; map of the atlas "Metallurgy")1. What raw materials do the base factories use (own or imported)?

2. The quality of the mined ore.

3. Type of fuel (coal).

4. Large factories base.

5. Base problems.

Students in groups around the tables can work through options for one base and then discuss the results of the work in class.

I. Fixing

Mark 3 bases on the contour map, indicate deposits of ore, coal and large metallurgical plants.

Using the maps of the atlas "Metallurgy", "Electric power industry", "Fuel industry", "Transport", determine a promising area for the construction of a full-cycle metallurgical plant. (This may be the area of Neryungri, Chulman.)

Homework

According to account D.: §25-26, p. 139 questions 1-2, p. 135 questions 1-2.

According to account A.: §30, p. 131-135 questions, p. 138 questions 2-6 and 10.

Individual task (according to A., p. 139) "My point of view."

lookahead task

Prepare a report on new technologies for ore mining (individually).

Ministry of General and vocational education Russian Federation

SURGUT STATE UNIVERSITY

Department of Economic Theory

Test

By discipline“ Economical geography”

On the topic “ Ferrous metallurgy ”

Completed by: student of economics

faculty gr. 382 ( I)

Tsvetkov Sergey Sergeevich

Checked by: Brailovskaya T.Yu.

Surgut, 1998

PLAN

1. Introduction

2. Ferrous metallurgy

3. Metallurgical bases of Russia

3.1. Ural Metallurgical Base

3.2. Central metallurgical base

3.3. Metallurgical base of Siberia

4. Conclusion

Introduction.

The metallurgical complex includes ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy covering all stages of technological processes: from the extraction and enrichment of raw materials to the production of finished products in the form of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and their alloys. The metallurgical complex is an interdependent combination of the following technological processes:

Extraction and preparation of raw materials for processing (extraction, enrichment, agglomeration, obtaining the necessary concentrates, etc.) ;

Metallurgical processing is the main technological process with the production of cast iron, steel, rolled ferrous and non-ferrous metals, pipes, etc. ;

- alloy production;

- recycling of waste from the main production and obtaining from them various kinds products.

Depending on the combination of these technological processes, the following types of production in the metallurgical complex are distinguished.

Full cycle production, which are represented, as a rule, by plants in which all the above-mentioned stages of the technological process operate simultaneously.

Partial cycle production- these are enterprises in which not all stages of the technological process are carried out, for example, in the ferrous metallurgy only steel and rolled products are produced, but there is no production of cast iron, or only rolled products are produced. The incomplete cycle also includes electrothermal ferroalloys, electrometallurgy, etc. Partial cycle enterprises, or “small metallurgy” are called conversion enterprises, are presented as separate units for the production of cast iron, steel or rolled products as part of large machine-building enterprises of the country.

The metallurgical complex is the basis of the industry. It is the foundation of mechanical engineering, which, together with the electric power industry, provides chemical industry development of scientific and technological progress in all parts of the country's national economy. Metallurgy is one of the basic sectors of the national economy and is characterized by high material and capital intensity of production. The share of ferrous and non-ferrous metals accounts for more than 90% of the total volume of structural materials used in Russian engineering. In total transportation In the Russian Federation, metallurgical cargo accounts for over 35% of the total cargo turnover. For the needs of metallurgy, 14% of fuel and 16% of electricity are consumed, i.e. 25% of these resources are expended in industry.

The state and development of the metallurgical industry ultimately determine the level of scientific and technological progress in all sectors of the national economy. The metallurgical complex is characterized by concentration and combination of production.

The specifics of the metallurgical complex are the scale of production and the complexity of the technological cycle that are incomparable with other industries. For the production of many types of products, 15-18 redistributions are necessary, starting with the extraction of ore and other types of raw materials. At the same time, conversion enterprises have close ties with each other not only within Russia, but also across the Commonwealth countries. So, in the production of titanium and titanium rolled products, a stable interstate cooperation of enterprises from Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan has developed.

The complex-forming and district-forming significance of the metallurgical complex in the territorial structure of the national economy of Russia is exceptionally great. Modern large enterprises of the metallurgical complex, by the nature of internal technological relations, are metallurgical and energy-chemical plants. In addition to the main production, as part of the metallurgical enterprises, production is created on the basis of the utilization of various kinds of secondary resources of raw materials and materials (sulfuric acid production, heavy organic synthesis for the production of benzene, ammonia and other chemical products, production of building materials - cement, block products, as well as phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers, etc.). The most common satellites of metallurgical enterprises are: thermal power industry, metal-intensive engineering (metallurgical and mining equipment, heavy machine tool building), production of metal structures, hardware.

Ferrous metallurgy.

Ferrous metallurgy has the following features of the raw material base:

The raw material is characterized by a relatively high content of the useful component - 17% in siderite ores up to 53-55% in magnetite iron ore. Rich ores account for almost a fifth of industrial reserves, which are used, as a rule, without enrichment. Approximately 2/3 of the ores require enrichment by a simple and 18% by a complex enrichment method;

Variety of raw materials in terms of species (magnetite, sulfide, oxidized, etc.), which makes it possible to use a variety of technologies and obtain metal with a wide variety of properties;

Various conditions mining (both mine and open pit, which accounts for up to 80% of all raw materials mined in the ferrous metallurgy) ;

The use of ores that are complex in composition (phosphorous, vanadium, titanomagnetite, chromium, etc.). At the same time, more than 2/3 are magnetite, which facilitates the possibility of enrichment.

The most important problem of the raw material base of ferrous metallurgy is its remoteness from the consumer. Thus, in the eastern regions of Russia, most of the fuel and energy resources and raw materials for the metallurgical complex are concentrated, and their main consumption is carried out in the European part of Russia, which creates problems associated with high transport costs for the transportation of fuel and raw materials.

The location of full-cycle ferrous metallurgy enterprises depends on raw materials and fuel, which account for most of the costs of iron smelting, of which about half are for coke production and 35-40% for iron ore.

Currently, due to the use of poorer iron ores that require enrichment, construction sites are located in areas where iron ore is mined. However, it is not uncommon to have to transport enriched iron ore and coking coal many hundreds and even thousands of kilometers from their mining sites to metallurgical enterprises located far from raw material and fuel bases.

Thus, there are three options for the location of full-cycle ferrous metallurgy enterprises, gravitating either to sources of raw materials (Ural, Center), or to sources of fuel (Kuzbass), or located between them (Cherepovets). These options determine the choice of the area and construction site, the availability of water supply sources and auxiliary materials.

Pitch metallurgy is characterized by large volumes of production, which includes steelmaking, steel-rolling and pipe plants, specializing in the smelting of steel from pig iron, scrap metal, metallized pellets, the production of rolled steel and pipes. Converting metallurgy plants are being set up in major engineering centers where the demand for certain types of metal is quite large. The conversion metallurgy also includes steel-smelting plants, which produce especially high-quality steel for various branches of engineering (tool, ball-bearing, stainless, structural, etc.).

A new direction in the development of ferrous metallurgy is the creation of electrometallurgical plants for the production of steel from metallized pellets obtained by direct reduction of iron (Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant), where high technical and economic indicators are achieved compared to traditional methods of producing metal.

Small metallurgy enterprises are located where there are machine-building plants. Smelting on them is made from imported metal, scrap metal, engineering waste.

In modern conditions, the location of the branches of the metallurgical complex is increasingly influenced by scientific and technical progress. Its impact as a factor in the location of production is most fully manifested in the choice of areas for new construction of metallurgical enterprises. With the development of scientific and technological progress, the raw material base of metallurgy is expanding as a result of improving the methods of prospecting and developing ore deposits, the use of new, most effective technological schemes production for the complex processing of raw materials. Ultimately, the number of options for locating enterprises is increasing, and the places for their construction are being determined in a new way. Scientific and technological progress is an important factor not only in the rational distribution of production, but also in the intensification of the branches of the metallurgical complex.

A significant role in the location of metallurgical enterprises is played by transport factor. This is primarily due to cost savings in the process of transporting raw materials, fuel, semi-finished products and finished products. The transport factor largely determines the location of enterprises for the production of concentrates, for servicing the main production with fuel. Their placement is influenced by the provision of the territory (region), primarily by automobile, pipeline (fuel supply) and electronic transport (electricity supply). Equally important is the presence of railways in the region, since the products of the metallurgical complex are very large-tonnage.

The location of the metallurgical industry is influenced by the development infrastructure, namely, the provision of the district with industrial and social infrastructure facilities, the level of their development. As a rule, regions with a higher level of infrastructure development are the most attractive when locating metallurgical enterprises, since there is no need to build new, additional facilities for power supply, water supply, transport communications, and social institutions.

At the current stage of development of the national economy, the ecological situation has sharply worsened in many regions of Russia, which cannot be ignored in the process of locating metallurgical enterprises that have a strong impact on the environment and nature management, being major pollutants of the atmosphere, water bodies, forests, and lands. With modern production volumes, this impact is very noticeable. It is known that the higher the level of environmental pollution, the greater the cost of pollution prevention. A further increase in these costs can eventually lead to unprofitability of any production.

Ferrous metallurgy enterprises account for 20-25% of dust emissions, 25-30% of carbon monoxide, more than half of sulfur oxides of their total volume in the country. These emissions contain hydrogen sulfide, fluorides, hydrocarbons, manganese, vanadium, chromium compounds, etc. (more than 60 ingredients). Ferrous metallurgy enterprises, in addition, take up to 20-25% of the water of its total consumption in industry and heavily pollute surface waters.

Taking into account the environmental factor when locating metallurgical production is an objective necessity in the development of society.

In the process of justifying the location of metallurgical enterprises, it is necessary to take into account the whole range of factors that contribute to the organization of more efficient production in a particular territory, i.e. their cumulative interaction on production processes and the life of the population in the regions.

Metallurgical bases of Russia.

There are three metallurgical bases on the territory of Russia - Central, Ural and Siberian. These metallurgical bases have significant differences in terms of raw materials and fuel resources, the structure and specialization of production, its capacity and organization, the nature of intra- and inter-industry, as well as territorial ties, the level of formation and development, their role in the all-Russian territorial division of labor, in economic relations with near and far abroad. These bases differ in the scale of production, technical and economic indicators of metal production and a number of other features.

Ural Metallurgical Base is the largest in Russia and is inferior in terms of production of ferrous metals only to the Southern Metallurgical Base of Ukraine within the CIS. On the scale of Russia, it also ranks first in the production of non-ferrous metals. The share of the Ural metallurgy accounts for 52% of pig iron, 56% of steel and more than 52% of rolled ferrous metals from the volumes produced on the scale of the former USSR. It is the oldest in Russia. The Urals uses imported Kuznetsk coal. Own iron ore base is depleted, a significant part of the raw materials is imported from Kazakhstan (Sokolovsko-Sarbaiskoye deposit), from the Kursk magnetic anomaly and Karelia. The development of our own iron ore base was associated with the development of the Kachkanarskoye titanomagnetite deposit (Sverdlovsk region) and the Bakalskoye siderite deposit, which account for more than half of the region's iron ore reserves. The largest enterprises for their extraction are the Kachkanar Mining and Processing Plant (GOK) and the Bakal Mining Administration.

The largest centers of ferrous metallurgy have been formed in the Urals: Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, Novotroitsk, Yekaterinburg, Serov, Zlatoust and others. Orenburg region. With a significant development of pig metallurgy (steel smelting exceeds pig iron production), enterprises with a full cycle play the main role. They are located along the Eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains. On the Western slopes, the conversion metallurgy is located to a greater extent. Metallurgy of the Urals is characterized by a high level of production concentration. A special place is occupied by the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works. It is the largest iron and steel smelter not only in Russia, but also in Europe.

The Urals is one of the main regions for the production of steel pipes for oil and gas pipelines. Its largest enterprises are located in Chelyabinsk, Pervouralsk and Kamensk-Uralsk. At present, the metallurgy of the Urals is being reconstructed.

Central metallurgical base- an area of early development of ferrous metallurgy, where the largest reserves of iron ore are concentrated. The development of ferrous metallurgy in this area is based on the use of the largest iron ore deposits of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA), as well as metallurgical scrap and on imported coking coal - Donetsk, Pechora and Kuznetsk.

The intensive development of the center's metallurgy is associated with the extraction of iron ores. Almost all of the ore is mined in an open pit. The main iron ore reserves of KMA in category A + B + C are about 32 billion tons. The general geological reserves of ores, mainly ferruginous quartzites with an iron content of 32-37%, reach one million tons. Large explored and exploited KMA deposits are located on the territory of the Kursk and Belgorod regions (Mikhailovskoye, Lebedinskoye, Stoilenskoye, Yakovlevskoye, etc.). The ores occur at a depth of 50 to 700 m. The cost per 1 ton of iron in marketable ore is half that in Krivoy Rog ore and lower than in Karelian and Kazakh ores. KMA is the largest open pit iron ore mining area. In general, the extraction of raw ore is about 39% of Russian production (in 1992).

The central metallurgical base includes large enterprises of the full metallurgical cycle: the Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works (Lipetsk), and the Novotulsky Plant (Tula), the Svobodny Sokol metallurgical plant (Lipetsk), Elektrostal near Moscow (refining high-quality metallurgy) . Small-scale metallurgy is developed at large machine-building enterprises. The Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant for the direct reduction of iron (Belgorod Region) was put into operation. The construction of this plant is the world's largest experience in the introduction of a blast-furnace metallurgical process. The advantages of this process are: a high concentration of interrelated industries - from the pelletization of raw materials to the release of the final product; high quality of metal products; continuity of the technological process, which contributes to the connection of all technological sections of metallurgical production into one highly mechanized line; significantly greater capacity of the enterprise, which does not require coke for steel smelting.

The zone of influence and territorial relations of the Center also includes the metallurgy of the North of the European part of Russia, which accounts for more than 5% of the balance reserves of iron ore in the Russian Federation and more than 21% of the production of raw ore. Quite large enterprises operate here - the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant, the Olenegorsk and Kostomuksha Mining and Processing Plants (Karelia). The ores of the North with a low iron content (28-32%) are well enriched, have almost no harmful impurities, which makes it possible to obtain high-quality metal.

Metallurgical base of Siberia is in the process of formation. Siberia, the Far East, accounts for approximately one-fifth of the iron and finished rolled products produced in Russia and 15% of steel. This metallurgical base is characterized by relatively large balance reserves (in category A + B + C) of iron ores. As of 1992, they were estimated at 12 billion tons. This is approximately 21% of the total Russian reserves, including about 13% in Siberia and 8% in the Far East.

The basis for the formation of the Siberian metallurgical base is the iron ores of Gornaya Shoria, Khakassia and the Angara-Ilimsk iron ore basin, and the fuel base is the Kuznetsk coal basin. Modern production here is represented by two large enterprises: the Kuznetsk Iron and Steel Works (with full-cycle production) and the West Siberian Plant, as well as a ferroalloy plant (Novokuznetsk). Converting metallurgy has also been developed, represented by several conversion plants (Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Guryevsk, Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky, Komsomolsk-on-Amur). The mining industry is carried out by several mining and processing enterprises located on the territory of Kuzbass, in Gornaya Shoria and Khakassia (Western Siberia) and Korshunovsky GOK in Eastern Siberia.

The ferrous metallurgy of Siberia and the Far East has not yet completed its formation. Therefore, on the basis of efficient raw materials and fuel resources, it is possible in the future to create new centers.

Conclusion.

One of the most pressing problems in present stage development of the metallurgical complex of Russia are the rational use of natural resources and environmental protection.

Emission level harmful substances into the atmosphere and water bodies, the formation of solid waste, metallurgy surpasses all raw materials industries, creating a high environmental hazard for its production and increased social tension in the areas of operation of metallurgical enterprises.

Protecting the environment in the industries of the metallurgical complex requires huge costs. Their difference significantly affects the choice of the main technological process. Sometimes it is more appropriate to use a process that is less polluting than to control (at a huge cost) the level of pollution and organize the fight against these pollution using traditional technologies.

Huge reserves and solutions environmental issues concluded in the complexity of processing raw materials, in the full use of useful components in its composition and deposits.

Bibliography.

1. Regional economy

/ Ed. Professor T.G. Morozova - M.1995 /

Tutoring

Need help learning a topic?

Our experts will advise or provide tutoring services on topics of interest to you.
Submit an application indicating the topic right now to find out about the possibility of obtaining a consultation.

They are mainly due to the geography of mineral deposits necessary for the metallurgical process. From the position of economic feasibility, metallurgical plants appear in the neighborhood of iron ore deposits. This is a general rule.

However, there are exceptions to it. The absence of coal basins and powerful power plants close to iron ore deposits excludes the possibility of building a metallurgical plant in such an area. Ideal conditions the concentration in one place of all factors is considered: the presence of ore, coal and electricity.

The choice of the area for the construction of a metallurgical plant plays an important role, because new cities grow around the new enterprise, infrastructure develops and the economic activity of small businesses increases. Most metallurgical plants play a city-forming role in their locations.

Importance of metallurgy for economic development

Russia is one of the world leaders in steel production. The metallurgical industry of the Russian Federation makes up a significant part of the country's gross domestic product. According to this indicator, it is second only to the oil and gas sector.

The export of steel products provides stable foreign exchange earnings to the Russian economy.

The metallurgical complex consists of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. Products manufactured by metallurgical plants are used in a huge number of sectors of the economy. Ferrous metallurgy indirectly creates jobs in related industries.

Raw material base

Domestic metallurgy is developing due to the wealth of minerals that fill the bowels of the state.

Numerous deposits of coking coal fully meet the needs of metallurgists. Most of the Ural plants operate on coal supplied from the Kuznetsk coal basin (Kuzbass).

In terms of iron ore reserves, the Russian Federation is now in first place in the world. About 19% of the world's reserves of this mineral are located on its territory. Large deposits of iron ore are called the iron ore basin. The largest examples in the post-Soviet space are:

Krivoy Rog iron ore basin;
iron ore basin of the southern Urals;
Kursk magnetic anomaly.

The development of iron ore deposits is also carried out by underground (mine) methods.

The expediency of developing deposits of coal or ferruginous quartzite is determined by the depth of the deposits, the transport accessibility of the deposit, as well as technological parameters.

Having considered the factors (not only raw materials) influencing the choice of the area for the location of metallurgical plants.

Criteria for choosing the location of metallurgical enterprises

The greatest economic effect is achieved with the concentration of enterprises and related industries in one territory. This gives steel mills significant savings on transportation costs.

It also greatly simplifies the organization of production management:

Metallurgical plants, due to the peculiarities of technology, require large volumes water resources. This leads to the necessity of their location near water bodies.
The environmental factor is also important. Metallurgical plants cannot be built near nature protection zones. Their design should take into account the wind rose of each specific area.
Electrometallurgical plants require large amounts of electricity and scrap metal to operate. Such enterprises are built, as a rule, close to powerful hydroelectric power stations.

Industrial areas with metallurgical plants should be at a reasonable distance from residential areas. Under the influence of these factors, design institutes develop new metallurgical enterprises that comply with all environmental protection standards.

Among the many factors in the placement of ferrous metallurgy, a special place is occupied by its proximity or remoteness from large river and sea ports. Export deliveries are most expedient when shipping products by sea, which is the cheapest. Proximity to location river system- one of the main requirements for the construction site of a metallurgical plant.

Ferrous metallurgy

Centers for the development of metallurgy in Russia

The majority of Russian metallurgical enterprises are located in the Urals. This region accounts for up to half of the total volume of steel produced. The main giants of the industry are deployed in Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk and Nizhny Tagil.

In the European part of Russia, large plants are located in Lipetsk, Cherepovets and Stary Oskol. In the latter, by the way, there is the only electrometallurgical plant in Russia.

In the West Siberian region, metallurgical production is represented by two large plants in Novokuznetsk. Factors in the location of metallurgy in Siberia are determined by the presence of cheap Kuzbass coal in this territory.

The geography of the location of metallurgical enterprises is quite extensive. General rule for the three named centers of metallurgy is the attraction to sources of raw materials and fuel.

Metallurgy of non-ferrous metals has its own characteristics.

How does this industry differ from ferrous metallurgy in terms of the factors of its location?

Placement of plants for the production of non-ferrous metals

Non-ferrous metallurgy is very diverse. It is divided into the following subspecies:

copper;
lead-zinc;
nickel-cobalt;
aluminum;
titanium-magnesium;
production of precious metals.

In total, the Russian industry produces more than seventy types of non-ferrous metals. Half of the non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises of the Russian Federation are aluminum. They gravitate towards powerful hydroelectric power stations.

A distinctive feature of non-ferrous metal smelting plants is the high level of environmental pollution from their activities and the high energy intensity of the technological process.

Non-ferrous metals are distinguished by the diversity of their deposits. The geography of deposits of non-ferrous metals is very extensive. “Give examples,” the majority of the population will say. These are mountains, and rivers, and large ore massifs on the ground and underground. Gold and rare earth metals "live" in the sands. People can bring samples of some copper mines in the Urals, where it is mined from groundwater.

The metallurgical process for the production of non-ferrous metals is similar to the same process in ferrous metallurgy, although it has its own characteristics. The technological chain for the production of non-ferrous metals is as follows:

ore mining and enrichment;
melting in high-temperature furnaces;
pressure treatment.

Criteria for choosing the location of non-ferrous metallurgy facilities

The geological factor is the main one of the criteria influencing the location of plants for the production of non-ferrous metals. Due to the low share of the useful component in non-ferrous metal ores, their transportation is not economically feasible.

This requires the location of the plants of this industry in the places of mining. Nickel production, for example, is strictly localized.

Such factors lead to the fact that production is located in adverse climatic conditions - in the Arctic Circle (Norilsk).

The development of a non-ferrous metal deposit is often associated with a number of difficulties. Access to useful minerals is often protected by a shield of waste rock and has to be blown up. Such development requires the use of a large amount of equipment: excavators, conveyors, electric locomotives.

Problems and prospects for the development of metallurgy in Russia

A common problem of the Russian metallurgical complex is the need for modernization and technical re-equipment.

Domestic metallurgical enterprises are faced with the task of reducing the energy intensity of their production. The rapid growth of metallurgy in China requires Russian producers to take effective measures to reduce costs.

Cost reduction while maintaining the quality of manufactured products is the only way to be competitive manufacturers in the global steel parts market.

Metallurgy in the Far East will be developed thanks to the deposits of iron ore in the Aldan province and the discovery of coking coal deposits in Yakutia. The construction of full-cycle metallurgical enterprises in the Far East is due to the need to reduce the cost of metal for the local machine-building plants.

Rail deliveries significantly increase the cost of rolled steel. This factor plays a negative role in the competitiveness of metal-intensive enterprises in the Far East.

This video tutorial is aboutMetallurgical Complex: Composition, Significance, Placement Factors”. At the beginning of this lesson, we will define what structural materials are, what they are. Then we will discuss the composition of the metallurgical complex, its significance for the industry of our country, and also consider the location factors.

Topic: general characteristics economy of Russia

Lesson:Metallurgical complex: composition, significance, placement factors

One of the main structural materials are metals. Metals are produced by the Metallurgical Complex.

The metallurgical complex is a set of industries that produce a variety of metals.

The composition of the metallurgical complex.

The metallurgical complex includes two large branches - ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy.

Ferrous metallurgy is the production of metals based on iron (cast iron, steel, ferroalloys), as well as manganese and chromium.

Non-ferrous metallurgy - production of more than 70 metals with valuable properties (copper, aluminum, lead, zinc, etc.)

The enterprises of the metallurgical complex are engaged in the extraction and enrichment of metal ores, the smelting of various metals, the production of rolled products, and the processing of metals. different ways to obtain the desired properties, processing of secondary raw materials, production of auxiliary materials.

1. The products of the metallurgical complex serve as the foundation for mechanical engineering.

2. The products are widely used in construction, transportation, electrical, nuclear and chemical industries.

3. The share of metallurgy accounts for 16% of the total industrial production in Russia, 10% of the population employed in industry.

4. The complex consumes 25% of coal mined in the country, 25% of electricity produced, 30% of rail freight.

5. Metallurgy products are one of the main export items of Russia.

6. In terms of steel export, Russia ranks 1st in the world, in steel production 4th after China, Japan, the USA

7. Metallurgy is a major polluter of nature. Its enterprises emit tens of millions of tons of harmful substances into the atmosphere. Large metallurgical centers are cities with an unfavorable ecological situation. Open pit mining causes great harm to nature

1. Material consumption - the cost of materials for the release of a unit of production.

A large consumption of initial ore raw materials, therefore, metallurgy enterprises are located near sources of raw materials. For example, it takes 5 tons of ore to produce 1 ton of steel, and more than 300 tons of ore is needed to produce 1 ton of tin.

2. Energy intensity - energy costs per unit of output.

Many enterprises of the complex are located near sources of cheap electrical energy, because production requires a lot of energy. For example, for the production of 1 ton of aluminum, 17 thousand kWh of electricity is needed, and for the production of 1 ton of titanium, 30-60 thousand kWh of electricity.

1. Labor intensity - labor costs per unit of output.

On average, a metallurgical plant employs from 20 to 40 thousand people, and this is the population of a small city.

2. Concentration - the concentration of large volumes of production in one enterprise.

More than 50% of ferrous metals and 49% of non-ferrous metals are smelted by 5% of industrial enterprises. Such a high concentration helps to reduce the cost of products, but complicates the response to market changes.

3. Combination - association at one enterprise, in addition to the main production, productions related to the main technologically and economically.

In the composition of the metallurgical plant, in addition to metallurgical production, there is the production of cement and building materials, the production of nitrogen fertilizers.

4. Environmental factor - Negative influence on the environment.

About 20% of air emissions and Wastewater. Ferrous metallurgy accounts for 15% of industrial emissions into the atmosphere and 22% for non-ferrous metallurgy

5. The transport factor - a modern iron and steel plant receives and sends as much cargo as a large city, so it cannot work without a railway.

It is advantageous to create metallurgical enterprises in areas where ore is mined (Ural, Norilsk), in areas where fuel is extracted (Kuzbass) or where cheap electricity is produced (Southern Siberia), at the intersection of ore and coal flows (Cherepovets), in areas where finished products are consumed (St. Moscow).

Main

Customs E.A. Geography of Russia: economy and regions: Grade 9 textbook for students of educational institutions M. Ventana-Graf. 2011.
Economic and social geography. Fromberg A.E.(2011, 416s.)
Atlas of economic geography Grade 9 from Drofa 2012
Geography. The entire course of the school curriculum in diagrams and tables. (2007, 127p.)
Geography. Student's handbook. Comp. Mayorova T.A. (1996, 576s.)
Crib on economic geography. (To schoolchildren, applicants.) (2003, 96s.)

Additional

Gladky Yu.N., Dobroskok V.A., Semenov S.P. Economic Geography of Russia: Textbook - M.: Gardariki, 2000 - 752 pp.: ill.
Rodionova I.A., Tutorial by geography. Economic Geography of Russia, M., Moscow Lyceum, 2001. - 189p. :
Smetanin S.I., Konotopov M.V. History of ferrous metallurgy in Russia. Moscow, ed. "Paleotype" 2002
Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., cart.: tsv. incl.

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections

Geography of Russia. encyclopedic Dictionary/ Ch. ed. A.P. Gorkin.-M.: Bol. Ros. ents., 1998.- 800s.: ill., maps.
Russian statistical yearbook. 2011: Stat.sb./Goskomstat of Russia. - M., 2002. - 690 p.
Russia in numbers. 2011: Brief Statistical Collection / Goskomstat of Russia. - M., 2003. - 398s.

Literature for preparing for the GIA and the Unified State Examination

GIA-2013. Geography: typical examination options: 10 options / Ed. EM. Ambartsumova. - M .: Publishing house " national education", 2012. - (GIA-2013. FIPI-school)
GIA-2013. Geography: thematic and typical examination options: 25 options / Ed. EM. Ambartsumova. - M .: Publishing house "National education", 2012. - (GIA-2013. FIPI-school)
GIA-2013 Exam in a new form. Geography. Grade 9 / FIPI authors - compilers: E.M. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukova - M.: Astrel, 2012. Excellent student of the Unified State Examination. Geography. Solving complex problems / FIPI authors-compilers: Ambartsumova E.M., Dyukova S.E., Pyatunin V.B. - M.: Intellect-Centre, 2012.

Geo.september.ru (). N. Mazein Metallurgical world records
Geo.september.ru (). Non-ferrous metallurgy of Russia. Part three. aluminum industry
Geo.september.ru (). Manganese Kuzbass
Youtube.com(). metallurgy steel part 1
Youtube.com(). Science 2.0 is NOT easy. Clip
Youtube.com(). Science 2.0 is NOT easy. Rims