Presentation of ecology in the city. The emergence of environmental problems in the city

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It was announced that last year 119,000 tons of pollutants were emitted into the atmosphere: 39.5 percent of them came from industrial enterprises, the construction industry, and heat power, and 60.5 percent from the so-called mobile sources, that is, vehicles. Its emissions into the air amounted to more than 72 thousand tons. harmful substances and over the past six years they have grown heavier by 21 thousand tons. The largest part of emissions (63.1 percent) falls on cities, while Vladimir remains the most environmentally unfavorable (23.2 percent). According to the complex index of air pollution, it entered the hundred cities of Russia where air pollution exceeds 10 MPC. The index is calculated on five priority impurities: formaldehyde, suspended solids, phenol, benzopyrene (a dangerous carcinogen) and nitrogen dioxide. If it is higher than 13, the level of air pollution in the city is considered very high. In Vladimir in 2000 it was 14.4, in the past it was 14.38.

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Among the disadvantaged are Murom, Kovrov, Gus-Khrustalny, Kurlovo. In the last mini-town, located far from large centers in the middle of wooded Meshchera, glass production is also developed.

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By the way, the increase in the concentration in the air of the most dangerous carcinogen benzopyrene, experts say, is facilitated by the growth of industrial production, saving money on environmental protection measures, an increase in the fleet, forest and peat fires, burning garbage and leaves during subbotniks and horticultural work.

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In the report of the regional department, a whole section is devoted to the influence of atmospheric air on the state of health of the population. The highest incidence is observed just where there is not enough clean air. Among all ailments, respiratory diseases are in the first place (27.2 percent).

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Over the past year, about 49 million rubles were spent on the protection of atmospheric air in the region. The Vyazniki district turned out to be the most generous, investing 25.5 million rubles, a number of other less prosperous territories got off with symbolic sums.

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Unfortunately, the report does not provide an answer to the question of whether there is a relationship between environmental well-being and financing of this most important human sphere. However, people can draw many conclusions from it themselves. From five to ten copies of the report were received by the regional, city, children's and student libraries, two by two - to the district. They are also available from local environmental departments.

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Today, many people are interested in information about the state of ecology no less than about the weather. True, it is still far from the forecast here. The ecological state of the region in recent years is at the same level. And if it improves, then within one percent, - Sergey Alekseev, deputy director of the department of nature management and environmental protection, explained to our correspondent. - According to the air and water pollution index, Vladimir was in the top 100 most polluted cities in Russia. But this is a numbers game. Pollution is determined by five indicators. And they are constantly changing. We have reduced the number of water bodies of the 3rd class, but the number of those with the 7th class, that is, very strong pollution, has increased, although the volume of discharge has not increased. This is due to the fact that natural manganese is now taken into account. The same is true for the air pollution index. It is counted according to five indicators. For example, in 1998, benzopyrene was not taken into account, but in 2003 it began to be taken into account.

The process of growth of cities, urban population, increasing the role of cities, widespread urban lifestyle is called urbanization (from Latin urbos - city). Urbanization suppresses the natural environment both quantitatively (“capture” by cities and agglomerations of new territories) and qualitatively (deterioration of the state of the environment) side.

Features of urban ecosystems Today, more than a third of the world's population lives in cities. The beginning of the process of urbanization can historically be attributed to the time when, 3500 years ago, the world's first cities appeared on the banks of the Tigris, Euphrates and later the Nile. They arose due to the fact that people needed to engage in trade and defend themselves from enemies. Therefore, for a long time, cities were military fortifications located for defense purposes at strategic points or for the convenience of trade and communications on the banks of rivers and seas. The Industrial Revolution was undoubtedly the main accelerator of the urbanization process.

The concept of urbanization Urbanization is one of the most striking phenomena of our time. Its ecological essence can be revealed by the following example: urbanized territories occupy a little more than 1% of the earth's land area, but concentrate over 45% of the total population of the Earth, produce 80% of the gross domestic product (GDP), but at the same time give 80% of all emissions into the atmosphere and hydrosphere.

Noise pollution According to studies conducted in England and the United States, large cities receive 15% less solar radiation (and 30% less ultraviolet rays in winter time), 10% more precipitation, 10% more cloudy days, 30% more fog in summer and 100% more in winter. Noise pollution - salient feature urban environment.

The concept of noise Noise is any kind of sound perceived by people as unpleasant, disturbing or even painful. Nowadays, noise has become one of the most dangerous factors that harm environment. In large cities, over 60% of residents complain about excessive noise. Noise and vibration noticeably affect the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, blood pressure, cause dizziness, numbness of the limbs, diseases of the joints and blood vessels.

Basic concepts of urban ecology An eco-friendly city is new type a city in which the natural environment is in a state of ecological balance with the urban environment. Unlike any modern city, an eco-friendly city should be perceived as a natural component of nature and not rejected by it. Creation of such cities on the basis of “sustainable” engineering and design decisions of all environmental issues is a relatively new direction that emerged at the intersection of general ecology, urban ecology and engineering (industrial) ecology.

ECOLOGY MY CITIES

The main goal of our work is to collect, analyze and summarize information about the ecological state of our hometown.

(Slide 1 ) Novomoskovsk is a large industrial center. It is one of the 44 cities in Russia with the most polluted air.There are many environmental issues that can be identified. Here are some of them.

On the territory of the city of Novomoskovsk there are largeindustrial enterprises such as state district power station, AK "Azot", JSC "Gips Knauf" and large boiler houses. They emit harmful substances into the air, in addition to dust.Eit affects the environment.(S. 4-8)

Another source of air pollution is vehicles. In Novomoskovsk, a huge number of cars and trucks are used, the exhaust gases of which contain soot, dust, carbon monoxide, and heavy metals. All these substances have a harmful effect on the human body and the environment.(p. 9)

And the population helps in this: they throw away household waste, not in special containers or pits, but anywhere, they pollute the environment. Containers are not cleaned regularly, allowing the waste to decompose, contributing to the accumulation of flies and other insects that carry various diseases.. (S.10-13).

On the territory of the Novomoskovsky district, both surface water bodies and groundwater are used. Surface reservoirs are sources of water supply for industrial enterprises, serve to divert industrial and household Wastewater, for agricultural needs. Rivers and lakes attract residents of the city and the region as a place of recreation. The Shatskoye reservoir is exposed to the greatest impact from the enterprises.(p.14-16)

The Novomoskovsky district fell into the zone of radioactive fallout, which was formed as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in April 1986. Radioactive fallout disrupts the life of plants, animals, and people. They will stay in the soil for a long time. Therefore, a program has been developed and is being implemented to eliminate the consequences of the Chernobyl accident. A system of radiation control over objects of the natural environment and food objects was organized.(p.17)

Measures : (p.18)

More than three hundred of our countrymen participated in the elimination of the consequences of the accident at Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Unfortunately, many of them are seriously ill today. The city helps them. The first residential building in Russia for Chernobyl survivors was built, the Chernobyl Center equipped with modern medical equipment was created.(p.19)

To solve the problem of keeping the air clean, the residential area of the city was placed at a distance12 kilometersfrom major industries. Then work began to be carried out at enterprises to reduce emissions of harmful substances. In recent years, Novomoskovsk has put into operation automated system monitoring of the state of the atmosphere (ASC), which monitors the purity of the air in 12 indicators. ASC observation posts are located in various places in Novomoskovsk.(p.20)

The city is trying to reduce the harmful effects of vehicles on the air. It was in Novomoskovsk that the first gas filling stations in the region were built, points for adjusting engines to established standards were created.

The city has a Unified Duty Dispatching Service, which registers all appeals and complaints of residents, and task force Department of civil defense and emergency situations to detect sources of odors.

Novomoskovsk has become an experimental site for garbage collection in the Tula region. When throwing garbage, residents must sort plastic, glass and cardboard on their own and place them in separate containers.

Ecological campaigns, subbotniks for city cleaning are organized annually. ABOUTstudents of our school together with their teachersalso participateon subbotniks, they clean up the huge area around the school.(p.21)

CONCLUSION

In order for our city and district to be environmentally friendly, we need to fight pollution in a coordinated manner, together with the administration and people, show conscience to the population, then we will live with dignity.

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Slides captions:

Ecology is the science of the environment and the processes occurring in it. Ecology is the knowledge of the economy of nature, the simultaneous study of all the relationships of living things with organic and inorganic components of the environment. Ecology is a biological science that studies the structure and functioning of systems (populations, communities, ecosystems) in space and time, in natural and human-modified conditions. Ecological situation in our city.

Modern society is developing on the principle of "taking everything that is possible." This principle of human selfishness can operate only for the time being, until nature begins to deny man resources. Scientific and technological progress so far goes not to save natural potentials, but to waste them. Now that there is a lot of talk about negative impact people on the ecological situation in big cities, we gradually began to think about what would happen if everything was completely built up with high-rise buildings. Human impact on the environment.

1. Large population. Drinking water supplies are depleted. 2. A large number of transport and enterprises. Atmospheric air pollution. Noise. 3. A huge amount of waste. Pollution ground water and soil. Problems of big cities

Currently, as a result of the activities of the population, organizations and enterprises of St. Petersburg, 9.7 million cubic meters or 1,700 thousand tons of solid household waste are generated annually. The efficiency of management of the production and consumption waste management system is at a low level. The main part of the waste goes directly to several landfills without processing. Only about 15% of the total amount of household waste is sent for processing to two waste processing plants that are part of the State Unitary Enterprise “Plant MPBO-2”. Some of the waste falls on two sorting lines of the enterprise "Autopark No. 1" Spetstrans ". Landfills of municipal solid waste in St. Petersburg.

Air pollution. In 2013, St. Petersburg was recognized as one of the most polluted cities in Russia (the most polluted air in Norilsk and Moscow). Air emissions are 488 thousand tons per year. Automobiles are the main source of pollution. They account for 85.9% of emissions. The most polluted areas are Admiralteisky (nitrogen oxide), Central (nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide). There are currently 21 stations for the study of atmospheric air in the city. The content of benzpyrene, nitrogen dioxide, phenol and formaldehyde is increased in the air of St. Petersburg.

Wastewater. Waste water in Leningrad began to be purified only in 1979. In 1997, 74% of wastewater was treated, now 98.4%. However, according to the results of the audit in 2014, it is still forbidden to swim on the beaches of the Gulf of Finland. Within St. Petersburg, the Neva is polluted with industrial effluents, hundreds of industrial waste is dumped into the river. More than 80 thousand tons of pollutants enter the river every year. The ecological state of the Neva, the Neva Bay and the Gulf of Finland is unsatisfactory. The main contaminants are pathogenic bacteria, mercury and copper ions, pesticides, phenols, oil products. The Neva Bay is gradually swamping due to the dam.

St. Petersburg ranks 5th among the world's megacities in terms of noise level. The average noise level in the city is 60 decibels, which is above the norm. The noisiest districts of the city are Admiralteisky, Central, Petrogradsky, Frunzensky, Kirovsky and Krasnoselsky. Zones where the noise level exceeds the norm by 10-15 decibels are located near the main city avenues: Moskovsky, Stachek, Ligovsky, Nevsky, the ring road, the railway. Ulyanka, Ligovo and Sosnovaya Polyana microdistricts suffer from aircraft noise taking off from Pulkovo airport. Noise.

Improving the system of collection, transportation, disposal of toxic industrial waste. Civilized waste management of medical institutions. Improving the quality of the waters of the water area. Implement a well-functioning management system water resources. Switching boiler houses to work on gas instead of coal fuel (to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions). City vehicles must comply with EURO-4 emission standards. Care of natural recreational areas (forest parks). Atmospheric air protection. Preservation of green spaces. Education and ecologization of human consciousness. Measures aimed at improving the environmental situation.

Thank you for your attention

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Presentation of Almasova Eljunchik and Kostrova Ksyuni, students of 11 "B" class on the topic: "Ecology of the city"

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Plan: Our home is planet Earth. Pollution of the environment by modern transport. City and car. The impact of road transport on the fauna. Pollution of water bodies during the operation of river transport. City - clean air!

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Have you ever thought about the fact that we are all passengers of a huge spaceship, unique in its “design”, plowing the expanses of the Universe? Our ship - the planet Earth - is moving in a galactic orbit much faster than a modern rocket: at a speed of 250 km / s. For comparison, we point out that when launching artificial Earth satellites, the first space velocity of rockets is only 7.9 km/s. At a second cosmic velocity of 11.18 km/s, a launched rocket can overcome gravity and fly to other planets solar system. And, finally, upon reaching the third cosmic velocity - 16.67 km / s - a spacecraft launched from the Earth is able, having overcome the attraction of the Earth and the Sun, to go into interstellar space.

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Over the past 500 years, humanity has destroyed two-thirds of forests, extracted from the bowels of at least 50 billion tons of carbon, 2 billion tons of iron. Only since the 50s of our century, significantly more non-ferrous metals have been mined than in the entire history of mankind. Approximately 250 million tons of coal, 150 million tons of oil, a large amount of natural gas, oil shale, etc. are burned annually. Over 100 years, about 360 billion tons of carbon dioxide have been released into the atmosphere, and every year another 8-10 billion tons of carbon dioxide are added, a large amount of solid and gaseous substances. Poisonous wastes of modern industrial production disable beautiful reservoirs, pollute the oceans, the atmosphere ... Global ecological system Earth is the product of progressive evolutionary changes over several billion years. The main ecological systems of our planet are the seas and coasts, streams and rivers, lakes and ponds, grassy landscapes and forests, highlands and deserts, tundras and swamps.

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The ecological system surrounding us is not only a combination of physical, biological agents and social factors, but also after active human intervention. Where its production activity depends on the environment and has the opposite effect on it. That is why the relationship between nature and society must be considered as a whole. Ecology can be thought of as a three-dimensional structure corresponding to different levels of biological organization - from the individual through the population and community to the ecosystem. Each level of ecological organization has its own special structural and functional characteristics. The form and behavior of each organism is adapted to the environment in which it lives. However, when studying populations, communities, and ecosystems, scientists often lose sight of the individual characteristics of an organism as the basic unit of a biological community.

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Modern transport has a great influence on air pollution. Our country has all types of modern transport, which form a single transport system, which is one of the most important links in the national economic complex of the country.

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length highways common use with a hard surface reached 812 thousand km. Cars transported 25.9 billion tons of cargo and more than 47 billion passengers (public buses). The engine power of the country's car park is several times higher than the power of existing power plants. Main source energy in road transport - fuel obtained from oil (gasoline and diesel fuel). The global automotive industry annually produces about 30 million cars and 3 million trucks. In total there are several hundred cars. Only in the USA there are more than 150 million of them. They consume twice as much oxygen as it is reproduced in the country.

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Road transport has played a big role in shaping the modern nature of the settlement of people, in the spread of long-distance tourism, in the territorial industry and the service sector. At the same time, it also caused many negative phenomena: every year, hundreds of millions of tons of harmful substances enter the atmosphere with exhaust gases. The car is one of the main contributors to noise pollution; the road network, especially near urban agglomerations, “eats up” valuable agricultural land. Under the influence of the harmful effects of road transport, human health is deteriorating, soils and water bodies are being poisoned, flora and fauna are suffering.

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The city and the car The car park, which is one of the main sources of environmental pollution, is concentrated mainly in cities. If on average in the world per 1 sq. km of territory accounts for five cars, their density in the largest cities of developed countries is 200-300 times higher. With the development of cities and the growth of urban agglomerations, timely and high-quality transport services for the population, environmental protection from negative impact urban, especially automobile, transport. Cars burn a huge amount of oil products, causing significant damage to the environment, mainly the atmosphere. Automobiles are the sources of 50% of atmospheric pollution by hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and 90% by carbon monoxide. The main cause of air pollution is the incomplete and uneven combustion of fuel. Only 15% of it is spent on the movement of the car, and 85% “flies into the wind”. In addition, the size of the combustion of an automobile engine is a kind of chemical reactor that synthesizes toxic substances and releases them into the atmosphere. Even innocent nitrogen from the atmosphere, getting into the combustion chamber, turns into toxic nitrogen oxides. Of the ten major air pollutants, according to the United Nations, carbon monoxide, marked with the silhouette of a car, is in second place. Solid emissions are also among the harmful components. Containing lead and soot, on the surface of which cyclic hydrocarbons are adsorbed (some of them have carcinogenic properties).

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Components Carburetor diesel engines Nitrogen 74-77 76-78 oxygen 0.3-8 2-18 Water vapor 3-5.5 0.6-4 Carbon dioxide 5-12 1-10 Carbon monoxide 5-10 0.01-0.5 Nitrogen oxide 0-0.8 0.0002-0.5 Hydrocarbons 0.2-3 0.0 09-0.5 Aldehydes 0-0.2 0.001-0.009 Soot 0-0.4* 0.01-1* Benz-a-pyrene 10-20** Up to 10**

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The impact of road transport on fauna The death of large animals on highways is estimated in the thousands. As for small animals, hares, hedgehogs, snakes, turtles, rodents die in the hundreds of thousands. Small birds and invertebrates (butterflies, bumblebees) die in many. A significant role in nature is played by roadside vegetation and adjacent biotons. In areas where the road makes rather steep ascents and descents, and the forest comes close to the roadway, the predominant part of the animals perish. Many animals also die in areas characterized by a frequent change of habitat: forest gives way to fields and vice versa.

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Pollution of water bodies during the operation of river transport During the operation of water bodies by river transport, oil and oil products are polluted, which complicates all types of water use. physical properties water (turbidity, change in color, taste, smell), dissolution of toxic substances in water, the formation of a surface film that reduces the oxygen content in water, as well as oil sediment at the bottom of the reservoir.

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Clean air for the city In connection with the development of industry, the problem of atmospheric air pollution has become important. The main ways to solve it have already been outlined. successes modern science allow at present, even before the construction of the plant, to calculate the concentration of harmful substances that will be emitted into the atmosphere as production waste.