September 1, 2013 in Russia came into force new law“On Education” (Federal Law “On Education in Russian Federation» adopted by the State Duma on December 21, 2012, approved by the Federation Council on December 26, 2012). According to this law, new levels of education are established in Russia. The level of education is understood as a complete cycle of education, characterized by a certain unified set of requirements.

Since September 1, 2013, the following levels of general education have been established in the Russian Federation:

preschool education;
initial general education;
basic general education;
secondary general education.

Vocational education is divided into the following levels:

secondary vocational education;
higher education - bachelor's degree;
higher education - specialty, magistracy;
higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.

Let us dwell in more detail on the characteristics of each of the levels.

Levels of general education

Preschool education is aimed at the formation of a common culture, the development of physical, intellectual, moral, aesthetic and personal qualities, the formation of the prerequisites for educational activities, the preservation and strengthening of children's health preschool age. Educational programs of preschool education are aimed at the versatile development of preschool children, taking into account their age and individual characteristics, including the achievement by children of preschool age of the level of development necessary and sufficient for their successful mastering of educational programs of primary general education, based on an individual approach to preschool children and activities specific to preschool children. The development of educational programs of preschool education is not accompanied by intermediate certification and final certification of students.

Primary general education is aimed at shaping the personality of the student, developing his individual abilities, positive motivation and skills in educational activities (mastery of reading, writing, counting, basic skills of educational activities, elements of theoretical thinking, the simplest skills of self-control, a culture of behavior and speech, the basics of personal hygiene and healthy lifestyle life). Getting preschool education in educational organizations can begin when children reach the age of two months. Obtaining primary general education in educational organizations begins when children reach the age of six years and six months in the absence of contraindications for health reasons, but no later than when they reach the age of eight years.

Basic general education is aimed at the formation and formation of the personality of the student (the formation of moral convictions, aesthetic taste and a healthy lifestyle, a high culture of interpersonal and interethnic communication, mastering the basics of science, the Russian language, skills of mental and physical labor, the development of inclinations, interests, the ability to social self-determination).

Secondary general education is aimed at the further formation and formation of the personality of the student, the development of interest in knowledge and creativity student, the formation of skills for independent learning activities based on individualization and vocational guidance the content of secondary general education, preparing the student for life in society, independent life choices, continuing education and starting professional activities.

Primary general education, basic general education, secondary general education are compulsory levels of education. Children who have not coped with the programs of one of these levels are not allowed to study at the next levels of general education.

Levels of vocational education

Secondary vocational education is aimed at solving the problems of intellectual, cultural and professional development of a person and aims to train qualified workers or employees and mid-level specialists in all main areas of socially useful activity in accordance with the needs of society and the state, as well as meeting the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education. Persons with an education not lower than basic general or secondary general education are allowed to receive secondary vocational education. If a student under the program of secondary vocational education has only basic general education, then simultaneously with the profession, he masters the program of secondary general education in the process of learning.

Secondary vocational education can be obtained in technical schools and colleges. The model regulation “On an educational institution of secondary vocational education (secondary specialized educational institution)” gives the following definitions: a) a technical school is a secondary specialized educational institution that implements basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training; b) college - a secondary specialized educational institution that implements the main professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training and programs of secondary vocational education of advanced training.

Higher education aims to ensure the training of highly qualified personnel in all major areas of socially useful activities in accordance with the needs of society and the state, meeting the needs of the individual in intellectual, cultural and moral development, deepening and expanding education, scientific and pedagogical qualifications. Persons with a secondary general education are allowed to study undergraduate or specialist programs. Persons with higher education of any level are allowed to master the master's programs.

Persons with an education not lower than higher education (specialist or master's degree) are allowed to master the training programs for highly qualified personnel (postgraduate (adjuncture), residency programs, assistantship-internship programs). Persons with a higher medical education or a higher pharmaceutical education are allowed to master the residency programs. Persons with higher education in the field of arts are allowed to master the programs of assistant-internship.

Admission to study in educational programs of higher education is carried out separately for bachelor's programs, specialist's programs, master's programs, training programs for scientific and pedagogical personnel of the highest qualification is carried out on a competitive basis.

Admission to study in master's programs, programs for training highly qualified personnel is carried out based on the results of entrance examinations conducted by educational organization on one's own.

Undergraduate- This is the level of basic higher education, which lasts 4 years and has a practice-oriented character. Upon completion of this program, the graduate of the university is issued a diploma of higher professional education with a bachelor's degree. Accordingly, a bachelor is a university graduate who has received fundamental training without any narrow specialization, he has the right to occupy all those positions for which their qualification requirements provide for higher education. Examinations are provided as qualification tests for obtaining a bachelor's degree.

Master's degree is more high level higher education, which is acquired in 2 additional years after graduation from the bachelor's degree and involves a deeper mastery of the theoretical aspects of the direction of training, orients the student to research activities in this direction. Upon completion of this program, the graduate is awarded a diploma of higher professional education with a master's degree. The main objective of the Master's program is to prepare professionals for a successful career in international and Russian companies, as well as analytical, consulting and research activities. To obtain a master's degree in the chosen specialty, it is not necessary to have a bachelor's degree in the same specialty. In this case, obtaining a master's degree is considered as a second higher education. As qualification tests for obtaining a master's degree, examinations and graduation defense are provided. qualifying work- master's thesis.

Along with the new levels of higher education, there is a traditional type - specialty, the program of which provides for a 5-year study at a university, after which the graduate is issued a diploma of higher professional education and is awarded the degree of a certified specialist. The list of specialties for which specialists are trained was approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1136 dated December 30, 2009.

Types of education in Russia. The new law "On Education in the Russian Federation"

Education in Russia plays a decisive role in the process of personality formation. Its main goal is to educate and educate the younger generation, to acquire knowledge, skills, competencies and the necessary experience. Various types of education in Russia are aimed at the professional, moral, intellectual and physical development of children, adolescents, boys and girls. Let's consider this in more detail.

Law "On Education in the Russian Federation"

According to this document, the educational process is a continuous, sequentially connected system. Such content implies the presence of certain levels. In the law they are called "types of education in Russia."

Each level has specific goals and objectives, content and methods of influence.

According to the law, two major levels are distinguished.

The first is general education. It includes preschool and school sublevels. The latter, in turn, is divided into primary, basic and complete (secondary) education.

The second level is vocational education. It includes secondary, higher (bachelor's, specialist's and master's) and training of highly qualified personnel.

Let's look at each of these levels in more detail.

About the system of preschool education in Russia

This level is for children up to seven years of age. The basic goal is the overall development, education and upbringing of preschoolers. In addition, it implies the exercise of control and care for them. In Russia, these functions are performed by specialized institutions of preschool education.

These are nurseries, kindergartens, centers early development or at home.

About the system of secondary education in the Russian Federation

As noted above, it consists of several sublevels:

Primary lasts four years. The main goal is to give the child a system of necessary knowledge in basic subjects.
Basic education lasts from the fifth to the ninth grades. It assumes that the development of the child should be carried out in the main scientific areas. As a result, secondary schools must prepare teenagers for the GIA in certain subjects.

These levels of education at school are compulsory for children in accordance with their age. After the ninth grade, the child has the right to leave school and study further, choosing special secondary schools. In this case, it is the guardians or parents who, according to the law, are fully responsible for ensuring that the process of acquiring knowledge is continued, and not interrupted.

Complete education means that the student is in the tenth to eleventh grades for two years. The main purpose of this stage is to prepare graduates for the Unified State Examination and further education at the university. Reality shows that during this period they often resort to the services of tutors, since one school is not enough.

More about secondary vocational and higher education in our country

Secondary vocational schools are divided into colleges and technical schools (state and non-state). They train students in selected specialties for two or three, and sometimes four years. In most of the descents, a teenager can enter after the ninth grade. Medical colleges are an exception. They are accepted in the presence of a complete general education.

You can enter any higher educational institution in Russia under the bachelor's program only after the eleventh grade. In the future, if desired, the student will continue his studies in the magistracy.

Some universities currently offer a specialist degree rather than a bachelor's degree. However, in accordance with the Bologna system, higher professional education in this system will not exist in the near future.

The next step is the training of highly qualified personnel. These are graduate school (or adjuncture) and residency. In addition, specialists with higher professional education can complete an internship assistant program. We are talking about the training of pedagogical and creative figures of the highest qualification.

This system is a new, specific form of education, which differs from traditional ones. Remote education is distinguished by other goals, objectives, content, means, methods and forms of interaction. The use of computer technologies, telecommunications, case technologies, etc. is becoming predominant.

In this regard, the most common types of such training are as follows:

The first is based on interactive television. When it is implemented, there is direct visual contact with the audience, which is at a distance from the teacher. Currently, this species is underdeveloped and very expensive. However, it is necessary when unique techniques, laboratory experiments and new knowledge in a particular area are demonstrated.
The second type of distance learning is based on computer telecommunication networks (regional, global), which have various didactic capabilities (text files, multimedia technologies, videoconferencing, e-mail, etc.). This is a common and inexpensive form of distance learning.
The third combines the CD (basic electronic textbook) and the global network. Due to the great didactic possibilities, this type is optimal both for university and school education, and for advanced training. The CD has a lot of advantages: multimedia, interactivity, the presence of a large amount of information with minimal financial losses.

The Law "On Education in the Russian Federation" highlights the creation of favorable conditions for the education of persons with disabilities as one of the priority tasks. And this is reflected not only in the form, but also in the content.

In law this system called "inclusive education". Its implementation implies the absence of any discrimination against children with special needs, the existence of equal treatment for everyone and the availability of education.

Inclusive education is implemented in all educational institutions Russia. The main goal is to create a barrier-free environment in the learning process and provide professional training for people with disabilities. For its implementation it is necessary to perform certain tasks:

technically equip educational institutions;
develop special training courses for teachers;
create methodological developments for other students, aimed at the process of developing relationships with people with disabilities;
develop programs that are aimed at facilitating the adaptation of persons with disabilities in educational institutions.

This work has just been developed. Within the next few years, the goal set and the assigned tasks should be fully implemented.

At the moment, the types of education in Russia are clearly identified, the functions and content of each level are disclosed. However, despite this, the reconstruction and reform of the entire education system continues.

The concept and level of education in the Russian Federation

Education in the Russian Federation is a single process aimed at educating and educating the future generation. During 2003-2010. the domestic education system has undergone a major reform in accordance with the provisions contained in the Bologna Declaration. In addition to the specialty and postgraduate studies, such levels of the education system of the Russian Federation as bachelor's and master's programs were introduced.

In 2012, Russia adopted the law “On the Education of the Russian Federation”. Levels of education similar to those of European countries allow free movement for students and teachers between universities. Another undoubted plus is the possibility of employment in any of the countries that have signed the Bologna Declaration.

Education: concept, purpose, functions

Education is the process and result of the transfer of knowledge and experience that has been accumulated by all previous generations. The main goal of education is to familiarize new members of society with established beliefs and value ideals.

The main functions of training are:

Education of worthy members of society.
Socialization and familiarization of the new generation to the values that have developed in this society.
Ensuring qualified training of young specialists.
Transfer of knowledge related to work, with the help of modern technologies.

An educated person is a person who has accumulated a certain amount of knowledge, is able to clearly determine the causes and consequences of an event, and can think logically at the same time. The main criterion of education can be called the consistency of knowledge and thinking, which is reflected in the ability of a person, reasoning logically, to restore gaps in the knowledge system.

The value of learning in human life

It is with the help of education that the culture of society is transmitted from one generation to another. Education affects all areas of society. An example of such an impact could be the improvement of the education system. New levels of vocational education in the Russian Federation as a whole will lead to an improvement in the quality of existing labor resources state, which, in turn, will have a significant impact on the development of the domestic economy. For example, becoming a lawyer will help strengthen the legal culture of the population, since every citizen must know their legal rights and obligations.

High-quality and systematic education, which covers all spheres of human life, allows you to educate a harmonious personality. Education also has a significant impact on the individual. Since in the current situation, only an educated person can climb the social ladder and achieve a high status in society. That is, self-realization is directly interconnected with receiving high-quality training at the highest level.

The education system in Russia includes a number of organizations. These include institutions:

Pre-school education (development centers, kindergartens).
General education (schools, gymnasiums, lyceums).
Higher educational institutions (universities, research institutes, academies, institutes).
Secondary special (technical schools, colleges).
Non-state.
Additional education.

Principles of the education system

The priority of universal human values.
The basis is cultural and national principles.
Scientific.
Orientation to the features and level of education in the world.
humanistic character.
Focus on environmental protection.
Continuity of education, consistent and continuous nature.
Education should be a unified system of physical and spiritual education.
Encouraging the manifestation of talent and personal qualities.
Mandatory presence of primary (basic) education.

According to the level of independent thinking achieved, the following types of training are distinguished:

Preschool - in the family and in preschool institutions(children under 7 years of age).
Primary - carried out in schools and gymnasiums, starting from the age of 6 or 7, lasts from the first to the fourth grades. The child is taught the basic skills of reading, writing and counting, great attention is given to the development of the individual and the acquisition of the necessary knowledge about the world around.
Secondary - includes basic (grades 4-9) and general secondary (grades 10-11). It is carried out in schools, gymnasiums and lyceums. It ends with obtaining a certificate of completion of general secondary education. Students on this stage acquire the knowledge and skills that form a full-fledged citizen.
Higher education is one of the stages of professional education. The main goal is to train qualified personnel in the necessary areas of activity. It is carried out at a university, academy or institute.

According to the nature and direction of education is:

General. Helps to acquire knowledge of the basics of sciences, in particular about nature, man, society. Gives a person basic knowledge about the world around him, helps to acquire the necessary practical skills.
Professional. At this stage, the knowledge and skills that are necessary for the student to perform labor and service functions are acquired.
Polytechnic. Teaching the basic principles of modern production. Acquisition of skills in the use of simple tools.

The organization of training is based on such a concept as “the level of education in the Russian Federation”. It reflects the division of the training program depending on the statistical indicator of learning by the population as a whole and by each citizen individually. The level of education in the Russian Federation is a completed educational cycle, which is characterized by certain requirements. The federal law "On Education in the Russian Federation" provides for the following levels of general education in the Russian Federation:

Preschool.
Initial.
Main.
Average.

In addition, the following levels of higher education in the Russian Federation are distinguished:

Undergraduate. Enrollment is made on a competitive basis after passing the exam. A student receives a bachelor's degree after he has acquired and confirmed basic knowledge in his chosen specialty. The training lasts 4 years. Upon completion of this level, the graduate can pass special exams and continue his studies as a specialist or master.
Specialty. This stage includes basic education, as well as training in the chosen specialty. On a full-time basis, the term of study is 5 years, and on a correspondence course - 6. After receiving a specialist diploma, you can continue your studies for a master's degree or enroll in graduate school. Traditionally, this level of education in the Russian Federation is considered prestigious and does not differ much from a master's degree. However, when finding employment abroad, it will lead to a number of problems.
Master's degree. This stage produces professionals with a deeper specialization. You can enroll in a master's program after completing a bachelor's and a specialist's degree.
Training of highly qualified personnel. Assumes postgraduate study. This is a necessary preparation for obtaining a PhD degree. Full-time education lasts 3 years, part-time - 4. A degree is awarded upon completion of training, defending a dissertation and passing final exams.

According to the new law, the levels of education in the Russian Federation contribute to the receipt by domestic students of diplomas and supplements to them, which are quoted by higher educational institutions of other states, which means that they make it possible to continue their education abroad.

Education in Russia can be carried out in two forms:

in special educational institutions. It can be carried out in full-time, part-time, part-time, external, remote forms.
Outside educational institutions. It implies self-education and family education. Passage of intermediate and final state attestation is envisaged.

The learning process combines two interrelated subsystems: training and education. They help to achieve the main goal of the education process - the socialization of a person.

The main difference between these two categories is that education is aimed primarily at the development of the intellectual side of a person, while education, on the contrary, is aimed at value orientations. There is a close relationship between these two processes. In addition, they complement each other.

Despite the fact that not so long ago a reform was carried out in the education system of the Russian Federation, there is no particular improvement in the quality of domestic education. Among the main reasons for the lack of progress in improving the quality of educational services are the following:

Outdated management system in higher education institutions.
A small number of foreign teachers with a high degree of qualification.
Low ranking domestic educational institutions in the world community, which is due to weak internationalization.

Problems relating to the management of the education system

Low wages for education workers.
Lack of highly qualified personnel.
Insufficient level of material and technical equipment of institutions and organizations.
Low professional level of education in the Russian Federation.
Low level of cultural development of the population as a whole.

Obligations to solve these problems are assigned not only to the state as a whole, but also to the levels of municipalities of the Russian Federation.

Trends in the development of education services

Internationalization of higher education, ensuring the mobility of teachers and students in order to exchange best international practices.
Strengthening the orientation of national education in the practical direction, which implies the introduction of practical disciplines, an increase in the number of practicing teachers.
Active introduction of multimedia technologies and other visualization systems into the educational process.
Promotion of distance learning.

Thus, education underlies the cultural, intellectual and moral state modern society. It is a determining factor in socio-economic development Russian state. Reforming the education system to date has not led to global results. However, a slight shift in better side there is. The levels of education in the Russian Federation under the new law contributed to the emergence of opportunities for the free movement of teachers and students between universities, which indicates that the process of Russian education has taken a course towards internationalization.

(No ratings yet)

On September 1, 2013, a new law “On Education” came into force in Russia (the Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” was adopted by the State Duma on December 21, 2012, approved by the Federation Council on December 26, 2012). According to this law, new levels of education are established in Russia. The level of education is understood as a complete cycle of education, characterized by a certain unified set of requirements.

Since September 1, 2013, the following levels of general education have been established in the Russian Federation:

preschool education;
primary general education;
basic general education;
secondary general education.

Vocational education is divided into the following levels:

secondary vocational education;
higher education - bachelor's degree;
higher education - specialty, magistracy;
higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.

Let us dwell in more detail on the characteristics of each of the levels.

Levels of general education

Preschool education is aimed at the formation of a common culture, the development of physical, intellectual, moral, aesthetic and personal qualities, the formation of the prerequisites for educational activities, the preservation and strengthening of the health of preschool children. Educational programs of preschool education are aimed at the versatile development of preschool children, taking into account their age and individual characteristics, including the achievement by children of preschool age of the level of development necessary and sufficient for their successful mastering of educational programs of primary general education, based on an individual approach to preschool children and activities specific to preschool children. The development of educational programs of preschool education is not accompanied by intermediate certification and final certification of students.

Primary general education is aimed at shaping the personality of the student, developing his individual abilities, positive motivation and skills in educational activities (mastery of reading, writing, counting, basic skills of educational activities, elements of theoretical thinking, the simplest skills of self-control, a culture of behavior and speech, the basics of personal hygiene and a healthy image life). Getting preschool education in educational organizations can begin when children reach the age of two months. Obtaining primary general education in educational organizations begins when children reach the age of six years and six months in the absence of contraindications for health reasons, but no later than when they reach the age of eight years.

Secondary general education is aimed at the further formation and formation of the personality of the student, the development of interest in learning and the creative abilities of the student, the formation of skills for independent learning activities based on the individualization and professional orientation of the content of secondary general education, preparing the student for life in society, independent life choice, continuing education and starting a professional career. activities.

Levels of vocational education

Admission to study under master's programs, programs for training highly qualified personnel is carried out according to the results of entrance examinations conducted by the educational organization independently.

Master's degree- this is a higher level of higher education, which is acquired in 2 additional years after graduating from a bachelor's degree and involves a deeper development of the theoretical aspects of the field of study, orients the student to research activities in this area. Upon completion of this program, the graduate is awarded a diploma of higher professional education with a master's degree. The main objective of the Master's program is to prepare professionals for a successful career in international and Russian companies, as well as analytical, consulting and research activities. To obtain a master's degree in the chosen specialty, it is not necessary to have a bachelor's degree in the same specialty. In this case, obtaining a master's degree is considered as a second higher education. As qualification tests for obtaining a master's degree, examinations and the defense of the final qualifying work - a master's thesis are provided.

In 2012, Russia adopted the law “On the Education of the Russian Federation”. Levels education, similar to European states, provide an opportunity for free movement for students and teachers between universities. Another undoubted plus is the possibility of employment in any of the countries that have signed the Bologna Declaration.

purpose, functions

The main functions of training are:

Education of worthy members of society.
Socialization and familiarization of the new generation to the values that have developed in this society.
Ensuring qualified training of young specialists.
Transfer of knowledge related to work, with the help of modern technologies.

Criteria of education

The value of learning in human life

It is with the help of education that the culture of society is transmitted from one generation to another. Education affects all areas of society. An example of such an impact could be the improvement of the education system. New levels of vocational education in the Russian Federation as a whole will lead to an improvement in the quality of the state's available labor resources, which, in turn, will have a significant impact on the development of the domestic economy. For example, becoming a lawyer will help strengthen the legal culture of the population, since every citizen must know their legal rights and obligations.

Education system

The education system in Russia includes a number of organizations. These include institutions:

Pre-school education (development centers, kindergartens).
General education (schools, gymnasiums, lyceums).
Higher educational institutions (universities, research institutes, academies, institutes).
Secondary special (technical schools, colleges).
Non-state.
Additional education.

Principles of the education system

The priority of universal human values.
The basis is cultural and national principles.
Scientific.
Orientation to the features and level of education in the world.
humanistic character.
Focus on environmental protection.
Continuity of education, consistent and continuous nature.
Education should be a unified system of physical and spiritual education.
Encouraging the manifestation of talent and personal qualities.
Mandatory presence of primary (basic) education.

Types of education

According to the level of independent thinking achieved, the following types of training are distinguished:

Preschool - in the family and in preschool institutions (the age of children is up to 7 years).
Primary - carried out in schools and gymnasiums, starting from the age of 6 or 7, lasts from the first to the fourth grades. The child is taught the basic skills of reading, writing and counting, much attention is paid to the development of personality and the acquisition of the necessary knowledge about the world around.
Secondary - includes basic (grades 4-9) and general secondary (grades 10-11). It is carried out in schools, gymnasiums and lyceums. It ends with obtaining a certificate of completion of general secondary education. Students at this stage acquire the knowledge and skills that form a full citizen.
Higher education is one of the stages of professional education. The main goal is to train qualified personnel in the necessary areas of activity. It is carried out at a university, academy or institute.

According to the nature and direction of education is:

General. Helps to acquire knowledge of the basics of sciences, in particular about nature, man, society. Gives a person basic knowledge about the world around him, helps to acquire the necessary practical skills.
Professional. At this stage, the knowledge and skills that are necessary for the student to perform labor and service functions are acquired.
Polytechnic. Teaching the basic principles of modern production. Acquisition of skills in the use of simple tools.

Levels of Education

Preschool.
Initial.
Main.
Average.

In addition, the following levels of higher education in the Russian Federation are distinguished:

Undergraduate. Enrollment is made on a competitive basis after passing the exam. A student receives a bachelor's degree after he has acquired and confirmed basic knowledge in his chosen specialty. The training lasts 4 years. Upon completion of this level, the graduate can pass special exams and continue his studies as a specialist or master.
Specialty. This stage includes basic education, as well as training in the chosen specialty. On a full-time basis, the term of study is 5 years, and on a correspondence course - 6. After receiving a specialist diploma, you can continue your studies for a master's degree or enroll in graduate school. Traditionally, this level of education in the Russian Federation is considered prestigious and does not differ much from a master's degree. However, when finding employment abroad, it will lead to a number of problems.
Master's degree. This stage produces professionals with a deeper specialization. You can enroll in a master's program after completing a bachelor's and a specialist's degree.
Training of highly qualified personnel. Assumes postgraduate study. This is a necessary preparation for obtaining a scientific degree Full-time education lasts 3 years, part-time - 4. The degree is awarded upon completion of training, dissertation defense and final exams.

Forms of education

Education in Russia can be carried out in two forms:

in special educational institutions. It can be carried out in full-time, part-time, part-time, external, remote forms.
Outside educational institutions. It implies self-education and family education. It is envisaged to pass the intermediate and final

Subsystems of education

The learning process combines two interrelated subsystems: training and education. They help to achieve the main goal of the education process - the socialization of a person.

Quality of higher education

Outdated management system in higher education institutions.
A small number of foreign teachers with a high degree of qualification.
The low rating of domestic educational institutions in the world community, due to weak internationalization.

Problems relating to the management of the education system

Low wages for education workers.
Lack of highly qualified personnel.
Insufficient level of material and technical equipment of institutions and organizations.
Low education in RF.
Low level of cultural development of the population as a whole.

Obligations to solve these problems are assigned not only to the state as a whole, but also to the levels of municipalities of the Russian Federation.

Trends in the development of education services

Internationalization of higher education, ensuring the mobility of teachers and students in order to exchange best international practices.
Strengthening the orientation of national education in the practical direction, which implies the introduction of practical disciplines, an increase in the number of practicing teachers.
Active introduction of multimedia technologies and other visualization systems into the educational process.
Promotion of distance learning.

Thus, education underlies the cultural, intellectual and moral state of modern society. This is a determining factor in the socio-economic development of the Russian state. Reforming the education system to date has not led to global results. However, there is a slight improvement. The levels of education in the Russian Federation under the new law contributed to the emergence of opportunities for the free movement of teachers and students between universities, which indicates that the process of Russian education has taken a course towards internationalization.

Law "On Education in the Russian Federation"

Each level has specific goals and objectives, content and methods of influence.

Types of education in Russia

According to the law, two major levels are distinguished.

The first is general education. It includes preschool and school sublevels. The latter, in turn, is divided into primary, basic and complete (secondary) education.

The second level is vocational education. It includes secondary, higher (bachelor's, specialist's and master's) and training of highly qualified personnel.

Let's look at each of these levels in more detail.

About the system of preschool education in Russia

These are nurseries, kindergartens, early development centers or homes.

About the system of secondary education in the Russian Federation

As noted above, it consists of several sublevels:

Primary lasts four years. The main goal is to give the child a system of necessary knowledge in basic subjects.
Basic education lasts from the fifth to the ninth grades. It assumes that the development of the child should be carried out in the main scientific areas. As a result, secondary schools must prepare teenagers for the GIA in certain subjects.

More about secondary vocational and higher education in our country

Remote education

This system is a new, specific form of education, which differs from traditional ones. Distance education is distinguished by other goals, objectives, content, means, methods and forms of interaction. The use of computer technologies, telecommunications, case technologies, etc. is becoming predominant.

In this regard, the most common types of such training are as follows:

The first is based on interactive television. When it is implemented, there is direct visual contact with the audience, which is at a distance from the teacher. Currently, this species is underdeveloped and very expensive. However, it is necessary when unique techniques, laboratory experiments and new knowledge in a particular area are demonstrated.
The second type of distance learning is based on computer telecommunication networks (regional, global), which have various didactic capabilities (text files, multimedia technologies, videoconferencing, e-mail, etc.). This is a common and inexpensive form of distance learning.
The third combines the CD (basic electronic textbook) and the global network. Due to the great didactic possibilities, this type is optimal both for university and school education, and for advanced training. The CD has a lot of advantages: multimedia, interactivity, the presence of a large amount of information with minimal financial losses.

Inclusive education

In the law, this system was named "inclusive education". Its implementation implies the absence of any discrimination against children with special needs, the existence of equal treatment for everyone and the availability of education.

Inclusive education is implemented in all educational institutions in Russia. The main goal is to create a barrier-free environment in the learning process and provide professional training for people with disabilities. For its implementation it is necessary to perform certain tasks:

technically equip educational institutions ;
develop special training courses for teachers;
create methodological developments for other students aimed at the process of developing relationships with people with disabilities;
develop programs that are aimed at facilitating the adaptation of persons with disabilities in educational institutions.

This work has just been developed. Within the next few years, the goal set and the assigned tasks should be fully implemented.