Each enterprise strives to work with the greatest return. One of the most important factors affecting the profitability of the organization is the optimal use of fixed assets. The financiers of the enterprise constantly analyze the work of the enterprise. First of all, they consider indicators of the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets, analyze them.
The return on assets is characterized by how many products, services, goods were sold from one ruble from the value at which fixed assets are estimated. This indicator is expressed in terms of revenue.
Efficiency of use is determined by capital intensity - this value is the return of capital productivity. That is, it represents the value of funds per ruble of proceeds.
The capital-labor ratio shows how much the cost of funds falls on one employee of the organization. For calculations, the indicator is taken
Indicators of the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets, taking into account time:
Production OS. It is equal to the ratio of the time that the equipment has already worked to the fund of time that is allotted to it.
Equipment load factor - is a quotient obtained by dividing the indicators "equipment operation time per day" by "the maximum number of hours per shift that this equipment has ever worked."
The efficiency of the use of fixed assets is often determined by the technical equipment of labor - the quotient of the cost of fixed assets to the average number of personnel.
Profitability of funds - represents the net share that falls on one ruble of fixed assets.
The criterion for the efficiency of the use of production assets. This indicator is calculated as the increase in labor productivity divided by the increase in capital-labor ratio.
Financiers carefully consider the performance indicators of use are subject to frequent movement, that is, they come into use or go out of it. These operations are also subject to a certain analysis by specialists.
Let us consider in more detail the indicators of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets.
First, we calculate the input coefficient - the ratio of the cost of fixed assets that have just come into use to their cost at the end of the year.
The next indicator - the renewal coefficient - is found as a ratio of the cost of newly acquired fixed assets to the cost of fixed assets at the end of the period. This indicator indicates the degree of technical progress in the company for a certain period.
The retirement rate is calculated as the quotient of the value of retired fixed assets to their value at the beginning of the year.
We continue to consider indicators of the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets.
Another coefficient - liquidation - the price of disposed of funds, divided by their value at the beginning of the year.
Replacement coefficient - is defined as the quotient of the cost of retired fixed assets to the cost of those who entered.
Shelf life coefficient - the residual price of fixed assets divided by the original.
This is only a small part of the indicators, the analysis of which helps to determine how effectively the company uses fixed assets. The company can improve if it takes a number of measures:
Reduce equipment downtime;
Upgrade and replace obsolete models;
Introduce new technologies into the production process;
Accelerate the development of new capacities and so on.
Thus, it is possible to significantly reduce costs, increase the profitability and profit of the enterprise. The main thing is to introduce improvements in the production process in a timely manner.
Fixed assets are means of labor that repeatedly participate in the production process, while maintaining their natural form, gradually wearing out, transferring their value in parts to newly created products. These include funds with a service life of more than one year and a cost of more than 100 minimum monthly wages.
Fixed assets are fixed assets expressed in value form.
Fixed assets are divided into production and non-production assets.
Production assets are involved in the process of manufacturing products or providing services (machines, machines, devices, transmission devices, etc.).
Non-productive fixed assets do not participate in the process of creating products (residential buildings, kindergartens, clubs, stadiums, clinics, sanatoriums, etc.).
The following groups and subgroups of the main production assets:
1. Buildings (architectural and construction objects for industrial purposes: workshop buildings, warehouses, production laboratories, etc.).
2. Structures (engineering and construction facilities that create conditions for the implementation of the production process: tunnels, flyovers, car roads, chimneys on a separate foundation, etc.).
3. Transmission devices (devices for the transmission of electricity, liquid and gaseous substances: electrical networks, heating networks, gas networks, transmissions, etc.).
4. Machinery and equipment (power machines and equipment, working machines and equipment, measuring and control instruments and devices, computer technology, automatic machines, other machines and equipment, etc.).
5. Vehicles (diesel locomotives, wagons, cars, motorcycles, carts, carts, etc., except for conveyors and conveyors included in the production equipment).
6. Tool (cutting, impact, pressing, sealing, as well as various fixtures for fastening, mounting, etc.), except for special tools and special equipment.
7. Production equipment and accessories (items to facilitate the performance of production operations: work tables, workbenches, fences, fans, containers, racks, etc.).
8. Household inventory (office and household items: tables, cabinets, hangers, typewriters, safes, duplicators, etc.).
9. .Other fixed assets. This group includes library collections, museum valuables, etc.
The share (in percent) of various groups of fixed assets in their total value at the enterprise represents the structure of fixed assets. At the enterprises of mechanical engineering in the structure of fixed assets, the largest share is occupied by: machinery and equipment - an average of about 50%; buildings about 37%.
Depending on the degree of direct impact on the objects of labor and the production capacity of the enterprise, the main production assets are divided into active and passive. The active part of fixed assets includes machinery and equipment, vehicles, tools. The passive part of fixed assets includes all other groups of fixed assets. They create conditions for normal operation enterprises.
Indicators of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets The use of fixed assets is represented by indicators of capital productivity, capital intensity and capital-labor ratio.
Capital productivity. The efficiency of the use of fixed assets characterizes the rate of return on assets, calculated as the ratio of output per year (at the enterprise level) to the average annual total cost of fixed assets. At the level of industries, output or gross value added is used as an indicator of production, and at the level of the economy as a whole, the value of gross domestic product.
return on assets is the volume of output divided by the average amount of industrial and production fixed assets at historical cost.
Fo \u003d Production output / OFsr year
Fo \u003d Revenue / OF wed year
The rational use of fixed production assets is necessary to increase the production of the social product and the national income.
An increase in the level of use of fixed assets makes it possible to increase the size of production output without additional capital investments and in a shorter period of time. Accelerates the pace of production, reduces the cost of reproduction of new funds and reduces production costs.
The economic effect of increasing the level of use of fixed assets is the growth of social labor productivity.
Return on assets shows how much production (or profit) the organization receives from each ruble of its fixed assets.
capital intensity Capital intensity is the reciprocal of capital productivity. It characterizes how many fixed production assets account for 1 ruble of output.
Capital intensity is the average sum of industrial production fixed assets at the initial cost divided by the volume of output.
Fe=OF Wed Year Total Cost/Product Output
Fe=1/Fo
Reducing capital intensity means saving labor.
The value of return on assets shows how much production is received from each ruble invested in fixed assets, and serves to determine the economic efficiency of the use of existing fixed assets.
The value of capital intensity shows how much money you need to spend on fixed assets in order to obtain the required volume of production.
capital intensity shows how many fixed assets account for each ruble of output. If the use of fixed assets improves, then the return on assets should increase, and the capital intensity should decrease.
When calculating the return on assets, working machines and equipment (the active part of fixed assets) are allocated from the composition of fixed assets. Comparison of growth rates and percentages of fulfillment of the capital productivity plan per 1 ruble of the cost of fixed industrial production assets and per 1 ruble of the cost of working machinery and equipment shows the impact of changes in the structure of fixed assets on the efficiency of their use. The second indicator under these conditions should be ahead of the first (if the proportion of the active part of fixed assets increases).
capital-labor ratio The capital-labor ratio has a huge impact on the value of capital productivity and capital intensity.
The capital-labor ratio is used to characterize the degree of labor equipment working.
Fv \u003d OF wed year full st / Wed list number of employees
The capital-labor ratio and capital productivity are interconnected through the indicator of labor productivity (Labor productivity \u003d Output / Average number of employees).
In this way, return on assets = labor productivity / capital-labor ratio.
In order to increase the efficiency of production, it is important that the outstripping growth of production is ensured in comparison with the growth of fixed production assets.
return on investment- characterizes how much profit falls on 1 rub. invested in OF.
Fr \u003d profit / OF sr year
Extensive indicators of the use of fixed assets- characterize the use of fixed assets by operating time:
1. equipment efficiency ratio. It is defined as the ratio of the time actually worked by the equipment to the actual fund of the equipment's operating time.
2. Equipment utilization factor- the ratio of the equipment operation time for the entire working day (day) in hours to the time of its operation on the shift with the largest number of hours worked.
The indicator of extensive use of equipment can be improved by increasing the share of existing equipment, the speedy development of newly introduced fixed assets, reducing equipment layers, and reducing repair time.
Intensive indicators of equipment usage. Characterize the use of fixed assets by productivity. These include the coefficient of intensive use of equipment - this is the ratio of actually produced products for a certain period to the maximum possible output for the same period.
Equipment usage rates can be improved by:
1. through the use of the latest achievements of scientific and technical progress.
2. Due to the rational arrangement of equipment.
3. By reducing the weight and overall dimensions of machines.
In general, improved use of fixed assets contributes to lower production costs. If more products are received from each ruble of the cost of fixed assets, then depreciation deductions, the cost of current repairs and the maintenance of fixed assets per unit of production decrease.
Introduction
In modern economic conditions, the effective functioning of an enterprise of any organizational and legal form, regardless of the types of activity, is a prerequisite for its existence. The activity of any enterprise must be profitable and the purpose of any production is to make a profit. The achievement of this goal depends on a very large number of factors and is associated with the general organization of production, the use of high technology, financial capabilities, as well as the technical equipment of the enterprise.
The main feature of an enterprise is the presence of separate property in its economic management or operational management. It is it that provides the material and technical possibility of the operation of the enterprise, its economic independence and reliability. Without certain property, neither large nor small enterprises, nor individual entrepreneurs can carry out their activities.
Fixed assets occupy, as a rule, the main share in the total amount of fixed capital of the enterprise. The final results of the enterprise activity largely depend on their quantity, cost, technical level, efficiency of use: output, its cost, profit, profitability, financial stability.
The fixed assets of the enterprise involved in the production process have a direct impact on the efficiency of production, the quality of work and the results of all financial and economic activities of economic entities.
Fixed assets through the economic mechanism of depreciation, as well as the cost of their repair, participate in the formation of the cost of goods (works, services) and the financial result of the organization.
The absolute value and dynamics of growth of fixed production assets characterize the country's economic potential. Improving the use of the huge national wealth contained in fixed production assets is of paramount importance, since it affects the efficiency of production.
The conditions for the transition to a market economy encourage business leaders to constantly search for reserves to improve the efficiency of the use of all material and material factors of production, including fixed assets. After all, their inefficient use leads to a reduction in production or sales, which in turn reduces the income of the enterprise, and, accordingly, is reflected in profits.
The analysis of fixed assets can be carried out in several directions, the development of which in combination makes it possible to assess the structure, dynamics and efficiency of the use of fixed assets and long-term investments.
The tasks of analyzing the state and efficiency of the use of fixed production assets at the enterprise are:
Establishment of the security of the enterprise and its structural divisions with fixed assets - the correspondence of the size, composition and technical level of funds to the need for them;
Clarification of the implementation of the plan for their growth, renewal and retirement;
Studying the technical condition of fixed assets and especially their most active part - machinery and equipment;
Determining the degree of use of fixed assets and the factors that influenced it;
Finding out the efficiency of equipment use in time and power;
Determination of the impact of the use of fixed assets on the volume of production;
Identification of reserves for the growth of capital productivity, increase in production and profits by improving the use of fixed assets.
The relevance of the topic of the thesis is that the solution of the problem of the effective use of fixed assets means an increase in the production of products necessary for society, an increase in the return on the created production potential and a better satisfaction of the needs of the population, an improvement in the balance of equipment, a reduction in the cost of production, an increase in the profitability of production, the savings of the enterprise.
A more complete use of fixed assets leads to a decrease in the need to commission new production capacities with a change in production volume, and, consequently, to a better use of the enterprise's profits.
Efficient use of fixed assets also means accelerating their turnover, which greatly contributes to solving the problem of reducing the gap in terms of physical and obsolescence, accelerating the pace of renewal of fixed assets.
Finally, the efficient use of fixed assets is closely related to another key task of the modern period. economic reform- improving the quality of products, because in the conditions of market competition, high-quality products are sold faster and are in great demand.
Having a clear understanding of each element of fixed assets in the production process, their physical and obsolescence, the factors that affect the use of fixed assets, it is possible to identify methods by which the efficiency of using fixed assets and production capacities of an enterprise is increased, ensuring a reduction in production costs and , of course, the growth of labor productivity.
The problems of accounting and analysis of fixed assets are devoted to the works of such leading economists as Bogdanovskaya L.A., Vinogorov G.G., Ermolovich E.E., Savitskaya G.V., Snitko K.F., Sushkevich V.V., Rusak N.A.
The main objectives of the thesis research are:
1. In study theoretical material, current methods of analysis of the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets;
2. In determining ways to improve the efficiency of the use of fixed assets of a cooperative organization.
In accordance with these goals, the following tasks were set in the study:
Define the concept and consider the classification and essence of fixed assets;
Outline the methodological foundations and indicators for assessing the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets of an enterprise;
Investigate the dynamics of the main economic indicators of the enterprise;
Consider methodological approaches to optimizing the cost structure of fixed assets of an enterprise in order to increase its financial stability and increase its resource potential;
Give ways to improve the efficiency of the use of fixed assets of the enterprise.
The object of the study is the Shebekinsky district consumer society.
The subject of the study is the fixed assets of the enterprise.
The methodological basis of the thesis research was the regulatory documents on accounting and economic analysis of fixed assets, scientific work domestic and foreign scientists on the issue under study, the financial statements of the Shebekinsky district school for 2002-2004.
The work consists of an introduction, the main part, consisting of three chapters, a conclusion and a list of references from the titles. The work presents 84 pages of typewritten text, 7 figures and 13 tables.
1. Fixed assets and their importance for the activities of the enterprise
1.1 Essence, value and functions of fixed assets of the enterprise
Fixed assets are tangible assets that operate in an unchanged natural form for a long period of time and lose their value in parts as they wear out, are reimbursed only after several production cycles.
Fixed assets form the basis of the material and technical base of the organization, determine its technical level, range, quantity and quality of products, work performed, services rendered. Their composition reflects various material and material values used as means of labor in kind for a long time in the production of products, in the performance of work, the provision of services, or for the management needs of the enterprise. These funds must generate income for the enterprise and cannot be used for resale.
The sources of formation of fixed assets of the enterprise are its financial resources. So, when establishing an enterprise, fixed assets are formed at the expense of the authorized capital. In the future, in the course of the enterprise's activities, fixed assets are replenished and updated at the expense of sales income and non-operating income.
Sources for the formation of fixed assets can also be loans, subsidies, etc.
The cost of fixed assets often makes up a significant part of the total value of the organization's property, and due to their long-term use in the activities of the organization, fixed assets over a long period of time affect financial results activities.
The main production assets of enterprises make an economic cycle, which consists of the following stages: depreciation of fixed assets, depreciation, accumulation of funds for the full restoration of fixed assets, their replacement by making capital investments.
Any objects of fixed assets are subject to physical and moral deterioration, i.e. under the influence of physical forces, technical and economic factors, they gradually lose their properties, become unusable and can no longer perform their functions. Physical depreciation is partially restored through the repair, reconstruction and modernization of fixed assets. Obsolescence is manifested in the fact that obsolete fixed assets lag behind the latest designs in their design, productivity, efficiency, and quality of products. Therefore, periodically there is a need to replace fixed assets, especially their active part.
A distinctive feature of fixed assets is their repeated use in the production process, the preservation of the original appearance (shape) for a long period.
Under the influence of the production process and the external environment, they wear out gradually and transfer their initial cost to the cost of finished products during their standard service life by accruing depreciation at established rates. This transfer occurs in such a way that during the period of operation of fixed assets they are reimbursed.
Reimbursement of fixed assets by including part of their value in the cost of output (cost) or work performed is called depreciation. This is the monetary expression of the physical and moral depreciation of fixed assets. It is carried out with the aim of accumulating funds for the subsequent full or partial reproduction of fixed assets. The amount of depreciation deductions depends on the cost of fixed assets, the time of their operation. All fixed assets are subject to depreciation, except for land.
The amount of value included by depreciation in production costs is yourself depreciation deductions.
Depreciation charges are made on the basis of depreciation rates, which are established for each type of fixed assets. They are determined by referring the amount of annual depreciation deductions to the cost of fixed assets.
Accounting for fixed assets is determined not only by the need to know what fixed assets and to what extent the enterprise has, but also by the requirements of the economics of production. This is due to the fact that the share of fixed assets in the total amount of funds at the disposal of the enterprise reaches 70% or more. Consequently, the development (state) of its economy depends on how they are used.
Accounting and planning of fixed assets is carried out in natural and monetary forms.
When assessing fixed assets in kind, the number of machines, their productivity, capacity, size of production areas and other quantitative quantities are established. These data are used to calculate the production capacity of enterprises and industries, planning the production program, and reserves for increasing output on equipment. To this end, an inventory and certification of equipment, accounting for its departure and arrival are carried out.
For a more complete characterization of the state of the means of labor, it is necessary to carry out certification of each workplace, which is a comprehensive assessment of its compliance with regulatory requirements and best practices in such areas as the technical and economic level, working conditions and safety. This form of accounting allows you to determine not only the material structure of fixed assets, but also their technical level, to draw up a balance of equipment.
In-kind indicators have a very limited scope, since they can be used to evaluate fixed assets of the same type. Giving an idea of the general level of use of those or other homogeneous machines, units, one or another piece of equipment or a group of this equipment, they do not allow answering the question: how was the actual productivity of this unit obtained, i.e. what part of the working time did this unit function and what was the level of its use in during this time?
The fixed assets of enterprises accounted for in monetary terms are fixed assets .
The procedure for classifying objects as fixed assets and their composition is regulated by legislative and other regulatory acts. To identify the assets of the organization as fixed assets, it is necessary to take into account their definitions contained in the regulations on accounting, taking into account that these definitions have individual differences.
Fixed assets are recognized as such at the time of their acceptance for accounting.
According to paragraph 46 of the Regulation on accounting and financial reporting in Russian Federation, fixed assets - is a set of material assets used as means of labor in the production of products, performance of work or provision of services or for the management of an organization for a period exceeding 12 months, or a normal operating cycle, if it exceeds 12 months.
In the regulations that directly regulate the organization of accounting for fixed assets, there is no condition on the material content of an asset when it is recognized as an object of fixed assets.
In these documents, fixed assets are assets that the organization does not intend to resell, which are capable of generating economic benefits (income) for the organization and are used by the organization to produce products, perform work, provide services, or for management needs for a long time ("useful life") exceeding 12 months or the normal operating cycle if it exceeds 12 months.
The final decision on which items and objects to take into account as fixed assets is made by the head of the organization, depending on the nature and conditions of its economic activity. Usually it is accepted not for each subject separately, but in relation to a group (type) of objects and is drawn up as an element of the accounting policy of organizations.
Monetary, or cost, valuation of fixed assets is necessary to determine the total value of fixed assets, their dynamics, structure, planning for the expanded reproduction of fixed assets, determining the degree of wear and tear and the amount of depreciation, the economic efficiency of capital investments, i.e. without which it is impossible to judge the state of the enterprise's economy.
There are several types of assessments of fixed assets associated with their long-term participation and gradual wear and tear in the production process, changes in the conditions of reproduction over this period: at original, replacement and residual value.
The initial cost of fixed production assets is the sum of the costs for the manufacture or purchase of funds, their delivery and installation. It is used to determine the depreciation rate and the amount of depreciation, profit and profitability of the company's assets, indicators of their use.
Scientific and technological progress affects the change in the conditions and factors of production of fixed assets, and consequently, the change in their production costs and, accordingly, current market prices and tariffs. At present, inflation has a primary influence on current prices and tariffs at which fixed assets are purchased.
Over time, fixed assets are reflected on the balance sheet of the enterprise according to a mixed assessment, i.e. at current market prices: creations or acquisitions. Thus, the assessment of fixed assets at their original cost in modern business conditions does not reflect their actual value, and therefore there is a need to reassess fixed assets and bring them to uniform cost meters. For this purpose, the assessment of fixed assets at replacement cost is used.
Replacement cost is the cost of reproducing fixed assets in modern conditions; as a rule, it is established during the revaluation of funds.
As a result of the revaluation of fixed assets, their replacement value increases sharply and, as a result, the financial and economic performance of the enterprise worsens. Therefore, for enterprises whose financial performance may deteriorate significantly as a result of revaluation, depreciation indexation reduction coefficients are applied.
During operation, fixed assets wear out and gradually lose their original (replacement) value. To assess their real value, it is necessary to exclude the cost of the worn-out part of the funds. This is how the residual value of fixed assets is determined , which is the difference between the original or replacement cost of fixed assets and the amount of their depreciation.
1.2 Classification of fixed assets of the enterprise
The classification of fixed assets provides information support for solving the following tasks:
Carrying out work to assess the volume, composition and condition of fixed assets;
Implementation of a set of functions for statistical monitoring of fixed assets;
Implementation of international comparisons on the structure and condition of fixed assets;
Calculation of economic indicators of the state and efficiency of the use of fixed assets;
There are several features of the classification of fixed assets, depending on which they are grouped (see Appendix 1).
For the organization of accounting, an enlarged classification of fixed assets is provided according to the following criteria:
Depending on the existing rights to objects of fixed assets;
By degree of use
Depending on the nature of participation in economic activity;
By types.
Depending on the existing rights to objects of fixed assets, there are:
objects owned by the organization on the basis of ownership (including those leased, transferred for gratuitous use, transferred to trust management);
· located at the organization on the rights of operational management or economic management;
Leased fixed assets, i.e., those that are in temporary use for a certain fee;
fixed assets received by the organization for free use;
fixed assets received by the organization in trust management.
In accounting terms, all fixed assets on the balance sheet of the organization, including those temporarily not used, leased or leased, are accounted for as fixed assets in operation.
Depending on the degree of use, fixed assets are distinguished:
operating in operation (both in operation and in repair or idle time);
in stock (reserve), intended to replace these types of fixed assets that are being retired from operation;
· in the stage of completion, additional equipment, reconstruction and partial liquidation;
on conservation. Inactive (mothballed) are fixed assets of enterprises or individual workshops, the temporary cessation of operation of which is documented in the prescribed manner.
Such a division is necessary to obtain information on the loading and efficiency of the use of fixed assets, the possibility of replacing worn-out funds, taking measures to transfer or sell unnecessary funds to other enterprises, as well as the correct calculation of depreciation for inclusion in production costs.
Depending on the nature of the participation of fixed assets in the processes of economic activity, they are divided into:
production;
· non-production;
The main criterion for grouping fixed assets on this basis is the type of activity of a given organization or its division. In this case, the classification unit is the entire set of fixed assets listed on the balance sheet.
Production fixed assets include fixed assets for industrial, construction, agricultural purposes, road transport, communications, trade and other activities of material production. They repeatedly participate in the production process, wear out gradually, and their value is transferred to the manufactured product in parts as it is used. They are replenished through capital investments. The composition of fixed production assets is largely determined by the sectoral affiliation of the enterprise.
The main production assets are the material and technical base of social production. The production capacity of the enterprise, the level of technical equipment of labor depend on their volume. The accumulation of fixed assets and the increase in the technical equipment of labor enrich the labor process, give labor a creative character, and raise the cultural and technical level of society.
Non-productive fixed assets are the buildings of clubs, palaces and houses of culture, buildings of hotels, baths, sanitary checkpoints, children's and sports facilities, other objects of cultural and community services that are on the balance sheet of the enterprise. Unlike production assets, non-production assets do not participate in the production process and do not transfer their value to the product, because it is not created. Their value disappears in consumption. The compensation fund is not created. They are reproduced at the expense of the national income.
Despite the fact that non-production fixed assets do not have a direct impact on the volume of production and the growth of labor productivity, their constant increase is inextricably linked with the improvement of the well-being of the employees of the enterprise, with an increase in the material and cultural standard of their life, which ultimately affects the performance enterprises.
Housing includes objects intended for human habitation: residential buildings, hostels, etc.
When classifying fixed assets by their types and purpose, one should be guided by the grouping of fixed assets officially adopted for the preparation of accounting and statistical reporting. Classification by type, depending on the natural-material composition and purposes, is the basis for the analytical accounting of fixed assets.
When determining the composition and grouping of fixed assets by type, it is necessary to be guided by the All-Russian Classifier of Fixed Assets (OK 013-94), approved by the resolution of the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Standardization, Metrology and Certification.
The general structure of nine-digit codes for the formation of groupings of objects in OKOF is presented in the form of the following scheme: X0 0000000 - section; XX 0000000 - subsection; XX XXXX000 - class; XX XXXX0XX - subclass; XX XXXXXXX - view.
Each type of fixed assets is assigned a 7-digit code within the following subsections:
Land plots and objects of nature management (water, subsoil, other natural resources) owned by the enterprise on the basis of property rights;
Buildings (industrial and technical, service, etc.), i.e. architectural and construction objects, in which the main structural parts are walls and roof - industrial buildings and buildings. There are three subgroups in the building group: industrial buildings, non-industrial buildings and housing;
Structures, which include engineering and construction facilities, the purpose of which is to create conditions for the implementation of the production process by performing certain technical functions that are not related to changing the object of labor;
Transmission devices, with the help of which the transmission of electrical, thermal and mechanical energy from engine machines to working machines, as well as the transfer (transportation) of liquid and gaseous substances from one object to another (electrical networks, heating networks, pipelines and water pipes);
Machinery and equipment, including:
Measuring and regulating instruments, devices and laboratory equipment;
Computer Engineering;
Power;
workers;
Vehicles (intra- and non-production);
Tools and fixtures worth more than 50 times the minimum wage;
Production and household inventory, i.e. production items that serve to facilitate production operations and for labor protection, as well as means of storing liquid and bulk materials;
On-farm roads;
Capital investments in land improvement and in leased buildings, premises, equipment and other objects related to fixed assets;
Other fixed assets (working cattle, perennial plantings).
The ratio of individual groups of fixed assets in their total volume represents the specific (production) structure of fixed assets. The production structure of fixed assets is characterized by the share of each group of fixed assets in their total value for the enterprise, industry and industry as a whole.
The structure of fixed production assets is determined by many factors. The most important of them:
The nature of the products;
The level of technological complexity of production;
Geographic conditions of the location of the enterprise.
Society is not indifferent to which of the groups of fixed assets are invested. It is interested in an optimal increase in the share of machinery and equipment - the active part of the funds that serve the decisive areas of production and characterize the production capabilities of the enterprise for the production of certain products.
Buildings, structures, inventory, ensuring the normal functioning of the active elements of fixed assets, belong to the passive part of fixed assets.
The production structure of fixed assets and its change over a given period of time make it possible to characterize the technical level of industry and the efficiency of the use of capital investments in fixed assets. In particular, the higher the share of machinery, equipment and other elements of the active part of fixed assets in the composition of fixed assets, the more products will be produced for each ruble of fixed assets, the greater the output, other things being equal, the higher the return on assets. .
Therefore, improving the structure of fixed assets is considered as a condition for increasing production, reducing costs, and increasing the cash savings of enterprises.
The most important factors influencing the structure of fixed production assets are:
1) the nature of the products produced,
2) the volume of output,
3) the level of mechanization and automation,
4) the level of specialization and cooperation,
5) climatic and geographical conditions of the location of enterprises.
The first factor affects the size and cost of buildings, the proportion Vehicle and transmission devices. The greater the volume of output (the second factor), the higher the share of special progressive working machines and equipment. The same picture is typical for the influence of the third and fourth factors on the structure of funds. The proportion of buildings and structures depends on climatic conditions.
Improve the structure of fixed production assets allow.
Updating and modernization of equipment;
Improving the structure of equipment as a result of an increase in the share of progressive types of machine tools and machines;
Better use of buildings and structures, installation additional equipment in free areas;
Proper development of construction projects and high-quality implementation of enterprise construction plans;
Elimination of redundant and underused equipment and installation of equipment that provides more correct proportions between its individual groups.
Differences in the production structure of fixed assets in different industries are the result of the technical and economic features of these industries. Even enterprises within the same industry, as a rule, have a different production structure of fixed assets. The share of active elements of fixed assets is highest in enterprises with high level technical equipment and electrical equipment of labor, where production processes are mechanized and automated.
1.3 Efficiency of use of fixed assets of the enterprise and indicators of their evaluation
The main tasks of the analysis of fixed production assets include:
Assessment of the availability, composition and structure of fixed assets;
Analysis of the movement of fixed assets;
Analysis of the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets.
With a given technical level and the structure of fixed production assets, an increase in output, a decrease in production costs, and an increase in the savings of an enterprise depend on the degree of their use.
To characterize the effectiveness of the use of fixed production assets (OPF), generalizing, additional and auxiliary indicators are used (Table 1).
Table 1
Indicators of the use of fixed production assets
| Additional indicators | Generalizing indicators |
||
| indicators of extensive use of OPF | indicators of intensive use of OPF | indicators of the integral use of the OPF | |
| 1. coefficient of extensive use of equipment K ext | 1. coefficient of intensive use of equipment K int | 1. coefficient of integral use of equipment K integr | 1. return on assets |
| 2. equipment shift factor K cm | 2. profitability |
||
| 3. equipment load factor Kzag | 3. capital intensity |
||
4. coefficient of the shift mode of the operating time of the equipment |
4.Fondorent- whiteness |
||
| 5. capital-labor ratio F in | |||
Generalizing indicators are used to characterize the use of fixed assets at all levels of the national economy - enterprises, industries and the national economy as a whole. For a generalizing characteristic of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets, profitability indicators (the ratio of profit to the average annual cost of fixed assets), capital productivity (the ratio of the cost of manufactured or sold products after deducting VAT, excise taxes to the average annual cost of fixed assets), capital intensity (the inverse of capital productivity) of specific capital investments per ruble of production growth. The relative savings of fixed assets are also calculated:
±E opf = OPF 1 - OPF about x IVP, (1)
where OPF o, OPF 1 - accordingly, the average annual cost of fixed production assets in the base and reporting years;
1VP - production volume index.
When calculating the average annual cost of funds, not only own, but also leased fixed assets are taken into account and funds that are on conservation, reserve and leased are not included.
The result of a better use of fixed assets is, above all, an increase in production. Therefore, a generalizing indicator of the effectiveness of fixed assets should be based on the principle of commensuration of manufactured products with the totality of fixed assets used in its production. The main, criterion indicator of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets is the return on assets.
Of all the meters of production volume, the most preferred and generally accepted for calculating the return on assets is commercial production. Thus, the economic meaning of capital productivity lies in the amount of marketable output produced per year per one ruble of fixed assets. This indicator is used in every industry, the entire industry and the national economy as a whole.
To calculate the value of return on assets, the formula is used:
Fodd = , (2)
where T is the volume of commodity or gross or sold products, rub;
F -
The return on assets is measured in the same meters as the volume of production, that is, natural, conditionally natural or cost.
The average annual cost of fixed assets is calculated according to the average chronological formula, that is, as the sum of half the cost of fixed assets at the beginning and end of the period (year), the total cost of fixed assets on the first days of the remaining months of the period (year), divided by 12.
F = F 1 + , , (3)
where Ф 1 - the cost of fixed production assets of the enterprise at the beginning of the year, rub;
Ф input, Ф vyb - respectively, the cost of fixed production assets introduced and retired during the year, rub.;
p, p g - the number of full months from the date of entry (withdrawal).
Capital intensity of production - the reciprocal of capital productivity. It shows the share of the value of fixed assets attributable to each ruble of output. If the return on assets should tend to increase, then the capital intensity should tend to decrease.
where, F - average annual cost of fixed production assets of the enterprise, rub.
T - the volume of commodity or gross, or sold products, rub;
The efficiency of the enterprise is largely determined by the level of capital-labor ratio, determined by the formula:
where, F - the average annual cost of fixed assets of the enterprise, rub.
H - average headcount enterprise employees.
This value must continuously increase, since technical equipment and, consequently, labor productivity depend on it.
Return on assets is affected by the achieved level of labor productivity and capital-labor ratio.
Ф otd = , (6)
where, PT - labor productivity (production) at the enterprise,
Ф в - capital-labor ratio.
This formula can be used for a more detailed analysis of the use of fixed assets. It shows the relationship between output and capital-labor ratio. The ideal option is considered to be the option when the output at the enterprise grows at a faster rate than the capital-labor ratio, since in this case the maximum production efficiency is achieved.
To increase the return on assets, the growth rate of labor productivity must outstrip the growth rate of capital-labor ratio. This character is inherent in the intensive development of production. The opposite situation, when the growth rate of capital-labor ratio outstrips the growth rate of labor productivity, and the return on assets decreases, is typical for an extensive path of development of production.
Return on assets is one of the main indicators of the use of fixed assets. Increasing the return on assets is the most important national economic task in the period of the country's transition to a market economy. In the context of scientific and technological progress, a significant increase in capital productivity is complicated by a rapid change in equipment that needs to be mastered, as well as an increase in capital investments directed to improving working conditions, protecting nature, etc. Factors that increase the return on assets are shown in Fig. 1 (see Appendix 2).
The most general indicator of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets is the return on assets. Its level depends not only on the return on assets, but also on the profitability of products. The relationship between these indicators can be represented as follows:
R opf = = = F otd x R vp or (7)
R opf = = = F otd x R rp , (8)
where, Ropf - profitability of fixed production assets;
P - profit from the sale of products;
F - average annual cost of fixed production assets;
VP and RP - respectively, the cost of manufactured or sold products;
F otd - capital productivity;
R VP , R rp - profitability of manufactured or sold products.
The change in the level of return on assets, in turn, is influenced by a number of factors: the return on assets of the active part of fixed production assets, the share of the active part of production assets, the operating time of equipment, changes in the structure of fixed assets and changes in equipment output. The factors of the first level are the change in the share of the active part of the production assets and the change in the return on assets of the active part of the funds. The return on assets of the active part of fixed assets, in turn, depends on the structure of fixed assets (its active part), working hours and average daily output. Factors that determine the profitability of fixed assets are shown in fig. 2 (see appendix 3).
Additional and auxiliary indicators help to more fully and deeply reveal reserves in the course of analysis and, most importantly, to develop measures to improve the efficiency of using fixed assets in specific enterprises, taking into account their specifics.
Additional indicators characterize the completeness of the use of fixed assets, especially their most active part - machinery and equipment in various aspects of time,
Sources of data for analysis: business plan of the enterprise, technical development plan, accounting balance sheet of the enterprise, appendix to the balance sheet, report on the availability and movement of fixed assets, balance of production capacity, data on the revaluation of fixed assets, inventory cards of fixed assets, design estimates , technical documentation, etc.
Private indicators of the use of fixed production assets can be combined into three groups:
· indicators of extensive use of fixed assets, reflecting the level of their use over time. To determine the level of use of fixed assets by time, the following types of time are distinguished: calendar, regime, planned and actual time fund:
Calendar fund of time - the maximum possible fund of time is determined by the number of days in the planning period.
The regime fund of time is calculated as a calendar minus weekends and holidays.
The planned time fund is determined on the basis of the regime time fund, taking into account the time for equipment repair, technical inspections, etc.
The actual time fund is the planned value of the time fund, adjusted for downtime and overtime.
The ratio of each subsequent type of time fund to the previous one gives a system of coefficients for the use of equipment operation time.
The totality of time funds makes it possible to analyze the operating time of the equipment. Comparison of the calendar and regime funds of time makes it possible to establish opportunities for better use by increasing the shift ratio, and regime and possible - due to better use of equipment by reducing the time spent on repairs during working hours.
The level of extensive use of fixed assets is characterized by the degree of involvement of equipment in the production process.
· Indicators of intensive use of fixed assets, reflecting the value of output per unit of time. The intensive load of fixed assets leads to a decrease in the cost of production and an increase in productivity;
· indicators of the integral use of fixed assets, taking into account the combined influence of all factors - both extensive and intensive.
The first group of indicators includes the following coefficients.
The coefficient of extensive use of equipment characterizes the use of fixed assets over time, throughout the year, reflects reserves from underutilization of the calendar fund and is determined by the ratio of the actual number of hours of equipment operation to the number of hours of its operation according to the plan:
K ext = , (9)
where T f - actual operating time of the equipment, h;
T pl - operating time of the equipment according to the norm (in accordance with the operating mode of the enterprise and taking into account the minimum time required for scheduled preventive maintenance), h.
The shift coefficient of equipment operation characterizes the time of full-shift use of the installed equipment, which operates in a multi-shift mode. It shows how many shifts the installed equipment worked on average during the day.
It is defined as the ratio of the total number of machine shifts worked out by equipment of this type during the day to the number of machines (machine tools) that worked in the largest shift. The shift coefficient calculated in this way shows how many shifts each piece of equipment works on average annually.
K cm = , (10)
where M is the sum of actually worked machine shifts per day,
K m - the total number of installed machines.
Enterprises should strive to increase the shift ratio of equipment, which leads to an increase in output with the same cash funds.
The main directions for increasing the shift work of equipment:
increasing the level of specialization of jobs, which ensures the growth of serial production and the loading of equipment;
Increasing the rhythm of work;
Reducing downtime associated with shortcomings in the organization of maintenance of workplaces, providing machine operators with blanks, tools;
The best organization of repair business, the use of advanced methods of organization of repair work;
Mechanization and automation of the labor of the main and especially auxiliary workers. This will release the workforce and transfer it from heavy auxiliary work to the main work in the second and third shifts.
The indicator of intra-shift downtime complements the equipment shift ratio. At the same time, the reasons for the occurrence of downtime are analyzed, among which there may be poor organization of production, a shortage of workers, a low level of availability of materials, parts, etc.
The equipment utilization factor also characterizes the use of equipment over time. It is installed for the entire fleet of machines that are in the main production. It is calculated as the ratio of the labor intensity of manufacturing all products on this type of equipment to the fund of the time of its operation.
K zag = , (11)
where T e is the complexity of manufacturing all products on this type of equipment,
T slave - the fund of equipment loading time.
Thus, the equipment load factor, in contrast to the shift factor, takes into account data on the labor intensity of the product. In practice, the load factor is usually taken equal to the value of the shift factor, reduced by a factor of two (for two-shift operation) or three times (for three-shift operation).
The shift ratio of the equipment operation time is determined by dividing the equipment shift ratio achieved in a given period by the shift duration established at a given enterprise (in the workshop).
K sm.p = , (12)
where, K cm - the period of the shift coefficient of equipment operation,
T is the duration of the shift.
However, the process of using equipment has another side. In addition to its intra-shift and all-day downtime, it is important to know how efficiently the equipment is being used during its actual loading hours. The equipment may not be fully loaded, operate at idle and at this time do not produce products at all, or, while working, produce low-quality products. In all these cases, by calculating the indicator of extensive use of equipment, one can formally obtain high results. However, they still do not allow to draw a conclusion about the effective use of fixed assets.
The results obtained should be supplemented by calculations of the second group of indicators - the intensive use of fixed assets, reflecting the level of their use in terms of capacity (productivity). The most important of them is the coefficient of intensive use of equipment.
The coefficient of intensive use of equipment is determined by the ratio of the actual performance of the main technological equipment to its standard performance, i.e. progressive technically sound performance.
K int = , (13)
where, P f - the actual production of equipment products per unit of time;
П в - technically justified production of products by the equipment per unit of time (determined on the basis of the passport data of the equipment).
Intensive loading of fixed assets leads to a decrease in the cost of production and an increase in productivity.
The third group of indicators of the use of fixed assets includes the coefficient of integral use of equipment.
The coefficient of integral use of equipment is defined as the product of the coefficients of intensive and extensive use of equipment and comprehensively characterizes its operation in terms of time and productivity (power).
K integr = K ext X K int (14)
The coefficient of integral use reflects reserves from underutilization of fixed assets, both per unit of time and over time in a calendar period. The value of this indicator is always lower than the values of its components, since it simultaneously takes into account the disadvantages of both extensive and intensive use of equipment.
Auxiliary indicators, as a rule, characterize the effectiveness of the use of individual elements of fixed assets, taking into account the specifics of a particular industry. These include, for example, output per one square meter production area, cubic meter capacity, etc. These indicators are very specific, but quite well reflect the loading of funds and the reserves available in the industry.
When considering the efficiency of the use of fixed assets, special attention should be paid to the analysis of the use of machinery and equipment. All equipment is subdivided into available N (all equipment, regardless of its condition and location), installed by U (mounted and put into operation) and operating D (operating) (Fig. 1).
The ratio between these groups of equipment is analyzed:
To characterize the degree of use of enterprise equipment in production, special involvement coefficients are used:
K in = ; К uy = , (15)
where K in - utilization rate of available equipment;
K yiwu - utilization rate of installed equipment.
The analysis should identify the reasons for the inefficient use of all the equipment available to the enterprise, if such a situation exists.
 |
||
|
||
Rice. 1. The composition of the available equipment.
Thus, when analyzing the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets, one should study the ratio of all these indicators and draw a conclusion about the nature of the development of the enterprise and the efficiency of the use of resources.
2. Study of the state and efficiency of the use of fixed assets of the Shebekinsky raipo
2.1 Organizational and economic characteristics of the activities of the Shebekinsky raipo
Consumer cooperation is an integral part of the country's market economy, uniting non-profit organizations - consumer societies and their unions, which are allowed to engage in commercial activities (trade, public catering, agriculture, blanks, production, etc.).
The Shebekinsky District Consumer Society (hereinafter referred to as RAIP) is part of the system of the Belgorod Regional Union of Consumer Societies and is located at the first level of the consumer cooperation system in Russia (see Fig. 2).
Address: Shebekino, st. Moscow, 47.
 |
Rice. 2. Scheme of the organizational structure of consumer cooperation in the Russian Federation
In its activities, the Shebekinskoye District Association is guided by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the law of the Russian Federation "On consumer cooperation (consumer societies and their unions) in the Russian Federation", its Charter, the legislation of the Belgorod region, which regulates the subjects of joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the Belgorod region and items outside the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation, other laws and other normative legal acts of a generally binding nature: trade, tax, labor law, competition and bankruptcy law.
Shebekinsky raipo is a voluntary association of citizens and legal entities, created on a territorial basis, on the basis of membership by combining property shares for trading, procurement, production and other activities in order to meet the material and other needs of its members.
This definition reflects the following features of raipo:
Raipo is a collective organization that brings together individuals and legal entities on the basis of voluntary membership,
The initial capital of a raipo is created by combining property share contributions by its members, therefore members of a consumer society are called shareholders;
Raipo carries out joint trading, procurement, production and other activities;
The goal of the raipo, its social mission is to satisfy the material and other needs of its members.
A characteristic feature of the activities of the raipo is the combination of economic and social functions (see Table 2).
The proposed scheme highlights the economic (commercial) activities of the raipoi and shows the content of its social mission, which determines the peculiarity of this consumer society as a socially oriented enterprise.
table 2
Shebekinskoe raypo is a socially oriented enterprise
| Economic activity | social mission |
Trade Catering Purchases of agricultural products Production of goods Paid services capital construction agricultural production Transport |
b promotion of ideas of cooperation and cooperative principles: * voluntariness and open membership * democratic membership control * economic participation of members * autonomy and independence * education, training and information * cooperation between cooperatives * concern for society b training shareholders, raising their awareness, shaping public awareness b fighting poverty, creating new jobs b moral and material assistance to the disabled, pensioners b promoting the development of personal subsidiary plots of the population b fulfillment of the required Law “On consumer cooperation...”, the Charter of the b attracting young people to society, increasing the role of women in management and control bodies |
It is from the socio-economic nature of the raipo that the features of the creation and development of its organizational form follow. The organizational form is that constructive element of cooperative production, which gives it the following characteristic features:
Provides legal regulation of the economic activities of the district police department;
Includes this production in the system of a single economic space;
Organizationally consolidates the management of technological processes and people;
Determines the system of internal and external financial relations of participants in the production process;
Regulates the mechanism of interaction between professional management and public administration.
In this regard, the organizational form of the raipo is distinguished by cooperative identity, that is, the status of a non-profit organization that performs a social mission and organizes its economic activity on the basis of cooperative ideology, principles and values, which determines its potential and advantages compared to other market entities.
Raipo like non-profit organization, on the one hand, fixes and consolidates the system of economic relations that has developed in it between shareholders and the administration regarding the sale of objects of cooperative property and the distribution of products of this sale among the members of the cooperative, and, on the other hand, determines the economic order of relations with external environment: with the state and municipal authorities through the tax system, financial and insurance organizations, etc.
Shareholders of the Shebekinsky Raipo are residents of several settlements, therefore, in its structure, it represents a consumer society with cooperative plots.
The organizational structure of the management of the raipo is presented in Appendix 4.
The management of the company is carried out by the general meeting of the company, the Council of the company and the board of the company.
The supreme body of the company is the general meeting of the company, which is convened at least once a year. The general meeting of the company exercises its powers of the supreme body through meetings of shareholders of the cooperative sections of the company and the general meeting of the authorized representatives of the company.
The supreme governing body of the cooperative sector is the meeting of shareholders of the cooperative sector, which is convened at least once a year.
In the period between general meetings of the company, management in the company is carried out by the Council of the Society, which is a representative body.
The executive body of the company is the board of the company.
Control over compliance with the Charter of the company, its financial and economic activities, as well as over the organizations created by it, is carried out by the audit commission of the company and the commissions for cooperative control of the cooperative sections of the company.
The goals, activities and powers of the consumer society are enshrined in its Charter.
The main goal of the Shebekinsky raypo is to satisfy the material and other needs of the shareholders.
To achieve this goal, the RIPO carries out:
Return (restoration) of cooperative property illegally alienated in favor of legal entities or individuals;
Defining the social, economic, scientific and technical policy for the development of consumer cooperation in the Shebekinsky district;
Development of a concept and program for the development of social and economic activities, determination of the most effective organizational and legal forms of organizations, assistance in structural restructuring and a new investment policy;
Protecting the interests of shareholders of consumer cooperation in the light of the Law of the Russian Federation "On consumer cooperation (consumer societies, their unions) in the Russian Federation", other laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, the Charter of the consumer society;
Conclusion of agreements with the administration of the Shebekinsky district and the city of Shebekino, a branch of the Department of the State Employment Service, other services on cooperation and the implementation of joint social and economic programs;
Formation of a modern ideology, training and retraining of personnel, improving their skills through a network of educational institutions of consumer cooperation;
Promoting the development of the cooperative press;
Representing the interests of the consumer society in the international cooperative movement;
Elaboration and development of a single cooperative ideology, philosophy and culture, propaganda of ideas cooperative movement and formation of the image of consumer cooperation as an original, socially oriented system;
Generalization and dissemination of best practices in social and economic activities, the use of new equipment and information technologies;
Trade, industrial, agricultural, trade, procurement, construction, educational, pharmaceutical, intermediary activities, small cooperative business (mills, hullers, grain crushers, oil mills and other small industries), household and industrial services to the population and other entrepreneurial activities aimed at combating poverty, providing jobs, increasing cash income and achieving other social and economic goals for the sake of which the Shebekinsky Raipo was created and meets these goals;
Provision of methodological, legal, personnel support for the creation and development of a network of stores-collection points - centers of cooperative sites that provide live communication with shareholders and the population served, implementing new functions of stores of the 21st century;
Planning and organization of civil defense activities in accordance with Federal Law No. 68-FZ of December 21, 1994 “On the Protection of the Population and Territories from Natural and Man-made Emergencies” and Federal Law No. 28-FZ of February 12, 1998 “On civil defense";
Activities for the provision of services in the field of public catering;
Collection and processing of waste and secondary resources;
Conducting capital construction, repair and construction works, logistics;
Realization of products from precious metals and precious stones;
Production of certain types building materials, designs and products;
Buying jewelry and other household items made of precious metals, precious stones and scrap of such items from the population;
Purchase and procurement from individuals and legal entities of agricultural products and raw materials, products and products of personal subsidiary plots and crafts, wild pilaf, berries, medicinal and technical and other raw materials with their subsequent processing and (or) sale;
Possession, use, disposal (including on the right of ownership) of land and other natural resources in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation;
Production, bottling, storage, wholesale and retail sale of alcoholic, low-alcohol and non-alcoholic products, wine materials and semi-finished products of these products;
Activities for the provision of household and ritual services;
Activities for the maintenance and operation of gas stations, including mobile ones;
Storage of oil and products of its processing;
Attraction on a contractual basis of borrowed funds from shareholders, employees and other individuals and legal entities;
The implementation of audit and audit services, the provision of this type of service to individuals and legal entities;
Implementation of supply and marketing, wholesale and retail trade activities, including through the creation of wholesale depots, shops, commercial centers, stalls, kiosks;
Tourist activity, hotel business;
Production and sale of energy carriers;
Manufacture and sale of scientific, industrial, cultural and health-improving, agricultural products, food and industrial goods;
Provision of passenger and freight transportation by road;
The implementation of all other types of economic activity, as well as the implementation of other works and the provision of services that correspond to the goals for which the company was created, which are not prohibited and do not contradict the legislation of the Russian Federation.
The charter of the Shebekinsky raypo also defines its powers.
In accordance with the statutory goals and objectives, the company has the following powers:
Engage in all types of activities, including entrepreneurial activities, not prohibited by the Legislation of the Russian Federation, aimed at meeting the needs of shareholders;
Inform shareholders about the activities of consumer cooperation through means mass media, including through the newspaper "Russian Cooperation";
Establish consumer cooperation organizations (including institutions, business companies and other legal entities, the sole founder of which is the company) have enterprises, structural divisions, including representative offices, branches, performing the functions established for them by the company;
Participate in economic societies, cooperatives, be a contributor in limited partnerships;
Realize entrepreneurial activity insofar as it serves to achieve the goals for which it was created;
Own, use and dispose of other property, including in cash, in accordance with the goals and objectives of the company;
Take measures to return (restore) cooperative property illegally alienated in favor of individuals or legal entities;
AT established by law the procedure for owning, using and disposing (including on the right of ownership) of land and other natural resources;
Carry out foreign economic activity in accordance with the procedure established by the Legislation of the Russian Federation;
Create funds provided for by the Legislation of the Russian Federation and the Charter;
Distribute income among shareholders;
To attract borrowed funds from shareholders and other individuals and legal entities on a contractual basis;
Carry out lending and advance payments to shareholders in accordance with the Regulations approved by the Board of the company;
Appeal in court against acts of state bodies and local self-government bodies, actions of their officials that violate the rights of society;
By decision of the meeting of authorized shareholders of cooperative plots and the meeting of authorized persons, voluntarily unite in unions;
Independently determine the forms of remuneration, measures of social protection of employees;
Work with youth (conducting classes in schools on the basics of cooperation, creating student and school cooperatives).
The Company independently develops programs for its economic and social development.
The Company has the right to create branches and representative offices in compliance with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation. Branches and representative offices carry out their activities on behalf of the company. Heads of branches and representative offices act under a power of attorney issued by the company.
The relationship of the society with the unions of which it is a member are built on the basis of the Law of the Russian Federation "On consumer cooperation (consumer societies, their unions) in the Russian Federation", the Charters of these unions, as well as contracts (agreements). The decision of the governing bodies of the union, of which the consumer society is a member, within the limits of authority, is binding on the society.
More than 300 people work in the district. The average number of rural population served is 34.4 thousand people.
Trading activity is represented by retail trade and public catering. The public catering of the Shebekinsky Raipo includes a network of cafes and canteens that are engaged in the organization of rational nutrition and the sale of products of their own production. The eighth part of the turnover of the raipo receives due to its activities.
The catering turnover program for 2004 amounted to 3500 thousand rubles, the actual implementation amounted to 3598 thousand rubles. Compared to 2003, the turnover of this industry increased by 562 thousand rubles, the share of own products in the turnover amounted to 47.6%. Compared to 2003 it increased by 2.1%. Total sales of public catering products in 2004 were 45% more than in 2003.
The range of manufactured products is constantly expanding in the confectionery shop. For 2004 18.8 tons of confectionery and bakery products were produced. The range of semi-finished products has expanded.
Production plays an important role in the activities of the raipo. For 2004 for production, the volume of marketable output was 7531 thousand rubles, but the adopted program was 9500 thousand rubles. not secured. Its implementation was 79.3%.
Attaching great importance to traditional activities - trade, procurement, public catering, the staff of the raipo considers them not the purpose of the work, but the basis that provides opportunities for the implementation of social programs.
In the last two years alone, a collection point for shoe repair, a grain grinder, and three stationary hairdressing salons in Novaya Tavolzhanka, Maslova Pristan, and Surkovo have been opened in the regional district. There are a collection point for fur raw materials, collection points for receiving surplus agricultural products, medicinal and technical raw materials from the population, 20 tea tables, 20 libraries, 10 departments for the sale of veterinary and medical goods, two paid parking lots, 2 playgrounds. Repair and sharpening of tools and agricultural equipment is also carried out, ritual services are provided, services for the free delivery of building materials and bulky goods.
In total in 2004 services were rendered to the population for more than 5 million rubles. In 2004, the expenses for fulfilling the social mission of the raipo amounted to 4.6 million rubles, for charitable purposes - 411 thousand rubles.
For a generalized assessment of the diversified economic activity of the Shebekinsky district trade union, let's consider the dynamics of its main indicators (Table 3.).
An analysis of the main indicators of economic activity in the Shebekinsky district district shows that the volume of proceeds from the sale of goods, works, services in current prices for the entire reporting period increased by 43.3%% or by 29,059 thousand rubles, and in comparable terms - by 27.2 %. The most significant increase in the volume of activity - by 22.5% was noted in 2003 compared to 2002.
Gross income also tends to increase. In 2003, compared with 2002, it increased by 13%, and in 2004, compared with 2003, by 30%. The relative indicator of gross income - its level in relation to turnover also increased over the entire period by 3.07 percentage points.
Table 3
Dynamics of the main performance indicators of the Shebekinsky raypo for 2002-2004.
Indicators |
Dynamics, % | |||||
Revenue from sale of goods, works, services in current prices, |
||||||
Revenue from sale of goods, works, services in comparable prices, thousand rubles |
||||||
| Gross profit, thousand rubles | ||||||
Gross arrived, % |
||||||
Distribution costs in the amount, thousand rubles. |
||||||
Distribution costs level, % |
||||||
inventory in amount, thousand rubles |
||||||
inventory in |
||||||
Profit (loss) up to taxation, thousand rubles |
||||||
Profitability, % |
||||||
| Number of employees | ||||||
Labor productivity, thousand rubles |
||||||
Distribution costs in total increased by 34.8%, and in relation to the turnover (level of distribution costs) there is a decrease of 1.15%. The amount of commodity stocks increased by 16%. However, this did not cause a slowdown in the turnover of funds invested in commodity stocks.
Their turnover accelerated from 34.2 days in 2002 to 27.7 days in 2004. This indicates that over the period from 2002 to 2004, the efficiency of the use of working capital as a whole has increased, since commodity stocks are the main element of working capital of a consumer cooperation enterprise, including Shebekinsky raipo.
The end result of the activities of the district police in 2002-2004. was profit. Its amount in 2004 amounted to 1,339 thousand rubles, which is 60.6% higher than the same indicator of the previous year.
Although raipo is profitable, the relative indicator of profitability - profitability remains at a very low level and amounts to 1.39 rubles in 2004. per 1 ruble of revenue.
The number of employees of the enterprise in 2002-2003 did not change and amounted to 252 people, in 2004 there was a decrease in the number by 5.2% or 13 people.
In the current year, 2005, 14 new jobs were created, work was provided for 25 people with a disability group.
At the same time, a certain increase in labor productivity of workers is also noted for each year. For three years, labor productivity has increased by 51.1%.
In the turnover structure retail food products predominate (Fig. 3). In 2004, the turnover structure was as follows: foodstuffs - 89%, non-food - 11%.
In 2003 the structure of turnover slightly differed: 89.1% - food products, 10.9% - non-grocery goods.
However, this turnover structure is not optimal.
Therefore, an important direction in improving the assortment is to increase the share of non-food products in the total volume.
Rice. 3. Structure of the trade turnover of the Shebekinsky raipo for 2002-2004.
In assessing the overall performance of economic activity, the analysis of the financial results of individual industries is important. As the results of the analysis showed, the largest amount of profit was received in 2004. from the trading industry, which is due to the fact that this industry is the main one in the economic activity of the Shebekinsky raipo.
The positive dynamics of retail turnover largely depends on the staffing of sales staff, the provision of trade enterprises with sellers, cashiers and other employees, as well as the intensive and efficient use of their labor. The indicators characterizing the state of labor should include the average annual number of employees, labor costs, fund wages, as well as the average monthly wage of 1 employee and the level of wages.
As shown above (Table 3), turnover in 2004 increased by 43.3% compared to 2002, which is accompanied by a decrease in the average annual number of employees by 5.2% (see Table 4). Moreover, the largest decrease occurred in the number of administrative and managerial personnel.
Table 4
Dynamics of indicators on labor and wages of the Shebekinsky raipo for 2002-2004. (thousand roubles.)
In 2004, compared to 2002, labor costs increased by 5.4%. This was due to an increase in the wage fund of operational workers, although there was a decrease in the cost of wages for employees of the administrative apparatus (by 3.3%). The wage fund for 1 employee also tends to increase - by 10.7%, including for 1 employee of administrative and managerial personnel, the wage fund decreased by 20.2%, and for 1 employee it increased by 18.4%. This was due to a decrease in the average annual number of employees.
Considering the state of the property of the enterprise (Table 5), we can draw the following conclusions.
Table 5
Composition and structure of property of Shebekinsky raypo in 2003-2004.
(at the end of the year)
| Indicators | 2003 | 2004 | Beat deviation weight |
|||
| Amount, thousand rubles | Amount, thousand rubles | |||||
| Fixed assets | 20764 | 66,9 | 28983 | 71,8 | +4,9 | |
| current assets | 10277 | 33,1 | 11402 | 28,2 | -4,9 | |
| Total | 31041 | 100 | 40385 | 100 | - | |
The cost of property for the analyzed period increased by 30.1% or 9344 thousand rubles. at the same time, the structure of property has also changed. The share of non-current assets in its composition increased by 4.9%. The value of non-current assets significantly exceeds the value of current assets and amounts to 71.8% of the total value of the property.
In general, making a conclusion about the effectiveness of the economic activity of the Shebekinsky district public association, it should be noted that at present economic situation organizations are quite stable.
2.2 Analysis of the composition and structure of fixed assets of the Shebekinsky raipo
The analysis of fixed assets can be carried out in several directions, the development of which in combination allows us to assess the structure, dynamics and efficiency of the use of fixed assets and long-term investments.
The main directions of the analysis of fixed assets and the corresponding tasks solved within each direction are presented in table 6.
Table 6
The main directions and tasks of the analysis of fixed assets
| The main direction of analysis | Analysis tasks |
| Analysis of the structural dynamics of fixed assets | Estimation of the size of the structure of capital investments in fixed assets Determining the nature and extent of the impact of changes in the value of fixed assets on the financial position of the enterprise and the balance sheet structure |
| Analysis of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets | Analysis of the movement of fixed assets Analysis of performance indicators for the use of fixed assets Equipment Time Usage Analysis Integral assessment of equipment use |
| Cost-effectiveness analysis for the maintenance and operation of equipment | Overhaul cost analysis Maintenance cost analysis Analysis of the relationship between production volume, profit and equipment operation costs |
| Analysis of the effectiveness of investments in fixed assets | Evaluation of the effectiveness of capital investments Evaluation of the effectiveness of attracting loans for investment |
The choice of areas of analysis and analytical tasks to be solved is determined by the needs of management. Analysis of the structural dynamics of fixed assets, investment analysis are the content of financial analysis. Evaluation of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets and the costs of their operation are related to management analysis, but there is no clear boundary between these types of analysis.
In the course of the economic analysis of the fixed assets of the Shebekinsky District Po, we need to assess the size, dynamics and structure of the enterprise's capital investments in fixed assets, identify the main functional features production activity (business) of the analyzed economic entity, their use according to general and particular indicators, calculate the impact of the use of fixed assets on the volume of production and other indicators.
To this end, data will be compared at the beginning and end of the reporting period for all elements of fixed assets. Forms No. 1, 2, 5 of the annual and quarterly financial statements of the enterprise were used as sources of accounting information for the analysis of fixed assets. A generalized picture of the process of movement and renewal of fixed assets in the context of standard classification groups was obtained from the data of form No. 5 (“Appendix to the balance sheet”, section “Depreciable property”). Changes are valued at the historical cost of fixed assets.
The reporting forms show the following indicators for fixed assets:
in f. No. 1: according to p. 120 - the residual value of fixed assets;
in f. No. 5: according to lines 360-370 - the initial cost of fixed assets and data on their receipt and disposal;
according to lines 392-395 - the amount of accrued depreciation (balances at the beginning and end of the year);
on p.397 - the amount of indexation at the cost of fixed assets;
on p.398 - the amount of indexation for the cost of depreciation of fixed assets.
Fixed assets occupy more than 70% of the property of the Shebekinsky Raipo, therefore, one of the central issues for the enterprise at present is the problem of their rational use. The prospects for the development of the enterprise's activities ultimately depend on the solution of this problem.
Let's analyze the structure of fixed assets at historical cost for 2003-2004. An analysis of the structure of fixed assets is important for assessing the optimal placement of fixed assets by branches of activity of the raipo, structural divisions, as well as for identifying the share of certain types of fixed assets.
Table 7
Analysis of the structure of fixed assets of the Shebekinsky raypo
for 2003-2004
| 2003 | 2004 | Deviation +,- | ||||||
Types of fixed assets |
Amount, thousand rubles | Amount, thousand rubles | Amount, thousand rubles | |||||
| one . Building | 12944 | 84,2 | 17353 | 83,3 | +4409 | -0,9 | ||
| 2. Structures | 384 | 2,5 | 625 | 3, 0 | +241 | 0,6 | ||
| 3. Machinery and equipment | 1261 | 8,2 | 1750 | 8,4 | +489 | 0,2 | ||
| 4. Vehicles | 753 | 4,9 | 1042 | 5,0 | +289 | 0,1 | ||
| 6. Others | 31 | 0,2 | 62 | 0,2 | +31 | - | ||
| Total | 15373 | 100,0 | 20832 | 100,0 | +5459 | - | ||
| including the active part | 2045 | 13,3 | 2854 | 13,6 | +788 | 0, 3 | ||
Table 7 shows that during the analyzed period there have been minor changes in the structure of fixed assets of the Shebekinsky Raipo. The largest share in the composition of fixed assets is occupied by buildings: more than 80%.
This is due not only to their high cost, but also to the peculiarities of the system of consumer cooperation. Since the main activity of the raipo is trade, and the share of non-productive fixed assets is traditionally very high in trade.
So, in 2004, the reconstruction of the cafe "Neptun" in the village. B-Trinity, "Outskirts" in the village. Maksimovka, "Pearl" in the village of M-Pristan. The Yubileiny and Kolobok stores, a left-luggage office, pavilions-modules in the market for 170 jobs, and a grain crusher building were built and put into operation. In total, capital investments in the amount of 9.8 million rubles were used.
When considering the dynamics of changes in the share of the active part of fixed assets, we proceed from the fact that the course taken by the board of the raipo for the priority direction of capital investments for technical re-equipment and reconstruction means faster growth and renewal of this part of the funds. An increase in the share of the active part of the funds characterizes the progressiveness of their structure, the growth of the technical equipment of the enterprise, contributes to an increase in output, an increase in capital productivity. Moreover, the growth rates of machinery and equipment should, as a rule, outpace the growth rates of other fixed assets.
In 2004, refrigeration equipment - 25 units, trade equipment - 13 sets, technological equipment - 8 units were purchased for trade in perishable goods. A van was purchased to transport bakery products to remote villages of the region.
More clearly, the dynamics of the average annual residual value of the fixed assets of the enterprise, calculated on the basis of the data of the balance sheets, is shown in Figure 4.
Rice. 4. Dynamics of the value of fixed assets of the Shebekinsky district trade union for 2002-2004.
When analyzing the structure of production equipment, it is important to assess its age composition. The analysis of the age composition of the equipment is carried out by the method of grouping according to the terms of its operation.
Particular attention should be paid to the following indicators: the share of equipment operating over regulatory deadlines, average age of equipment (Table 8).
Calculation of the average age of fixed assets is carried out according to the weighted arithmetic mean formula:
where X is the service life of the equipment,
f - specific gravity age group equipment.
Average age is: 607.25/100=6.1 years
Thus, the average age of the equipment used in the Shebekinsky Raipo is relatively low in comparison with other cooperative organizations.
Table 8
Age structure of production capacities of the Shebekinsky raipo at the beginning of 2004
The main share in the total amount falls on fixed assets operating up to 10 years. According to these data, it can be judged that more than 85% of all the main assets of the Shebekinsky raipo have not yet undergone physical wear and tear.
At the same time, managerial (detailed) analysis revealed that certain part equipment is obsolete, that is, lagged behind in its technical specifications and economic efficiency from new, more modern types of equipment with increased productivity.
From the apparent balance of fixed assets, an interrelated set of indicators can be derived to analyze and evaluate the process of updating funds:
where F K.G. OF - production assets at the end of the year;
F N.G. OF - production assets at the beginning of the year;
F new OF - production facilities introduced in the reporting period (year);
F vyb OF - production facilities retired in the reporting period (year).
Based on this equality, the following indicators are calculated.
The coefficient of renewal of fixed assets, calculated according to the adopted methodology:
K 1 \u003d F NEW OF / F K.G. OF. (eighteen)
Fixed asset renewal efficiency ratio:
K 2 = F SEL OFF /F NEW OFF (19)
Fixed asset renewal scale factor:
K 3 \u003d F NEW OF / F N.G. OF. (twenty)
For the purposes of economic analysis, it makes sense to also calculate the inverse coefficient , which characterizes the period of renewal of fixed production assets :
(21)
The stability coefficient of fixed assets, which characterizes the funds saved for further use:
K 6 = 
(22)
Retirement rate of fixed assets:
K 7 \u003d F SEL OF / F N.G. OF. (23)
The growth index of fixed assets shows how many times the value of the OPF increased over the period :
We calculate the indicators of the movement of fixed assets and draw up the calculation in tabular form (see table 9). To do this, we use the data in Table 7 and Fig. four.
Table 9
Relative indicators of the movement of fixed assets of the Shebekinsky Raipo for 2003-2004.
Indicators |
Building | Structures | cars and equipment | Vehicles | Total | ||||||||
| 1. The coefficient of renewal of fixed assets, units. | |||||||||||||
| 2003 | 0, 16 | 0, 22 | 0, 14 | 0, 15 | 0, 16 | ||||||||
| 2004 | 0,25 | 0, 39 | 0,28 | 0, 27 | 0,26 | ||||||||
| 2. The coefficient of disposal of fixed assets, units. | |||||||||||||
| 2003 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,014 | 0,006 | 0,09 | ||||||||
| 2004 | 0,00 | 0, 00 | 0,02 | 0,01 | 0,015 | ||||||||
| 3. The coefficient of efficiency of renewal of fixed assets, units. | |||||||||||||
| 2003 | 0, 00 | 0, 00 | 0, 23 | 0,29 | 0,25 | ||||||||
| 2004 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0, 36 | 0,43 | 0,40 | ||||||||
| 4. The scale factor for the renewal of fixed assets, units. | |||||||||||||
| 2003 | 0,18 | 0, 24 | 0, 26 | 0, 17 | 0, 19 | ||||||||
| 2004 | 0,34 | 0, 63 | 0,39 | 0, 38 | 0,35 | ||||||||
| 5. Term for renewal of fixed assets, year. | |||||||||||||
| 2003 | 5, 56 | 4,2 | 3, 85 | 5, 88 | 5, 26 | ||||||||
| 2004 | 2, 94 | 1, 58 | 2,56 | 2, 63 | 2, 86 | ||||||||
| 6. The coefficient of stability of fixed assets, units. | |||||||||||||
| 2003 | 1, 00 | 1, 00 | 1, 00 | 1, 00 | 1, 00 | ||||||||
| 2004 | 1, 00 | 1, 00 | 1, 00 | 1, 00 | 1, 00 | ||||||||
| 7. Fixed assets growth index, units | |||||||||||||
| 2003 | - | - | - | - | 1, 224 | ||||||||
| 2004 | 1, 340 | 1, 627 | 1, 387 | 1, 183 | 1, 169 | ||||||||
Thus, as can be seen from the data obtained, the value of fixed assets has a steady upward trend. For three years, the increase in value amounted to 7656 thousand rubles. or 61.8%. The increase in the cost of all components of fixed capital in 2004 led, respectively, to an increase in the cost of fixed capital as a whole. At the same time, fixed assets did not retire during the study period.
2.3 Evaluation of the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets of the Shebekinsky raipo
In the first chapter, we determined that the efficiency of the use of fixed assets of enterprises and organizations is characterized by a number of cost and natural indicators. Some characterize the overall efficiency of fixed assets as a whole for an enterprise or organization, others are used to characterize the use of certain types of labor instruments by types of enterprises and branches of economic activity.
There is also a methodology for calculating such indicators as: capital productivity, capital intensity, capital-labor ratio and capital profitability (see formulas 2-8).
Let's calculate these indicators and evaluate the efficiency of using the fixed assets of the Shebekinsky raipo based on financial statements enterprises (Table 10).
Table 10
Financial indicators of the Shebekinsky raipo for 2002-2004
The calculation of the return on assets will make it possible to determine how much economic activity of the raipo (turnover in the sale of manufactured products) falls on the ruble of fixed assets.
Ф otd = (25)
Capital intensity is the inverse indicator of capital productivity. It characterizes efficiency in terms of the need for labor tools and shows how much fixed assets are required to ensure activities (revenues in production, turnover, procurement turnover, etc.).
Ф e = = (26)
The return on equity of fixed assets indicates how much profit the raipo received for each ruble invested in the foundation of the fund, and we will calculate it using the formula:
R opf \u003d x100% (27)
Capital-labor ratio is an indicator that characterizes the degree of equipment of living labor (labor force) with the means of labor. It is calculated by the formula:
The intensity of the use of equipment characterizes the volume of economic activity (commodity turnover, sold products, etc.) per ruble of fixed production assets. It is determined by the formula:
(29)
where K but - the coefficient of intensity of the use of equipment;
F about - the average annual cost of used machinery and equipment.
Considering that there is a certain relationship between the number of employees and their labor productivity, we can also calculate labor productivity in the enterprise:
where N is the number of employees of the enterprise
or PT \u003d F otd X F in, i.e. PT = (31)
Relative savings of fixed assets:
where OPF 0, OPF 1 - respectively, the average annual cost of fixed assets in the base (2003) and reporting (2004) years.
I vp - the index of the volume of gross production, calculated by the formula:
where B is sales revenue.
.
Let's bring together all the calculated indicators of the efficiency of the main production assets of the Shebekinsky district trade union for the period 2002-2004. in table 11.
An analysis of the table convincingly proves that the need for fixed assets essentially depends on the efficiency of their use. The higher the efficiency of use, the relatively smaller the amount of fixed assets required for the normal implementation of the sale of goods and services.
The obtained values show that the company received 5 rubles. 21 kop. in 2002, finished products from 1 ruble of fixed assets, and 5 rubles. 35 kopecks and 4 rubles. 63 kop. in 2003 and 2004 respectively.
Table 11
Efficiency indicators of the use of fixed production assets of the Shebekinsky raipo for the period 2002-2004
| Indicators | units rev. | years | Dynamics, % | ||||
| 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | |||||
| return on assets | rub/rub | 5, 21 | 5, 35 | 4,63 | 102, 7 | 80, 9 | 83, 1 |
| capital intensity | » | 0, 192 | 0,187 | 0,231 | 97, 4 | 123, 5 | 120, 3 |
| return on investment | % | 9, 009 | 5,423 | 6,427 | 60, 2 | 118, 5 | 71, 3 |
| capital-labor ratio | thousand rubles / person | 51, 095 | 61,003 | 87,161 | 119, 4 | 142, 9 | 170, 6 |
| Labor productivity | » | 266, 3 | 326,18 | 402,37 | 122, 4 | 123, 4 | 151, 1 |
| Equipment use tension | units | 122, 9 | 125, 69 | 112,70 | 102, 3 | 89, 7 | 91, 7 |
| Relative savings in fixed assets | thousand roubles. | - | 2040, 03 | 6381,57 | - | 3 times | - |
The return on assets in 2004 compared to 2002 decreased by 16.9%, despite the fact that the value of fixed assets in 2004 increased by 62.8% compared to 2002. In practice, this means that the ruble of investments in fixed assets "turns around" a small mass of commodities. Accordingly, with a decrease in capital productivity, capital intensity increased by 20.3% over the same period. The calculation shows that for the output of 1 rub. in 2002, 19 kopecks of fixed assets were needed, in 2003 18 kopecks, and in 2004 - 21 kopecks.
At the same time, an increase in capital-labor ratio by 70.6% indicates technical progress at the enterprise. This has had a significant impact on the increase in labor productivity.
3. Improving the efficiency of the use of fixed assets of the Shebekinsky raipo
3.1 The relationship between the efficiency of the use of fixed assets of the enterprise and the results of its activities
In the conditions of development of market relations, the process of formation of fixed assets is carried out under the influence of conflicting factors. On the one hand, it is not economically feasible to increase the amount of funds allocated to increase fixed assets, as this reduces the efficiency of their use, especially during the period of capital investments and the initial period of operation. On the other hand, the development of competition requires constant improvement of the production process, which is largely due to additional capital investments.
When analyzing the impact of fixed assets on the performance of an enterprise, it is first necessary to analyze their share in assets (for this, when brief analysis they use such an important indicator as the property immobilization coefficient, which shows the share of fixed assets in the entire property of the enterprise, that is, what part of the funds it invested in immobilized assets), while tracing the sources from which they were formed in liabilities.
A progressive trend is the faster growth of production assets compared to non-production assets and a stronger dynamics of the active part of fixed assets.
It should be noted that all the indicators calculated above showed the impact of the efficiency of fixed assets on the activities of the enterprise only indirectly; however, there are indicators that directly (in quantitative terms) reveal this economic dependence. So, for example, the increase in capital productivity shows the conditional value of revenue growth.
This dependence is revealed by the factor model:
(34)
(35)
where DK FO - increase in capital productivity;
DRK FO - increase in sales due to an increase in capital productivity;
DRK SR - increase in sales due to an increase in the average cost of fixed assets;
D RK - total increase in sales;
Р 1 , Р 2 - sales volumes in the base and reporting periods;
Ф СР1, Ф СР2 - the average cost of fixed assets in the base and reporting periods.
It should be noted that there are various options of this method of factor analysis of the effectiveness of fixed assets. So, some authors index the cost of fixed assets, introduce an additional component into the formula (the share of the cost of fixed production assets in their total amount). A reverse calculation is also possible: analysis of the impact of sales proceeds and the average cost of fixed assets on capital productivity.
The model used in the analysis depends on the direction of the study, and it is not entirely correct to use both (inverse) models in the same study. In addition, the greatest interest for the analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise is the analysis of the impact of the effectiveness of labor means on the results of activities, and not vice versa, since the final and most important indicators of activity are precisely the production of products and financial results (profit).
Thus, using the above formula, we can highlight the impact of capital productivity on sales proceeds.
Let's calculate the necessary indicators of this model for the Shebekinsky raipo.
Table 12
Calculation of the impact of capital productivity and the average cost of fixed assets on the production of sold products of the Shebekinsky district trade union for 2002-2004.
| Indicators | years | ||
| 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | |
| 12876 | 15373 | 20832 | |
| 2. Revenue from the sale of products, thousand rubles. | |||
| 3. Capital productivity on fixed production assets, % | 521, 178 | 534, 697 | 461, 626 |
| 4. Growth (decrease) of products in comparable prices, thousand rubles, total | X | 82199-67107= 15092 | 96166-82199= 13967 |
| including due to factors: | |||
| a) due to the growth (decrease) of capital productivity | X | (534.697-521.178) x 15373/100 = 2079 |
(461, 626-534, 697) x 20832/100= -15222 |
| b) due to changes in the average annual cost of fixed production assets | X |
(15373/12876-1) =13013 |
82199x(20832/15373-1) = 29189 |
Based on the data in Table. 12 we can draw the following conclusions about the impact of the efficiency of fixed assets on the volume of production of the enterprise.
In both reporting periods, in 2003 compared to 2002, and in 2004 compared to 2002, there was an increase in sales of products in comparable prices by 15,092 thousand rubles. and 13967 thousand rubles. respectively.
However, as the calculations of the influence of the factor of fixed assets on this amount show, in the first period, the increase in production growth occurred both due to an increase in capital productivity, and due to an increase in the average annual cost of fixed production assets.
In the second period, the increase in production growth is due to negative influence return on assets for 15222 thousand. rub. and if it were not for the increase in production due to changes in the average annual cost of fixed assets by 29189 thousand. rub., the decrease in production would be much greater.
However, it should be noted that revenue is a quantitative indicator, while the financial results of activities (profit) act as a qualitative indicator characterizing the results of the activities of an economic entity.
With positive changes in volume indicators, an increase in enterprise costs per unit of output could occur, as a result of which profit could decrease.
Consequently, there is a need to analyze the impact of the efficiency of fixed assets on the profit of the enterprise. In this calculation, it is possible to use the same model as in the analysis of the impact of the efficiency of fixed assets on revenue, but instead of revenue, we substitute the profit from the sale, and then instead of return on assets, return on capital is used. The rest of the formula remains unchanged.
The corresponding calculation is presented in the form of table 12.
Table 12
Calculation of the impact of return on assets and the average cost of fixed assets on the profit from the sale of products of the Shebekinsky Raipo for the period 2002-2004.
| Indicators | years | ||
| 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | |
| 1. The average annual cost of fixed production assets, thousand rubles. | 12876 | 15373 | 20832 |
| 2. Profit from the sale of products, thousand rubles. | 1160 | 834 | 1339 |
| 3. Return on capital for fixed production assets, % | 9, 009 | 5,423 | 6,427 |
| 4. Growth (decrease) in profit from the sale of products in comparable prices, thousand rubles, total | |||
| including due to factors: | (5, 423-9, 009) x | (6, 427-5, 423) x | |
| a) due to an increase (decrease) in capital efficiency | X | 15373/100=-551 | 20832/100 = 209 |
| b) due to changes in the average annual cost of fixed assets | X |
(15373/12876-1)= |
(20832/15373-1)= |
The table clearly shows that the decrease in profit in the first reporting period (2003 / 2002) occurred mainly due to a decrease in the return on equity of fixed production assets (by 551 thousand rubles), while the change in the average annual cost of fixed assets by 225 thousand rub. allowed to reduce the decrease in profit to 326 thousand rubles.
In the second reporting period (2004 / 2003) there was a significant increase in profit by 505 thousand rubles, both due to the growth of capital profitability, and due to changes in the average annual cost of fixed assets.
At the same time, the rational use of fixed assets affects not only the level of capital productivity, but also such indicators as labor productivity, production costs, product quality, through which it is possible to influence the final results of production. In this regard, one should not use only one indicator of return on assets to judge the impact of the use of fixed assets on production efficiency. A comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets is possible only with a comprehensive account of all private indicators of production efficiency.
There may be several options for the positive impact of existing and newly introduced fixed assets on the efficiency of the production activities of the Shebekinsky raipo.
The first option - the growth of capital productivity is accompanied by a simultaneous improvement in other private indicators of production efficiency - labor productivity, production costs, product quality. This option is possible if the raypo enterprises will not be subjected to radical reconstruction or significant expansion.
The second option is a temporary decrease in capital productivity, and then its rapid increase. This option is possible during the reconstruction of raipo enterprises. The temporary decrease in the return on assets under this option is caused by the fact that there is a certain period between the moment when the costs are incurred for the development and implementation of new technology, and the moment when this technology begins to bring the expected economic effect. The option under consideration has a positive effect on production efficiency by creating prerequisites for the future effect of the introduction of new technology.
The third option - the return on assets is falling, but the growth of labor productivity, the reduction in the cost of production, the improvement in the quality of products cover the losses from its decrease, which ultimately leads to an increase in production efficiency. This option takes place in the following cases.
New fixed assets are being introduced to reduce the consumption of raw materials, fuel and other costs, as well as significantly improve the quality of products. However, there is not always an increase in the output of products and an increase in capital productivity at the same time. But if, at the same time, the decrease in capital productivity is offset by a decrease in the cost of production or an increasing current effect on consumer enterprises due to improved product quality, then it is acceptable and does not contradict the growth of production efficiency.
Fourth option. It is possible that the return on assets at the enterprise falls, while other particular indicators - labor productivity, production costs, product quality - improve, but not to such an extent as to cover the decrease in return on assets. But even such a situation is not unconditional proof of the inefficient use of fixed assets of the enterprise and the decrease in production efficiency. The purpose of fixed assets is both in solving production problems - increasing output, reducing current costs, improving product quality, and socio-economic - facilitating work, improving working conditions, etc.
In this regard, the effect of using the means of labor consists not only in increasing the return on assets, increasing labor productivity, improving product quality, reducing costs, but also in improving working conditions.
The fifth option - a decrease in capital productivity occurs due to the creation of the most favorable conditions conducive to the rational organization of the production process. For example, the construction of new production and storage facilities. The significance of this option is determined by the fact that it creates the necessary prerequisites to increase the return on assets, labor productivity, reduce the cost of production, i.e., ultimately, it contributes to an increase in production efficiency.
Thus, the goal of the Shebekinsky raipo is not to increase the return on assets at any cost, but to increase the final results. In certain cases, it is advisable to go for some reduction in capital productivity in order to improve other indicators - labor productivity, product quality, reduce costs, achieve an increase in social effect, and strengthen one's market position.
3.2 Directions for optimizing the structure of fixed assets of the enterprise
The main goal of the reform and restructuring of the Shebekinsky Raipo will be to increase its competitiveness at the regional level. The enterprise must modify its structure, including the structure of fixed assets, in such a way that they meet the goals and objectives of the enterprise and contribute to economic growth.
First of all, the company will continue to intensify its marketing activities by creating sales networks and financial management systems, as well as improving the skills of managerial personnel.
In order to optimize the structure of fixed assets and increase the level of their return on assets, it is recommended: to increase the share of their active part, which will significantly increase the technical equipment of production processes, reduce the labor intensity of the work performed; rational use of fixed assets in terms of time and capacity; renovation of commercial equipment and replacement of old, sale or leasing of surplus and unused fixed assets.
As regards the restructuring of the property complex, the main activity of the Shebekinsky District Public Association in the medium term will be to increase the efficiency of the use of fixed assets by optimizing their structure.
This will be achieved, first of all, by including unused production assets in commercial circulation. The legalization of the economic turnover of land plots on which production sites are located will give the enterprise the opportunity to buy them out, which will achieve the institutional integrity of the property complex and significantly increase the capitalization of the enterprise.
Since an increase in output is achieved only in the leading shops, it is important for them to increase their share in the total value of fixed assets. An increase in fixed assets of auxiliary production leads to an increase in the capital intensity of production, since there is no direct increase in output.
But without the proportional development of auxiliary production, the main workshops cannot function with full efficiency. Therefore, the search for the optimal production structure of fixed assets at the enterprise is the most important direction for improving their use.
When optimizing the structure of fixed assets, various forms of simple and extended reproduction of fixed assets are used:
Forms of simple reproduction are the replacement of obsolete means of labor and the carrying out of major repairs. The enterprise has the right to create a repair fund. The annual amount of deductions to the repair fund is determined according to the standards independently approved by it. This fund is used to finance all types of repairs to fixed assets.
The repair fund may not be created. Then the repair costs are included directly in the cost of production, and for non-productive funds are repaid at the expense of profit. The repair fund allows you to write off repair costs more evenly.
The forms of expanded reproduction of fixed assets include new construction, expansion of existing enterprises, its reconstruction and technical re-equipment, and equipment modernization.
Each of these forms solves a certain problem, has advantages and disadvantages. Due to new construction, new enterprises are put into operation, in which all elements of fixed assets meet the modern requirements of technical progress, the problem of the correct distribution of productive forces across the country is solved.
However, due to lack of funds, preference is given to the reconstruction and technical re-equipment of existing enterprises. During reconstruction, the main part of capital investments is directed to the improvement of the active part of the funds when using old industrial buildings and structures.
An increase in equipment costs makes it possible, with the same amount of capital investment, to obtain a greater increase in production and, on this basis, to increase labor productivity and reduce the cost of production.
A form of expanded reproduction of fixed assets is also the modernization of equipment, which is understood as its renewal in order to completely or partially eliminate obsolescence and improve technical and economic characteristics to the level of similar equipment of more advanced designs.
Modernization of equipment can be carried out in several directions:
Improving the design of existing equipment, increasing its operational characteristics and technical capabilities;
Mechanization and automation of machines and mechanisms, allowing to increase the productivity of equipment;
Transfer of equipment to software control.
Modernization of equipment is economically very effective if, as a result of its implementation, the annual volume of production increases, labor productivity increases and the cost of production decreases. At the same time, it is necessary to increase the profitability of production. The latter can be achieved if the relative increase in profits is greater than the increase in the cost of production assets as a result of modernization costs.
3.3 Reserves for growth in the efficiency of the use of fixed assets of the enterprise
Numerous factors influence the level and dynamics of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets. However, in Shebekinsky raipo, one of the activities of which is food production, the most important and determining factors include such factors as raw materials, scientific and technological progress, forms of production organization, location, organizational and economic mechanism of processing and food subcomplexes.
Factors and reserves for increasing the efficiency of production also determine the specific ways of their implementation.
In market conditions, with a stable demand for the company's products, which is typical for the food industry as a whole, and raw materials for their production, ways to improve the use of fixed assets are determined by the need to realize reserves for the most complete equipment load.
Under these conditions, the increase in the efficiency of the use of fixed assets is carried out by increasing the volume of production through an all-round increase in the coefficients of intensity and extensiveness based on minimizing intra-shift downtime, eliminating "bottlenecks" in the throughput of technologically interconnected groups of equipment, lengthening and optimizing the processing season, overcoming seasonality, eliminating all-day downtime, increased shift work, etc.
Typical directions for increasing the efficiency of the use of fixed assets for the Shebekinsky Raipo will be the following.
1. Improving the quality of raw materials, meaning an increase in the content useful substances in raw materials and its manufacturability, the possibility of extracting the product. With an increase in sugar content in beets, grapes, starch content in potatoes, dry matter in tomato, the yield of marketable products increases, and with the same operating fixed assets, capital productivity inevitably increases. Taking into account the achievements of domestic and foreign practice, this will increase the return on assets by 20-25%.
2. Maximum reduction of losses of raw materials and useful substances in raw materials during transportation and storage. Losses of raw materials and products in it naturally reduce production volumes during their processing, and hence the return on assets of cash fixed assets. The reserves for the growth of capital productivity are large here and reach about 30-35%.
3. Economical consumption of raw materials in the process of industrial storage and processing. Due to this, it is possible to increase the return on assets by 10-15%.
4. Reducing the loss of nutrients in waste and garbage - molasses, pulp, pomace, yeast, etc.
Industrial recycling of waste and waste at the place of their occurrence allows you to increase the volume of production up to 20%, and hence the return on assets by 10 - 15%.
5. Implementation of the achievements of modern scientific and technological progress and, first of all, waste-free, low-waste, resource-saving technologies and equipment for their implementation. This increases the yield of products from the same volume of processed raw materials, and hence the return on capital.
6. One of the most important tasks of increasing the efficiency of the use of fixed assets is the timely commissioning of new fixed assets and production capacities, their rapid development and replacement of existing outdated equipment with new, more productive and economical ones. In a normally functioning economy under the conditions of aggregate concentration, with a doubling of the capacity of machines, the price increases only one and a half times. This is what causes the increase in capital productivity in this case.
7. Increasing the level of concentration of production to optimal sizes. According to the law of concentration of production, with a doubling of production volumes, the value of fixed assets increases only one and a half times. This is also a consequence of an increase in the share of the active part of fixed assets, the effect of aggregate concentration and an increase in the scale of production. After all, the economic efficiency of the concentration of production is largely due to a decrease in capital intensity.
8. Development of combined production. In the vertical form of combination with each redistribution, as a rule, the cost of processing doubles. The cost of fixed assets grows at the same time by no more than one and a half times due to more efficient use of auxiliary facilities and part of the main production. As a result, the return on assets also increases significantly. With horizontal forms of combination, due to the processing of part or all of the waste from the main production, the yield of products also increases with a slight increase in the cost of fixed assets. As can be seen, in this case, the return on assets also increases.
9. Diversification and intersectoral concentration of production. Rapid response to rapidly changing market demands, overcoming seasonality by loading fixed assets and personnel with the production of products from other industries increases output, uses production potential more fully and efficiently, and therefore increases capital productivity. On this basis, it is possible to increase the return on assets by 1.5-2 times and significantly improve a number of basic economic indicators - the cost of production, profit, profitability of production, labor productivity, etc.
10. Optimization of the level of specialization and cooperation of production. In particular, in the case of cooperative construction of enterprises in the processing and food industries, related in terms of the nature of their placement, the return on assets increases by 20-25% due to the joint, more efficient use of auxiliary production facilities and service facilities. In this case, the effect of centralization and mitigation of seasonality also affects.
11. Creation of economic incentives to improve the efficiency of the use of fixed assets. The market in this regard is a universal mechanism. Indeed, in the market, all economic entities operate on a self-financing basis, and their competitiveness is ensured by the least resource consumption, including fixed assets. A high degree of equipment utilization, their accelerated depreciation and replacement with more modern high-performance and economical ones is an indispensable condition for the survival and prosperity of the enterprise.
12. The accelerated pace of mechanization of lifting and transport, loading and unloading and warehouse operations at the receiving and procurement points for the reception of agricultural products and technical raw materials of the raipo are the basis for eliminating the existing disproportion in the level of mechanization of the main and auxiliary production, releasing a significant number of auxiliary workers, ensuring the replenishment of the main manpower production, increasing the shift ratio of work points and expanding production without additional involvement of labor.
13. An important reserve for increasing the efficiency of the use of fixed assets and production capacities of the raypo lies in reducing the time of intra-shift downtime of equipment by improving the quality of equipment repair service, timely provision of the main production with labor, raw materials, fuel, semi-finished products.
14. Improving the use of fixed assets and production capacity depends to a large extent on the skills of the workforce. The creative and conscientious attitude of workers to work is an important condition for improving the use of fixed assets and production capacities.
In addition, the level of use of production capacities and fixed assets largely depends on the perfection of the system of moral and material incentives.
Conclusion
As a result of the study
Almost any enterprise operates with the involvement of production assets. The level of their manufacturability, structure and origin can be very different - this is predetermined by the specifics of the business segment or a particular section of the business process. However, regardless of the specifics of the company's fixed assets, there are quite universal methods that allow evaluating the effectiveness of their use. What are the algorithms for their application? What are the key criteria for the effectiveness of using fixed assets in businesses, as determined by Russian researchers?
Engagement of fixed assets: indicators of capital productivity
When analyzing the indicators of the use of fixed assets, it makes sense to pay attention to the return on assets. This is understood as the ratio of indicators of the volume of products produced in a particular period to the average value for the same time interval, which characterizes fixed assets.
The indicator under consideration reflects the amount of products, calculated in value terms, produced by the enterprise in a particular period per conventional unit of the cost of funds, for example, 1 ruble. The higher the figures reflecting the return on assets, the more efficiently the fixed assets are used, the more balanced and stable the business model of the enterprise.
capital intensity
The most important indicators of the use of fixed assets also include capital intensity. It is calculated as the cost of the relevant funds, which falls on a conventional unit of output (as an option, also 1 ruble). The lower the capital intensity, the more economical will be the intensity of labor at the enterprise.
The indicators of expenditure of fixed assets considered by us are used in the study of various economic processes. For example, with regard to return on assets: this value shows what volume of production is received from the established unit of investment, and is used in assessing the economic efficiency of using funds. In turn, capital intensity is more intended to assess the amount of financial resources that need to be invested in the relevant funds in order to obtain the required volume of output.
Capital-labor ratio
Consider other significant indicators of the use of fixed assets. This can be considered an indicator that reflects the current level of capital-labor ratio of the enterprise. This indicator is used to assess the degree of equipment of the company's employees with the necessary infrastructure. The capital-labor indicator most often correlates with capital productivity or with figures reflecting labor productivity.
Dynamics of the state of funds
The indicators under consideration, which characterize the efficiency of the use of fixed assets, it is useful to consider with indicators reflecting the dynamics of the corresponding resources. These can be coefficients - renewal of funds, their disposal, growth, the intensity of the pace of renewal, as well as liquidation. Let's consider them in more detail.
The renewal coefficient reflects the cost indicators for key production assets received by the company for a specific period of time, which is divided by the cost of current resources that are at the disposal of the enterprise. What is its usefulness?
The indicator under consideration makes it possible to estimate the ratio of the value of funds that were introduced during the year to indicators characterizing the value of resources as of the end of the year. This indicator can be supplemented by an income coefficient. It is calculated as the ratio of the value of the funds received by the enterprise and the corresponding indicator reflecting the value of the funds that the company has at the end of the year.
The retirement rate is defined as the value of the assets that retired from production in a particular period, divided by a value that reflects the value of fixed assets that were in the enterprise at the beginning of the corresponding period.
Indicators characterizing the use of fixed assets also include the growth rate. This indicator is defined as the sum of the increase in the volume of funds, divided by the value of the fixed assets that the enterprise had at the beginning of a particular period.
Another important indicator is the coefficient reflecting the intensity of resource renewal. It is defined as the value of retired funds during the year, which is divided by the corresponding indicator that reflects the receipt of funds during the year.
The liquidation ratio is determined by dividing the liquidated funds by those that were at the disposal of the enterprise at the beginning of the year.
In some cases, the considered indicators of the use of fixed production assets are supplemented by a replacement factor. It is calculated as the value of funds that are liquidated divided by the corresponding indicator for new funds.
Analysis of the current state and engagement of funds
The indicators of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets considered by us can, on the one hand, be the subject of a separate analysis aimed at identifying the quality of business processes, and on the other hand, complement other analytical procedures aimed at identifying the potential for optimizing production.
So, the corresponding direction of work may be associated, first of all, with the study of groups of key factors affecting the efficiency of the use of fixed assets. Among the possible factors of the appropriate type are those that:
- associated with the presence of certain infrastructure resources at the enterprise;
- affect the provision of employees of the enterprise with the necessary objects of labor;
- associated with the dynamics of engagement labor resources at the enterprise.
The main task of analysts in this case is to determine how these factors correlate with indicators of the efficiency of using fixed production assets. In the course of performing the relevant work, it is necessary to identify how the noted factors affect the intensity of the release of goods. Consider an example of an algorithm for analyzing the effectiveness of using fixed assets using the example of factors of the first type.
Infrastructure as a factor in the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets
Infrastructure in this case should be understood as a set of labor tools that are used by employees of the enterprise to produce products or to service certain production operations. The key sources in the analysis of the influence of the factors in question will most likely be accounting documents, inventory cards, acts of acceptance and transfer of funds, various invoices reflecting the turnover of fixed assets within the enterprise, documents that record the circulation to repair services.
The first stage of the analysis will include a study of the structure of fixed assets. In the course of solving this problem, it is necessary, first of all, to calculate the ratio various types resources to their total cost. If the indicators of the use of fixed assets in terms of the structure of the corresponding resources show an increase in those infrastructure components that directly determine the volume of output of goods, then we can talk about the positive dynamics of capital productivity.
The next task is to calculate the key coefficients that reflect the intensity of the pace of renewal, the disposal of funds, or the growth of fixed assets. The way in which it is possible to determine the corresponding indicators of the movement and use of fixed assets, we have considered above. It is recommended to calculate these coefficients for several periods at once in order to be able to track the dynamics of the marked processes. Experts also believe that it is advisable for an enterprise to investigate the age of various types of infrastructure equipment and group fixed assets based on their service life. This will allow determining the share of resources that are characterized by the highest efficiency of equipment with average performance, as well as the share of outdated infrastructure.
In some cases, this grouping can be supplemented by such indicators of the use of fixed production assets, such as coefficients reflecting the degree of wear and tear. Comparison of these indicators will allow, again, to monitor the state of the company's resources in dynamics.
Technological level of infrastructure as a factor of production efficiency
What other indicators can predetermine the efficiency of production, apart from those that we have considered above? Among these, modern researchers identify parameters that allow assessing the technological level of an enterprise's infrastructure. This is logical: it may well be that two firms will have equipment with the same cost, but different performance due to differences in the level of technology involved in the production of devices.
A company's business model with more modern infrastructure is likely to be measurably more efficient. The criteria for determining the level of manufacturability of equipment in an enterprise can be very different. Modern researchers recommend grouping certain infrastructure resources depending on whether they are:
- manual devices;
- devices that are partially mechanized;
- devices with partially automated control;
- fully automatic devices;
- the programmable equipment functioning with participation of the person;
- fully autonomous programmable devices.
Based on the appropriate grouping, indicators of the condition and use of fixed assets can be determined in the form of infrastructure mechanization levels.
Infrastructure maintenance indicators
Another significant criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of using funds is indicators that reflect the intensity of maintenance of the production infrastructure. The corresponding indicators of the use of fixed assets of the enterprise can be very different. Modern researchers distinguish 2 main ones:
- the level of labor mechanization;
- indicators of labor automation.
The first parameter is defined as the number of employees involved in the maintenance of the mechanized infrastructure, divided by the total number of employees in production. The second indicator is defined as the number of employees involved in the maintenance of automated devices, which is divided by the number of production personnel.
Infrastructure Usage Indicators
Another important criterion for the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets is the values that form indicators of the use of infrastructure. It is possible to form two main indicators here.
First, it is a coefficient reflecting the extensive use of production equipment. It is defined as the number of hours of operation of the equipment, which is divided by the corresponding planned indicator.
Secondly, it is a coefficient reflecting the intensive use of infrastructure. It is determined by means of complex formulas that involve comparing indicators of the quantity of output with planned ones, as well as comparing measurement results for different periods or with production indicators that are recorded at other factory lines or enterprises of a similar profile.
Enterprise reserves
The indicators we have considered, characterizing the efficiency of the use of fixed assets, can be supplemented by indicators reflecting the presence of some reserves in the enterprise that can be used to increase the volume of output of goods.
These may be, in particular, stocks of equipment that is delivered to the enterprise, but not taken into account as part of the production infrastructure. Another potential reserve of the company is the use of shifts when using the infrastructure. A very effective measure to increase the productivity of factory lines can be the elimination of the causes that predetermine equipment downtime.
Another effective back-up mechanism is to reduce the idle time of infrastructure equipment. Another possible resource that allows you to increase the intensity of the functioning of factory lines is the implementation of organizational measures aimed at optimizing the time costs associated with the production of one unit of goods. This approach can be supplemented by making decisions about the direction of the necessary investments in the purchase of more advanced elements of production lines.
Summary
So, indicators of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets at the enterprise can be presented in a fairly wide range of varieties. They can be conditionally classified into those that allow you to evaluate current performance production processes, as well as those through which it is possible to monitor certain business processes in dynamics. There are general indicators of the use of fixed assets, and there are those that allow you to detail business processes depending, for example, on the level of manufacturability of production equipment.
The need to use certain indicators may be predetermined by the current tasks facing the company's management. For example, if we are talking about building a strategic planning model, then general indicators may be a priority; if the goal is to increase the production rate of a particular product, then indicators that indicate the effectiveness of specific production lines can be investigated.
Indicators of the level of use of fixed assets are useful in terms of determining the priority items for investing funds in the form of retained earnings, loans or financial assistance provided to business by the state or partner organizations. In this sense, the quality of analytical work in the areas that we mentioned above can be a determining criterion for the effectiveness of the use of appropriate financial resources.
The indicators of the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets of an enterprise that we have considered can be a significant component of the analysis of the effectiveness of a business model. For firms specializing in the industrial production of goods, the corresponding procedure is a necessary condition for ensuring competitiveness, optimizing the business model in terms of increasing the company's profitability, expanding the geography of its presence in the market by increasing the investment attractiveness of the brand.
Indicators of the efficiency of the use of fixed production assets can complement reporting - accounting, tax. Above, we noted that a number of indicators necessary for conducting analytical work to study the business model of a company are determined based on the information that includes just the same accounting documentation.
The main tasks of the analysis of fixed production assets include:
- * assessment of the availability, composition and structure of fixed assets;
- * analysis of the movement of fixed assets;
- * analysis of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets.
With a given technical level and the structure of fixed production assets, an increase in output, a decrease in production costs, and an increase in the savings of an enterprise depend on the degree of their use.
To characterize the effectiveness of the use of fixed production assets (OPF), generalizing, additional and auxiliary indicators are used.
Generalizing indicators are used to characterize the use of fixed assets at all levels of the national economy - enterprises, industries and the national economy as a whole. For a generalizing characteristic of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets, profitability indicators (the ratio of profit to the average annual cost of fixed assets), capital productivity (the ratio of the cost of manufactured or sold products after deduction of VAT, excises to the average annual cost of fixed assets), capital intensity (reverse indicator of capital productivity) of specific capital investments per one ruble of production growth. The relative savings of fixed assets are also calculated:
Indicators of the use of fixed production assets
|
Additional indicators |
General indicators |
||
|
indicators of extensive use of OPF |
indicators of intensive use of OPF |
indicators of the integral use of the OPF |
|
|
1. Coefficient of extensive use of equipment Kext |
1. coefficient of intensive use of Kint equipment |
1. coefficient of integral use of Kintegrr equipment |
1. return on assets Fodd |
|
2. Shift ratio of equipment operation Ksm |
2. profitability Ropf |
||
|
3. equipment load factor Kzag |
3. capital intensity Fe |
||
|
4. coefficient of the shift mode of the operating time of the equipment Ksm.r |
4. return on equity |
||
|
5. capital-labor ratio Fv |
±Eopf=OPF1- OPFO x IVP, (1)
where OPFO, OPF1 - respectively, the average annual cost of fixed assets in the base and reporting years;
1VP - the index of production volume.
When calculating the average annual cost of funds, not only own, but also leased fixed assets are taken into account and funds that are on conservation, reserve and leased are not included. Savitskaya G.V. Analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise: 5th ed. - Minsk: LLC "New Knowledge", 2007. - 688 p.
The result of a better use of fixed assets is, above all, an increase in production. Therefore, a generalizing indicator of the effectiveness of fixed assets should be based on the principle of commensuration of manufactured products with the totality of fixed assets used in its production. The main, criterion indicator of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets is the return on assets.
The economic meaning of capital productivity lies in the amount of marketable output produced per year per one ruble of fixed assets. This indicator is used in every industry, the entire industry and the national economy as a whole.
To calculate the value of return on assets, the formula is used:
where T is the volume of commodity or gross, or sold products, rub;
F -- the average annual cost of fixed assets of the enterprise, rub.
The return on assets is measured in the same meters as the volume of production, that is, natural, conditionally natural or cost.
The average annual value of fixed assets is calculated as the sum of half the value of fixed assets at the beginning and end of the period, the total value of fixed assets on the first days of the remaining months of the period, divided by 12.
where F1 -- the cost of fixed assets of the enterprise at the beginning of the year, rub;
Fvvod, Fvyb -- respectively, the cost of fixed production assets introduced and retired during the year, rub.;
n, pg - the number of full months from the date of entry (withdrawal).
The capital intensity of production is the reciprocal of capital productivity. It shows the share of the value of fixed assets attributable to each ruble of output. If the return on assets should tend to increase, then the capital intensity should tend to decrease.
where, F -- the average annual cost of fixed assets of the enterprise, rub.
T -- the volume of commodity or gross, or sold products, rub;
The efficiency of the enterprise is largely determined by the level of capital-labor ratio, determined by the formula:
where, F - the average annual cost of fixed assets of the enterprise, rub.
H - the average number of employees of the enterprise.
This value must continuously increase, since technical equipment and, consequently, labor productivity depend on it.
Return on assets is affected by the achieved level of labor productivity and capital-labor ratio.
Fodd = , (6)
where, PT - labor productivity (production) at the enterprise,
Fv - capital-labor ratio.
This formula shows the relationship between output and capital-labor ratio. The ideal option is considered to be the option when the output at the enterprise grows at a faster rate than the capital-labor ratio, since in this case the maximum production efficiency is achieved.
To increase the return on assets, the growth rate of labor productivity must outstrip the growth rate of capital-labor ratio. This character is inherent in the intensive development of production. The opposite situation, when the growth rate of capital-labor ratio outstrips the growth rate of labor productivity, and the return on assets decreases, is typical for an extensive path of development of production.
Return on assets is one of the main indicators of the use of fixed assets. Increasing the return on assets is the most important national economic task in the period of the country's transition to a market economy. In the context of scientific and technological progress, a significant increase in capital productivity is complicated by a rapid change in equipment that needs to be mastered, as well as an increase in capital investments directed to improving working conditions, protecting nature, etc.
The most general indicator of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets is the return on assets. Its level depends not only on capital productivity, but also on the profitability of products.
Ropf===Fotd x Rvp or (7)
Ropf===Fotd x Rrp, (8)
where, Ropf - profitability of fixed production assets;
P - profit from the sale of products;
F -- the average annual cost of fixed assets;
VP and RP -- respectively, the cost of manufactured or sold products;
Fodd - return on assets;
Rvp, Rrp - profitability of manufactured or sold products.
The change in the level of return on assets, in turn, is influenced by a number of factors: the return on assets of the active part of fixed production assets, the share of the active part of production assets, the operating time of equipment, changes in the structure of fixed assets and changes in equipment output.
The factors of the first level are the change in the share of the active part of the production assets and the change in the return on assets of the active part of the funds.
The return on assets of the active part of fixed assets, in turn, depends on the structure of fixed assets (its active part), working hours and average daily output. Factors that determine the profitability of fixed assets are shown in fig. 2 (see appendix 3). Snitko L.T. Evaluation of the dynamics of capital productivity from the standpoint of the resource orientation of the enterprise strategy. - Belgorod, Belgorod University of Consumer Cooperatives, 2004.
Additional and auxiliary indicators help to more fully and deeply reveal reserves in the course of analysis and, most importantly, to develop measures to improve the efficiency of using fixed assets in specific enterprises, taking into account their specifics.
Data sources for analysis: business plan of the enterprise, technical development plan, accounting balance sheet of the enterprise, appendix to the balance sheet, report on the availability and movement of fixed assets, balance of production capacity, data on the revaluation of fixed assets, inventory cards of fixed assets, design estimates , technical documentation, etc.
The level of extensive use of fixed assets is characterized by the degree of involvement of equipment in the production process:
indicators of intensive use of fixed assets, reflecting the value of output per unit of time. The intensive load of fixed assets leads to a decrease in the cost of production and an increase in productivity;
indicators of the integral use of fixed assets, taking into account the combined influence of all factors - both extensive and intensive.
The first group of indicators includes the following coefficients.
The coefficient of extensive use of equipment characterizes the use of fixed assets over time, throughout the year, reflects reserves from underutilization of the calendar fund and is determined by the ratio of the actual number of hours of equipment operation to the number of hours of its operation according to the plan:
Kext = , (9)
where Tf is the actual operating time of the equipment, h;
Tm - the time of operation of the equipment according to the norm (in accordance with the operating mode of the enterprise and taking into account the minimum required time for scheduled preventive maintenance), h.
The shift coefficient of equipment operation characterizes the time of full-shift use of the installed equipment, which operates in a multi-shift mode. It shows how many shifts the installed equipment worked on average during the day.
where M is the sum of actually worked machine shifts per day,
Km - the total number of installed cars.
Enterprises should strive to increase the shift ratio of equipment, which leads to an increase in output with the same cash funds.
The equipment utilization factor also characterizes the use of equipment over time. It is installed for the entire fleet of machines that are in the main production. It is calculated as the ratio of the labor intensity of manufacturing all products on this type of equipment to the fund of the time of its operation.
Kzag = , (11)
where Te is the complexity of manufacturing all products on this type of equipment,
Trab - fund the loading time of the equipment.
Thus, the equipment load factor, in contrast to the shift factor, takes into account data on the labor intensity of the product. The shift ratio of the equipment operation time is determined by dividing the equipment shift ratio achieved in a given period by the shift duration established at a given enterprise (in the workshop).
Ksm.r = , (12)
where, Kcm - the period of the shift coefficient of equipment operation,
T is the duration of the shift.
However, the process of using equipment has another side. In addition to its intra-shift and all-day downtime, it is important to know how efficiently the equipment is being used during its actual loading hours. The equipment may not be fully loaded, operate at idle and at this time do not produce products at all, or, while working, produce low-quality products. In all these cases, by calculating the indicator of extensive use of equipment, one can formally obtain high results. However, they still do not allow to draw a conclusion about the effective use of fixed assets.
The results obtained should be supplemented by calculations of the second group of indicators - the intensive use of fixed assets, reflecting the level of their use in terms of capacity (productivity). The most important of them is the coefficient of intensive use of equipment.
The coefficient of intensive use of equipment is determined by the ratio of the actual performance of the main technological equipment to its standard performance, i.e. progressive technically sound performance.
Kint = , (13)
where, Pf - the actual output of equipment products per unit of time;
Pv - technically justified output of products by equipment per unit of time (determined on the basis of equipment passport data).
Intensive loading of fixed assets leads to a decrease in the cost of production and an increase in productivity.
The third group of indicators of the use of fixed assets includes the coefficient of integral use of equipment.
The coefficient of integral use of equipment is defined as the product of the coefficients of intensive and extensive use of equipment and comprehensively characterizes its operation in terms of time and productivity (power).
KIntegr=CextKint (14)
The coefficient of integral use reflects reserves from underutilization of fixed assets, both per unit of time and over time in a calendar period. The value of this indicator is always lower than the values of its components, since it simultaneously takes into account the disadvantages of both extensive and intensive use of equipment.
Auxiliary indicators, as a rule, characterize the effectiveness of the use of individual elements of fixed assets, taking into account the specifics of a particular industry. These include, for example, output per square meter of production area, cubic meter of capacity, etc. These indicators are very specific, but quite well reflect the loading of funds and the reserves available in the industry.
The analysis should identify the reasons for the inefficient use of all the equipment available to the enterprise, if such a situation exists. Cherkasova I.O. Analysis of economic activity. - St. Petersburg: Neva Publishing House, 2003. - 192 p.
When analyzing the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets, one should study the ratio of all these indicators and draw a conclusion about the nature of the development of the enterprise and the efficiency of the use of resources.
We advise you to read
Chlamydia urogenital - description, causes, symptoms (signs), diagnosis, treatment Treatment of urogenital chlamydia
The benefits and significance of hydroamino acid threonine for the human body L threonine what
To wait or not to wait for a guy from the army For what reason can they be commissioned from the army
Baked apples with cottage cheese Baked apples with cottage cheese
