The lack of a centralized water supply system ceases to be a problem when they equip a country site or simply in a place remote from the city alternative source water. There are various different types wells, and the owners of the territory themselves choose what is more suitable: a small, beautifully designed log house or a deep well with modern equipment. Let's consider in more detail design features and stages of construction of structures of various types.

In summer cottages, there are rarely water bodies corresponding to sanitary standards. Most often, if high aquifers allow, they dig out a pond, which is actively exploited for watering a garden plot, household needs, and bathing. However, as a source of drinking water, the pond, like any other body of water open type, does not fit. Natural springs or springs gushing out of the ground are extremely rare, usually on a large area in country estates. A standard suburban area is usually generally devoid of any natural reservoir.

Modern well in the country decorative element

To provide a separately located territory with the necessary amount of water, wells are arranged various types. The choice depends on many factors, including:

• location of groundwater;
• the amount of water needed for a comfortable life;
• availability of material necessary for construction (financial possibilities);
• the possibility of installing pumping equipment, etc.

The decisive factor for dividing all types of structures into two large categories is the depth of groundwater. If they are located shallow, then it is enough to dig a foundation pit mechanically or manually, strengthen its walls, ennoble the head. The result is a shaft-type device - one of those that our ancestors have used since time immemorial. Certainly, Construction Materials became more durable and wear-resistant, wood was replaced by monolithic concrete blocks and “eternal” plastic, but the principle of the device remained practically unchanged.

Choosing a well depending on the location of aquifers

The deeper occurrence of aquifers does not allow the construction of a conventional pit; drilling of a well with the help of special equipment will be required. This process is quite expensive, sometimes time-consuming, but the volume of water extracted from an artesian well is much larger, and the quality of the liquid is much higher. Independent drilling rarely leads to a positive result, since a preliminary study of the soil is a necessary step, and this is done by geological research companies. With your own hands, you can make a well to a depth of 15-20 m with a mobile drilling rig. And now in more detail about various types wells for water.

Mine wells: choose the material for construction

All shaft-type structures are united by the same design - an elongated pit 5-15 m deep with reinforced walls, a neatly designed head. The differences relate to the nuances of construction, material, method of extracting water. The advantages of a well shaft are constant access to a certain amount of drinking or technical liquid, the reserves of which are stored and replenished naturally over time. Complete drainage of the reservoir occurs only in rare cases, for example during an extremely dry period.

Types of shaft wells depending on the depth

Wooden frame

Wood has been used for a long time, as it perfectly tolerates the proximity to moisture, and is convenient in processing. From logs or thick boards (from 150 mm and thicker) a structure is made that resembles a log house. Elements are attached to each other different ways, for example "in the paw". Not all breeds are suitable. The lower part, in contact with water, is collected from elm, alder or oak. In order for the water to remain transparent and not have a bitter taste, the oak is first stained. For the manufacture of the upper part and the head, cheaper pine is suitable.

Scheme of the device of a wooden mine well

It is irrational to dig pits less than 5 meters: they collect only surface water horizons containing many impurities, respectively, not suitable for drinking. The ground layers lie at a depth of 10-15 m, it is precisely this height that a kind of "log" should turn out. The assembly is carried out in fragments, which are alternately lowered, hammering with a sledgehammer, to the bottom. The role of the bottom filter is played by a sand and pebble cushion. The upper part is protected from perched water with a clay castle 1-1.5 m wide.

Masonry

Stone mines are usually laid out in areas where wood is in short supply. Most often they can be found in mountainous and foothill areas with poor vegetation, but a large amount of granite or dolomite deposits. Also, masonry is used for decorative purposes, but beautiful, lined with colored rocks the cylindrical shape takes a lot of time and effort, and besides, it does not have high functionality, since the stone is recommended to be used only for shallow pits.

Now the stone is more often used to decorate the above-ground part - the head

For the stability of the structure, they are initially welded metal carcass with a stable base placed on the bottom. Reinforcement, wire, metal rings create a semblance of stiffeners, between which masonry is placed. A composition of dolomite, rubble, granite stone, impervious to water, is bound with a sand-cement mortar. Limestone or sandstone is not suitable due to its porous structure and water permeability.

Brick mine

Despite the difference in the material of manufacture, the device of different types of wells has much in common. For example, if you replace a stone with a brick, the difference will be small. The main structural difference is the arrangement of bricks, which are laid in a certain pattern, while the stones are in a chaotic manner. To create reliable walls, masonry is made one or one and a half bricks wide. A rounded shape is given using a special stabilizing profile.

Well mine made of bricks

Without a frame, which forms a kind of “skeleton” of a well structure, stone and brick masonry cannot exist for a long time. Despite the strength of the Portland cement that holds the individual elements together, over time, underground currents wash out the solution, and the structure may crumble. The support frame is welded from a metal profile, pieces of reinforcement, or assembled from waterproof wood species. The minimum thickness of the base is 100 mm.

Prefabricated concrete rings are popular among summer residents due to their low cost. The process of their installation takes much less time than laying a brick wall or installing a wooden frame. Convenient dimensions (diameter from 0.8 m to 1.5 m, height from 0.7 m to 0.9 m) allow you to assemble the structure of the required depth. The elements are connected end-to-end with the help of special brackets and bolts, and the cracks between them are filled with cement mortar to ensure complete sealing. Sometimes, for strength, the joints are connected with 6-centimeter strips of steel and staples (3-4 pieces around the circumference).

Installation of concrete rings

The shaft is dug out gradually so that the first ring goes down, the second one is installed on top of it - and so on to the full depth. At the bottom, a sand cushion 0.3 m thick is formed, covered with a layer of rubble. The upper part is reinforced with a clay castle. It is not needed if there are stones, peat or dense sand directly under the fertile soil layer. The first few portions of the liquid must be pumped out, and the subsequent ones are initially better used for household needs.

Video: The process of lowering concrete rings into the finished shaft

Prefabricated plastic frame

Modified polymers are actively used for the production of prefabricated well structures and other equipment located underground and in contact with a humid environment. They are not yet as popular as concrete counterparts, but the advantages of alternative rings are obvious:

• the maximum height of an individual part is 1.5 m, which increases the speed of construction and increases the tightness of the mine;
• the mass of plastic elements is much lighter than concrete, brick or wood;
• threaded connection provides water tightness over the entire area of ​​​​the walls;
• working pressure - up to 50 kPa;
• cost - from 11 thousand rubles. for the ring.

Polymer pipes for a well

Rings are installed in two ways. On dense stable soils, the shaft is first pulled out, then the rings are lowered and screwed in turn, smearing the joints with sealant. If the soil is loose, a small pit is dug out, the first element is inserted, and then the ground is taken out from under it and lifted up. Then it is pushed down, the second element is mounted on top - and so on until the end. Polymer structures serve more than 50 years.

Borehole water supply of a suburban area

Mines with a depth of more than 20 m are called pipe (tubular) or artesian. If underground aquifers lie very deep, wells up to 200 m have to be drilled, but most often this happens for industrial purposes. The quality of the liquid in artesian sources is much higher than that of the well: it practically does not contain nitrates, salts of harmful metals, pathogenic bacteria that enter the wells from the perch. The only disadvantage of well equipment is the high cost.

Small well (on sand)

Sand wells - the most acceptable way to provide a country house with water best quality. Their depth ranges from 15 m to 35 m (rarely 45 m), and the water flow is on average 0.8-2.2 m³/h. Drilling should be carried out by specialists, since it is necessary to detect underground horizons of water-bearing sand and properly install the filter. The drilling process lasts 2-3 days, then it is necessary to plant the shaft with pipes made of steel or propylene. The lower part of the equipment is equipped with a sand filter or a more powerful filter column.

Scheme of a sand well device

The capacity of the facility is enough to provide water for a family of 3-4 people. The quality of the liquid is not as ideal as that of an artesian, but much higher than that of a well, since surface water cannot enter. If you install a centrifugal pump and automatic equipment, the sand well will function smoothly throughout the year. Drilling is possible when using a compact drilling rig, a license and a package of permits are not required.

deep well

The depth of an artesian well is from 30 m or more, in suburban areas the maximum does not exceed 200 m. A package of permits is required for its installation. Drilling should be carried out by specialists, as heavy construction equipment (ZIL, KamAZ) and a powerful rotary unit will be needed. The drilling process consists in the destruction of hard rocks, their removal from the mine and the installation of casing pipes. The maximum number of casing pipes for one structure is 3 pieces, such a prefabricated structure is called telescopic. Welding has recently been used extremely rarely, the main method of connecting elements is threaded. The lower water layers are isolated from the upper ones with the help of a special material - compactonite, granular dry clay.

Artesian well with double casing

After installation of pipes, experimental flushing is required until clean water is obtained. Samples are taken for analysis in order to give permission for the use of water as drinking water. The owner is issued a passport, which indicates the technical data of the structure and the terms of use.

Features of the device of the Abyssinian well

When there is no need to equip a powerful well, you can make an autonomous Abyssinian well. Its device does not require long digging or heavy equipment. The technology consists in installing a pipe of minimum diameter (up to 4 cm) to the depth of the upper aquifer. The lower part of the pipe is equipped with a filter that protects it from contamination. The water supply to the top is provided by a self-priming pump. To make the pipe easier to sink into the ground, it is equipped with a conical tip, the diameter of which is 4-5 cm wider than the diameter of the pipe.

Comparative diagram of a tubular and Abyssinian well

The above-ground part is decorated or ennobled with a small structure, such as a gazebo. Any convenient place for installation is suitable, however, areas close to septic tanks, drainage collectors, and gutters should be avoided.

Video: comparative characteristics of a well and an Abyssinian well

Having figured out what kind of water wells there are, it is easy to choose a structure that is optimally suited for a particular suburban area. But keep in mind that deep-type structures without permits arrangement is prohibited.

An integral part of any drainage system are sewer wells, or chambers.

Their device is provided even at the entrance to the septic tank, located on suburban area. Therefore, no wonder - every day we see them under our feet. But does everyone know what is inside, and what are these structures for?

This article will tell you everything, or almost everything, about wells, both for those who have no idea about them, and for those who think they know a lot about them.

The equipment of any special facilities for control, repair, maintenance or functional needs is provided for by the requirements of SNiP 2.04.03-85 “Sewerage. External networks and facilities”, and is dictated by common sense.

Let's say there is a drainage pipe in which a blockage has occurred.

What can be done in the absence of a camera that allows you to identify the problem area and eliminate the trouble? The question is rhetorical.

Therefore, the standards describe in sufficient detail where, in what quantities, and which wells to install.

Part 1. Classification of wells

Each structure of this kind has its purpose and method. They can be classified according to several criteria.

There are the following types of sewer wells:

1. On the network - wells can be arranged on any drainage networks:
   • Domestic and industrial drains
   • Drainage
   • Stormwater
2. According to the material of manufacture:
   • Concrete
   • brick
   • Polymer
3. By appointment:
   • Variable
   • Lookouts:
   • With change of flow direction:
     • Swivel
     • nodal
   • Straight-through:
     • Linear
     • Control
     • Flushing

Naturally, the most important characteristic is what functions the sewer well performs.

A drop well differs from a viewing well in that it is designed to change certain physical characteristics of the water flow.

Inspection chambers are designed to perform certain actions on the pipeline.

1. Manholes - tasks by type

Manholes must be installed under one of the following conditions:

1. Changing the diameter or slope of the pipeline
2. Change of flow direction
3. When attaching side branches
4. On straight sections, depending on the diameter of the pipe - after 35-300 m

The well itself is made in the form of a shaft with a chamber inside, where the incoming and outgoing pipelines are connected by a special tray.

Each of the wells of this type has its own purpose. However, in one structure, several tasks can be solved at once.

According to the device, all sewer manholes are of the same type, as a rule, the difference can occur only in the depth of occurrence.

All their parameters are quite strictly standardized.

For structures designed to change the direction of flow Wastewater(nodal and rotary sewer well), the tray is made of a specific shape.

Its parameters are described by the SNiP mentioned above.

Main essence requirements - that the angle of rotation cannot be less than 90 °, and is performed with a smooth rounding, the radius of which is from 1 to 5 diameters of the incoming pipe.

A rotary sewer well is placed in those places where a change in the direction of the pipeline is provided, and nodal - where one or two branches are connected to the network.

The nodal well tray can be designed for no more than three incoming pipes, and one outgoing one.

A once-through well is most often linear, that is, located on long sections of the network without branches and turns.

It has a tray that exactly repeats the direction of movement of drains and is designed to check the condition of pipelines, and, if necessary, clean them.

It can also be installed in places where there is a slight change in the input-output level.

It can also be a direct-flow and control well, which is installed at the points of connection of the house or quarter network to the central highway.

But, since in such places a nodal structure is still needed, it is, as a rule, that combines these functions.

Important information!

As a rule, a direct-flow sewer well is arranged - it is installed in the initial sections of the networks, where the drains have not yet gained sufficient speed, and there is an increased likelihood of blockages.

As a rule, water is supplied here, and sometimes pumps are installed.

2. Types of overflow wells

The next type, differential sewer wells, are designed to change and adjust the flow of wastewater in height, as well as to change the speed of their movement - both up and down.

Therefore, the designs of these devices are very diverse.

Cases when it is necessary to arrange sewer overflow wells:

• If you need to reduce the laying depth for the incoming pipeline
• There is a risk that the stream will become too fast or slow, change speed dramatically
• Highway crosses underground structures
• The well is the last one before the discharge into the reservoir, and has a flooded outlet

Based on the variety of tasks, the internal arrangement of these structures also has many design solutions.

Drop types:

• With practical profile and downstream water jet
• Tubular, may have a different design, but always - based on a vertical pipe
• Equipped with water and drain wall
• Multi-stage, shaft type - dampen the flow rate as it follows the cascade
• Fast currents - short sections of the pipeline with a large slope. Designed to accelerate the flow in areas where it is possible to slow it down.

A separate case is overflow sewer wells equipped with a water seal.

Their specificity is that here a change in the flow level is created in the opposite direction - it does not decrease, but rises.

This is achieved through a special chamber, where effluents are pre-accumulated.

A similar scheme is used in those sections of the network in which it is possible for ingress or production of explosive and flammable substances.

The water valve prevents the fire from spreading back in an emergency.

The installation of a differential well in the form of a fast current can also be used in an individual sewerage system, if there is no certainty that the flow volumes will be sufficient for self-cleaning of the pipeline.

Part 2. Well equipment

Everyone is familiar with the picture: an uncle with a grubby face sticking out of the hatch with a shifted lid, who is repairing something there.

And until now, if you ask any post-Soviet person what a sewage well is made of, in 99% of cases he will answer: "From concrete."

And in most cases he will be right, since so far the bulk of these structures are on main pipelines drainage systems are made in accordance with SNiP, from reinforced concrete rings, less often - cubes, or assembled from slabs.

Modern polymer systems, in many respects superior to their hard stone predecessors, are just beginning to enter the domestic market.

However, for all its shortcomings, the traditional ring, apparently, will remain a symbol of the sewer well for a long time to come.

1. Well made of reinforced concrete elements

SNiP, which regulates the creation of sewer networks, including wells for them, was written at a time when large structures made of polymers, and even high strength, were not yet thought of.

Also carried out exclusively manual method- from where the uncles appeared in the hatches.

Their task was to push the cleaning wire towards the blockage while the assistants at the top rotated the other end of it.

In order for a person to go down inside and work, the following standards were provided: the minimum size of the well was allowed to be 700 mm.

Round slabs are also produced in the same size - the base and the ceiling with a hole for the hatch (Ø 700 mm).

As a result, a standard reinforced concrete well consists of the following elements:

• Round or rectangular base
• Rings
• Cover with hatch hole
• Manhole cover (cast iron, in recent times - it is polymer)

The round plan form was adopted as it optimally resists the pressure of the surrounding soil.

Since it is impossible to predict the place of use in advance, both rings and base plates are produced absolutely even, only with embedded parts (loops) for installation.

In the lower ring, during installation, it is necessary to punch holes at the entry points of pipelines, and on the slab - to arrange a tray of the appropriate shape from concrete or cement.

This design is used both in manholes of all types, and in differential ones - with a device corresponding to the type of structure.

At the same time, the height of the well is gained due to several rings - standard and additional. Before installing the next ring, you have to remove the mounting loops of the previous one.

In this case, all structural elements, including the base and ceiling, as well as the pipeline inlets, are sealed with cement.

It is clear that the waterproofing of sewer wells arranged in this way leaves much to be desired.

As a result: wastewater pollutes the ground, and groundwater contributes to the overflow of sewers.

2. Polymer wells

A completely different degree of freedom was given to designers of sewer networks by wells made of modern plastics.

The development of technology also had its say: modern mobile complexes can serve hundreds of meters of sewer pipelines without descending a person underground.

This made it possible to significantly reduce the size of products.

Where previously it was necessary to use meter-long, at least 70-centimeter rings, now you can install a compact plastic device up to Ø300 mm.

Polymer products are also distinguished by their low weight and the ability to clearly adjust the size to the needs of a particular highway.

Classification of plastic wells

By access:

• Serviced (with personnel access, f from 1000 mm)
• Without access (served from above, f less than 1000 mm)

According to the material of the mine:

• Smooth single wall
• Smooth double wall
• Corrugated single wall
• Corrugated double wall
• Combined

A telescopic (retractable) design of a sewer well made of a smooth-walled pipe is possible, a corrugated pipe has this property by default.

Basically, polymer wells are made separately - the shaft pipe is completed with the necessary types of neck and tray part, where the corresponding piping is made.

But recently, trayless models have also appeared, in particular, those designed for direct-flow wells.

It should be noted that both inspection and overflow sewer wells are made of plastic, but in the latter case, more complex ones are used. Constructive decisions. Polymer products provide almost 100% waterproofing of the mine.

Today, dachas have a centralized water supply, however, for many, a well is still an urgent problem. In summer cottages, water may not be supplied in winter; for watering the garden, it is always desirable to have an additional source so as not to overpay and not be too dependent on its supply (shutdown).

Well device and types

The well is a vertical system with reinforced surface and a structure for supplying water from underground sources (wells or groundwater). By lifting mechanism inland waters it could be:

• a Russian well, the water in it is obtained thanks to a rope wound on a special drum, at the end of which a bucket is tied;
• a shaduf well, in which a crane-type lever is used to raise water from the mine;
• Archimedean screw, in which water rises in large portions.

Drinking wells use only:

• groundwater of spring origin;
• artesian waters that get out from the depths due to the force of natural pressure.

According to the material for strengthening the inner walls, wells can be:

• wooden;
• brick;
• concrete;
• stone.

The device of a wooden Russian well is a shaft, no more than 20 m deep and consists of lifting mechanism- gates, clay castle, on top of which gravel is poured and a blind area is laid. The well is dug before the groundwater runs, under which stack the filter from gravel and sand.

The part that is above the surface of the earth is called the head, its close the lid protecting from debris and winter icing. The part located underground is called the trunk, it is dug deep into the mine whose walls are reinforced. The shape of the mine is most often round (the most convenient), square (the simplest) and any other (rectangular, hexagonal, etc.).

Concrete, brick and stone wells are dug with a round shaft.

How and when to dig

1. Digging in the spring is not recommended due to the high probability of choosing the wrong depth.
2. The best time to dig a well is the end of February or August. It is not easy to dig in February, but at other times you may not dig a well at all.
3. If you start digging, then you can not interrupt to prevent sticking of the column.
4. The use of a winch or a crane to extract the rings is mandatory.
5. A team of three people should dig a well, changing each other in turn.

Country well from logs

A well is dug if the groundwater lies at a depth of up to 15 m, otherwise it will be difficult to raise the soil upward. Mine depth less than 5 m is also unacceptable, due to the likelihood of surface water ingress, leading to pollution and the inability to use it for drinking, and there is not much water there.

The place for the well must be chosen at least 5 m from the buildings on the foundation, it is better to be at least 20 m away. Determine water occurrence folk methods possible, but it is better if you contact a special hydrological organization. However, if you see that the neighbors have wells and water in them, you can safely dig on your site, you will definitely have it too.

It is better to dig a well at a time when the surface layers of water are depleted, and you will surely reach groundwater without accidentally mistaking perch for them.

The material for the log house should be durable rocks oak type trees. So that the water does not take on a brown hue and does not give a bitter aftertaste, it is subjected to a staining process. You can use other tree species, for example: elm, larch, alder, aspen, pine. In the surface and underwater parts of the well can be used different types of trees.

Before digging the mine is selected fastening method logs among themselves (as a rule, “in a paw” in a “half-tree”, etc.) so that there are no obstacles for putting a log house into a finished shaft.

Having made a markup and tearing out a notch for clay castle, start digging a well shaft to a maximum depth of about 20 m.

1. Separately, a log house is assembled, corresponding to the depth of the dug mine.
2. The finished log house is brought into the mine, trying to prevent damage to the walls.
3. Lower crown neatly seated on supports made from the remains of logs. For a hard landing, they beat with a heavy sledgehammer on the upper crown of the log house.
4. Produce a sample of soil for the further advancement of the log house.
5. Delete wooden poles and the log house must go down, otherwise help with a sledgehammer.
6. Repeat actions (set up supports, dig a hole, etc.).
7. If high water accumulates in the pit, a pump is used to pump it out.
8. After mounting the wooden structure, they pump out water from the bottom, level it and pour filter layers- sand, then gravel.
9. A meter-long pit is being dug around the well to make clay castle, preventing water intrusion.
10. To prevent rain water from leaking make a blind area with a slight slope from the well.
11. The rest of the work is being carried out appearance well.

concrete wells

Concrete wells more hygienic and durable compared to wooden counterparts. Concrete wells can be dug in two ways:

1. formwork method.
2. With the use of concrete rings.

formwork method. This is done simply: the formwork is placed along the walls dug to a certain depth of the mine, it is poured composition of cement sand and gravel (in a ratio of ½/3), water is added at the rate of an average of 0.6 per unit proportion. After curing after 12 days remove formwork, dig a hole under a concrete wall and lower the ring. This process is repeated until the well is dug to the desired depth.

One of the Moscow companies offers digging wells from concrete rings worth at 2,000 rubles. for work in depth in 1 ring (0.8 m), the cost of the ring itself is 2,000 rubles. Digging a well with a depth of more than 16 m will cost 2450 rubles. for each subsequent ring. If you book a house - it will cost you 6 000 rubles

Another company offers its services at lower prices. The cost of installing one ring - 1 800 rubles, and the installation of the house - 5 500 rubles In addition, you will have to pay at least 150 rubles for rolling the ring. for every 20 m and delivery of materials. The cost of a well with a depth of 15 m will cost in 100 900 rubles. including materials for the bottom, house, etc., excluding transportation costs.

The Svoi Well company also produces well digging from 2 000 rubles, house installation from 5 000 rubles, and sells the rings themselves 1,500 rubles each a piece.

Average prices in the Moscow region for a ring - 1 900 rubles, and for digging for one ring - 2 000 rubles However, if there are difficulties with the removal of soil, groundwater, soil, then the price may be higher. On average, a turnkey well can do in the Moscow region with a depth of 9 m - 68 000 rubles, for 18 m - 145 500 rubles with a house.

Digging wells is very labor intensive process associated with many nuances that are difficult for a non-specialist to understand, therefore it is best to contact an organization engaged in digging wells, which has specialists to perform geodetic developments and all technological processes.

Despite the growing popularity of wells, a well for drinking and / or industrial water still occupies a significant place among the hydraulic structures used to supply country and village houses, as well as summer cottages. Such popularity of a rural ordinary well is due to the possibility of combining the function of a water source and a storage tank that retains a significant volume, which, if necessary, can be used by a large flow rate and replenished when there is no consumption. The most common wells for water from concrete rings, combining the simplicity and speed of installation with the practicality and durability of operation.

Existing types of wells

Classification into types is usually carried out on the basis of the material design of the shaft wall, which can be:

• wooden;
• brick;
• stone;
• from concrete rings;
• from monolithic reinforced concrete;
• from polymer rings.

Each of the materials has its own advantages and disadvantages, as well as indications and limitations for use, depending on the size and depth of the hydraulic structure.

One of the first artificial structures, due to the availability, cheapness and ease of processing the material, was a wooden well, which, despite the variety of structural materials produced by the construction industry, remains the most accessible, especially if there is a forest near a summer house or a country house. As structural elements of wells made of wood, sanded solid logs, timber, round timber spread in two or thick boards can be used. The final choice is made for reasons of economy and laboriousness in processing and assembling a log house from a particular material, which in turn is determined by the availability of a suitable tool and skill from the master who decided to build a water intake.

Wood has long been used as a material for a well.

The size of the structural elements is selected depending on the depth of the well, based on the following considerations:

• log diameter - 120 - 180 mm;
• the thickness of the timber, boards or cut - from 100 to 150 mm.

Wood species have different hardness and resistance to moisture, so when picking it is recommended to take:

• for the lower part immersed in water - alder, elm or oak;
• for the surface part, not subject to contact with water - pine.

A mine made of stone

A hydraulic structure that can challenge the palm in terms of the priority of appearance near a wooden log house is a stone well. It is possible that the first well was made entirely of natural material, representing stones selected in size, collected in a cylindrical shaft and fastened together with clay. Today, the construction of stone wells for drinking water involves the use of a thick sand-cement mixture with a high content of Portland cement as a binder material to ensure the watertightness of the structure, which is also achieved by using granite, rubble stone or dolomite as the main material, which are impermeable, unlike limestone and sandstone water from the outside, which guarantees its flow exclusively from the aquifer.

stone mine

Reliable construction of a natural stone well implies the manufacture of a reinforced concrete support frame at the bottom of the shaft, which is a massive base for the entire structure and ensures its stable positioning in connection with the intermediate and upper wooden element, which, in combination with reinforcing rods, acts as a skeleton. Metal rods connecting the elements of stone wells to each other are threaded at the ends, which allows them to be fixed to wooden round frames with nuts, screwed on both sides and tightened to a hard contact. The number of intermediate frames is determined by the depth of the structure, but should be at least one for penetration up to 2 meters and located at a distance of 1 to 1.5 meters at a lower bottom level. To strengthen the structure, every 5-6 rows of masonry should be provided with a closed ring gasket made of double-row steel wire with a diameter of 0.5-1 mm.

Brickwork instead of stone

The development of building technologies and the emergence artificial stone, which, after firing, acquires water-repellent properties, made it possible to build the first brick well, which is still used today. The structure of a brick well is similar to that described for a natural stone structure, while the thickness of the support frame must be at least 100 mm and the width exceed a quarter of a meter, which will allow laying one or one and a half bricks, depending on the chosen scheme. The wooden elements of brick wells must be at least 80 mm thick, and their width exceeds the width of the masonry by 20 mm or more.

Beginning of brickwork

In order for a section of a brick well in a horizontal plane to have the shape of a ring, specially prepared templates are used during masonry, made in the form of a segment of a circle and providing the necessary shaft profile. The gaps between the last row of bricks and the intermediate or upper frame are filled with masonry mortar, which is rammed.

An alternative material for building a brick well for water is iron brick, obtained by burning the workpiece and being practically impervious to moisture.

Assembling a shaft from concrete rings

The most practical from the point of view of arrangement time and ease of use is a well made of concrete rings, which can be from 800 to 1500 mm in diameter and from 300 to 900 mm in height. The device of the well, assembled from concrete rings, provides for careful sealing of the joints of structural elements with the help of special waterproofing mixtures, by filling and coating on both sides. If the depth of the well does not exceed 6 meters, then the use of concrete pipes having a diameter of 600 - 700 mm and a length of 3 - 4 meters is practiced.

The rigidity of the device for a water well assembled from concrete pipes is achieved by arranging an external plank formwork that protects the structure from the shearing effects of soil layers, or by welding metal pieces of reinforcement or another profile to the external embedded plates.

Monolithic concrete wells

The greatest installation depth of a water well can be achieved by arranging a completely monolithic reinforced concrete structure, obtained:

• the method of gradual build-up by rearranging the formwork from the bottom up;
• sequential pouring of the rings to the height of the enclosing form, undermining and lowering it deep into, after which the reinforcing frame is built up and the formwork is reinstalled. The operations are repeated the number of times necessary to reach the aquifer.

The device of reinforced concrete monolithic wells for drinking water is a rather laborious and time-consuming measure, which is rational to use only if it is possible to perform one-time work by arranging a continuous double-sided formwork and a reinforcing cage to the full height, followed by periodic pouring of the entire volume, at intervals necessary for compaction concrete using internal vibrators. The external formwork elements of the wells with this organization of the process are non-removable and are subject to backfilling together with a monolithic shaft.

Assembling the shaft from plastic elements

Polymer wells are an innovation in the market of country hydraulic structures and have not yet become quite common, although they have all the set of positive properties necessary for this:

• the final cost is comparable to water wells constructed from concrete rings;
• an order of magnitude smaller mass of structural elements, while having a greater length (1500 mm);
• high tightness of the assembly, achieved due to the threaded connection of the elements and surpassing even the indicator that reinforced concrete wells have, due to the complete watertightness of the walls;
• allowable working pressure on the outer and inner walls - 50 kPa;
• operating temperature from -70 to +50 0 С;
• service life over 50 years.

polymer wells

An alternative to plastic corrugated pipes, with the ability to perceive external loads comparable to that of concrete wells, can be a polymer-sand composition used for the manufacture of rings 200 mm high and with a wall thickness of 45 mm. The diameter of the water well from such parts can only be 970 or 1060 mm, since the manufactured elements have only such dimensions. The scheme for assembling a well from sand-polymer rings implies fixing the links with the help of special locks that ensure the rigidity of the structure.

Well device

All considered types of wells equipped for water extraction include:

• a bottom with a filter layer, which is a base of geotextiles and / or gravel, the layer thickness of which determines the degree of purification of incoming water, but must be at least 100 mm;
• a trunk with windows in the lower part filled with porous concrete if the well is on a water-resistant layer, and not on sand;
• head, rising above the ground by 0.6 - 0.8 m and serving to install equipment, a canopy and / or cover;
• clay castle, obtained by excavation of 25 - 50 cm of soil and backfilling with clay, which is a waterproof barrier to surface runoff. Required for types of water intake wells that do not have waterproof walls.

Some authors, answering the question: “What are the wells?”, Supplement the existing classification with pipe hydraulic structures, which is not true, since, due to the ratio of the diameter of the hole in the ground to its depth, it would be more correct to classify them as wells.

Sewer wells are always used for cleaning, washing and pumping wastewater. Their absence leads to difficult situations in which it is impossible to find the place of blockage and eliminate the malfunction in the system located underground.

Classification of sewer wells

Sewer wells are distinguished by several parameters:

• by type of network - storm, sewage, drainage, industrial;
• according to the material of manufacture - concrete, plastic, brick;
• by appointment - viewing, differential.

The main task of any well is to control the state of the sewer system. In addition, it allows you to overcome the difference in height between the inlet and outlet pipes, clean the pipes in case of blockages and collect the pollution accumulated in the drains.

Manholes are also divided into types.

1. Linear - the simplest structures installed on straight sections of pipelines every 35-300 m.
2. Rotary - to change the direction of flow. They are installed on all bends of the sewer pipe.
3. Nodal - connecting branches of pipes at the points of connection to sewer systems.
4. Control - in places where the sewerage of a house, quarter, street is connected to the central system.

Manholes

Drop wells

The devices are designed for joining pipelines of different heights and changing the speed of effluents. They are installed in the following cases:

• it is required to reduce the depth of the input pipeline;
• in case of danger of a sharp change in the flow rate;
• nearby are intersections with underground structures;
• at the last stage of the flooded discharge of wastewater into the reservoir.

The design of the well depends on the type of drop.

Materials for the manufacture of wells

According to SNIP, sewer wells are assembled from reinforced concrete rings, cubes or slabs. In suburban construction, brick, PVC, polyethylene, and fiberglass are often used. An important requirement for any design is the creation of tightness so that drains do not fall into environment.

Construction of concrete wells

Concrete ring well designs remain popular for suburban construction due to the advantages:

• low cost;
• speed of installation;
• strength and durability;
• convenient form for service;
• the possibility of creating a hermetic structure.

The disadvantages include;

• heavy weight, requiring increased costs for transportation and installation;
• fragility, requiring careful handling up to installation;
• the need for specialized equipment.

The manufacturing sequence is as follows.

1. At the junction of two sewer pipes, a pit is dug 40 cm deeper than the place where the pipelines are laid. According to the project, the slope of the walls is formed.
2. If necessary, the bottom of the shaft is waterproofed. To do this, crushed stone is poured into the bottom, tightly rammed and poured with bitumen mastic.
3. A concrete slab is installed or poured at the bottom and equipped with a reinforcement tray.
4. After subsidence of the bottom, reinforced concrete rings are installed on the cement mortar. Holes are made in advance for pipes, after which the joints are sealed with a cement mortar.
5. At the junction of the input pipeline, a clay lock is equipped outside. All seams are sealed with bitumen or other sealant.
6. The container should be checked for leaks by plugging the pipes with temporary plugs and filling with water.
7. The structure is covered with soil from the outside with a rammer.
8. From above, the structure is closed with a concrete slab with a hole into which a hatch is inserted.

Manholes made of plastic

In private country house for preventive work with sewer and drainage systems manholes are often required. With a simple system where the slope, direction and diameter of the pipes do not change, they may not be needed.

In practice, they find wide application plastic containers. It is advisable to choose them as corrugated ones, since the dimensions of the shafts change with seasonal temperature fluctuations.

Finished products are expensive, so you can assemble the components separately. This will require a plastic bottom, a pipe with a diameter of about 460 mm and rubber seals. If it is necessary to go down inside, the diameter is selected at least 925 mm.

Installation of a plastic manhole

The installation sequence is as follows.

1. To manufacture a container according to the given dimensions, a corrugated pipe is cut off and holes for pipes are made on the side. They are equipped with sealing cuffs.
2. A pit is dug and equipped with gravel bedding. It should be filled with cement mortar and, after hardening, covered with geotextiles.
3. The bottom is laid. A pipe is installed on it, the inlet is connected to the outlet through hermetic couplings. With a high well height, the pipe diameter is selected at least 1 m so that you can go down to service communications.
4. The free space outside is covered with crushed stone of a fine fraction, so as not to damage the pipe with the sharp edges of the fragments. Before that, plugs are inserted into the pipes and the shaft is filled with water so that it does not deform from the pressure of the soil. Sometimes around it is done brickwork to increase strength.
5. A cover is installed on top.

The design of the well can be arranged independently. You can buy ready-made plastic with all the components, but its cost is high. Wells made of polypropylene with a volume of 3 m 3 cost 65 thousand rubles. Installation is carried out in the same way.

Note! To prevent the manhole from being displaced by groundwater, it should be attached to the concrete slab with straps or chains.

Features of installing a rotary plastic well

In fact, the design performs the function of a viewing, but is installed at the place where the pipe turns. Installation is carried out in the same way. The input is connected to the output using fittings. A plug is installed at the connection point for access during repairs and inspections.

How to install a drop well

Unlike other structures, in differential wells, the inlet and outlet pipes are placed at different levels. They allow you to reduce the flow rate of effluents. Usually they are installed in front of the septic tank to normalize its operation.

All installation work does not differ from other types of wells. The difference lies only in the installation of a lowering that directs the flow from top to bottom.

The descent is connected to the inlet pipe with a tee, the horizontal hole of which is temporarily muffled. Then the device is fixed vertically to the wall of the well. At the bottom of the descent, a knee is installed that dampens the flow so that the drains exit at an angle of 45 °. If the height of the well is less than 500 mm, it may not be equipped with a flow damper.

Well selection

A large number of types of wells and manufacturing methods allows you to choose the right one for the price and characteristics. Concrete structures are bulky and it is not always convenient to install them on a personal plot.

Plastic products are much easier to install. In addition, they are durable and strong. Tubular construction is easy to assemble.

Each polymer from which the well is made has its own characteristics:

• PVC is non-flammable and chemical resistant;
• polyethylene - hermetic structures, due to high plasticity, do not burst when water freezes;
• polypropylene - has high plasticity.

Combined structures are now being produced, where positive properties of each polymer are used to the maximum.

It is preferable to choose wells with a corrugated surface. A smooth-walled pipe has a lower strength. The tray part should have thickened walls.

It is important to choose the right hatch. If it will be located on a footpath, the A15 standard will do. To park a car, you need a stronger product - standard B125.

Structures are monolithic and collapsible. The former are cheaper, but they are more difficult to install.

Conclusion

Plastic wells are a reliable replacement for reinforced concrete and brick structures. They are easy to install and last a long time. To prevent the structure from floating, it should be securely fastened. In one case, it is enough to compact the soil, and in the other, use a concrete slab as a bottom anchor.