Polygonal masonry of the ancients: fantastic walls over which time has no power. polygonal masonry

The mystery of polygonal masonry.
..
(See on YouTube "Cutting in the paw").
..
She is in the picture. These are carpentry tools: a scriber, "this thing" (a set of thin red plates with a clip) and black paint. "This thing" and the principle of clamping the plates (or rods) could be completely different, more interesting, so that 3 sides of the stone block could be adjusted at once. Most likely, it was a set of pyramidal wooden funnels with holes for copper rods, analogues of the red plastic plates in the photo, cat. were fixed not with clamps, but in another way, for example, by temporary cementing. They cut, scraped, scraped and sanded for paint in much the same way as a locksmith does now when fitting, for example, a planer table ..
..
During the construction of the pyramids, blocks could be rolled up with such devices as a capstan, hoists, poly-paste and the like, having previously put on each block, as it has already been discovered, 8 wooden segments of the circle, 4 from each edge of the block, and securely fastening them together these quarters of a circle - thus forming two wheels at the edges of each block - like this: simple, cheap and cheerful. 2 tons is quite a bit: I myself once drove one and a half ton carts - they could be controlled.
..
The statues from Easter Island, as it turned out, were easily moved by tilting to the rhythms of the drums, which led their rhythmic swinging, by harmoniously alternating tension of the ropes from one side of the statue, then from the other.
..
That's all the so-called "alien" technology.
..
Self-propelled stones, too, as it turned out, do not contain any miracle. One scientist installed video cameras on this dry lake, which made a lot of noise. Nothing happened for 2 years. But then a cold wind blew, and freezing rain began to fall. He turned the entire surface of the dry lake into slush, and in some places vast flat ice islands also grew on the slush. The icy wind intensified even more - and under its pressure, the ice islands began to move: they glided through the liquid, dragging with them and firmly frozen into the ice these very, mysterious "self-propelled" stones. Then the wind died down, the rain stopped, the sun melted the ice islands and dried up the slush, turning it again, as before, into a hard, like a stone, and even as a board, cracked surface. So the mysterious "self-movement" of stones, their self-crawling with the plowing of a deep trace, finally received its simple explanation.
..
And only the higher continued fractions rediscovered by me and everything connected with them is a real miracle: their mysterious, completely inexplicable by the modern level of our knowledge, stases, diplo- and haplo-overlaps, mantissa stratifications and a forest of other mysteries - remain inaccessible , unexpectedly deep-seated sacraments, loudly declaring themselves guests from the prehistoric layers of human culture, unexpectedly simply exposing and stigmatizing the day before yesterday, yesterday and today, so familiar to us, rooted in us, the bluff of our natural sciences and ideologies.

For hundreds, and perhaps thousands of years, the mystery of dense polygonal masonry made of polygonal stones has tormented the minds of many generations of scientific researchers. Well, tell me, how can you lay stone blocks so that there is no gap between them ?!

Before the creations of the ancient builders, modern scientific thought was powerless. In order to somehow maintain credibility in the eyes of the public in the publication "Science" of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1991, a book was published by Professor and Doctor of Historical Sciences from St. Petersburg Yu. Berezkin "Incas. The Historical Experience of the Empire. Here is what Russian science writes:

“It must be said that although the cyclopean buildings of the Incas are mentioned episodically in the “new” myths characteristic of our time (unknown highly developed technology, space aliens, etc.), in this case the plots did not receive special distribution. All too well known are the quarries where the Incas cut the blocks and the paths along which the stones were transported to the sites. Only the legend that a needle cannot be inserted between the plates is stable - they fit so tightly. Although there really are no gaps between the blocks now, the reason here lies not in careful fitting, but only in the natural deformation of the stone, which filled all the cracks over time. Inca masonry as such is quite primitive: the blocks of the lower row were adjusted to fit the upper ones, acting by trial and error.

If this long book text of the Academy of Sciences is compressed to the “dry residue”, then the “scientific thought” will be as follows: “The stone blocks themselves were so compacted over time.” Well, how can one not recall the words of an ancient Chinese sage in the 6th century BC. Lao Tzu: “Smart people are not learned; scientists are not smart."

If modern scientific thought is so insignificant, then the ancient masters who manually made stone axes and flint tips for spears and arrows made fire with a stick - so they were real academics. Ancient people, having nothing but their own hands, learned to process stones very well.

Before telling how it all happened, it should be noted that the life of our ancestors was much more difficult. In those days, there was not yet much knowledge accumulated. People strained their minds more than someone else's "scientific" memory. In everyday affairs, they used the available simple materials, as they say, that "God sent - that's what they are happy about." And in the words of the French comedian of the 17th century, Molière, “the pseudo-scientific nonsense of scientists in a mantle and cap” could not overshadow the natural mind and ingenuity of people. But enough jokes about modern science...

But how did they achieve such perfection?

Let's remember ourselves. Have you ever rolled large round lumps of wet snow as a child, built a fortress out of them, or at least a snowman? You put the biggest clods down and put the smaller ones on top of them, which are easier to lift. And so that the upper ones do not fall, you rub them a little against each other, moving back and forth.

Another example: take and make two dense snowballs that children play by throwing at each other, and rub them together. You will get a connection between the lumps without a gap. The same simple technology was used by ancient people when they worked with stones. If you take two stones in your hands and try to grind them like snowballs, then, of course, you will not succeed. Because the stone is much stronger than the pressure of your hands. But if a force of several tons is applied to the stones, then the process of cutting and grinding will go on. The material of the blocks is finely crystalline limestone. One cubic meter of stone weighs 2.5-2.9 tons.

Now let's take a closer look at the pictures of ancient stone buildings, notice their external features and think about how all this was done.

So, the first large block of stone is placed down, to which, successively, stone by stone, in turn, all other blocks were hemmed from bottom to top.

The stones were selected so that they fit a little (so as not to cut off a lot). The work of laying the stones had to be divided into three sequences.

The first is to prepare the stone for the chopping. To do this, small solid stones-hammers (the size of a large apple) manually tapped a stone block from two opposite sides. It was the hardest work. With each blow, only a small piece broke off from the block. It was necessary to make protrusions on the side faces, for which, like mounting loops, a stone block could be hooked with rope, or better, leather woven thick ropes. And hang either on one or two wooden consoles. To do this, it was necessary to make a large "wooden swing" over the wall under construction. Which, during construction, moved along the wall, as today a tower crane moves along the wall of a house.

The second phase consisted of the most important thing - the process of cutting the stone. The phrase “stone cutters” has survived to this day, and in some places the profession still remains.

The block of stone, swinging on a "swing", was slowly lowered, over and over again with each pass, removing a millimeter or less layers from the lower and upper contact blocks. All the protruding faces of the mating stones were grinded in turn. Thus, the density of masonry stone blocks was achieved. Neighboring blocks became almost "monolithic". It took several hours or even days to cut one stone on a swing.

In order to speed up the tesa process, stone "weight" slabs (weights) could also be placed on top of the rocking stone. This load simultaneously pulled the slings and slightly lowered the rocking stone down. So that the lower stone would not “fidget” during the cut, it was propped up with spacer logs.

When the block fitted with a hemp sat in its “nest”, the third operation began - finishing.

The third phase consisted of a rough polishing of the exterior. The procedure is quite laborious. Again, the mounting protrusions were removed manually with hammer stones and, tapping on the seams between the stones, they made a “groove” along the joints of the connection. The stones acquired a convex beautiful shape. It can be seen that the strict outer surface of the stones is dotted with small potholes from many blows.

Sometimes the mounting tabs for the slings were not cut down. Perhaps so that these stones could be lifted and shifted to another place. Or cut down, but not all completely. From the remains of the ledges, one can understand how the stone was hung. Also, with flat stone slabs, by swinging them on a “swing”, they could hew the outer side of the wall, giving it the desired slope, while reducing the manual labor of processors.

Huge blocks at the base of the walls, of course, no one was swinging on the "swing". The faces of these huge megaliths were polished individually with narrow, flat stone slabs, which, upon completion of the work, were placed on top of each other. After cutting and grinding, the entire structure of blocks and slabs was shifted together.

Similarly, large stone blocks suspended on "swings" were hewn and polished for huge megalithic foundations in Egypt, Greece, the Mediterranean and Asia.

By processing (by the depth of the articulation arc) of stone blocks, one can determine the length of the lines on which the stone was swinging. If the joint was more horizontal, for example, it was used for grinding megaliths, then the slings were assembled not on one “hook”, but on two consoles, so that the heavy stone beam worked like a “planer”.

On a swing (a pendulum with a load) they could also lift strong, special cutting stones “cutting stones” to give the hewn stones any desired shape in a vertical or with side protrusions in a horizontal plane.

The material describes a simple technology of strong and tight articulation of huge stone blocks in the construction of various structures (walls, pyramids, connections of megaliths in foundations, etc.), used thousands of years ago by ancient builders all over the world (South America, Asia, Africa, Europe) .

For hundreds, maybe thousands of years, the mystery of dense polygonal (polygonal stones) masonry has tormented the minds of many generations of researchers and scientists. - Well, tell me, how can boulders be laid so that there is no gap between them?

Before the creations of the ancient builders, modern scientific thought was powerless. In order to somehow maintain authority in the eyes of the public, in the publication "Science" of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1991, a book by Professor and Doctor of Historical Sciences from St. Petersburg Yu. Berezkin "Incas. The Historical Experience of the Empire. Here is what Russian science writes: “I must say that although the cyclopean buildings of the Incas are mentioned episodically in the “new” myths characteristic of our time (unknown highly developed technology, space aliens, etc.), the plots in this case did not receive special distribution. . All too well known are the quarries where the Incas cut the blocks and the paths along which the stones were transported to the sites. Only the legend that a needle cannot be inserted between the plates is stable - they fit so tightly. Although there really are no gaps between the blocks now, the reason here lies not in careful fitting, but only in the natural deformation of the stone, which filled all the cracks over time. Inca masonry as such is quite primitive: the blocks of the lower row were adjusted to fit the upper ones, acting by trial and error.

If this long book "scientific" text of the Academy of Sciences is compressed to the "dry residue", then the "scientific thought" will be as follows: "the stone blocks themselves were so compressed over time." Well, how can one not recall the words of an ancient Chinese sage in the 6th century BC. Lao Tzu: “Smart people are not learned; scientists are not smart."

Before telling how it all happened, it should be noted that the life of our ancestors was much more difficult. In those days, there was not yet much knowledge accumulated. People strained their minds more than they relied on memory. In everyday affairs, they used available simple materials. And modern, not uncommon: “Pseudo-scientific nonsense of scientists in a mantle and a cap,” - the 17th century, Moliere - could not overshadow the natural mind and ingenuity of people. But, enough jokes about modern "scientists" ...

Yet, how did people in ancient times achieve such perfection?

Let's remember ourselves in childhood.

Have you ever rolled large round lumps of wet snow, built a fortress out of them, or at least a snowman? What did you do about it? - You put the biggest clods down, and put smaller ones on them, which were easier to lift. And so that the upper ones do not fall, you rub them a little against each other, moving back and forth.

Another example, take and make two dense snowballs that children play by throwing at each other - and rub them together. You will get a connection between the lumps without a gap. The same simple technology was used by ancient people when they worked with stones.

If you take two stones in your hands and try to grind them like snowballs, then, of course, you will not succeed. Because the stone is much stronger than the applied effort from your hands. But, if pressure of several tons (!) is applied to the stones, then the process of cutting and grinding will go faster. The material of the stone blocks of the Incas is fine-crystalline limestone. (One cubic meter of stone weighs 2.5 - 2.9 tons).

Now let's take a closer look at the pictures of ancient stone buildings, notice their external features and think about how all this was done ...

So, the first large block of stone is placed down, to which, successively, stone by stone, all other blocks were hewn in turn from bottom to top.

The stones were selected so that they fit a little (so as not to cut off a lot). The work of laying the stones had to be divided into three sequences.

The first is to prepare the stone for the chopping.

To do this, small solid stones-hammers (the size of a large apple) manually tapped a stone block from two opposite sides. It was the hardest work. With each blow, only a small piece broke off from the block. It was necessary to make protrusions on the side faces, for which (as for mounting loops) a stone block could be hooked (with rope, and preferably with leather braided thick ropes) and hung either on one or two wooden consoles. To do this, it was necessary to make a large "wooden swing" over the wall under construction. Which, according to the time of construction, moved along the wall (as today a tower crane moves along the wall of a house under construction).

The second phase consisted in the most important thing - the process of cutting the stone. The phrase “stone cutters” has survived to this day (and this profession still remains in some places).

A block of stone, fixed and suspended from the mounting ledges, was slowly lowered by swinging on the consoles - “swings”.

Time after time with each pass, a layer was removed by a millimeter (or less) from the rubbing (lower and upper contact) blocks. All the protruding faces of the mating stones were grinded in turn.

Thus, the density of masonry stone blocks was achieved. Neighboring blocks became lapped and almost "monolithic". It took several hours or even days to cut one stone on a swing.

In order for the process of tessa to go faster, stone weight plates (“weights”) could also be placed on top of the rocking stone. This load at the same time pulled out the elastic leather slings, and slightly lowered the rocking stone down. So that the lower stone would not “fidget” during the cut, it was propped up with spacer logs. When the block fitted with a hemp sat in its “nest”, then the third operation began - the finishing of the block.

The third phase consisted of a rough polishing of the exterior.

The procedure is quite laborious. Again, manually, with stones round like a ball, they removed the mounting ledges on which the block hung, and, tapping on the seams between the connection of the stones, they made a “groove” along the joints. After that, the stones acquired a convex beautiful shape. It can be seen that the strict outer surface of the stones is dotted with small potholes from many blows.

Sometimes the mounting tabs for the slings were not cut down. It is possible that these stones (wall) could be lifted and shifted to another place. Or cut down, but not all completely. For example, in the pictures of polygonal masonry, it can be seen that on other blocks, the mounting ledges were not completely cut down.

From the remains of the ledges, one can understand how the stone was hung.

Also, with flat stone slabs, by swinging them on a “swing”, they could hew the outer side of the wall, giving it the desired slope, while significantly reducing the amount of manual labor of processors.

Huge blocks that were placed in the lower rows at the base of the walls, of course, no one was swinging on the "swing".

The faces of these huge megaliths were polished individually with narrow, flat stone slabs. Some of them, at the end of the tesa process, put each other on top of each other (see picture) - three, four flat slabs stand on top of each other between huge blocks. After grinding, the entire structure of hewn blocks and slabs was shifted together.

Similarly, large stone blocks suspended on "swings" were hewn and polished by huge megalith foundations in South America, Egypt, Greece, Baalbek, the Mediterranean countries and Asia.

“The new is the well-forgotten old.” (Jacques Pesche, 1758-1830).

By the contour (radius) of processing, for example, by the depth of the arc of the articulation of stone blocks, it is possible to determine the length of the mounting slings on which the stone swayed during the cut.

If the articulation of the blocks is horizontal (when large megaliths were hewn at the base), it means that the slings of the plates for the hex were assembled not on one “hook” (at one point), but on two different consoles. So that a heavy stone beam for a tesa does not work like a pendulum, but more like a big “planer”.

On a swing (a pendulum with a weight), they could also lift strong, special cutting configuration stones “cutters” - to give the hewn blocks any desired shape (in the vertical, and with lateral protrusions and in the horizontal plane).

The secret of dense masonry, which has troubled the minds of modern researchers for many years, I believe, is open. But the skill of the ancient builders, who built majestic structures with their mind and hands, will remain an object of admiration for all time.

Some building technologies of the ancient inhabitants of the planet still cause surprise, admiration and ongoing controversy of contemporaries. One of them is polygonal masonry, which is widespread in the ancient cities of South America. Despite the fact that official history attributes these objects to Indian civilizations, a number of researchers, not without reason, doubt this.

An example of polygonal masonry, Ollantaytambo, Peru

Polygonal masonry is a special type of masonry, in which stone blocks do not have regular geometric shapes, but are arbitrary and at the same time are perfectly joined to each other. The stones adjoin each other very tightly, and even today, hundreds and thousands of years after the construction of these walls, it is impossible to insert even a razor blade between them.

The shape of the blocks, the safety of these walls and the quality of the joints are simply amazing.

Examples of such buildings can be found in different parts of the world, but most of them are in Peru, in the ancient cities of the Incas. Despite the fact that the Andes is a territory of increased seismicity, the foundations of buildings and fortress walls, made using the technique of polygonal masonry, are perfectly preserved here. At the same time, no one particularly monitors their condition, does not protect them from atmospheric precipitation and does not carry out restoration, as is often done with respect to other outstanding architectural monuments. But their faces are still ideally adjacent to each other, and the strength of the masonry is beyond doubt. They can be seen in Ollantaytambo, Tiwanaku, Machu Picchu and, of course, Cusco.

Polygonal masonry in the historical part of Cusco is found at every step

Cusco was the capital of the mighty Inca empire, but even today there is a city in its place, which is very popular among tourists. Cusco is very peculiar, largely due to the numerous architectural monuments that have been preserved here since the time of the Incas. In this ancient city and its environs, there are many structures built using polygonal masonry, they are literally everywhere. In addition, in Cusco there are quite modern buildings that are built on ancient foundations, and it looks just amazing.

One of the streets in Cusco

According to the official version, the ancient Indians cut down multi-ton stone blocks in the rocks, and then transported them to the construction site. The blocks were of different sizes and arbitrary shapes, and already in place they were adjusted to each other so that there were tight joints between them. Well, over time, the ancient builders learned how to cut stone blocks of the correct geometric shape, and the labor-intensive technology of polygonal masonry gradually lost its popularity.

Ollantaytambo, Peru

But this version has quite a few critics. Skeptics point to the fact that next to high-quality polygonal masonry, one can often find coarser and less accurate masonry, which, in their opinion, was just built by the Incas. The Indians simply took advantage of the quality foundation that was made by the previous civilization. There are a lot of examples of such buildings, and there are even those where signs of at least three different building techniques are clearly visible.

Such buildings can be seen in the city of Cusco
The difference in wall laying technique is visible to the naked eye

Other researchers believe that it was possible to obtain such an unusual masonry using mortars, by analogy with concrete technology. That is, the ancient builders built these stones of arbitrary shape right on the spot, pouring the next rows of blocks as the walls were built.

Some researchers went even further and suggested that such structures could have been built during the existence of an ancient civilization unknown to science, which possessed unique technologies. Despite all efforts, no other traces of this outstanding civilization could be found, and the walls with polygonal masonry are in no hurry to part with their secrets.

As other examples of polygonal masonry, examples of buildings from the times of Ancient Greece or the Middle Ages are often cited, but many of them are inferior in quality and craftsmanship to Peruvian masterpieces, which indicates a fundamentally different origin of these technologies.

Delphi, an ancient Greek building. The polygonal masonry performed by the ancient Greeks is very different in quality from the buildings in the Andes, and grass has long been growing between the joints.

But the buildings with polygonal masonry, located on the mysterious Easter Island, are quite comparable with the fortresses and temples of the ancient inhabitants of Peru and Bolivia.

Example of polygonal masonry, Easter Island

Be that as it may, interest in these structures is only increasing, and the number of versions of their origin is multiplying with each new expedition. The official version of historians is clearly not enough to explain such a strange building style, so more and more incredible hypotheses continue to appear - from alien intelligence and giant people to civilizations of gods that possessed laser cutting technologies. Perhaps modern devices or the latest methods of analysis will help unravel this mystery, which will finally give an answer to the question of how the ancient builders managed to build such high-quality walls from multi-ton blocks of absolutely incredible shape.

For hundreds, maybe thousands of years, the mystery of dense polygonal (polygonal stones) masonry has tormented the minds of many generations of researchers and scientists. Well, tell me, how can you lay stone blocks so that there is no gap between them?

Before the creations of the ancient builders, modern scientific thought was powerless. In order to somehow maintain authority in the eyes of the public, in the publication "Science" of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1991, a book by Professor and Doctor of Historical Sciences from St. Petersburg Yu. Berezkin "Incas. The Historical Experience of the Empire. Here is what Russian science writes: “It must be said that although the cyclopean buildings of the Incas are mentioned episodically in the “new” myths characteristic of our time (unknown highly developed technology, space aliens, etc.), in this case the plots did not receive special distribution. All too well known are the quarries where the Incas cut the blocks and the paths along which the stones were transported to the sites. Only the legend that a needle cannot be inserted between the plates is stable - they fit so tightly. Although there are really no gaps between the blocks now, the reason here lies not in careful fitting, but simply in the natural deformation of the stone, which filled all the cracks over time. Inca masonry as such is quite primitive: the blocks of the lower row were adjusted to fit the upper ones, acting by trial and error.

If this long book "scientific" text of the Academy of Sciences is compressed to the "dry residue", then the "scientific thought" will be as follows: "the stone blocks themselves were so compressed over time." Well, how can one not recall the words of an ancient Chinese sage in the 6th century BC. Lao Tzu: “Smart people are not learned; scientists are not smart."

Before telling how it all happened, it should be noted that the life of our ancestors was much more difficult. In those days, there was not yet much knowledge accumulated. People strained their minds more than they relied on memory. In everyday affairs, they used available simple materials. And modern, not rare: "Pseudo-scientific nonsense of scientists in a robe and cap" - XVII century, Molière- could not overshadow the natural mind and ingenuity of people. But enough jokes about modern "scientists" ...

Yet, how did people in ancient times achieve such perfection?

Let's remember ourselves in childhood.

Have you ever rolled large round lumps of wet snow, built a fortress out of them, or at least a snowman? What did you do about it?

You put the biggest clods down and put the smaller clods on top of them, which were easier to lift. And so that the upper ones do not fall, you rub them a little against each other, moving back and forth.

Now let's take a closer look at the pictures of ancient stone buildings, notice their external features and think about how all this was done ...

So, the first large block of stone is placed down, to which, successively, stone by stone, all other blocks were hewn in turn from bottom to top.

The stones were selected so that they fit a little (so as not to cut off a lot). The work of laying the stones had to be divided into three sequences.

The first is to prepare the stone for the chopping.

To do this, small solid stones-hammers (the size of a large apple) manually tapped a stone block from two opposite sides. It was the hardest work. With each blow, only a small piece broke off from the block. Should have done protrusions on the side edges, for which (as for mounting loops) it would be possible to hook a stone block (rope, and preferably leather braided thick ropes) and hang either on one or two wooden consoles. To do this, it was necessary to make a large "wooden swing" over the wall under construction. Which, according to the time of construction, moved along the wall (as today a tower crane moves along the wall of a house under construction).

The second phase consisted in the most important thing - the process of stone cutting. The phrase “stone cutters” has survived to this day (and this profession still remains in some places).

A block of stone, fixed and suspended from the mounting ledges,

swinging on the consoles - "swings", slowly lowered.

Time after time with each pass, a layer was removed by a millimeter (or less) from the rubbing (lower and upper contact) blocks. All the protruding faces of the mating stones were grinded in turn.

Thus, the density of masonry stone blocks was achieved. Neighboring blocks became lapped and almost "monolithic". It took several hours or even days to cut one stone on a swing.

The third phase consisted of a rough polishing of the exterior.

From the remains of the ledges, one can understand how the stone was hung.

Huge blocks that were placed in the lower rows at the base of the walls, of course, no one was swinging on the "swing".

The faces of these huge megaliths were polished individually with narrow, flat stone slabs. Some of them, at the end of the tesa process, put each other on top of each other - three, four flat slabs stand on top of each other between huge blocks. After grinding, the entire structure of hewn blocks and slabs was shifted together.

Similarly, large stone blocks suspended on "swings" were hewn and polished by huge megalith foundations in South America, Egypt, Greece, Baalbek, the Mediterranean countries and Asia. "The new is the well-forgotten old." (Jacques Pesche, 1758-1830).

On a swing (a pendulum with a load) they could also lift strong, special cutting configuration stones “cutters” - to give the hewn blocks any desired shape (in the vertical, and with lateral protrusions and in the horizontal plane).

Garmatyuk Vladimir, Vologda