A lintel is a structural element of the wall, which allows not only to block the opening of a future door or window, but will also carry certain loads. At a minimum, this is the weight of the masonry erected above the upper boundary of the opening, but when the floor slabs rest on the wall, the loads increase many times over.

Based on this, the installation of jumpers in brick walls can be carried out in various options. Using as a visual aid the video in this article on the topic: “Leaning jumpers on a brick wall”, we will talk about the ways to block openings that can be done with self-construction of masonry.

Concrete prefabricated lintels

Since a brick lintel is a rather complex architectural element from a structural point of view, a beginner is unlikely to succeed in doing it right with his own hands. They are arranged only above openings not exceeding two meters wide, and on walls that do not bear loads from ceilings - after all, in terms of bending strength, they cannot compete with reinforced concrete lintels. Therefore, in private construction almost everywhere, even on narrow openings, they are used.

In the assortment of most precast concrete factories, there are lintels for brick walls manufactured according to the 948 standard, which has been in force since 1984. This GOST regulates the manufacture of heavy concrete lintels, specially designed for brick buildings - and not only residential, but also for any other purpose.

They can also be used for installation in openings of walls erected from stones of natural and artificial origin. Category artificial stones, actually applies to the brick itself - and also, all kinds of small-format blocks of ash or autoclaved concrete.

Types and Options

There are four types of lintels for such walls, and they differ in shape and size. For clarity, we will present information arranged in the form of a table about how they look and in what situations they are used.

Product appearance	Purpose, dimensions
	This type of jumper resembles a wooden beam in shape. Its section may be square, but if it is rectangular, then the height is greater than the width - for example: b-120 mm, h-220 mm. That is, in the design position, the bar should stand on the edge. The only option where the size b is larger than h is 120 * 65 mm. But it is only used on non-load-bearing walls. There are a lot of variations in length: starting from 1030 mm, and ending with 5960 mm. The maximum width of PB-type lintels is 250 mm, which means that they are used only in cases where the thickness of the walls does not exceed the length of one brick.
	Lintels of this type are designed for walls whose thickness starts from 1½ bricks. They are always mounted flat, and accordingly, their width is greater than their height. In general, there are only 2 options in width: 380 mm and 510 mm. Height can be 65; 140 and 220 mm. The maximum length is 2980 mm.
	Here we see that, unlike the two previous options, the section of the lintel-beam is not rectangular, but stepped. The protruding shelf is needed so that the floor slab can rest on it. The total width in the section is 250; 380 or 510 mm - according to the thickness of the brick walls. The height of the lintel and the height of the shelf, as well as their proportions, vary considerably. Product length minimum 1550 mm, maximum 5950 mm.
	By configuration, jumper facade type very similar to PG. The only difference between them is that the shelf has recesses at its ends. The drawing shows a top and end view. It shows that the shelf is shorter than the product itself on each side by the value “a”. Such a jumper mounted on the wall is visible from the facade - hence the name. A shortened shelf is needed in order to be able to block the opening with a quarter.

Note! Bar and slab lintels are interchangeable. Where, for example, one plate 2PP17-5 is needed, the size of which is 380 * 140 * 1680 mm, three bars 2PB17-2 can be used. They have the same height and length, only the width is different: 120 mm. Of course, the price of one larger item is lower than the total cost of three smaller items. But there are all sorts of situations - for example: the necessary plate-type jumpers are not available.

The nuances of the installation of concrete lintels

The technology for mounting prefabricated reinforced concrete products is extremely simple, and therefore such lintels above windows can be seen much more often than any others. For their installation in the wall, a ledge with a width of at least 25 cm should be provided on each side of the opening. That is, the jumper in length should always exceed its width by half a meter.

All that is needed for installation is a truck crane that will lift a concrete beam or slab and lower it onto a support heel in the wall. On it, as in the case of laying bricks, a mortar is spread before installing the jumper. The horizontal position of the structure is verified by the level along the bottom face.

Sometimes the prefabricated option cannot be selected according to the width of the opening, and for walls of 2.5 bricks, ready-made concrete lintels are not produced at all. In such cases, formwork is installed over the openings, a frame is knitted from the reinforcement, and the lintels are poured in a monolithic way. How it looks like is clearly seen in the example above. Shown here is the usual removable formwork, but there are other options.

For example, to fill a monolithic lintel, you can use concrete or ceramic U-blocks, which are used as fixed formwork. In all respects, they correspond to a conventional lintel, but they have a cavity in which reinforcement is laid and concrete is poured.

Jumpers made of metal

Sometimes it is much easier and cheaper to install not a reinforced concrete jumper, but a metal one. For example, if this doorway, or a small window. When the walls are not thick, or it's just a brick cladding, one or two channels, or corners with a wide shelf, are more than enough.

Take, for example, a frame-brick house, which we see in the photo above. Here, the masonry does not carry loads from the weight of the building - they fall on the frame, the cells of which are filled with bricks.

Here, a reinforced concrete lintel is generally useless, and no one will lay them out of brick in a multi-storey building. It takes too much time, and besides, it requires the involvement of masons with higher qualifications.

The advantage of rolled metal jumpers is that they are lightweight, costly, and you can always cut off the length you need. And one more thing: it is possible to block the opening with rolled metal in such cases when it is impossible to install any other jumper. For example: a new opening is cut out in the wall of an operating building, or an old opening is expanded.

Important! Let us draw your attention to the fact that metal lintels do not suit the walls on which the slabs rest. There should be only reinforced concrete structures. Otherwise, lintels in brick walls made of rolled metal are a very convenient and practical solution.

Since metal tends to bend under heavy load, and the masonry that will be above the wall is very heavy; supports are arranged for the lintels. The support posts are removed when the mortar has gained full strength, and the masonry itself can carry its own weight.

The selection of rolled metal for jumpers, in projects, is carried out on the basis of calculation, but private traders working “by eye” should remember that a margin of safety never hurts.

Brick lintels

Lintels brick are not only constructive, but also an interesting architectural element of the building. We have already said that they can only be used where there is no support for floor slabs. As for openings more than two meters wide, on which brick lintels are usually not made, then there is an excellent way out of the situation.

Not so long ago, metal consoles for the construction of brick lintels appeared on the domestic building materials market. You can see what they look like in the photo above. Consoles are usually used when facing a building with bricks.

They are mounted to the main wall along the top of the opening, and interconnected by a shelf. Clamps hang from it, which are laid in the vertical seams between the bricks, and actually reinforce the entire structure. Consoles increase the strength of the lintel, and take on the weight of the overlying masonry, which allows you to cover the opening of any width.

This is still a new technology, and we think that in small cities and towns, such consoles are not always found. Therefore, the traditional options for arranging brick jumpers have not yet been canceled.

Constructions of brick lintels

There are only four options for brick lintels that differ in shape. Among them are ordinary and arched lintels, among which there are wedge-shaped, arched and vaulted ones. The construction of ordinary and arched structures has fundamental differences.

Features of ordinary jumpers

The simplest constructively are ordinary jumpers. They are laid out from a single solid brick- sometimes five or six horizontal rows high. For the device of such a jumper, it is required to build a formwork supported by temporary racks.

It looks like this. A layer of mortar is laid out at the bottom of the formwork and three reinforcement bars with a diameter of 6 mm are sunk in it. The length of the rods should be such that it is possible to leave free ends. This is necessary so that they can go around the nearest bricks in the opening.

As in the case of hinged consoles, for this you can purchase a ready-made lintel reinforcement system. It consists of frames, reinforcing bars and fittings with triangular teeth bent at 45 degrees. They are arranged in a checkerboard pattern, which makes it possible to fix the bar with high quality.

The fittings themselves are galvanized, which eliminates the possibility of metal corrosion. The frames are designed so that you can expand the reinforced area at your own discretion - this already depends on the thickness of the wall masonry.

Brick arches in the opening

This type of lintels is already interesting in that they are laid out of a wedge-shaped brick. That is, in cross section it is not a rectangle, but a trapezoid. What it looks like and what dimensions it has can be seen in the presented photo.

There are no special dimensional variations here - it only happens that the width of the narrower side is not 45, but 55 mm. As you can see, wedge brick differs from ordinary brick in almost all respects.

They also lay it out along the formwork - only this is not a direct structure, but a curvilinear template, thanks to which the jumper will take a given shape. Bricks are laid according to the markup, on a narrow end. Template marking is done in order to calculate the number of wedges so that they get an odd number.

Naturally, the thickness of the seams must be taken into account. They are obtained in different thicknesses: from below 0.5 cm, from above 2.5 cm. Laying of bricks starts from the edges of the lintel to the center, with a slight slope to create a spacer. Due to the wedge-shaped shape of the brick, it is very convenient to lay out arches of various types from it.

Since, when laying them, the brick is located vertically, the rows in the masonry are not counted as usual, but horizontally. An odd number of elements is needed for symmetry: identical arcs on the sides - and one central (castle) wedge.

It is very important that the seams are completely filled during masonry, otherwise the elements may shift in the lintel, which will greatly reduce the strength of the structure. Finally, we note that for the high-quality construction of brick lintels, you need not just instructions in theory, but a good master class.

Architectural and structural elements of walls

expansion joints

Finishing the outer surfaces of the walls

Balconies, bay windows, loggias

Separate supports

1. The surface of the wall has vertical and horizontal articulations, which are its main elements. Horizontal articulations are formed with the help of a plinth, cornices and corbels, vertical - with the help of pilasters (wall thickenings) or rafters. The wall surface has openings (windows and doors) and piers (sections of walls between openings). Prostenkom called the part of the wall located between the openings. In the piers, as a rule, they leave (ledges) quarters. The side planes of the walls are called slopes. The openings of brick buildings are covered with lintels.

The walls may be local thickenings semi-columns in the form of a vertical protrusion of a semicircular section; pilasters in the form of a vertical ledge of rectangular section; raskrepki - vertical thickening (up to 250 mm) long section of the wall.

The upper part of the walls can be completed by a parapet or gable in the form of a protrusion of a triangular shape, framed by a cornice, or a tong (the upper part at the end wall of a triangular or trapezoidal shape).

Parapet - a rectangular wall above the eaves 0.7-1m high, enclosing the roof.

Gable - triangular wall covering the attic space when gable roof and framed on all sides by a cornice. The same wall, but without a cornice is called forceps.

Lower part of the outer walls is called the plinth. Plinths have a height of at least 0.5 m and serve to protect the walls from destruction by splashes and precipitation and accidental mechanical damage. Plinths are made of durable materials. The top of the basement is usually at the level of the floor of the first floor.

There are main types of plinths:

From selected burnt bricks with jointing or plastered with cement mortar;

Lined or lined with natural stone;

Tiled with natural or artificial materials;

Undercut from concrete blocks, having a smaller thickness than the outer wall.

Fig.2.18. Plinths of brick walls

a - from selected bricks;

6 - plastered;

in- lined with natural stone

G- tiled;

d- undercut.

cornice called a horizontal protrusion from the plane of the walls. The top cornice is called crowning or main. It diverts flowing water from the walls and at the same time has architectural significance. Most often, prefabricated reinforced concrete cornices from cantilever slabs, reinforced in masonry with anchors, are used. With small overhangs of no more than half the thickness of the wall, the cornices are made by overlapping rows brickwork solid brick.

The facades of the building are divided in height by intermediate cornices - they are called belts. Small cornices above doors and windows are called sandriks. Above the main cornice are parapets and pediments.

Hollow holes in walls are called niches. Protrusions with an inclined front face used as a counter to horizontal loads on the wall are called buttresses.

The change in the thickness of the walls in height at the level of interfloor ceilings is carried out by ledges called cutoffs. The ledges formed by changing the thickness of the walls along their length are called creasing.

The structure that covers the opening from above is called jumper.

Distinguish between load-bearing and non-bearing jumpers. A carrier is called a jumper, which, in addition to its own weight and above the underlying masonry, carries a load from floor elements or other structures.

According to the type of material, jumpers are reinforced concrete, steel and brick. Reinforced concrete lintels, assembled from standard reinforced concrete bars, the number of which depends on the wall thickness, and the cross-sectional dimensions of the opening width and load, have found the greatest use in mass construction. The length of the bars is chosen with the expectation that their ends are laid into the piers by at least 125 mm in non-bearing lintels and at least 250 mm in the bearing ones.

Brick lintels are ordinary and arched. Ordinary ones are ordinary masonry on mortars of increased grades, folded over openings, usually in the form of a continuous belt, the height of the masonry must be at least 4 rows of bricks and at least 1 quarter of the width of the opening.

To perform masonry in the openings, a temporary formwork is arranged, along which a layer of mortar 20-30 mm thick is spread, steel rods with a diameter of 5 mm are laid in this layer for every 130 mm of wall thickness. The rods must have hooks at the ends and be inserted into the piers by at least 250 mm. Ordinary jumpers are used over openings with a width of not more than 2 meters.

Arched lintels - they are distinguished by strength and durability, due to the laboriousness in manufacturing, they require soaking in the formwork and the consumption of timber for its installation. The laying of stones in the lintels is led to the edge in oblique rows with wedge-shaped seams between them, the number of rows is always odd, the middle row is called castle, because when it is destroyed, the arch loses its strength. The plane of contact of the arch with the supports is called fifth.

Straight lintel is a kind of arched and is used with an opening width of not more than 2 meters.

Fig.2.20. Jumpers a and b - from prefabricated reinforced concrete bars; in - ordinary; G- arched; d - wedge-shaped;

1-n bearing bars; 2 - carrier bar; 3 - fittings; 4- solution layer; 5- jumper support - "heel"

2 .Through vertical gaps left in the walls and filled with elastic material are called expansion joints.

Expansion joints are:

- temperature, cutting the wall from the upper edge of the foundation to the cornice and located from each other, depending on the design of the wall and climatic conditions, at a distance of 30 to 150 m.

- sedimentary, starting from the base of the foundation and ending along the top of the eaves. They cut the building into sections. They are located at the junction of parts of the building of different heights to each other or when laying the foundation at the boundaries of the plots. In most cases, these seams are combined.

Rice. 2.21. Expansion seams - in a brick wall adjoining in a quarter; b - in a brick wall adjoining to the sheet pile; c - with a compensator made of roofing steel in a small-block wall; I- caulking resin tow; 2 - only; 3 - steel compensator

3 .The most widespread are the following types exterior finish:

1. lining of stone walls with bricks;

3. facing with ceramic products;

4. facing with concrete slabs;

5. cladding with natural stone slabs;

6. lining with stone slabs on finished walls;

7. plastering of external walls.

4. Balconies, loggias and bay windows are an important functional element of the planning solution of buildings and at the same time an active means of diversity and expressiveness of facade architecture.

Balcony -open area, protruding beyond the plane outer wall and fenced with railings. The main part of the balcony is a reinforced concrete slab, cantilevered and anchored in the wall. Sometimes there are balconies on brackets or racks. The floor on the balcony has a slight slope from the wall.

Loggia- a room open towards the facade and enclosed on three sides by capital walls. Loggias protect the premises from insolation, their arrangement is preferably in the south.

Bay window- a glazed ledge in the outer wall of the building, increasing the area of ​​​​the room, as well as access to sunlight. In plan there are trapezoidal, rectangular, triangular. The height is usually performed in several floors.

By design, bay windows are console located at the level of the 2nd floor or attached, i.e. resting on the foundation. The outer railings of the bay window are usually the same as those of the wall.

Bay windows are located in the northern areas or walls oriented to the north.

building

Fig.2.22. Balcony (a), bay window (b), loggia (c)

5 . The following are used as separate supports in buildings:

Brick pillars (minimum section 380x510 mm with significant loads reinforced with mesh);

Reinforced concrete columns;

Racks made of asbestos-cement pipes filled with reinforcement and concrete

Runs (beams) are called horizontal structural elements that perceive vertical and horizontal loads and elements on which floor slabs rest.

Questions for self-control

1. Name the main architectural and structural elements of the walls and define them.

2. The rule for the selection of load-bearing lintels in walls of small-sized elements.

3. Appointment and arrangement of balconies, loggias and bay windows.

It is difficult to imagine suburban construction without such material as brick. Almost any structure can be built from it, it is suitable for foundations, external and internal walls, chimneys and much more. In this article we will talk about the rules and intricacies of brickwork.

But first, let's remind readers what this material is and how not to make a mistake in choosing when buying it. So, according to the composition, the brick is divided into ceramic and silicate. The first is made from clay by firing at high temperatures, the second is made from a mixture of lime and quartz sand with autoclaving under pressure.

Ceramic brick, in turn, is divided into ordinary (construction), front (facing) and special. The private is intended for erecting walls for subsequent finishing (for example, plastering). Facing is distinguished by a higher surface quality and color uniformity. It, as the name implies, serves a decorative purpose. Special building ceramics is represented by refractory fireclay bricks, which are used for laying fireplaces, stoves and chimneys.

Building bricks can be solid and hollow (effective). Solid is a solid ceramic bar. Hollow has recesses or holes that increase the resistance to heat transfer. Simply put, the walls of it are much warmer than those of ordinary brick. But the presence of voids does not mean that an effective brick cannot be relied upon. So, GOST 530-2007 does not divide products by strength into hollow and solid.

To understand what kind of load a material can withstand, you need to pay attention to its marking. Strength is denoted by the letter M and a numerical code from 100 to 300. For example, the M 100 brand indicates that this product is designed for a load of 100 kg per 1 cm 3. For the walls of a cottage with a height of 2-3 floors, this is enough.

Frost resistance is another important parameter indicating how many times a brick will withstand a freeze and thaw test. Usually they put a note: "frost resistance is not less than ... (25-50) cycles." The outer wall can only be built from bricks, the frost resistance of which is at least 50 cycles.

The range of products is small. Bricks of domestic production can be single (250 x 120 x 65 mm), one and a half (250 x 120 x 88 mm) and double (250 x 120 x 138 mm). Foreign companies offer a wider choice. Particularly popular are imported products with geometric parameters of 210 x 100 x 50 (65) and 240 x 115 x 52 (71) mm.

Each side of this building module has its own name. Two large planes are the upper and lower beds. Long end faces are called spoon faces, and short ones are called bond faces. The way the brick lies in the masonry determines its type. The wall can be built with a thickness of 250 mm, or in brick (taking into account the dressings, both spoon and bonder edges will be visible), in half-brick (only spoon edges are visible) and in a quarter of a brick (the bed is facing outward).

Solution

Bricks are usually fastened together with a cement-sand mortar. You can make it yourself, but experienced builders strongly recommend purchasing ready-made compositions in which all proportions are carefully observed and there are special additives that increase adhesion, frost resistance, etc. Consistency is also very important. Too liquid mass will flow into the voids of the brick, and this is not only inconvenient, but also uneconomical. Thick is very difficult to evenly distribute and level.

You can determine the mobility of the solution by lowering the so-called reference cone onto it and seeing how deep it sinks (on average, from 7 to 14 cm). For a hollow brick, a mixture with a mobility of no more than 7-8 cm of cone draft is needed, and for a solid brick - about 12-14 cm.

masonry work

Masonry work is recommended to be carried out at a temperature not lower than +5 0 C, since in the cold the solution does not set, but freezes. The base on which the brickwork is made must be sufficiently strong, stable and even. It is important to isolate it from moisture from the side of the foundation so that there is no capillary suction.

Remember that even within the same batch, products may differ slightly in color, so it would be wise to order them immediately for the entire volume of construction, or at least for interconnected sections of the house. To hide the difference in shades, during laying it is better to take bricks mixed from 3-4 pallets and make sure that the bricks from one pallet lie diagonally.

Note: Joints in masonry must be filled in such a way that rainwater can flow freely down the wall.

You need to start work with markings indicating the contours of the walls and corners. In order not to have to split the bricks, it is better to proceed from the length of the brick itself plus the width of the connecting seam - 10 mm. The easiest way to check the correctness of the calculations is to lay out a series of "dry". Further work is carried out in compliance with the scheme (ligation) of the seams, according to which the brick of the upper row must necessarily close the gap between the bricks of the lower one. Only in this way can a solid brickwork be created with the correct load distribution over the entire wall.

Unfortunately, during the construction of a house, builders often neglect the work of jointing: they do it poorly, and sometimes they don’t do it at all. This greatly reduces the life of the masonry, and sometimes even leads to the sudden destruction of the wall. A recessed or open seam allows rain moisture to accumulate on the open shelves of the front brick. It seeps in, accumulates, and freezes in cold weather and gradually destroys the masonry. Obviously, such a wall will not stand idle for a long time, even if it is made of the highest quality material. Major manufacturers of building ceramics and masonry mortars strongly recommend completely filling the space between bricks. There are several methods for jointing, but in any case, it is undesirable to close the seam when the mortar has already hardened, since the new mortar will have to seize with the old one. This does not always work out, and it is likely that the solution added to the seam will fall off over time.

Each brick is knocked out with a trowel handle and carefully leveled. To ensure the horizontal position of the masonry and the consistency of the thickness of the seams, they install (strictly vertically, along a plumb line) slats-orders, to which a thin and strong cord is attached. It is on him that the builder is guided during the laying of the first row. Further, lighthouses (higher corner parts of the wall) are brought out along the orders. The cord is then pulled for each row of masonry. Fasten it with nails, fixing them in a fresh seam.

Masonry technology directly depends on the density of the solution. Rigid (7-9 cm draft of the cone) involves working with a clamp with full filling and subsequent jointing. The solution is applied 10-15 mm from the front surface of the wall and leveled with a trowel in the direction from the previously laid brick. Then, a part of the building mass is raked to its vertical edge with a trowel edge. The new brick is lowered onto the mortar and pressed against the previous one, holding the plane of the trowel between their ends, and then it is sharply pulled out. The brick is leveled, and the excess mixture is removed with a trowel.

Back-to-back masonry is used when working with a movable mortar (12-14 cm of cone draft) and it is performed with incomplete filling of the seams, that is, emptying. In this case, the solution is raked from the bed directly with the edge of the brick, starting at a distance of 8-12 cm from the previously laid one, and gently pushed towards it. Thus, a sufficient amount of mortar remains on the bonding side, which ensures a good vertical joint. Then the brick is pressed, leveled and the excess mortar is removed.

With a solution mobility of 10-12 cm, the cone sediments use the masonry end-to-end with pruning. This method is a combination of the previous two. The solution is applied in the same way as when laying, but the connection is made end-to-end. In this case, the wall is obtained with full filling of the seams.

It is very important to monitor the uniformity of the distribution of the solution, because the density and strength of the seam depends on this. When laying the spoon row, the mixture is applied with a layer 80-100 mm wide, for the bond row - 200-220 mm. The thickness of the mortar beds should be 15-20 mm. This provides optimal thickness seam - about 10 mm.

If the laying is done in half or a quarter of a brick (for example, for internal walls), it must be reinforced. Usually, a metal mesh or reinforcing wire is used for this, which is placed in the seams after 4-6 rows.

In any case, the quality of the masonry must be constantly monitored. The geometric correctness of the corners is checked with a wooden square, and the horizontal and vertical rows are checked with a level and a plumb line. This must be done at least twice per 1 m of wall height. If small deviations are found, they can be eliminated during further laying. It is impossible to move the bricks when the mortar has already set.

After 3-4 rows are laid out, it is necessary to cut the seams, that is, fill them with a solution. This is necessary not only to give them an attractive appearance. Water will not collect in the cut seams, they can better withstand temperature changes, but most importantly, the additional mortar provides complete protection for the brick. If this is neglected, atmospheric moisture will begin to penetrate into the pores of the ceramic modules and destroy them. Vacuum laying, that is, without subsequent filling of the seam, is possible only when the wall is supposed to be plastered.

The seams are sealed with the help of jointing - a tool with a working part of a particular configuration. Depending on its shape, a recessed, convex, concave, triangular two-cut or other seam shape is obtained. However, for these purposes, you can use a simple rubber tube of a suitable diameter. The seam is filled with mortar, and then the tool is placed perpendicular to the plane of the wall and carried out with little effort. First, the vertical seams are embroidered, and then the horizontal ones. The seam should not be deepened more than 2 mm from the front surface of the brick. And it is very important to clean off the remains of the mortar from the wall before it hardens. Then it will be much more difficult to do so.

Helpful Hints: For pillars and other supporting and enclosing structures, only frost-resistant bricks that can withstand at least 50 freeze-thaw cycles can be used. The masonry must be isolated from the foundation, and the upper rows must be protected from precipitation by means of metal caps. The minimum thickness of the pillar is one brick. But of course, the determining factor is the loads placed on the column. The larger they are, the more massive the masonry

The construction of brick buildings always takes a lot of time. In between works, it is necessary to cover the upper part of the wall with a film. Unfortunately, builders often forget about this rule, which leads to sad consequences. Atmospheric moisture penetrates deep into the material and slowly but surely destroys it.

Jumpers

Usually, reinforced concrete lintels are installed above window and door openings, but in some cases brick can be dispensed with. Such a window or door will look much more beautiful, however, the builders will need much more time and effort, which, of course, will affect the cost of the work. To create an ordinary brick lintel, a plank formwork is made, mortar is applied to it and reinforcement is laid. The ends of the steel wire are released beyond the opening by 250 mm and bent around the brick. The height of ordinary jumpers is 5-6 rows of masonry with a width of openings of 1.5-2.0 m. The masonry is carried out in compliance with the dressing of vertical seams along and across the wall. Formwork can be removed only after the masonry has gained sufficient strength, that is, on average, after 12-24 days (depending on the outside temperature).

Wedge jumpers do not require the use of reinforcement, but their implementation is even more time consuming. Masonry is carried out along the formwork from two sides, placing bricks at an angle, which is determined by a rather complex formula. In the middle of the opening, the masonry is closed by jamming a hewn brick. The seams are made in the form of a wedge with a thickness of at least 5 mm at the bottom and no more than 25 mm at the top.

vysoly

Brick walls, unfortunately, are often affected by a "disease", not only spoiling appearance masonry, but which over time can lead to its destruction. Her name is efflorescence. Basically, they appear due to the migration of salts from the masonry mortar and the water used. Water-soluble salts are guaranteed to be present in the water with which the mortar is mixed. In addition, when laying a highly absorbent brick with a water absorption of 14% or more, to improve adhesion, it is dipped in water so that it does not then absorb it from the solution. In this case, you can be almost sure that a white coating will form on the wall over time. The use of specialized masonry mixtures (for example, VK plus from QUICK-MIX) will help to avoid this. They do not allow the brick to be saturated with moisture. You can also reduce the amount of moisture seeping through the masonry with the help of water-repellent impregnations - hydro-repellents. Then the water will drain from the brick without penetrating inside. German firms REMMERS and SCHOMBURG, French ZOLAN, Spanish REVETON, domestic BERA-TEX and NPP ROGNEDA produce such funds.

YULIA LESHKEVICH
NOVIY DOM No. 5-6 (2009)

Wall classification

Primary requirements:

Strength and stability;

Must provide the premises with the necessary temperature and humidity conditions;

Must have soundproof properties (depending on the purpose of the room);

Fire resistance (depending on the fire resistance of the building);

Industriality.

In addition, the walls should be of the lowest weight, least cost, and constructed from local materials whenever possible.

According to the type of material, walls are distinguished: stone, wooden and walls made of other materials, including synthetic ones (as an experiment).

Stone walls are divided into:

masonry walls;

Monolithic;

Large panel walls.

The masonry of the walls is made of artificial or natural stones, the seams between which are filled with mortar.

Brick walls, according to their structure, are divided into:

Homogeneous walls made of ordinary bricks, or light building bricks;

Lightweight and non-homogeneous walls, in which part of the brickwork is replaced by other materials or an air gap.

The most common brick is ordinary (solid) or silicate. The thickness of homogeneous walls is a multiple of 1/2 bricks:

- ½ brick - 120 mm;

1 ½ bricks - 380 mm;

2 bricks - 510 mm;

2 ½ bricks - 640 mm

3 bricks - 770mm; etc. (half-brick - 120 mm + seam (10 mm) = 130 mm).

The thickness of the horizontal seam is 1.2 cm - while 13 rows of brickwork are 1 m.

In construction practice, 2 types of dressings are mainly used (from a larger number): chain (two-row) and spoon (multi-row).

In buildings over 7 floors, in the corners and at the intersections of the outer and inner walls, steel anchor ties are installed. They must enter each of the adjoining walls by at least 1m.

In low-rise buildings, as well as in the upper floors of multi-storey buildings, hollow and light (porous) bricks or lightweight masonry should be used for laying external walls.

The most common types of lightweight brick walls:

- brick walls

Solid horizontal rows give the wall strength, but worsen its thermal performance (cold bridges). Apply - at their height no more than 2 floors.

- brick and concrete walls

The advantage is that the adhesion of the concrete to the masonry provides a more reliable connection between the brick walls and, in addition, the concrete takes part of the load.

The disadvantage - a large amount of moisture - slows down drying, increased labor intensity and difficulty in the production of work in winter.

- walls with thermal pads

The connection between the walls - after 3-5 rows - steel staples (from strips) or bonded rows of masonry.

Thermal liners - foam concrete, foam silicate, xylolithosilicate, etc. The advantage is less moisture and the possibility of working in winter.

well masonry walls

Wells are filled with backfill, lightweight concrete, or lightweight concrete liners. The jigging is provided by horizontal diaphragms through 400, 500 in height from the brickwork mortar.

- brick walls with insulation from heat-insulating boards or panels

The slabs are attached to the brickwork with wire staples. With this solution, there is no need to do plastering.

-air gap walls

When a closed air layer remains in the masonry, due to the expanded seam, the thickness is up to 50 mm. This saves bricks, mortar and reduces the thickness and weight of the wall. Tychkovye rows every 6 spoonfuls.

- walls made of ceramic stones (semi-slotted)

Available in 1 ½, 2 brick or 2 ½ brick thickness. They are stacked with pokes (slots perpendicular to the heat flow) - hence the chain masonry (Fig. 27.).

- walls made of small lightweight concrete stones

Compared to brick - the same thermal performance with a smaller thickness, but less strength.

- natural stone walls

It is rational only if there are rocks with a porous structure in the construction area, which are strong enough and easily processed.

Limestones - shell rocks (northern Black Sea region), Inkerman limestone (Crimea).

Masonry: chain and three-fold spoon. The walls do not require external plaster.

Stone houses are gradually giving way to semi-prefabricated buildings, but still remain one of the most common types of multi-storey buildings that contribute to the diversity of urban development.

Stone materials with a large volumetric mass have high thermal conductivity, and therefore, for technical reasons, they have to be made of considerable thickness - from 38 to 77 cm, which causes an increase in the weight, cost and labor intensity of buildings. The strength of the thin stone walls in the upper floors is not used.

The thickness of the walls in the lower floors of houses above 6 floors is increased to increase their bearing capacity, and in some cases, for this purpose, special local wall thickenings (pilasters) or reinforced concrete columns are arranged in the lower floors, working together with a stone wall.

An increase in the bearing capacity of stone walls and pillars can be achieved by using high-strength materials in the lower floors (brick grades 150-200 with M100 mortar) or by reinforcing the masonry joints with horizontal wire meshes 4-5 mm in diameter.

wooden walls

Currently, there are three systems of typical wooden houses - block-shaped, frame-type and panel.

Foundation walls log houses make up log cabins made of round logs with a diameter of 180-240 mm, and each log with a groove hewn from the bottom side fits on the round surface of the previous log (hump). With lining of a layer of tow of linen or hemp tow or moss.

log cabin they call a rectangular volume, composed of crowns connected at an angle with notches; crown called a row of logs laid around the perimeter of the building. The main types of construction of the corner joint of logs are cuts with a remainder (in a cup) and without a remainder (in a paw).

Walls block houses are made of bars, i.e. logs hewn into four edgings. The thickness of the beams 180 and 150 mm satisfies the climatic conditions of areas with a design t ° outside air not lower than -30 ° С. Log walls in these conditions would have to have a diameter of 200mm. At t°= - 40°С - block wall 180mm, and log wall 220 - 240mm.

The beams are connected to each other on dowels (thorns), and the corners and interfaces with internal walls are assembled using interfaces in a tongue or paw. Tow is laid between the bars.

After mounting the walls, the grooves are caulked. The ends of the floor beams are laid in the corresponding row of beams and fastened with spikes or a notch"dovetail".

frame houses

Frame houses are more progressive than cobbled ones, because. require less wood. Their supporting structure is wooden frame, consisting of racks, section 50 * 80mm, horizontal elements of the same section.

Racks are installed with a modular pitch of 600 mm in the axes and nailed to the lower and upper trims.

Prefabricated panel houses

Shields of external and internal walls usually consist of two layers of boards 16 mm thick, between which insulation is laid in the external walls in several layers of wood-fiber insulating (porous) boards.

Soil walls

porous rocks having a low volumetric weight and easily machinable.

Earth walls are usually built from molded blocks called earth blocks. These include raw and adobe - raw stone (prepared from fatty clay with the addition of organic fibrous material) dried in the sun.

Lime, resin or bitumen are used as stabilizing additives.

Such soil blocks are called terranitic.

Dried soil blocks - sediment 1 -2%;

Poorly dried soil blocks - sediment 4-5%;

Masonry blocks with a thickness of 3/2 stone of soil blocks with limited additives have dimensions of 390 * 190 * 140mm; 330*185* 120mm.

The minimum wall thickness is 50 cm.

Clay wall settlement is 15-18% and can last up to 2 years.

Ground materials include materials used to insulate load-bearing walls are reed slabs, 50-100 mm thick, made of reed stalks, connected with wire; somolite - from bundles of straw tied with wire, like reeds, strolia, i.e. boards obtained by hot pressing from straw or other vegetable fibers, pasted over with paper, porous wood-fiber boards 12-16 mm thick, peat boards from fibrous peat (sphagnum) with the addition of bituminous substances or cellular boards with the addition of synthetic materials.

Finishing the surface of stone walls

When laying brick exterior walls of buildings of class II, the seams on the facades are embroidered with smoothing with an ordinary or colored mortar on white cement, giving the seams a profile of a roller or groove.

Plastering of the facade is allowed only in cases where the walls are made of low-strength, crumbling stones or bricks of insufficient quality.

In some cases, during the construction of public buildings, rusticated facades are used.

In the construction of public buildings of class I and II, claddings made of ceramic materials are used in the form of large facing slabs, laid using intermediate rows using anchor brackets.

Sometimes wall cladding with sheets of asbestos plywood is used, tempered glass, corrugated metal or fiberglass.

Large-sized facing slabs made of precious natural stone or colored weather-resistant concrete are hung on the wall.

The walls of sawn natural stone are finished with a notch or rubbing of the facade surface with steel brushes, which give light vertical scars that improve water flow.

Architectural and structural elements and wall details

Cornices are called horizontal profiled protrusions of the walls. The cornice, located along the top of the wall, is called the crowning, or main.

The amount of protrusion of the cornice beyond the surface of the wall is called the removal of the cornice, or cornice overhang.

In addition to the crowning cornice, intermediate cornices can be arranged, which have a smaller extension and are usually located at the levels of some interfloor ceilings, and sometimes under window openings.

In the latter case, they have an even smaller offset and are called belts.

Sometimes they arrange separate cornices above the openings. Such cornices are called sandriks. Eaves and sandriks in recent years, as a rule, are made of prefabricated blocks.

Cornices divert rain and melt water and thus protect them from moisture.

Sometimes the wall of the building is brought out a little higher than the crowning cornice, forming the so-called parapet. The parapet replaces the railings (railings).

The ledges of the wall during the transition from its greater thickness to its smaller are called cutoffs, which are usually arranged with inside at the level of floors between floors.

The stability of brick walls of great length and height is ensured by the device of narrow vertical thickenings called pilasters.

Pilasters are suitable, in particular, in places where floor or roof elements rest on walls.

The pediment is the front side (the completion of the facade of the building, portico, colonnade).

buttresses pilasters are called, the thickness of which increases downwards, as a result of which their outer face turns out to be inclined.

Sometimes part of the wall comes forward relative to the rest of the plane, forming a ledge outward. Such a thickening is called cleavage. A large protrusion of the wall, which increases the size of the room, is called a risalit.

Jumpers over openings

The openings are covered with lintels that take the load of the overlying masonry, and sometimes the floors, and transfer it to the piers. Previously, wedge-shaped, flat and arched lintels were used in the construction of stone walls.

Bar lintels are used to cover openings in self-supporting walls up to 2.25 m wide, they are made of prefabricated reinforced concrete bars with a cross section equal to the cross section of a brick, taking into account the mortar joint 120x175 and 120x150 mm.

With a width of openings in self-supporting walls of more than 2.25 m, prefabricated reinforced concrete beam lintels are used with a section that is a multiple of the cross section of a brick 120x220, 120x300mm.

In the absence of standard reinforced concrete bars, openings up to 2 m wide are covered with ordinary jumpers. For their device, under the lower row of bricks, reinforcement made of round steel d = 6mm or strip rolling steel is laid.

For openings with a width of more than 2 m or for heavy loads, reinforced stone lintels are sometimes used, which differ from ordinary ones in that round steel frames are laid in the vertical longitudinal seams of the masonry above the openings.

Cornices

The crowning cornice of the brickwork of the wall with a small extension (up to 30 mm and no more than 1/2 of the wall thickness) can be laid out of brick by gradually removing the rows of masonry (by 60-80 mm in each row).

With extensions of more than 300 mm, the cornices are made of prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs cantilevered into the walls.

To ensure the stability of the cornice, the inner ends of the reinforced concrete slabs are covered with longitudinal prefabricated reinforced concrete beams, which are attached to the masonry using steel anchors embedded in it.

The protection of the wall from wetting by rainwater is facilitated by the installation of window sill weirs made of galvanized roofing steel, ceramic tiles or shaped elements made of synthetic materials.

Plinth part of the wall

Performed to protect its lower zone from rain and melt water, as well as from possible mechanical damage during the operation of buildings.

The plinth is made of durable, waterproof, durable materials. The height of the plinth is assumed to be at least 500 mm.

The plinth of brick walls must be laid out from well-burnt ordinary clay bricks.

Silicate and lightweight bricks can only be used for laying the plinth above the waterproofing layer, provided that it is lined on the outside with ordinary clay bricks or other weather-resistant material, for example, reinforced concrete slabs.

Chimneys and ventilation ducts

Chimneys are located in the inner walls of buildings.

In large-block and large-panel buildings, special blocks with vertical voids are provided for this purpose. These walls are adjacent to bathrooms or kitchens. The laying of walls with channels is carried out on clay mortars from well-fired bricks.

expansion joints

Seams are temperature and sedimentary.

Expansion joints are made in long walls to avoid cracks from temperature changes. The distance between them is from 25 to 200 mm, depending on the climate and wall material.

Sedimentary seams are arranged:

At the boundaries of the plots with different loads on the base;

At the boundaries of sites located on heterogeneous soils;

3) on the borders of plots with different development order;

4) in all those cases where uneven settlement of adjacent sections of the building can be expected.

Designs of balconies, bay windows and loggias

A balcony is an open area with fences, taken out of the plane of the outer walls of the building. The composition of the main elements of the balcony: bearing plate, floor construction and fencing.

In buildings with load-bearing external stone walls, balconies are arranged in the form of a cantilevered reinforced concrete slab, securely clamped by the overlying wall, in the form of a slab laid on reinforced concrete consoles or brackets.

Balcony slabs, consoles and brackets must be anchored prior to installation of the overlying wall.

In frame buildings, the rear edge of the balcony slab is supported on the external self-supporting wall to a minimum depth, and the front edge is supported on load-bearing posts or, alternatively, on load-bearing strands (cables or rods) made of stainless steel.

In frame buildings with transverse load-bearing walls, structures are in the form of standing "shelves", consisting of a number of balcony slabs, supported by the rear edge on the load-bearing transverse walls or columns, and the front ones on the racks.

In balconies used in buildings with a narrow span of load-bearing structures, balcony slabs can be supported by cantilever railings located against the load-bearing structures.

Balcony railings are made of metal gratings, the posts of which are embedded in balcony slabs, of flat asbestos-cement or fibrous plastics, of colored reinforced glass and other materials.

Separate supports

Stone pillars are used as intermediate supports inlow-rise buildings. They are built from solid solid bricks. or stone.

Cross section not less than 380x380mm (1.5x1.5 bricks) with mandatorydressing the seams of each row.

To increase the bearing capacitypillars are used, materials (brick grades 150-200 on mortar M100)increased strength and introduce masonry reinforcement with horizontalsteel meshes from rods 4-5 mm with cells 100-150 mm, located in horizontal seams through 2-4 rows of masonry.

Thus, the bearing capacity is increased by 1.5 times.

Stone pillars are often replaced with precast concrete ormonolithic columns.

Foundations for stone walls are columnar, rubble concrete.

An incomplete frame with stone pillars is used in buildings up to 9 floors high. In higher buildings, internal supports (columns) are made of reinforced concrete or metal.

Reinforced concrete double-console columns are placed along the middle and outer rows when using hinged panels of the outer walls.

Columns with a section of 300x300 mm are used for buildings up to 5 floors high; columns with a section of 400x400 mm - for all other cases.

The joints of the columns along the height are carried out with welding of embedded metal parts and monolithic junction.

Materials and types of solid masonry of external stone walls

Brick solid		Hollow brick (modular - 88, solid - 65)
ceramic stones		Lightweight concrete stones
		With slotted voids (whole and half)		Three-hollow (poke and spoon)
Brickwork six-row			Brickwork double row
Ceramic stone masonry	Concrete and natural stone masonry				Concrete masonry with brick lining

Bearing brick walls of solid masonry for buildings up to 14 floors (according to series 2.130-1)

The ordering of the outer wall with the front decorative masonry. multi-row dressing system	Options for parapets and cornices with longitudinal and transverse load-bearing walls
	Variants of decorative facades and facades of multi-row and chain masonry
	Jumper lining	Reinforcement of brick pillars
	Plans for ordering the outer wall with front decorative masonry (multi-row dressing system) and a brick pillar with a cross-sectional area of ​​​​510 × 510
Plinth finish options
	wall corner		Interfacing with an internal wall		Section of the pier
					quarter	quarter to
			without channels	with channels

Ordering the outer wall of effective brick-concrete masonry

Ordering the outer wall	Cornice options
	Fastening of cornice plates
	Lightweight (efficient) masonry
	Well brick-concrete	With insulating inserts		Backfilled with slag or ceramic. gravel
	With vertical diaphragms
	With slab insulation and air gap		Same with reinforced inner carrier layer		Well masonry with insulating backfill and horizontal reinforced diaphragms

		1 - Silicate brick GOST 379-79 on a cement - sand mortar, the thickness of the inner ball is 380-510 mm; 2 - Heat-insulating boards ISOVER brand OL-E or OL-A DSTU 8.2.7.- 38 - 96; 3 - Cement-sand plaster, thickness 20 mm; 4 - Fiberglass; 5 - metal ties made of galvanized steel Ø4 BpI every 0.5 m in wall length and every 5 rows in height; 6 - Small concrete blocks GOST 6133-84; 7 - ISOVER heat-insulating boards of the KL or KL-A brand, 70 mm thick; 8 - Hollow ceramic brick with a density of 1400 kg / m 3 on a cement-sand mortar grade M25; 9 - Lime-sand plaster; 10 - Ordinary clay brick GOST 530-80 on a cement-sand mortar grade M25; 11 - Air gap 20 mm thick; 12 - Heat-insulating boards ISOVER brand KL or KL-A 60 mm thick DSTU 8.2.7. 56 - 96; 13 - Heat-insulating boards with ISOVER windproof cladding of RKL-EJ grade 13 mm thick DSTU 8.2.7. 56 - 96; 14 - Metal ties made of galvanized steel Ø6 AI every 1000mm in length and every 600mm in height.

Ordering the outer wall	Cornice options
	Jumper lining
	Exterior wall masonry with cladding
	From brick together with front brick		From ceramic stones and facing bricks			From bricks and facing ceramic stones
	Made of brick with embedded facing ceramic slabs	Brick and ceramic slabs		Cladding with leaning ceramic tiles on mortar	Made of brick with flat slab cladding (stone, concrete) with lining rows of the same slabs

Vertical ordering of masonry from lightweight concrete stones of the outer wall

Log wall details

Pairing logs in height	Pairing logs along the length
	1 - caulk; 2 - spike; 3 - comb; 4 - groove; 5 - log end processing inner wall for pairing "in a frying pan", "dovetail".
Detail of the construction of the felling of the end of the log for pairing into the paw	Corner connection "with the remainder" cutting "into a cup"

The brick is made in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped with the following dimensions:

The brick has 6 surfaces: 2 poke, 2 spoon and 2 beds.

Designation of brickwork elements

To make this article more informative for you, you need to understand the simple terms inherent in brickwork, the definition of which is presented below.

Brick laying is carried out in horizontal rows. Bricks are laid on the mortar with a wide edge - a bed (there are ways to lay on spoons).

Horizontal seam- a seam between adjacent horizontal rows.

vertical seam- a seam separating the side faces of adjoining bricks. There are transverse and longitudinal.

Inner verst- a row of brickwork that goes to the inner surface.

Front or outer verst- a row of masonry that goes to the outer (facade) side.

Zabutka- rows located between the inner and outer versts.

Spoon row- a row of bricks, which are laid with spoons to the surface of the wall, i.e. long edges.

Tychkovy row- a row of bricks, which are laid with pokes to the surface of the wall, i.e. short edges.

Suture dressing system- a certain order of alternation of spoon and tychkovy rows.

Spoon masonry- masonry, in which the brick is laid with a spoon outward in relation to the front surface of the wall.

bonded masonry- masonry, in which the brick is placed with a poke outward in relation to the front side of the wall.

The width of the brickwork must be a multiple of an odd or even number of halves (1/2) of the brick.

Thickness of brickwork

Depending on climatic conditions, the purpose of the structure and design loads, brickwork can be of the following thickness:

Masonry thickness = total thickness of bricks in masonry + mortar thickness between bricks. An example of laying in 2 bricks: 250 mm + 10mm + 250mm = 510mm

The width of the vertical joint in brickwork when planning dimensions is considered to be 10 mm, but in practice this number varies from 8 to 12 mm.

Masonry in a quarter brick (1/4) - 65 mm

Half-brick laying (1/2) - 120 mm

Masonry in one brick - 250mm

Laying in one and a half bricks (1.5) - 380mm (250 + 10 + 120mm)

Masonry in two bricks - 510 mm (250+10+250mm)

Masonry in two and a half bricks (2.5) - 640 mm (250 + 10 + 250 + 10 + 120mm)

In construction, they are most often used:

1. single (ordinary, standard) brick, which has a height of 65 mm;
2. thickened brick with a height of 88 mm.

The height of the horizontal seam in brickwork when planning the dimensions of the building is considered to be 12 mm, but in practice this number varies from 10 to 15 mm.

When electrical heating of brickwork or its reinforcement, electrodes or a metal mesh are placed in horizontal seams, respectively. In this case, the size of the seam should not be less than 12 mm.

Knowing from which brick (single or thickened) the structure is planned to be erected, you can easily calculate the height of the future structure:

Number of rows of masonry	Construction height, mm
	single brick	thickened brick
1 row (height of 1 brick + height of 1 horizontal seam)	77 (65+12)	100 (88+12)
2 rows (height 2 bricks + height of 2 horizontal seams)	154 (65+12+65+12)	200 (88+12+88+12)
3 rows (height 3 bricks + height of 3 horizontal seams)	231 (65+12+65+12+65+12)	300 (88+12+88+12+88+12)
4 rows (height 4 bricks + height 4 horizontal seams)	308	400
5 rows (height 5 bricks + height 5 horizontal seams)	385	500
6 rows (height 6 bricks + height 6 horizontal seams)	462 and further through 77 mm	600 and further through 100 mm

Height of 10 rows of thickened bricks = Height of 13 rows of single bricks = 1000 mm

In order not to calculate and bring the sketch dimensions to the constructive ones each time, the designer uses the brickwork size table. www.site

dressing systems

In order to combine rows of brickwork into a single solid monolithic structure, seam dressing systems are used. For theory, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with the basic rules of brickwork.

There are ligation of the following vertical seams:

• transverse,
• longitudinal.

The strength and reliability of brickwork largely depends on the quality of the dressing of vertical longitudinal and transverse seams.

Ligation of vertical longitudinal seams is carried out by laying bonded rows and helps to avoid longitudinal destruction of the masonry.

Ligation of vertical transverse seams is performed by alternating spoon and bond rows, and in adjacent rows it is necessary to shift the bricks by a quarter or half. This dressing provides: uniform distribution of the load on the nearest sections of the masonry and the longitudinal interconnection of adjacent bricks, which in turn gives the brickwork solidity and strength with uneven temperature deformations and precipitation.

Suture dressing systems

In construction, the following joint dressing systems are most often used:

• single row or chain;
• multi-row;
• three-row.

Single row system (chain)

Single-row dressing of seams is performed by successive alternation of bonder and spoon rows in compliance with the following rules:

1. The first (lower) and last (upper) rows are laid with pokes.
2. Longitudinal seams in adjacent rows are shifted by 1/2 (half a brick) relative to each other, transverse - by 1/4 (a quarter of a brick).
3. The bricks of the overlying row must necessarily overlap the vertical seams of the underlying row.

With a single-row dressing during the laying process, a large number of incomplete bricks (most often 3/4) will be needed, the cutting of which will entail not only labor costs, but also serious loss of bricks, which will ultimately lead to significant financial investments.

It must be remembered that the chain dressing system is the most labor-intensive, but despite this, it is also more durable and reliable.

Multi-row system

Multi-row ligation of seams is a brickwork laid out in spoon rows, which are tied up in height every 5-6 rows with one tying row. With this dressing system, the following rules must be observed:

1. The first one, which is the bottom row, is placed with pokes.
2. Second row - spoons.
3. The third, fourth, fifth and sixth - with spoons with dressing of seams in 1/2 (half a brick). Do this regardless of the thickness of the wall.
4. Along the width of the wall, the vertical longitudinal seams of the masonry of five rows do not need to be bandaged.
5. The pokes of the seventh row overlap the seams of the sixth spoon row by 1/4 (a quarter of a brick).

Advantages of the multi-row dressing system:

• there is no need for a large number of incomplete bricks;
• most productive;
• allows the use of brick halves for masonry;
• improves the thermal performance of the masonry (this occurs due to increased thermal resistance, located along the path of the heat flow, not bandaged longitudinal seams of five rows).

Flaws:

• the third rule for cutting brickwork is not fully observed;
• strength is less than with single-row dressing;
• cannot be used when laying brick pillars due to incomplete dressing of longitudinal seams.

Three row system

The three-row joint dressing system is used for brickwork of narrow walls and pillars, the width of which does not exceed 1 m.

The main types of suture dressing

Masonry in 1 brick (cross) - option 1

View from the facade	Ligation of sutures

Masonry in 1 brick (cross) - option 2

View from the facade	Ligation of sutures
View from the facade. Dressing 2 and 3 rows of masonry	Inside view. Dressing 2 and 3 rows of masonry

Masonry in 1 brick multi-row

Masonry in 1.5 bricks option 1

View from the facade	Ligation of sutures
View from the facade. Dressing 2 and 3 rows of masonry	Inside view. Dressing 2 and 3 rows of masonry

Masonry in 1.5 bricks. Option 2

View from the facade	Ligation of sutures
View from the facade. Dressing 2 and 3 rows of masonry	Inside view. Dressing 2 and 3 rows of masonry

Masonry in 2 bricks

View from the facade	Ligation of sutures
View from the facade. Dressing 2 and 3 rows of masonry	Inside view. Dressing 2 and 3 rows of masonry

Masonry in 2.5 bricks

View from the facade	Ligation of sutures
View from the facade. Dressing 2 and 3 rows of masonry	Inside view. Dressing 2 and 3 rows of masonry

Masonry methods

Inner and outer versts are laid in the following ways:

1. butt,
2. end-to-end with cutting solution,
3. hold on.

Zabutka is put in a semi-prisy way.

The choice of a particular method depends on:

• season,
• requirements for the cleanliness of the outer surface of the masonry,
• the condition of the brick itself (wet or dry),
• plasticity of the solution.

Masonry technology

Before you start the brickwork on the basement, it is necessary to carry out insulation. To do this, a layer of roofing material or other insulating material is laid around the perimeter of the masonry under the brick.

With the help of a level, several rows of bricks are laid at the corners of the basement. Orders are attached to the corners with brackets. The distance between the divisions in the order is 77 mm (65 mm single brick height + 12 mm mortar height). According to the established orders, mooring cords are pulled, which help to maintain the straightness and horizontality of the erected rows of brickwork. It is advisable to place the cord every 5 m to prevent it from sagging (if the mooring is stretched over 10 m, then after 5 m a beacon is made in the form of bricks to tension the cord). The mooring cord for the outer wall is fastened in order, and for the inner wall with brackets.

On a brick, using a trowel, put a solution, a thickness of 30 mm and an indent from the outer part of the wall - 20 mm. The first row of brickwork is bonded. The brick is laid in the "press" or "butt" method.

Butt method

Using the “butt-on” method, the brick is laid on a plastic mortar (cone draft 12-13 cm).

The sequence of actions when laying bricks "back to back":

1. First:
   • take a brick in hand and tilt it a little,
   • they rake with a face (with a spoon - for the poke row, with a poke - for the spoon row) onto a brick with a little spread mortar,
   • move the brick with the raked mortar to the brick that was laid earlier.
2. Then the brick is deposited on the mortar.

Clamp method

Using the “press” method, the brick is laid on a hard mortar (cone draft 7 ... 9 cm) with mandatory jointing and complete filling of the seams.

The sequence of actions when laying bricks "press":

1. To the vertical edge of the previously laid brick with a trowel, they rake up and press part of the mortar.
2. Then a new brick is laid, be sure to press it against the trowel.
3. With a sharp upward movement, the trowel is taken out.
4. Planting a brick.

Stitching

To obtain sufficient compaction of the mortar in the seams, as well as to give the brickwork a clear pattern on the outside, jointing is used. In this case, bricklaying is performed with mortar trimming. When stitching, the seams are given the following forms:

• triangular
• concave
• convex
• rectangular
• rounded.

So, for example, to obtain convex seams, concave-shaped jointing is used.

To obtain better seams and reduce labor costs, the seams of brickwork are embroidered until the mortar sets, observing the following sequence:

1. with a brush or rag, wipe the surface of the brickwork from mortar splashes adhering to it;
2. embroider vertical seams (3-4 spoons or 6-8 poke);
3. embroider horizontal seams.

If in the future you plan to plaster the walls, then the laying of bricks must be done in a waste, i.e. do not bring the mortar up to 10-15 mm to the wall surface. This method will allow the plaster to firmly fix on the surface of the wall. © www.site

Undercut	wasteland
Convex seam	concave seam
Single seam	Double seam

Masonry reinforcement