Reserved tracts

Reserved tracts- these are forest, steppe, swamp and other isolated integral landscapes that have important scientific, environmental and aesthetic value, in order to preserve them in their natural form.

Functions of protected areas:

Preservation of valuable plant communities;

Conducting scientific and educational activities;

Conducting educational and environmental activities.

The requirements for the regime of reserved tracts are similar to the requirements for natural monuments.

As a rule, reserved tracts are the smallest parts of the landscape. It can be a piece of virgin land, a sea coast, a small lake, thickets of shrubs, etc. These territories are visited mainly by organized groups of tourists along permitted routes (paths).

In Ukraine, there are 746 reserved tracts of local importance, including 10 in the Crimea, where they occupy 1.4% of the reserved mountain and plain fund. Among the most famous reserved tracts of Ukraine are the tracts of Lesna Granite, Kucherov Yar and others. In Crimea, the most famous reserved tracts are: the Chatyrdag mountain range, the tract and cave Kizil-Koba (Krasnaya), the Tyrke tract (in the Burulcha valley and on the Tyrke plateau), the Karabi-Yayla tract and others.

The category of specially protected also includes botanical gardens and dendrological parks. They are nature conservation institutions whose tasks include the creation of special plant collections for the purpose of diversifying and enriching vegetation, as well as conducting scientific, educational, cultural and educational work. In this regard, any activity that does not correspond to their purpose is prohibited on the territory of botanical gardens and dendrological parks.

Botanical Garden - these are protected areas created for the purpose of conservation, study, acclimatization, reproduction in special conditions and effective economic use rare and typical species of local and world flora by creating, replenishing and preserving botanical collections, conducting scientific, educational and educational work.

According to Article 32 of the Law of Ukraine "On the Natural Reserve Fund of Ukraine", within the boundaries of botanical gardens, to ensure the necessary protection regime and effective use, zones can be allocated:

- exposition - her visit is allowed in the manner prescribed by the administration of the botanical garden;

- scientific– it includes collections of experimental plots. Only employees of the botanical garden in connection with the performance of official duties, as well as specialists from other institutions with the permission of the garden administration, have the right to visit;

- reserved- visits to it are prohibited, except when it is associated with scientific observations;

- administrative and economic.

The importance of keeping records of botanical collections that have scientific, cultural, educational, educational and other state value is enshrined in Article 35 of the Law of Ukraine "On the Flora".

Functions of botanical gardens:

Conservation of biodiversity;

Creation and preservation of the gene pool of plants, including rare and endangered species;

Study and development of approaches to the protection and rational use of plant resources.

The history of botanical gardens, as well as conservation work in general, originates from antiquity. Among many historical data, there is a mention of the Greek Theophrastus garden, who is often called the "father of botany" (371-287 BC). Among the first botanical gardens are the gardens at the universities in Leipzig (1542), Pisa (1543), Padua (1576), Leiden (1587). In Russia, private botanical gardens began to appear as early as the ΧVΙΙ century. Two gardens have survived to this day, organized by the direct decree of Peter Ι. The first is the current branch of the Botanical Garden of the Moscow state university. And on the basis of the second, as a result, the Botanical Institute named after V.L. Komarov was created.

Currently, there are about 20 botanical gardens in Ukraine. For example, the Nikitsky Botanical Garden in Yalta. In terms of his enormous contribution to botany and crop production, his impact on fruit growing, viticulture, ornamental horticulture, the cultivation of technical, essential oil, medicinal and spicy-aromatic crops, many gardens in the world cannot be compared. This garden has long been a favorite place for hundreds of thousands of visitors. Inspection is subject to: Upper Park, Lower Park, Seaside Park and Montedor Park. This suggests that, along with dendrological parks, the recreational and educational significance of botanical gardens is expanding everywhere. The high aesthetic appeal of these territories, as well as the richness and diversity of their collections, contribute to an increase in the number of recreants. Unfortunately, since most of the botanical gardens and dendrological parks are located in suburban areas, they are not isolated from the general anthropogenic impact. This problem is further complicated by the fact that many plant collections are highly sensitive to negative external factors (physical and chemical pollution). Often, the environmental risk for them is the development of nearby territories, which provokes flooding of landscapes. Among the urgent problems of botanical gardens and dendrological parks in our time is the preservation of territorial integrity. The areas occupied by these objects seem very attractive for the implementation of various economically profitable projects (sports grounds, cottages, parking lots, highways, etc.). This trouble has already affected some botanical gardens, and in particular, the Donetsk Botanical Garden itself.

A big problem of our time can also be considered the lack of funding for these territories, which leads to a reduction in the volume of scientific research and poses a threat to the destruction of plant and seed collections.

On the outskirts of our huge city there is a place where Nature itself lives. The city hosts the Asian summer. Heat. 45 in the shade. There is nothing to breathe. The air is like hot cotton wool, it burns the lungs. But! Only ten steps from the garden gate - you find yourself in the shade of giant trees and instantly forget about the heat.

A small pond is overgrown with white and pink lilies. Willows, not looking up, admire their reflection in the water. On the shore is a piece of petrified wood. It invariably evokes a sense of respect for its age. Curious people can even touch it.

The path calls for itself, leads past trees and shrubs. Here is a sequoia, and here are rhododendrons, magnolia and blooming yucca. And this is the Tree of Love. It is so called because each leaf is shaped like a heart. There is a sign: you need to come to the tree together with your loved one, find a leaf under the tree (or pick it while no one sees!) And divide it in half. Keep one part for yourself, and give the other to your loved one. This will ensure that your love will never end and you will be happy.

As you may have guessed, we are in the botanical garden. To find out what a botanical garden is and get complete information on this issue, just read the article by E. Asvoynova-Travina dated September 9, 2013, which is called “What is a botanical garden?” And the purpose of this article is to talk about why all countries of the world spend huge sums on their arrangement. Yes, there are countries! Many large cities have their own botanical gardens.

First of all, this is a research institution that does a lot of work on the collection, cultivation and selection of plants. Gardens are usually divided into several natural areas. The zone of Siberia will certainly be represented, Far East and Japan, then you can look into Asia and go to the Caucasus, visit greenhouses, where the atmosphere of the tropics is created in artificially created humidity.

In each such zone, landscape designers try to show not only plants, but also to present architectural details typical of the countries whose flora is being recreated. For example, once in Japan, you can see pagodas, dry streams, stone lanterns and look into a tea house. A small waterfall surrounded by miniature sculptures, a Buddha statue, dragons, paper lanterns - this is already China.

In each zone, there are specialists who, among other things, are also engaged in educational work. For this purpose, excursions are conducted, focused primarily on schoolchildren and students, that is, on studying youth. If you wish, you can visit the holy of holies - laboratories in which various selection experiments are carried out.

The continuous flowering garden and the rose garden are especially popular with visitors. And in the arboretum you can always see artists - there is no better nature for lovers of landscape painting in the city. There are many people with easels and near the exposition of coastal plants, and in greenhouses, and in tulip fields, and on the banks of ponds, and in rock gardens.

Among the curiosities are bottle and cork trees, holm oak, Bengal ficus, which amazes visitors with its gigantic size and does not at all look like a cute plant from a home winter garden. We walked, admired the beautiful creations of mother nature, rested our souls. But the question remained. So all the same, why are such huge sums of money being spent to create botanical gardens? So that all this beauty does not disappear from the Earth, so that the terrible Black Book does not replenish, so that there are no new pages in the Red Book. The study of nature, the preservation of the rich and diverse flora of our planet, cultivation - these are the main tasks that botanical gardens are designed to solve.

The origin of botanical gardens in the modern sense dates back to the era of feudalism. In the 5th century in numerous monasteries of medieval Europe, the so-called "apothecary" gardens or "gardens" appeared. The first botanical gardens were small. Plant collections in them were represented by medicinal, poisonous, spicy plants placed in beds (gardens), used in medieval medicine, and some types of ornamental plants.

Apothecary gardens, at the earliest time of their existence, arranged at monasteries, and later at hospitals, were the forerunners of the exposition of useful plants in modern botanical gardens. Pharmaceutical gardens were small, usually no more than a few hundred square meters.

In the beginning, the apothecary garden was also one of the oldest in our country, the Botanical Garden of the Botanical Institute. V.L. Komarov, founded in 1714 by decree of Peter I on one of the islands of the Neva. This pharmacy garden, like all similar gardens of that time, had a very small area. So, M.I. Pylyaev, a well-known historian of old St. Petersburg, reports that it was only 300 fathoms long and 200 fathoms wide.

Starting from the XIV century. monastic apothecary gardens are gradually turning into medical gardens, in whose activities one can already note fundamentally new features. Unlike medieval monastery gardens, medical gardens now have not only a narrow practical meaning. They laid the foundation for work on the primary introduction of plants, collected local and foreign plants, described them and brought them into a certain system (though still cumbersome before Linnaeus). The formation of botanical gardens as scientific institutions dates back to the Renaissance. This was largely facilitated by the widespread dissemination of scientific knowledge at that time and, in particular, natural science. The first scientific botanical gardens appeared in Italy at the very beginning of the 14th century. (garden in Salerno -1309), where, compared with other European countries, by that time the most favorable socio-historical prerequisites had developed for the formation of new socio-economic relations, for the creation and further flourishing of a new humanistic culture and, in particular, the brilliant flourishing of science and art. Indeed, before the first half of XVIII in. plant expositions in most medical botanical gardens remained few, little different from medieval monastic gardens. They were located on the garden plot in the form of separate groups of medicinal and some other plants used mainly in medicine, being, according to the witty expression of A.N. Krasnov, as if "a living pharmacopoeia."

Starting from the 16th century, with the development of university life, the number of botanical gardens in Italy increased significantly: gardens appeared one after another in Padua (1545), Pisa (1547), Bologna (1567), etc. Somewhat later, in the 17th century, botanical gardens were created in other European countries: at Paris (1635) and Uppsala (Sweden) universities (1655), in Berlin (1646), Edinburgh (England) - Royal botanical garden (1670), etc.

The rapid accumulation of plant material in botanical gardens required its scientific generalization and systematization. Linnaeus, the founder of plant taxonomy, having come out in 1753 with his "System of Plants", developed the first coherent artificial system of plant classification. Linnaeus divided plants into 24 classes, based on each of them arbitrarily taken signs, and thereby created a new method of systematization flora. The system of plants of Linnaeus brought to life numerous studies, aroused great interest in the description of plants. A few years after the publication of the Linnaean system, the number of studied and described plants reached 100 thousand. Since the time of the taxonomy of Linnaeus and botany, the concepts have become almost identical. The botanical garden of that time was like a living herbarium for taxonomy. Aesthetics here faded into the background. Botanical gardens as a kind of botanical laboratories at universities, demonstrating various systems plants, became widespread in the XVII-XVIII centuries. Gradually, in the process historical development botanical gardens, they have a new function - educational and pedagogical.

The history of botanical gardens in Russia is closely connected with the origin and development of Russian botanical science. Already by the beginning of the XVII century. in our country there was a lot of information regarding the practical use various plants both in agriculture and medicine. Application methods medicinal plants and a description of their medical properties, as a rule, were set forth in various "herbal books", which were especially widespread in the second half of the 17th century. During the first half of the XVIII century. in connection with the development of medical practice and an increase in the need for the production of medicines, the number of pharmacy gardens in Russia is rapidly increasing. Along with the first botanical garden in our country at Moscow University opened in 1706, other gardens were organized: in Lubny in 1709, in St. Petersburg (now the garden of the Botanical Institute named after V.L. Komarov) in 1714. In the decree Peter I on the establishment of the St. Petersburg Pharmacy Garden says that the latter is being created "for the multiplication of pharmaceutical herbs and the collection of special herbs, as the most necessary naturals in medicine, as well as for teaching doctors and pharmacists in botany." Among the plant collections of this apothecary garden we find: chamomile, sage, mint, mustard, thyme, juniper, peonies, lavender, various bulbs, roses, etc. By the same time, the first third of the 18th century, the foundation of the botanical garden of the Academy of Sciences on Vasilyevsky Island in St. Petersburg dates back. Only very fragmentary information found in the archive materials has been preserved about this garden. From the minutes of the office of the Academy it is clear that the botanical garden was arranged in 1735. For the arrangement of the garden, on the recommendation of its founder, the Dutch botanist Amman, a small plot of land was rented on the 2nd line of Vasilyevsky Island.

The widespread use of medicinal and other useful plants in medicine and in other areas of practical activity was the most important prerequisite for the emergence of a new function in the botanical garden - research useful plants. At the beginning of the XVIII century. the study and development of diverse natural resources on the vast territory of Russia was one of the main state tasks. In this regard, Russian botanists began large-scale research vegetable wealth of Russia. The scientific center coordinating the work of numerous complex expeditions was the Academy of Sciences, organized in 1725. S.P. Krasheninnikov, author of the remarkable "Description of the Land of Kamchatka" (1755), the earliest representative of major Russian naturalists. In the preface to the first edition of the Description of the Land of Kamchatka, Academician G.F. Miller, one of the scientific leaders of Bering's expedition to Kamchatka, wrote: "There should not be a little doubt about the fact that persons assigned to the government of state affairs really need to have an accurate record of the lands." And he further notes that it is necessary to know "what herbs, bushes, trees are acquired and which of them is suitable for medicine, or paint, or any other economic use." From here it can be seen what great importance from the point of view of satisfying economic needs, it was already attached to the botanical study of our country at that time. Of particular importance in the development of botanical knowledge and the organization of the first botanical gardens in Russia were the famous academic expeditions of 1768-1774. for the study of Russian nature, in which P.S. Pallas, I.A. Falk, I.I. Lepekhin and other collectors of the most valuable collections of living plants and herbaria.

From the second half of the XVIII century. in Russia, along with the state, numerous private botanical gardens began to be created. At that time, collecting rare exotic plants became a fashion that every more or less wealthy person paid tribute to. From this passion for collecting plants, many botanical gardens of that time arose, in particular the famous gardens of P. Demidov in Moscow, A. Razumovsky in Gorenki near Moscow, etc. Some of them had large, even in our time, collections of introduced plants . So, in the botanical garden of A. Razumovsky in Gorenki, up to 12 thousand species and varieties of Russian flora were presented. The botanical garden of the industrialist P. Demidov was established in 1756 and included in its collections up to 5 thousand species and varieties of plants. About this botanical garden academician P.S. Pallas, who visited him, wrote that he "now has no analogue in all of Russia, but it can be compared with many glorious botanical gardens in other states both in rarity and in the abundance of plant content in it." Judging by the description and the old drawing that has come down to us depicting the plan of the botanical garden by P. Demidov, the layout of this garden was rather unsophisticated. However, it did not differ in any way from other well-known botanical gardens of that time. Rectangular terraced plots of the garden were arranged on the slope of the Sparrow Hills, facing the Moscow River, and descended to the river in four ledges about 200 m long and of various widths. Greenhouses and garden beds were arranged symmetrically on both sides of the path leading from the magnificent three-story house to the river. Of the 9 greenhouses, 8 were made of stone. Each of the greenhouses was about 80 m long. There were greenhouses for grapes, palm trees, fruits and perennials, and greenhouses for growing pineapples. On the terraced plots of the garden near the greenhouses in the beds were a variety of plants, "growing in the free air." Along each of the terraces in one or two rows were planted fruit trees. These terraced areas in the upper part directly adjoined the courtyard buildings of the estate, separated from the latter by an openwork cast-iron grate. The Demidov Botanical Garden did not exist for long; already in the late 80s of the XVIII century. it fell into complete decline and by this time practically ceased its activities. Another, no less famous botanical garden of the XVIII century. - Gorensky, who was led by the most prominent botanist F.B. Fisher, was part of a large park, spread out near the main building of a vast manor estate, built by the architect Menelas, who built a lot for the Razumovskys. In front of the house, on one side, there was a square surrounded by a moat with ponds and groves for a menagerie; flower beds with numerous sculptures were laid out in front of its garden facade; a marble vase was located in the middle of a lawned area. The park, through which the Gorenka river flowed, forming ponds, was laid out in the then fashionable landscape style and occupied a large area of ​​up to 600 hectares. Partially preserved until the end of the last century, this vast park area had a large number of terraced ponds, bridges, pavilions, a grotto with a central hall and labyrinthine corridors. The park abounded with silver poplars, Siberian cedars, Weimut pines, and American firs. Gorensky Garden was one of the largest botanical institutions of its time. In the description of this garden, his contemporary notes that "the riches of nature, collected in greenhouses and greenhouses, delight: you involuntarily wonder how a private person could combine so many treasures of nature from all over the world in a few years." After the death of A.K. Razumovsky in 1822. The Gorensky botanical garden falls into decay, and in 1826-1828. the richest collections of this famous botanical garden turned out to be scattered. The greenhouses were partially dismantled. A significant part of the Gorensky herbarium was bought by the Academy of Sciences on the recommendation of the former director of this garden, F.B. Fisher and is currently in the herbarium of the Botanical Institute. V.L. Komarov RAS.

By the 18th century includes the foundation in Russia of other privately owned botanical gardens - the garden in Solikamsk, founded by P. Demidov, and known to us from the description of Academician I.I. Lepekhin, a garden in the Penza province, owned by S.T. Aksakov, where a prominent Russian botanist E.L. Regel, later - director of the garden in St. Petersburg. Also known are the greenhouses and gardens of estates near Moscow, which belonged in 1737 to D. Golitsyn, the Nikolsky garden of P. Trubetskoy near Moscow, etc.

At the end of the XVIII century. in Russia, the first botanical parks also appeared - arboretums, which were divided entirely in a landscape style in accordance with the artistic tastes of that time. Such dendrological parks, which occupy an intermediate position between the actual botanical garden and an ordinary park, include the well-known parks - Trostyanetsky in the Chernihiv region and Sofievsky near Uman in Ukraine, which have survived to this day.

In the first half of the XIX century. newly built botanical gardens both in Russia and abroad were created mainly as educational gardens at universities. Subsequently, gradually, as botanical knowledge increases, the range of activities of botanical gardens expands more and more.

The development of the colonial expansion of the major powers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. aroused interest in the geography of the colonial countries. Thus, an impetus was given to the development of botanical geography. This led many botanical gardens to combine the systematic principle of showing vegetation with the geographical one. If the "systems" showed plant species that were of interest to the botanist only from a morphological point of view, characteristic representatives of various families and genera, now plants are arranged in botanical gardens on the basis of conditions close to natural. They are grouped in the form of plant communities of meadow, steppe, forest groups, if they are taken from the forest. This made it easier to study them in conditions close to natural. At the same time, the biochemical and physiological properties of plants are beginning to be studied in botanical gardens. Separate promising cultures have undergone a comprehensive and in-depth study with revealing their economic data and biological properties. Botanists are already faced with the tasks of selection, adaptation, zoning, and the study of agricultural technology.

In connection with the expansion of the tasks of activity and the change in the very methods of exhibiting plants, the overall size of botanical gardens is also sharply increasing. Their areas already reach many tens and even hundreds of hectares. Such are the botanical gardens in Kew, Berlin-Dahlem, New York, and from the former Russian gardens - Nikitsky.

The rapid development of cities in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the large scale of industrial construction, the emergence in connection with this of the most complex urban planning problems - the sanitation and greening of cities, the creation of a protective forest park belt around large settlements, etc. - all this has set the task for the botanical gardens of the world to determine the most rational assortment of plants and develop effective methods landscaping of cities and construction of parks. Modern botanical gardens are actively involved in solving these problems; here decorative plants are selected and studied, gardens begin to act as propagandists of certain techniques and methods of gardening. More and more exposition areas appear in the botanical gardens - gardens of individual crops, continuous flowering, exemplary corners of parks. At the same time, botanical gardens are increasingly promoting botanical knowledge and the study of wildlife.

At the end of the 18th century, as noted above, in the planning of botanical gardens, under the influence of the development of a free landscape trend, which was everywhere strengthened in the art of park construction, elements of landscape style appeared. Its artistic and aesthetic basis was based on the task of creating an idealized landscape. In connection with the new artistic tasks facing the art of park construction, the problems of studying the decorative properties of plants and their harmonious combination began to acquire more and more decisive importance. In botanical gardens, scientific gardeners analyze the artistic features and dendrological properties of various species, methods for their design, possible groupings of plantings in parks, and other important conditions for creating a landscape.

Over time, where possible, the gardens began to expand. The expansion of the boundaries of botanical gardens usually took place by attaching free, undeveloped plots of land to them or by combining old, relatively small botanical gardens proper with a larger park part of a manor or royal estate, in which for the most part the first private botanical gardens arose. This can be seen especially clearly in the development of the famous botanical garden at Kew, near London.

So gradually, in the process of its historical development, botanical gardens from the apothecary gardens of the Middle Ages have turned into a complex organism by our time. It should be noted that the changes in botanical gardens were primarily influenced by the general development of botanical science and the changing requirements for the scientific and botanical content of the work of the botanical garden. On the other hand, the changes were organically connected with the general development of gardening art.

A modern botanical garden is a complex organism with an area of ​​up to many tens and even hundreds of hectares, with the reconstruction of entire geographical landscapes and botanical and historical expositions (rock gardens, Japanese, Italian gardens, etc.) in separate parts of the garden, which cannot do without landscape architect, achieving the artistic unity of the whole variety of elements that make up the botanical garden.

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