Academic codes of spelling and punctuation

(arranged in reverse chronological order)

Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. Complete academic reference book: approved by the Spelling Commission of the Russian Academy of Sciences / [ed. N. S. Valgina, N. A. Eskova, O. E. Ivanova, S. M. Kuzmina, V. V. Lopatin, L. K. Cheltsova; resp. ed. V. V. Lopatin]; Ros. acad. Sciences, Dep. historical and philological. Sciences, Institute of Rus. lang. them. V. V. Vinogradova. - Moscow: Eksmo, 2006. - 478, p. – The reference book is an updated edition of the current “Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation” of 1956. – Editions after 2006 erased.

Code of rules of Russian spelling. Spelling and punctuation: project / [ed. B. Z. Bukchina, N. A. Eskova, O. E. Ivanova, S. M. Kuzmina, V. V. Lopatin, L. K. Cheltsova (spelling), N. S. Valgina (punctuation); scientific ed. N. A. Eskova, S. M. Kuzmina, V. V. Lopatin (spelling), E. N. Shiryaev (punctuation); ed. O. E. Ivanova]; Ros. acad. Sciences, Dep. lit. and lang., Spelling Commission and Institute of Rus. lang. them. V. V. Vinogradova. - Moscow: Azbukovnik, 2000. - 396, p. - The project was not approved.

Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation: approved. Acad. Sciences of the USSR, M-vom higher. arr. USSR and Ministry of Education. RSFSR / [the largest account. in comp. hosted by S. G. Barkhudarov, K. I. Bylinskiy, V. V. Vinogradov, I. S. Istrina, I. A. Kairov, E. I. Korenevsky, S. E. Kryuchkov, S. P. Obnorskiy, D N. Ushakov, A. B. Shapiro, L. V. Shcherba]. – Ed. 2nd, sr. - Moscow: State. educational-ped. publishing house M-va. enlightenment RSFSR, 1962. - 175, p. - Auth. indicated in approx. us. 4. - Ed. 1st - 1956 - The rules are posted on the portal in the Help section.

Handbooks on Spelling and Literary Editing by D. E. Rosenthal

Rosenthal D. E. Reference book on the Russian language: spelling, pronunciation, literary editing / D. E. Rozental, E. V. Dzhandzhakova, N. P. Kabanova. – 7th ed. - Moscow: Iris-press, 2010. - 491 p. – The text is printed in a new edition according to the edition: A Handbook of Spelling, Pronunciation and Literary Editing / D. E. Rozental, E. V. Dzhandzhakova, N. P. Kabanova. 4th ed., rev. Moscow: CheRo, 2001.

Rosenthal D. E. Handbook of spelling and literary editing / D. E. Rosenthal; [ed. I. B. Golub]. – Ed. 2nd, rev. - Moscow: Rolf, 1999. - 361, p.

Rosenthal D. E. Handbook of spelling and literary editing: for press workers / D. E. Rosenthal. – Ed. 3rd, rev. and additional - Moscow: Book, 1978. - 334 p.

Rosenthal D. E. Handbook of spelling and literary editing: for press workers / D. E. Rosenthal. - Moscow: Book, 1967. - 407, p.

A guide to punctuation by D. E. Rosenthal

(editions are in reverse chronological order)

Rosenthal D. E. Reference book on the Russian language. Punctuation / D. E. Rosenthal. - Moscow: ONYX 21st century: 2004. - 263 p.

Rosenthal D. E. A guide to punctuation: for press workers / D. E. Rosenthal; [Reviewer Dr. Philol. sciences, prof. V. F. Ivanova]. - Moscow: Book, 1984. - 272 p.

Reference books on spelling and punctuation by K. I. Bylinsky and N. N. Nikolsky

(editions are in reverse chronological order)

Bylinskiy K.I. A guide to spelling and punctuation for press workers / K. I. Bylinsky, N. N. Nikolsky. – Ed. 4th, revised. and additional - Moscow: Publishing House of Moscow. un-ta, 1970. - 343, p. - Previous ed.: A Spelling and Punctuation Guide for Press Workers / K. I. Bylinskiy and N. N. Nikolsky. 3rd ed., revised. Moscow: Art, 1957. 336 p.

Bylinskiy K.I. A guide to spelling and punctuation for the press / prof. K. I. Bylinsky and N. N. Nikolsky. – Ed. 2nd, revised. - Moscow: Art, 1952. - 311, p. - Previous ed.: A Spelling and Punctuation Guide for Press Workers / K. I. Bylinskiy and N. N. Nikolsky. Moscow; Leningrad: Gizlegprom, 1947. 116 p.

Spelling, Punctuation, Speech and Editing Guides

Belchikov Yu. A. Practical stylistics of the modern Russian language: norms for the use of words, phraseological expressions, grammatical forms and syntactic constructions / Yu. A. Belchikov; Ros. acad. Sciences. - 2nd. ed., rev. and additional - Moscow: AST-PRESS, 2012. - 422 p. - (Reference books of the Russian language).

Bylinskiy K.I. Difficult cases of punctuation / K. I. Bylinskiy, D. E. Rosenthal; [ed. A. E. Milchin]. - Moscow: Art, 1961. - 231 p.

Grot J.K. Russian spelling: a guide compiled on behalf of the second branch of the Imperial Academy of Sciences / Ya. Grot. – Ed. 21st. - St. Petersburg: Printing house. Moscow Ways of Communication, 1914. - XII, 120, XLIV p.

Mamonov V. A. Practical stylistics of the modern Russian language / V. A. Mamonov, D. E. Rozental. - Moscow: Art, 1957. - 175, p.

Milchin A. E. Directory of the publisher and author: editorial and publishing design of the publication / Arkady Milchin, Lyudmila Cheltsova. - 4th ed. - Moscow: Art. Lebedev Studio Publishing House, 2014. - 1006 p. - This edition repeats the previous one, 3rd, rev. and additional ed. 2009

Ostroumova O. A. Difficulties of Russian punctuation. Dictionary introductory words, combinations and sentences: [experience of a reference dictionary] / O. A. Ostroumova, O. D. Frampol. - Moscow: Publishing House of SGU, 2009. - 501 p.

Pakhomov V. M. Difficult cases of Russian punctuation: a reference dictionary / V. M. Pakhomov, V. V. Svintsov, I. V. Filatova. - Moscow: Eksmo, 2012. - 569, p. – (Library of EKSMO dictionaries). - The author's electronic version of the dictionary is posted on the portal in the "Help" section.

Editorial and publishing design of church printed publications: a guide for the author and publisher / Ed. Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, Synodal Library named after His Holiness Patriarch Alexy II, Publishing House of the Moscow Patriarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church; ch. ed. Publishing House of the Moscow Patriarchate Archpriest Vladimir Siloviev. - Moscow: Publishing House of the Moscow Patriarchate of Russia Orthodox Church, 2015. - 205 p.

Sluzhivov L.I. Corrector's guide: practical guide for proofreader, compositor, editor and author / L. I. Sluzhivov. - Moscow: State. publishing house light industry, 1932. - 256 p.

The purpose of this manual is to help students consolidate their writing skills, prepare for the exam and pass it with the highest score. The book contains the basic rules of Russian spelling and punctuation in accordance with the requirements of the program for studying the Russian language at school. Particular attention in the book is given to difficult cases of spelling. The list of words that are difficult to write in the book will help you cope with writing the most difficult texts, and exercises and dictations will test and consolidate your knowledge of the language. The manual will be an indispensable assistant to students, teachers, tutors, as well as to all those who want to improve their knowledge of the Russian language.

Checked unstressed vowels.
The general spelling rule for checked unstressed vowels is not difficult. It says: in unstressed syllables, the same vowels are written that are pronounced in this part of the word when it is under stress. For example: rinse (rinse) your mouth - caress (weasel) the dog; sparse (rare) seedlings - defuse (discharge) a gun.

Wed different spelling of root vowels in words close in sound composition: climb (on a tree) - lick (wound), wrap around (cold) - wrap around (braids around the head), run around (square) - offend (children), fall down (on the ground) - winter (winter crops), boil (mushrooms) - open (gate), shine (lantern) - dedicate (in secret), try on (dress) - reconcile (warring), fastened (collar) - fastened (horse), chew (piece meat) - live (in the city center), flutters (flag) - develops (child), brought (by the hand up the stairs) - swila (nest), sing (songs) - drink (tea), turn gray (become gray) - sit (be in a sitting position), belittle (reduce) - beg (beg), splinter (splinter) - pinch (hand), etc.

CONTENT
SPELLING
Spelling of vowels in root 4
§ 1. Checked unstressed vowels 4
§ 2. Unverifiable unstressed vowels 5
§ 3. Alternating vowels 6
§ 4. Vowels after hissing 8
§ 5. Vowels after C 9
Spelling of consonants in root 11
§ 8. Voiced and deaf consonants 11
§ 9. Double consonants 12
§ 10. Silent consonants 14
Capitalization 15
§ 11. Capital letters at the beginning of the text 15
§ 12. Capital letters after punctuation marks 15
§ 13. Proper names of persons 16
§ 14. Names of animals 20
§ 15. Names of characters in fables, fairy tales, plays 20
§ 16. Adjectives and adverbs formed from individual names 21
§ 17. Place names 22
§ 18. Astronomical names 25
§ 19. Names of historical eras and events 25
§ 20. Names of state and professional holidays, significant dates 26
§ 21. Names of institutions, organizations and enterprises 27
§ 22. Names of documents, ancient monuments, objects of art 30
§ 23. Names of positions and titles 31
§ 24. Names of orders, medals, insignia 32
§ 25. Names in quotation marks 32
§ 26. Compound words and abbreviations 33
§ 27. Conditional proper names 35
Spelling foreign words 35
§ 28. Questions of transcription and transliteration 35
Separating b and b 39
§ 29. Use of b 39
§ 30. Use of b 40
Spelling prefixes 40
§ 31. Vowels Y and I after prefixes 40
§ 32. Prefixes on -З 41
§ 33. Prefix C-42
§ 34. Prefixes PRE- and PRI-42
Vowels after hissing and D in suffixes and endings 43
§ 35. Vowels O and E after hissing 43
§ 36. Vowels after C 44
Spelling of nouns 45
§ 37. Endings of nouns 45
§ 38. Suffixes of nouns 47
Spelling of adjectives 49
§ 39. Endings of adjectives 49
§ 40. Suffixes of adjectives 50
Spelling compound words 54
§ 41. Connecting vowels O and E 54
§ 42. Compound words without connecting vowels 55
§ 43. Spelling of compound nouns 56
§ 44. Spelling of compound adjectives 59
Spelling of numerals 72
§ 45. Numbers quantitative, ordinal, fractional 72
§ 46. Numeral POL-73
Pronoun spelling 74
§ 47. Negative pronouns 74
Spelling verbs 75
§ 48. Personal endings of verbs 75
§ 49. The use of the letter b in verb forms 77
§ 50. Suffixes of verbs 77
Spelling participles 78
§ 51. Vowels in participle suffixes 78
§ 52. Spelling HH and H in participles and verbal adjectives 79
Spelling of adverbs 83
§ 53. Vowels at the end of adverbs 83
§ 54. Adverbs for hissing 83
§ 55. Negative adverbs 84
§ 56. Consolidated spelling adverbs 84
§ 57. Hyphenization of adverbs 91
§ 58. Separate spelling of adverbial combinations 92
Spelling of prepositions 95
§ 59. Compound prepositions 95
§ 60. Continuous and separate spelling of prepositions and prepositional combinations 95
Spelling unions 96
§ 61. Continuous spelling of unions 96
§ 62. Separate spelling of unions 100
Particle Spelling 100
§ 63. Separate spelling of particles 100
§ 64. Hyphenization of particles 100
Spelling NOT and NOR 102
§ 65. Spelling NOT with nouns 102
§ 66. Spelling NOT with adjectives 104
§ 67. Spelling NOT with numerals 110
§ 68. Spelling NOT with pronouns 110
§ 69. Spelling NOT with verbs 110
§ 70. Spelling NOT with participles 111
§ 71. Spelling NOT with adverbs 113
§ 72. Spelling NOT with service words 117
§ 73. Spelling NI 117
Spelling of interjections and onomatopoeic words 120
§ 74. Hyphen spelling of interjections and onomatopoeia 120
PUNCTUATION
SIMPLE SENTENCE
Punctuation marks at the end of a sentence and at a break in speech 121
§ 76. Question mark 123
§ 77. Exclamation mark 124
§ 78. Ellipsis 124
Dash between sentence members 125
§ 79. Dash between subject and predicate 125
§ 80. Dash in an incomplete sentence 130
§ 81. Intonation dash 131
§ 82. Connecting dash 131
Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members 132
§ 83. Homogeneous members not connected by unions 132
§ 84. Homogeneous and non-homogeneous definitions 134
§ 85. Homogeneous members connected by non-repeating unions 136
§ 86. Homogeneous members connected by repeated unions 138
§ 87. Homogeneous members connected by pair unions 141
§ 88. Generalizing words with homogeneous terms 142
§ 89. Homogeneous and non-homogeneous applications 143
Punctuation marks for repeated words 144
§ 90. Comma with repeated words 144
§ 91. Hyphen spelling of repeated words 145
Punctuation marks in sentences with separate members 146
§ 92. Separate definitions 146
§ 93. Separate applications 150
§ 94. Separate circumstances 156
§ 95. Separate additions 162
Punctuation marks in sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of the sentence 163
§ 96. Specifying members of the sentence 163
§ 97. Explanatory members of sentence 164
§ 98. Attaching members of the sentence 165
Punctuation marks for words not grammatically related to sentence members 166
§ 99. Introductory words and phrases 166
§ 100. Introductory and inserted sentences 171
§ 101. Appeal 173
§ 102. Interjection 174
§ 103. Affirmative, negative and interrogative-exclamatory words 176
DIFFICULT SENTENCE
§ 104. Punctuation marks in a compound sentence 176
§ 105. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence 179
§ 106. Comparative turnover 186
§ 107. Expressions integral in meaning 193
§ 108. Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence 195
DIRECT SPEECH
§ 109. Punctuation marks in direct speech 200
§ 110. Punctuation marks in dialogue 203
§ 111. Punctuation in quotations 203
§ 112 Use of quotation marks 205
§ 113. Combinations of punctuation marks 208
APPS 214
Exercises 214
Dictations 251
Short list of difficult words to write 259
Conditional abbreviations 281.

Unstressed vowels of the root are checked by stress, i.e. the same vowel is written in the unstressed syllable as in the corresponding stressed syllable of the single-root word, for example: try on(measure) costume - reconcile(world) neighbors; fluttering(weave) flag - evolving(development) industry.

Wed different spelling of unstressed vowels of the root in words similar in sound: climb up(in pocket) - lick(wounds) boil(potato) - open(Door), caress(cat) - rinse(mouth), clip-on(collar) - clip-on(about a horse) thin out(shoots) - discharge(gun), belittle(meaning) - beg(about mercy), etc.

Note 1. Vowels about – a in unstressed roots of perfective verbs cannot be checked by imperfective forms for -yvat (- ive ), for example: be late (late, although be late), cut (cut, although cut out).

Note 2. In some words of foreign origin with a suffix distinguished only etymologically, the spelling of an unstressed vowel cannot be checked with a single-root word if the checked and check vowels are part of suffixes of different origin, for example: subscription (-ment goes back to the French suffix), although subscribe (-ing goes back to the German suffix); accompaniment, although accompany; engagement, although engage. Wed also a similar phenomenon in the composition of a foreign root: apperceive, although apperception; disinfect, although disinfection. The root vowel is preserved in words injection - inject, projection - project and some others.

The spelling of unstressed vowels that cannot be checked by stress is determined from a spelling dictionary, for example: badminton, concrete, twine, can, bodyaga, briolin, validol, cheesecake, ventilation, vestibule, ham, vinaigrette, dysentery, jerking off, intelligentsia, kalamyanka, kalach, closet, loaf, cuttlefish, holster, layout, burner, head of cabbage, koschey, amulet, magarych, madapolam, obsession, front garden, pantopon, ferry, periphery, gudgeon, pigalitsa, plasticine, privilege, rump steak, rotaprint, bullfinch, smelt, scholarship, brake, thorny, elixir, overpass and many others.

1. Fundamentally gar- - mountains- written under stress a , without stress - about : zag á r - zag about rély, ug about tret.

Exceptions:benefits a rki, uzg a r, prug a p(special and dialect words).

2. Fundamentally zar- - zor- a :h á revo, s ó rka - h a rnutsa, oz a ryat.

Exceptions:h about ryanka, s about roar.

3. Fundamentally kas- – kos- spelled about n , in other cases - a : to a sit down, to a satelnaya - to about sleep, prick about drifting.

4. Fundamentally clan- – clone- a vowel is written under stress in accordance with pronunciation, without stress - about :class á snuggle, snuggle ó n - pokl about snuggle, swear about ignorance.

5. In an unstressed root lag- - lie- before G spelled a , before and – about :offer a gat, adj a gatele - suggestion about horror, region about marriage.

Exception:gender about G lag- - lie- ).

6. Root poppy- found in verbs meaning "immerse in liquid": m a roll crackers into tea, obm a to stick the pen into the ink. Root mok- contained in verbs with the meaning "to pass liquid": you m about whip in the rain, prom about whip what is written. The rule applies to derivative words: m a canoeing, prom about rolling paper, non-industrial about cloak.

7. Fundamentally floating a vowel sound can be stressed and unstressed: pl á wat, pl a take into account, popl a wok. Root pilaf- contained in words pl about vets and pl about sneeze; root swim- - in the word pl s woons.

8. Root equal- available in words with the meaning "equal, identical, on a par": ur a opinion, cf. a understand, then a join(get even). Root even- - in words with the meaning "smooth, straight, smooth": zar about take in, r about vesnik, cf. about heed, ur about vein. Wed: sub a heed(make equal) - sub about heed(make it even) exp a external(made equal) - exp about external(made even).

9. Fundamentally ras- – ros- spelled a if followed by a consonant t (also before sch ); in other cases it is written about : R a sti, nar a schenie - expression about sshiy, zar about sl, por about sl.

Exceptions:neg a sl, r about stock, vyr about stock, r about janitor, R about stov and etc.

10. In an unstressed root skak- - skoch- before to spelled a , before h – about : podsk a kat - prompt about a little.

Exceptions:sk a chock, ck a chy.

11. Fundamentally creature- - creative- a vowel is written under stress in accordance with pronunciation, without stress - about :tv á r, tv ó rchestvo - tv about rit, tv about rec.

Exception:utv a p(semantically no longer associated with the root creature- - creative- ).

12. in the roots ber- - bir-, der- - dir-, mer- - world-, per- - fir-, ter- - tir-, glitter- - blist-, zheg- - zhig-, stel- - stil-, even- - chit- spelled and -a- : sob and army, ass and army, deputy and army, zap and army, st and army, bl and become, szh and go, calculus and tat, dist and lat; in other cases it is written e : b e ru, d e ru, mind e ret, zap e ret, st e tret, bl e stet, survive e shitty, vych e t, dist e pour.

Exceptions:Op. e tat, op e dancing.

13. In roots with alternation a (i) - them, a (i) - in are written them and in , if followed by a suffix -a- : szh a t - szh and mother, adj a t - press and mother, different I t - different and mother, sub I t - lower and mother, sub I t - under and nat, please a t - please and mother, pon I t - mon and mother, beginning a t - beginning and nat. Wed: ext and motherly, close and remind, remind and nat, prim and nat and others. In derivative forms, the them , even if the suffix does not follow -a- , for example: sn and mu, sn and mi, sub and mu, podn and mi etc.

1. Names, patronymics, surnames, nicknames, pseudonyms are written with a capital letter: Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, Guy Julius Caesar, Emile Zola, Peter the Great (Peter I), Vsevolod the Big Nest, Catherine the Great, Timur the Iron Heel, Fedka Wash Yourself with Mud, Sinbad the Sailor, Demyan Poor, False Nero, Knight of the Sad Image(about Don Quixote), etc.

Note. The nickname is never enclosed in quotation marks: Vladimir the Red Sun, Richard the Lionheart, Vanka Cain, Maid nicknamed the Great Mogul.

Remember:

August Strong

Alexander the Great

Anna of Austria

Boleslav the Brave

Vasily the Third Dark

Wilgelm the conqueror

Vladimir Red Sun

Vladimir Monomakh

Heinrich Birder

Heraclitus of Ephesus

David of Sasun

Diogenes of Sinop

Elena the beautiful

Ivan the Terrible

Ivan Kalita

John Landless

John of Damascus

John Chrysostom

John the Baptist

Joseph the Beautiful

Charlemagne

Karl the Bald

Karl the Bold

Cato the Elder

Cato Utica

Kirill Turovsky

Louis the Pious

Saint Louis

Mary the Catholic

Mary the Bloody

Paskevich Erivansky

Nicholas the Wonderworker

Peter of Amiens

Pyotr Hermit

Pepin Short

Potemkin Tauride

Richard the Lionheart

Robin Hood

Suvorov Rymniksky

Tarquinius the Proud

Tarquinius the Ancient

Ferdinand the Catholic

Philip Handsome

Friedrich Barbarossa

Edward the Confessor

Julian the Apostate

Yury Dolgoruky

Yaroslav the Wise

2. Proper names that have become common nouns are written with a lowercase letter: Alphonse, Dzhimorda, Don Juan, Womanizer, mentor, philanthropist, vanka(‘cabman in pre-revolutionary Russia’), vanka-vstanka (‘toy’).

If the surname used in a common noun does not go into the category of common nouns, the spelling is retained with a capital letter: We ... were firmly convinced that we had our own Byrons, Shakespeares, Schillers, Walter Scotts(Bel.).

But if the individual name of a person is used in a contemptuous sense, as a generic designation, then it is written with a lowercase letter: despicable socks and sheidemanns(‘traitors social democrats’), quislings (‘collaborators’).

3. Names of objects, units physical quantity, plant species, etc., formed from the names of persons, are written with a lowercase letter: riding breeches, mac, revolver, remington, jacket, ampere, volt, pendant, ohm, x-ray, ivan da marya. Also: "Katyusha" (the colloquial name for the Guards mortar).

4. Individual names related to mythology and religion are capitalized: Zeus, Pallas Athena, Mars, Pegasus, Isis, Brahma, Buddha, Jesus Christ, Allah, Mohammed.

Generic names of mythological creatures are written with a lowercase letter: valkyrie, witch, devil, nymph, satyr, siren.

Note. The names of mythological creatures, used in a common or figurative sense, are written with a lowercase letter: Hercules ('croup'), Atlant ('column'), peruns ('lightning').

5. In complex surnames written with a hyphen, each part is capitalized: Saltykov-Shchedrin, Mamin-Sibiryak, Novikov-Priboy, Rimsky-Korsakov, Nemirovich-Danchenko, Svyatopolk-Mirsky, Ovchina-Telepnev-Obolensky, Betman-Golweg, Georgiou-Dej.

6. In double (triple, etc.) non-Russian names, regardless of their separate or hyphenated spelling, all parts are capitalized:

1) ancient Roman: Gaius Julius Caesar, Mark Tullius Cicero;

2) English (including Australian, Canadian, North American): George Noel Gordon Byron, Robert Louis Stevenson, John Boynton Priestley, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Charles Spencer Chaplin, Katharina Susanna Pritchard;

3) German: Johann Wolfgang Goethe, Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann, Erich Maria Remarque, Johann Sebastian Bach;

4) Scandinavian: Hans Christian Andersen, Svante August Arrhenius, Olof Reed Olsen;

5) French: Jean Jacques Rousseau, Pierre Henri Simon, Antoine Francois Prevost.

If there are only initials of names, a hyphen is placed between them: I.-S. Bach, V.-A. Mozart;

6) Italian: Giovanni Giacomo Casanova, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Maria Bianca Lugyurin;

7) Spanish (including Latin American): José Raul Capablanca, David Alfaro Siqueiros, Maria Teresa Peon;

8) Portuguese (including Brazilian, Angolese): Luis Carlos Martinez Pena, Maria Dlen Raposo, Agostinho Neto;

9) Flemish: Peter Paul Rubens;

10) Hungarian: Mihai Vitez Chokonai;

11) Romanian: Iona Stefan Radovic;

12) Polish: Bronislaw Wojciech Linke.

Note. In the names of the literary characters Don Quixote and Don Juan, both parts are capitalized and combined with a hyphen, forming a single proper name. But if the word don is used in the sense of ‘master’, it is written separately and with a lowercase letter: Don Basilio, Don Andrea. Common nouns donquixote, don juan are written in lower case.

7. After the initial components viga-, quasi-, pan-, pseudo- and other proper names (names of persons and geographical names) are written with a capital letter: anti-France, quasi-Pushkin, pan-Europe, pseudo-Raphael, false Voltaire(but: False Dmitry II), cinema-Anna (‘the actress who played the role of Anna in the cinema’).

8. Articles, prepositions and particles ( af, van, yes, de la, della, del, der, di, dos, du, du, la, las, le, background) in Western European proper names are written with a lowercase letter:Gustav af Geijerstam, Ludwig van Beethoven, Leonardo da Vinci, Antoine de Saint-Exupery, d "Alembert, Garcilaso de la Vega, Luca della Robbia, Andrea del Sorta, Max von der Grun, Hoffmann von Fallersleben, Cola di Rienzo, Fernando- di No Ronha, Delmonte y Aponte, Lara y Sanchas de Castro, Enrique dos Santos, Journal do Brasil, Roger Martin du Gard, Casa de las Americas, le Chapelier.

Service words are written with a capital letter:

1) if they have merged with the surname or name into one word (written together or with a hyphen): Vanloo, Descartes, Du-Belle, Dubois, Lamartine, Laplace, Las Vegas, Los Angeles;

2) if the surname is not used without a function word: Charles De Coster, De Leon, Dos Passos, Le Tellier;

3) if they are capitalized in the source language: Edmondo De Amicis, Di Vitshorio.

9. Particles O ' (Irish, attached with an apostrophe), Mac- (Scottish, attached with a hyphen), San-, Saint-, Saint- (Italian and French, attached with a hyphen) in front of the surname are written with a capital letter: O 'Henry, O ' Connor, McGregor, McDowell, San Marino, San Martin, Saint-Just, Saint-Saens, Sainte-Beuve.

10. In Arabic, Turkic, Persian personal names, components denoting social status, family relations, etc., as well as function words ( yeah, al, al, as, ash, bey, bek, ben, zade, zul, kyzy, ogly, ol, pasha, ul, khan, shah, ed, el etc., which, as a rule, are attached with a hyphen) are written with a lowercase letter: Kerim-aga, Zein al-Abadein, Sabah al-Salem, Omar ash-Sharif, Izmail-bey, Bekir-bek, Yu "suf bin Hedda, Tursun-zade, Salah-zul-Fikar, Marzaaga kyzy Suleymanova, Mammad- ogly(in Azerbaijani surnames, the word oglu is written separately: Aliyev Arif Saradt oghlu, but: Koroglu) , Hakim ol-Molk, Suleiman Pasha, Safe ul-Islam, Mirza Khan, Nadir Shah, Ahmad ed-Din, Mohammed el-Kuni, es-Zayat, Ahmed ibn al-Farid, Abu-l-Faraji, Ayvaz Oshar-ogly, Fahrad-din-Razi, Jalal-ad-Din, Mustafa-Zarif Pasha, ibn Abd Robbihi, ibn al-Athir.

However, some of the named components of personal names, names of settlements and press organs are written with a capital letter: Al-Walid, "Al-Akhbar", Ben Yusuf, Ibn-Rushd, Ibn-Sina, Ibn-Saud, Oglu Bekir-bek, Zulfiqar Ali Khan, Zahir Shah, El-Alamein, Abu Ali, Haji Giray(the element of haji is the honorary title of a Muslim who has made a pilgrimage to Mecca).

11. In two-part Chinese personal names, both parts are capitalized: Sun Yat-sen, An Qi, Lee Woo.

12. In Korean, Vietnamese, Burmese, Indonesian, Ceylon, Japanese personal names, all parts are written separately and with a capital letter: Pak Su Yong, Ho Shi Ming, Fom Van Done, Le Duan, Wu Not Vin, Mang Reng Soi, Kurahara Korehito.

In Japanese proper names, the suffix -san ('master', 'lady'), expressing respect for a person, is written with a lowercase letter and is joined by a hyphen: Cio-Cio-san, Suzuki-san, Toyama-san.

13. The names of characters in some works of fiction (fables, fairy tales, plays, etc.) are written with a capital letter: The naughty Monkey, Donkey, Goat and clubfoot Mishka started to play a quartet(Cr.); Santa Claus, Serpent Gorynych, Little Red Riding Hood, Gray Wolf, Bluebeard(heroes of fairy tales); Cat, Dog, Milk, Sugar, Bread(characters of M. Maeterlinck's play "The Blue Bird"); "Song of the Petrel"(M. G.); Someone in gray (Andr.).

14. Animal names are capitalized: the dog Zhuchka, the cat Vaska, the cat Murka, the horse Sivka, the cow Pestrushka, the elephant Sambo.

If an individual name is used as the name of an animal species or in a figurative sense, then it is written with a lowercase letter: bears in Shishkin's painting; Teddy bear; vaskas and murks rushed around the village; the yard was guarded by an ordinary bug(‘yard dog’ - by a common nickname).

- Rosenthal D.E. - 1997.

The handbook contains the most important spelling and punctuation rules, as well as recommendations for the correct use of words and their various forms, with a focus on difficult cases. The handbook is a good guide for fund workers mass media, authors, translators, students and schoolchildren and is of undoubted interest to all readers interested in the issues of correct Russian writing

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Spelling
I. Spelling of vowels in the root
§ 1. Checked unstressed vowels
§ 2. Unverifiable unstressed vowels
§ 3. Alternating vowels
§ 4. Vowels after hissing
§ 5. Vowels after c
§6. Letters e-e
§ 7. Letter y
II. Spelling of consonants in the root
§ 8. Voiced and deaf consonants
§ 9. Double consonants at the root and at the junction of the prefix and the root
§ 10. Silent consonants
III. Use of capital letters
§ 11. Capital letters at the beginning of the text
§ 12. Capital letters after punctuation marks
§ 13. Proper names of persons
§ 14. Nicknames of animals, names of plant species, wine varieties
§ 15. Names of characters in fables, fairy tales, plays
§ 16. Adjectives and adverbs formed from individual names
§ 17. Geographical and administrative-territorial names
§ 18. Astronomical names
§ 19. Names of historical eras and events, geological periods
§ 20. Names of holidays, popular movements, significant dates
§ 21. Names associated with religion
§ 22. Names of organizations, institutions, enterprises, foreign companies
§ 23. Names of documents, ancient monuments, works of art
§ 24. Names of positions and titles
§ 25. Names of orders, medals, insignia, awards
§ 26. Names literary works and media
§ 27. Compound words and abbreviations
§ 28. Conditional proper names
IV. Dividing b and b
§ 29. Use of ъ
§ 30. Use
V. Spelling prefixes
§ 31
§ 32. Prefix c-
§ 33. Prefixes pre- and pre-
§ 34. Vowels ы и и after prefixes
VI. Vowels after hissing and c in suffixes and endings
§ 35. Vowels o and e after hissing
§ 36. Vowels after c
VII. Spelling of nouns
§ 37. Endings of nouns
§ 38. Suffixes of nouns
VIII. Spelling of adjectives
§ 39. Endings of adjectives
§ 40. Suffixes of adjectives
IX. Spelling compound words
§ 41. Connecting vowels o and e
§ 42. Compound words without a connecting vowel
§ 43. Spelling of compound nouns
§ 44. Spelling of compound adjectives
X. Spelling of nouns
§ 45. Numbers quantitative, ordinal, fractional
§ 46
XI. Pronoun spelling
§ 47. Negative pronouns
XII. Spelling of verbs
§ 48. Personal endings of verbs
§ 49. The use of the letter ь in verb forms
§ 50. Suffixes of verbs
XIII. Spelling participles
§ 51. Vowels in participle suffixes
§ 52. Spelling nn and n in participles and verbal adjectives
XIV. Spelling of adverbs
§ 53. Vowels at the end of adverbs
§ 54. Adverbs for hissing
§ 55. Negative adverbs
§ 56. Continuous spelling of adverbs
§ 57. Hyphenated adverbs
§ 58. Separate spelling of adverbial combinations
XV. Spelling of prepositions
§ 59. Compound prepositions
§ 60. Continuous and separate spelling of prepositions and prepositional combinations
XVI. Spelling unions
§ 61. Continuous spelling of unions
§ 62. Separate spelling of unions
XVII. Particle Spelling
§ 63. Separate spelling of particles
§ 64. Hyphen spelling of particles
§ 65. Spelling not with nouns
§ 66. Spelling not with adjectives
§ 67. Spelling not with numerals
§ 68. Spelling not with pronouns
§ 69. Spelling not with verbs
§ 70. Spelling not with participles
§ 71. Spelling not with adverbs
§ 72. Spelling neither
XVIII. Spelling of interjections and onomatopoeic words
§ 73. Hyphen spelling of interjections and onomatopoeic words
XIX. Spelling of foreign words
§ 74. Transcription of foreign words
Punctuation
XX. Punctuation at the end of a sentence and at a break in speech
§ 75. Point
§ 76. Question mark
§ 77. Exclamation point
§ 78. Ellipsis
XXI. Dash between members of a sentence
§ 79. Dash between subject and predicate
§ 80. Dash in an incomplete sentence
§ 81. Intonation dash
§ 82. Connecting dash
XXII. Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members
§ 83. Homogeneous members not connected by unions
§ 84. Homogeneous and non-homogeneous definitions
§ 85. Homogeneous and non-homogeneous applications
§ 86. Homogeneous members connected by non-repeating unions
§ 87. Homogeneous members connected by repeated unions
§ 88. Homogeneous members connected by pair unions
§ 89. Generalizing words with homogeneous terms
XXIII. Punctuation marks for repeated words
§ 90. Comma with repeated words
§ 91. Hyphen spelling of repeated words
XXIV. Punctuation marks in sentences with separate members
§ 92. Separate definitions
§ 93. Separate applications
§ 94 Special circumstances
§ 95. Separate additions
XXV. Punctuation marks in sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of the sentence
§ 96. Specifying members of a sentence
§ 97. Explanatory members of the sentence
§ 98. Attaching members of the sentence
XXVI. Punctuation marks for words not grammatically related to sentence members
§ 99. Introductory words and phrases
§ 100. Introductory and inserted sentences
Section 101 Appeals
§ 102. Interjections
§ 103. Affirmative, negative and interrogative-exclamatory words
XXVII. Punctuation marks in a compound sentence
§ 104. Comma in a compound sentence
§ 105. Semicolon in a compound sentence
§ 106. Dash in a compound sentence
XXVIII. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence
§ 107. Comma between main and subordinate clauses
§ 108. Comma with complex subordinating unions
§ 109. Punctuation in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
§ 110. Comma at the junction of two unions
§ 111. Dash in a complex sentence
§ 112. Colon in a complex sentence
§ 113. Comma and dash in a complex sentence
XXIX. Punctuation for turnovers that are not subordinate clauses
§ 114. Expressions that are integral in meaning
§ 115 Comparative turns
XXX. Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence
§ 116. Comma and semicolon in non-union complex sentence
§ 117. Colon in a non-union complex sentence
§ 118. Dash in a non-union complex sentence
XXXI. Punctuation marks in direct speech
§ 119. Direct speech after the author's words
§ 120. Direct speech before the author's words
§ 121. Author's words inside direct speech
§ 122. Direct speech within the author's words
§ 123. Punctuation marks in dialogue
XXXII. Quote punctuation marks
§ 124. Quotation marks for quotations
§ 125. Ellipsis in quotations
§ 126. Capital and lowercase letters in quotations
§ 127. Punctuation when referring to the author and to the source of the quote
XXXIII. Use of quotation marks
§ 128. Words used in an unusual, conditional, ironic meaning
§ 129. Names of literary works, press organs, enterprises, etc.
§ 130. Names of orders and medals
§ 131. Names of brand names of machines, manufactured products, etc.
§ 132. Names of plant varieties
XXXIV. Combinations of punctuation marks
§ 133. Comma and dash
§ 134. Question and exclamation marks
§ 135. Quotation marks and other signs
§ 136. Parentheses and other signs
§ 137. Ellipsis and other signs
§ 138. The sequence of characters in a footnote
Stylistics
XXXV. Word choice
§ 139. Semantic and stylistic selection of lexical means
§ 140. Elimination of clericalism and stamps
§ 141. Pleonasms and tautologies
§ 142. Sympathy of speech
§ 143. Use of phraseological means
XXXVI. Noun forms
§ 144. Fluctuations in the gender of nouns
§ 145. Differentiation of meanings depending on generic endings
§ 146. The gender of the names of female persons by profession, position, etc.
§ 147. Gender of indeclinable nouns
§ 148. Features of the declension of some words and phrases
§ 149. Declension of some names and surnames
§ 150
§ 151. Forms of the accusative case of animate and inanimate nouns
§ 152
§ 153. Endings of the nominative plural of masculine nouns -ы (-и) - -а (-я)
§ 154. Endings of the genitive plural
§ 155
§ 156. The use of the singular in the meaning of the plural
§ 157. The use of abstract, material and proper nouns in the plural
§ 158. Variants of suffixes of nouns
XXXVII. Forms of adjectives
§ 159. Full and short form of qualitative adjectives
§ 160. Variant forms of short adjectives
§ 161. Forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives
§ 162 Usage possessive adjectives
§ 163. Synonymous use of adjectives and oblique cases of nouns
XXXVIII. Forms of nouns
§ 164. Combinations of numerals with nouns
§ 165. The use of collective numbers
§ 166. Numerals in compound words
XXXIX. The use of pronouns
§ 167. Personal pronouns
§ 168. Reflexive and possessive pronouns
§ 169. Defining pronouns
§ 170. Indefinite pronouns
XL. Use of verb forms
§ 171. Formation of certain personal forms
§ 172. Variants of species forms
Section 173 Returnable and non-returnable forms
§ 174. Participle forms
§ 175. Forms of gerunds
XLI. The structure of a simple sentence
§ 176. Types of sentence
§ 177. Forms of the predicate
XLII. Order of words in a sentence
§ 178. Place of subject and predicate
§ 179 Place of determination in a sentence
§ 180. Place of the complement in the sentence
§ 181. Place of circumstances in a sentence
§ 182. Location of introductory words, addresses, particles, prepositions
XLIII. Agreement of the predicate with the subject
§ 183. Predicate with a subject that has a collective noun in its composition
§ 184
§ 185. Coordination of the predicate with the subject, which has an application with it
§ 186. Predicate with a subject of the type brother and sister
§ 187. Predicate with subject - pronoun interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative
§ 188. Predicate with a subject - an indeclinable noun, an abbreviation, an indivisible group of words, a nickname
§ 189. Coordination of the link with the nominal part of the predicate
§ 190. Coordination of the predicate with homogeneous subjects
XLIV. Harmonization of definitions and applications
§ 191. Definition with a noun of general gender
§ 192. Definition with a noun that has an application
§ 193. Definition with a noun depending on the numerals two, three, four
§ 194. Two definitions with one noun
§ 195. Definition with nouns - homogeneous members
§ 196 Approval of applications
§ 197 Applications - geographical names
XLV. Control
§ 198. Non-prepositional and prepositional management
§ 199. Choice of preposition
§ 200. Choice of case form
§ 201. Case of the object with negative transitive verbs
§ 202. Management with synonymous words
§ 203. Various prepositional-case forms with one control word
§ 204. Stringing identical forms
§ 205. Management with homogeneous members of the proposal
XLVI. Proposals with homogeneous members
§ 206. Unions with homogeneous members
§ 207. Prepositions with homogeneous members
§ 208. Errors in combinations of homogeneous terms
XLVII. Difficult sentence
§ 209. Unions and allied words
§ 210. Mistakes in compound sentences
XLVIII. Parallel syntactic constructions
§ 211. Participle turnovers
§ 212. Participle turns
§ 213. Constructions with verbal nouns
Index Dictionary