1. Commas stand out introductory words and phrases. There are several main groups of introductory words according to their meaning:

1.1) introductory words expressing the speaker's assessment of the degree of reliability of what is being reported (confidence, assumption, possibility, uncertainty, etc.): of course, undoubtedly, without any doubt, obviously, certainly, of course, it goes without saying, indisputably, really, probably, probably, probably, in all likelihood, maybe, maybe, should be, it seems, it would seem, apparently, apparently, perhaps, in fact, really in essence, in fact, right, tea, presumably, I think, I hope, I suppose, etc. For example: After that, in fact, there was no need to ask about her relationship with Grigory (Sholokhov); And he dreamed, perhaps, of approaching in a different way, knocking at the window as a welcome guest, dear (Tvardovsky);

1.2) introductory words indicating the connection of thoughts, the sequence of presentation: so, therefore, it means, on the contrary, on the contrary, then, finally, however, on the contrary, by the way, in general, in particular, first of all, in addition, moreover, it became to be, for example, for example, the main thing, thus, all the more, as usual, by the way, by the way, by the way, firstly, secondly, etc., on the one hand, on the other hand, I repeat, I emphasize, etc. For example: Are you suggesting that I refuse the match and, consequently, lose ten thousand dollars? (Bill-Belotserkovsky);

1.3) introductory words indicating the source of the message: they say, report, transmit, according to .., according to the message .., according to information .., according to .., in my opinion, in your opinion, in our opinion, in- yours, in my opinion, from the point of view, according to rumors, according to legend, you remember, you hear, they say, how they say, how they write, as you know, etc. For example: Factory buildings, in my opinion, were no different from those that I I saw it at other factories in the district (Bazhov); But, according to rumors, some part fought stubbornly near Kamensk, not letting the Germans go to Likhaya (Fadeev);

1.4) introductory words expressing the speaker's feelings (joy, regret, surprise, etc.) in connection with the message: fortunately, unfortunately, fortunately, unfortunately, to joy, to chagrin, to regret, to annoyance, to unfortunately, to surprise, to amazement, to horror, to shame, for happiness, for joy, for misfortune, which is good, there is nothing to hide a sin, a strange thing, an amazing thing, as if on purpose, which is insulting, the hour is not even, etc. For example: ... Nagulny, to Nagulny's amazement, in one second brushed off his leather jacket and sat down at the table (Sholokhov); Here, to Petya's indescribable admiration, on the old kitchen table a whole locksmith's mechanical workshop was set up (Kataev);

1.5) introductory words expressing the attitude to the style of speech, to the nature and method of presentation: in a word, in one word, in other words, in other words, in other words, in short, simply put, to put it mildly, if I may say so, if I may say so, so to speak, it is better to say, so to speak, what is called, etc.: words actually, in general, or rather, more precisely, rather, etc. are introductory if after them you can add the word saying. For example: ... The Board authorized him to speed up the work, that is, in other words, he authorized himself to do this (Kuprin); And Claudia left, or rather, ran away, embarrassedly covering her face with a shawl (Yu. Laptev);

1.6) introductory words that serve to emphasize, highlight what is being said: see (whether), see (whether), understand (whether), understand (whether), know (whether), know (whether), understand, understand, believe , listen, agree, imagine, imagine, excuse, forgive, believe (whether), believe (whether), please, remind, repeat, emphasize what is important, what is even more important, etc. For example: You were afraid, admit it, when my fellows threw a rope around your neck? (Pushkin); We, if you want to know, we came to demand (Gorbatov);

1.7) introductory words:

1.7.b) showing the degree of generality of the reported: happens, happens, happens, usually, as a rule, usually and others, for example: Out of more than a hundred students, it happened that only four knew the lesson (Pomyalovsky);

1.7.c) expressive statements: in truth, in conscience, in fairness, except for jokes, it’s funny to say, not reproachfully, be said, confess to say, I must admit, to say honestly, to be honest, between us speaking, between us be said and others, for example: But Bulychev, I must say frankly, is in a bad shape! (Bitter).

Note 1. If the introductory phrase forms an incomplete construction (any word restored from the context is missing), then a dash is usually put instead of one of the commas, for example: Chichikov ordered to stop for two reasons, on the one hand, to give the horses a rest, on the other, to to rest and refresh yourself (Gogol) (a comma before a subordinate clause is absorbed by a dash).

Note 2. If the introductory word comes after the enumeration of homogeneous members and precedes the generalizing word, then only a dash (without a comma) is placed before the introductory word, and after it - a comma, for example: desk in complete disarray (see § 89, paragraph 2). But: Men drank, argued and laughed - in a word, dinner was extremely cheerful (Pushkin); On one of the hauls, they talked about private affairs, who came from where, what they did, in what environment they grew up - in a word, on endless topics (Furmanov) (both sentences are complex, and the comma before the dash is placed on the basis general rule separating parts of a complex sentence).

2. The same words can be used either as introductory (therefore, not members of the sentence), or as members of the sentence (most often predicates or circumstances). Wed:

You, right, were transferred here from Russia? (Lermontov). Did you translate this passage correctly?

The workshop may have already been reorganized. - The shop can be reorganized.

The syntactic role of such words is determined by the context, and it can be checked by removing these words from the composition of the sentence: in one case (without an introductory word), the structure of the sentence is preserved (the Workshop has already been reorganized), in the other (without a member of the sentence), it most often falls apart (Workshop. .. reorganize, without intonation of motivation).

However, in some cases the sentences are two-valued, and the indicated method of verification does not give the desired results: the structure of the sentence is preserved both when the introductory word is deleted and when the member of the sentence is deleted. Wed:

First of all, it is necessary to talk about this (“at first”). - First of all, is it necessary to talk about this? (the connection of thoughts is indicated).

He is certainly right (a circumstantial word; the degree of his rightness is indicated). - He is certainly right (introductory word; indicates confidence in his rightness).

Your reasoning naturally leads us to the correct solution (in a natural way). – Your reasoning naturally leads us to the correct decision (“of course”).

Thus the conflict was safely resolved (“in this way”). – Thus, the conflict was successfully resolved (“so”).

After visiting patients, the doctor can be in his office (“may be”). - After visiting patients, the doctor, perhaps, is in his office ("possibly").

And then he became famous (“then, after that”). - And, then, he is a celebrity in my eyes ("besides").

Not otherwise than the father found out (the whole combination of "no other way"). - Not otherwise, one of the boys did it (the introductory combination “not otherwise” in the meaning of “should be”).

Wed also suggestions:

Is it really good that he came? (true - an introductory word in the meaning of "isn't it?"). - True, it took him a lot of energy to discuss, but the youth who participated in it learned a lot (N. Ostrovsky) (though - an introductory word in the function of a concessive union). - The men ... were not convinced that the sheds now really were not theirs (Soloukhin) (true - a particle in the meaning of "really").

Without me, everything will be lost, and the father and the old woman, look, they will go around the world (Chekhov) (look - an introductory word meaning “very likely, very likely”). - He, just looking, will suddenly appear (an introductory combination indicating the possibility of a sudden action). Look, do not catch a cold (look - a particle in the form of the imperative mood to express a warning). Although small, but look how it defends itself (look - a particle with an amplifying value).

He, you know, is a mandatory person (introductory word). “Do you know what will happen to us for this?” (close to the particle); also: Then the winters were you know what!; I found on the table you know what? (you know, you know, in the meaning of an expressive amplifying particle).

I, you see, have already gone through all this (introductory word). “And Grandma Varvara, do you see what she’s doing?” (in the meaning of an expressive-amplifying particle). In these cases, just as in the previous ones, you know the words, you know them, you see them, and so on. used with a weakened lexical meaning as a result of the fact that they were inside a sentence, which, according to the meaning, should depend on them; cf .: Do you know what will happen to us for this? Do you see what Grandma Varvara is doing? (see § 107, note 1).

Please hand this manuscript over to the editor (please use an introductory word meaning “please”). - Tell me please, what a brave man! (please say the whole combination when expressing surprise, indignation, indignation). - In the evening, please, but during the day I can’t come (please - a particle for expressing consent, meaning “yes”).

3. The word is finally introductory if it indicates the connection of thoughts, the order of presentation (in the meaning of “and more”) or gives an assessment of the fact from the point of view of the speaker, for example: And finally, it is always better to fall into error, thinking well (Bitter); Leave, finally! (Chekov). In the meaning of “at the end”, “finally”, “after everything”, “as a result of everything”, the word is finally not introductory, for example: ... We climbed higher and higher and finally reached the top of the mountain (Zakrutkin); ... All the cash, the wife's diamonds, and finally most of the daughter's dowry (Goncharov) quickly left.

There is a similar difference between the function of the circumstance and the function of the introductory word in the combination in the end; cf .: In the end, they [officers] took the side of the commander (Novikov-Priboy). - The actor, after all, is not well prepared for such a responsible role.

The word, however, is introductory if it is in the middle or at the end of a sentence, for example: Look, however, Vera, be careful (Turgenev); How clever I am, however! (Chekhov). At the beginning of a sentence (part of a complex sentence) or as a means of connecting homogeneous members, however, the word has the meaning of an opposing union and is not introductory, for example: We did not hope to meet again, but we met (Lermontov). The exception is those cases when the word however at the beginning of the sentence has the meaning of an interjection and on this basis is separated by a comma, for example: However, what a wind! (Chekhov).

The word of course, used, as a rule, as an introductory word, can act as a particle function and not be separated by commas, for example: Of course, everything will end happily! Of course, I would have met you if I knew exactly the hour of your arrival.

The word means is introductory if it is synonymous with the words “therefore”, “therefore”, for example: Sunspots were on the floor, then they moved to the counter, to the wall and completely disappeared; it means that the sun has already declined after noon (Chekhov). If the word means is close in meaning to “means”, then it is either not distinguished by any signs, for example: A person means immeasurably more than it is customary to think about him ... (Bitter), or, in the position between the subject and the predicate, expressed an indefinite form of the verb, requires a dash in front of it, for example: To work means to move forward (see § 79, paragraph 3).

The word is generally introductory if it is used in the sense of "generally speaking", for example: Similar articles are generally of interest, but this particular one is hardly suitable for our journal.

In other meanings, the word is generally not introductory, for example: He generally forbade lighting fires ... (Kazakevich) (meaning "always", "absolutely", "under all conditions"); In general, I like it here, and I will rent this room (in the sense of “in general”, “on the whole”).

The combination is mainly introductory in the sense of "the most important", for example: The article needs to be corrected and, mainly, supplemented with fresh material. In the meaning of “mostly”, “mostly”, “most of all”, this combination is not introductory, for example: He achieved success mainly due to his diligence; What I like most about him is his sincerity.

In any case, the combination is introductory if it has a restrictive-evaluative meaning, for example: I, in any case, did not state this. In the meaning of “under any circumstances”, this combination is not introductory, for example: ... In any case, he will never leave his former pet (Pushkin). The combination, in turn, is not separated by commas if it is used in a meaning close to direct or in the meaning of "on my part", for example: - And you? - he asked the driver in turn (i.e. when it was his turn). In a figurative sense, this combination is usually distinguished, for example: The suffixes of nouns are different, increasing and diminutive; in the group of the latter, in turn, diminutive suffixes are distinguished.

Note. Words and phrases are not introductory and are not distinguished by commas: maybe, literally, as if, in addition, to top it off, suddenly, after all, in the end, here, hardly, after all, further, hardly, exclusively, precisely, as if , as if, just, besides, in the meantime, I suppose, at the suggestion, by decree, by decision, approximately, approximately, moreover, almost, therefore, simply, decisively, as if, supposedly, etc.

The punctuation inconsistency encountered in relation to these words is associated with various reasons: in some cases, the fact that some of the listed words refer to the so-called modal particles, which can be used both as particles and as introductory words, affects; in others, the semantic nuances inherent in individual words and allowing their isolation play a role; finally, the influence of previous rules or individual author's punctuation is possible.

Wed (word in no way):

a) Eh ... yes, our daughter has outgrown the spiked rye! (Nekrasov); Fathers! No barin? (Teleshov);
b) But I, in any way, want to eat again (Turgenev); Yes, no way, you are the most offender (Saltykov-Shchedrin).

Or (the word probably):

a) Probably chickened out, boy?; Are you frozen? All of them must be guilty;
b) Probably, they won’t turn on us (Pushkin); Well, what about your wife? Don't you, beauty? (Chekhov).

Or (word maybe):

a) I have a headache I went out into the air - maybe it will pass (Turgenev);
b) Perhaps, think it over and come (Chekhov).

Or (word roughly):

a) We had a conversation in approximately these tones and with such conclusions (Furmanov) (meaning "approximately");
b) I try not to think about it - it’s impossible (A. Ostrovsky) (meaning “for example”). Or (combination to top it off):

a) To top it off, it started to rain (Chekhov);
b) And, to top it all off, no forks, no knives (Saltykov-Shchedrin).

4. When two introductory words meet, a comma is placed between them, for example: Why, perhaps, he marries, out of tenderness of the soul ... (Dostoevsky); So, in your opinion, everyone, without exception, should be engaged in physical labor? (Chekhov).

5. If the introductory word is at the beginning or at the end of a separate turnover, then it is not separated from the turnover by any sign; if the introductory word is in the middle of a separate turnover, then it is distinguished by commas on a common basis. For example:

5.a) And Pyotr Petrovich, at least in many ways, is a very respectable person (Dostoevsky); Among the comrades there are such poets, lyricists or something, preachers of love for people (Gorky); A woman, freckled, red-haired, resembling a cuckoo, apparently his wife, kept shouting hysterically (Panferov); In the middle of the clearing grew a large tree, apparently an elm.

5.b) The child, apparently frightened of the horse, ran up to his mother.

On this basis, the words for example, in particular, mainly etc., standing at the beginning of a clarifying or connecting turnover, are separated by commas along with the entire turnover, i.e. after them, no sign is placed (see § 98, paragraph 1).

Introductory words before a comparative turnover (with the union as), target turnover (with the union to), etc. separated by commas general rule, for example: All this seemed strange to me, however, like others; The student thought for a moment, probably to better formulate his answer.

6. Introductory words are separated from the previous coordinating union if the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged to another place in the sentence without violating its structure (usually this happens with unions and and but); if the withdrawal or rearrangement of the introductory word is not possible, then the comma is not placed after the union (usually with the union a). For example:

6.a) Terenty made his living doing minor plumbing work; but, firstly, there was little work, and, secondly, urgent matters took up a lot of time (Kataev);

6.b) The misfortune did not change him at all, but on the contrary, he became even stronger and more energetic (Turgenev).

But if the withdrawal or rearrangement of the introductory word is possible, then a comma is placed after the union a, since it is not associated with introductory words, i.e. soldered combinations of type are not formed and therefore, and therefore, therefore etc. For example: Not a year, but maybe ten years, Ivan Georgievich lived in one night (Yu. Laptev) (two homogeneous members are opposed through the union a, and the introductory word is not connected with the union).

Wed See also: Good or bad, but for me, do what you want (the union a is connected with the combination for me). - The dog does not go to the kennel, but seems to be hiding (the union and is not associated with the introductory word, it seems).

7. After the connecting union (at the beginning of an independent sentence), a comma is usually not put, for example: And in fact, voices were heard below (Chekhov); And indeed, everything he did turned out amazingly on time and smoothly (Kaverin); And perhaps that's all; And finally, the merit of the work is a good literary presentation; Besides, other details of the case came to light; But of course, everything ended well. Wed different punctuation: However, it seems that the solution to the problem is erroneous (it seems to be an introductory word). - However, it seems that the solution of the problem is erroneous (it seems - the main sentence).

Note. Less often (when the intonational emphasis on introductory words, when they are included in the text by means of a subordinating union) after the connecting union at the beginning of a sentence, a comma is placed before the introductory construction, for example: But, to my great annoyance, Shvabrin, usually condescending, decisively announced that my song is not good (Pushkin); And, as usual, they remembered only one good thing (Krymov).

Go

introductory word and in the meaning of the predicate

1. Introductory word. The same as "probably, probably, perhaps." It is separated by punctuation marks, usually commas. For details on punctuation for introductory words, see Appendix 2. ()

Where are you! Still young and lying, go, did not learn through. B. Field, Gold. Himself, go every month the management deducts eighty rubles for a permanent cabman. B. Akunin, Azazel.

2. Predicate. Does not require punctuation marks.

“Called? Why did I call - I do not remember! he answered, stretching. - Go while to myself, but I will remember. I. Goncharov, Oblomov. Go Find out where office 13 is. B. Akunin, Extracurricular reading.

Dictionary-reference book on punctuation. - M.: Reference and information Internet portal GRAMOTA.RU. V. V. Svintsov, V. M. Pakhomov, I. V. Filatova. 2010 .

See what "go" is in other dictionaries:

hearth- bottom ... Russian word stress

go ahead- come on...

come on- come on... Spelling Dictionary

go ahead- come on... Spelling Dictionary

come on you- come on you... Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language

go- go (colloquial). 1. (colloquially. also come up). Pov. incl. off to go; the same as go. Come to me. Come here. Go away. Go to hell. “The king said to him: and“ What do you say? Come closer." Pushkin. "Come, Yevsey." Goncharov. “Go to someone else…… Dictionary Ushakov

go- Razg. I. led. 1. Go (go). P. here. Go away. 2. Try (try), try (try) Go count! II. in sign introductory sl. Probably, must be, must be. Tired old man, go, for the day. Far, go, you can see from these mountains! ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

GO- GO, ordered., go; in the form of an adverb Come here, expresses bewilderment, trouble: so think, and do what you know! Go with him! interpret, reason with him, you can’t cope, he’s all his own. Does he have a lot of money? Has he already left? tea, of course, it must be ... ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

go- Go (TE) 1. Use. how led. from ch. to go (colloquial). P. here. 2. go, introductory. Expresses a confident assumption (simple). You, p., have already redone all the cases? Go (w) you! (colloquial) expression of surprise, bewilderment. We thought everything would work out, but go (well) ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

go ahead- that's the thing, just think, an interesting movie! come on, hello, like this a pound, miracles and yes ... ... Synonym dictionary

go- Cm … Synonym dictionary

Books

• Go there, I don't know where, bring something, I don't know what, . Russian folk tale in the processing of A. Tolstoy. Drawings by V. A. Milashevsky. For elementary school children…

I suppose

particle and introductory word

1. Particle. Expresses certainty or conjecture. Does not require punctuation marks.

I suppose remember how I loved you. I. Bunin, Dark alleys. About grooms dreaming, damn doll. A. Chekhov, Daughter of Albion. You can't kiss for a hundred, but for two hundred you'll kiss. A. Averchenko, Connoisseur of the female heart. And still live fifty years, and an icicle is an icicle. V. Shukshin, Psychopath. She saw the enemy in me, and probably she herself, in her lifetime, because of women's stupidity, gave the devil her soul five times. A. Chekhov, On the high road.

2. Introductory word. The same as "probably, perhaps, should be." It is separated by punctuation marks, usually commas. For details on punctuation for introductory words, see Appendix 2. ()

“And what kind of yourself? What does it look like? I bet rogue? - "It must be a rogue, your honor." I. Turgenev, The End of Chertophanov. Here is our master for the first time, so he, I suppose asking God for forgiveness. V. Garshin, Coward.

@ In practice, it can be difficult to distinguish between an introductory word and a particle “probably”. The decision on punctuation marks is made by the author of the text.

Dictionary-reference book on punctuation. - M.: Reference and information Internet portal GRAMOTA.RU. V. V. Svintsov, V. M. Pakhomov, I. V. Filatova. 2010 .

See what "probably" is in other dictionaries:

probably- I guess... Spelling Dictionary

SKY- abbr. don't be afraid; do not be afraid, do not be afraid, be bold. Rusak is strong on three piles; perhaps, yes, somehow. Perhaps yes, I suppose they will not lead to good. Hold on tight until it breaks. He sharpens the knife himself, but says: I suppose (horseman, butcher) Avoska ... ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

SKY- (from do not be afraid) (simple). 1. introductory word. Probably, it seems, perhaps. “Sit down, sit down, your legs, I suppose, are not standing yet.” Dostoevsky. || AT interrogative sentences: is not it? Scared, right? || After all, of course. “Probably, it’s not on us ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

probably- Cm … Synonym dictionary

I suppose- (foreigner) probably, perhaps. Wed And she ... I suppose she broke down in front of a new guest? Didn't play? I. S. Turgenev. Unhappy. 10. See breaking. See Tea... Michelson's Big Explanatory Phraseological Dictionary (original spelling)

SKY- (simple and regional). 1. introductory Probably, probably should be. Tired, n.? Aw, n. yes, somehow (talking about a careless, irresponsible attitude towards something). 2. particle. Expresses confidence. N. you won't freeze. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

probably- sky / s, particle and introductory. sl., simple. particle: You probably won't freeze. Introductory word: Tired, I suppose. Perhaps yes, I suppose; maybe, maybe, somehow... merged. Separately. Through a hyphen.

probably- I. particle. Nar. unfold Expresses an affirmation, confidence that something is not needed. afraid. N. you won’t freeze, you won’t get tired. N. is not small. N. you can handle it. II. introductory sl. Probably, perhaps, isn’t it (in a question. Proposition). N., do you want to eat? encyclopedic Dictionary

probably- 1. particle.; nar. unfold Expresses an affirmation, confidence that something is not needed. afraid. You won’t freeze the sky, you won’t get tired. The sky is not small. Heaven / you can handle it. 2. introductory sl. see also I suppose Probably, perhaps, isn’t it (in question. ... ... Dictionary of many expressions

probably- (inosk.) probably, perhaps Cf. And she ... I suppose she broke down in front of a new guest? Didn't play? I.S. Turgenev. Unhappy. 10. See breaking. See tea... Michelson's Big Explanatory Phraseological Dictionary

Books

• Complete works of Alexei Stepanovich Khomyakov, vol. 4. tragedies and poems, with a portrait and an image of Yermak, A. S. Khomyakov. First shooter. Tell us what did you see, Ipatiy? Servant. Yes, tell me! Lazybones, couldn't you go and watch the royal game? Second shooter. We're on the clock, where do we go? Servant. Hear...

(about introductory words, phrases and sentences)

(continuation)

E. Gekkina, S. Belokurova, S. Drugoveyko-Dolzhanskaya

ARE NOT INTRODUCTORY

Words and phrases are not introductory and are not separated by commas: perhaps, literally, as if, in addition, to top it off, all of a sudden, because, ultimately, here, hardly, after all, even, hardly, exclusively, exactly, as if, as if, just, moreover, meanwhile, I suppose, by suggestion, by decree, by decision, approximately, approximately, moreover, almost, therefore, simply, decisively, as if, supposedly etc. Our Author specifically clarified the semantic and grammatical features of the following words.

As if, as though, nevertheless, as if. As if and as if they are never introductory, but can either be a union ( It became quiet, (as) as if there was no thunderstorm), or a particle ( (How) Like you really don't understand!). The same can be said about the same Even though I love him, I still don't agree with him.(union); I think he will agree(particle)) and o, as it were, in the normative language ( There was a rustle, as if someone else was in the room(union); Agrees reluctantly(particle)).

In reality. Using the expression in reality the author usually states that a certain situation is real, and not subjectively perceived. In such cases, this expression is closely related in meaning to other words of the sentence and should not be separated from them by commas; compare: This story happened in reality; She thinks she cares about the purity of morals, but in reality it is driven by mistrust and hostility. It's hard to imagine a proposal that in reality would express the same meaning as the introductory word really - it is with its help that the speaker reports his own impressions and feelings in connection with the events or situations described.

Compared with. This is a prepositional combination (and synonymous with it - in comparison with ...), and therefore it does not require emphasis: My troubles are a drop compared to your sea(K. Simonov).

And. Moreover, it can be a connecting union in the meaning of ‘at the same time, in addition to this, besides’ ( They began to argue, and tried to outshout each other.) or an interrogative adverb meaning ‘why, why on earth’ ( And here she is?). Neither in one nor the other capacity, the word is distinguished by commas.

So-called. Such a combination is not introductory (its syntactic and semantic connection with other words of the sentence is obvious) and it is not necessary to separate it with commas; compare: The rooms were separated by the so-called blank wall.

Nonetheless. The combination, however, has the grammatical status of a function word: a conjunction that joins subordinate clause with opposition value ( He decided everything, nevertheless I will try to convince him), or particles (= after all, after all: The book isn't a masterpiece, but it's well written nonetheless.) - and is not separated by commas. At the same time, observations on the texts of modern authors convince us that the turnover, nevertheless, is perceived by the majority of writers as introductory and in real practice is most often isolated. This allows philologists to assert that such isolation can no longer be classified as erroneous, since such a word may well be perceived as serving to shape the speaker’s thoughts, and this is one of the categories of introductory words (Compare: That evening, however, I went for a walk- That evening I (,) nevertheless (,) went for a walk). The steady movement of the combination nevertheless into the category of introductory words is also evidenced by its synonymy with however. See, for example, in the Ozhegov-Shvedova dictionary: However ... 2. introductory. sl. However, still. Always neat, but forgot about his promise. In the example given dictionary authors, the introductory word however can easily be replaced by nevertheless .

Verbs, names and adverbs in a sentence can act as introductory words, which in one way or another - grammatically, lexically, intonationally - express the speaker's attitude to what he reports.

Compare two sentences:

This question, it seemed troubled the guest.

Face his seemed calm .

In both examples, the word seemed , but only in the second case is this word included in the members of the sentence: there it is part of the compound nominal predicate.

In the first example, the word seemed serves only to express the attitude of the speaker to what he reports. Such words are called introductory; they are not part of the sentence and can easily be omitted, for example: This question ... made the guest difficult. Note that in the second sentence, skip the word seemed impossible.

Compare a few more examples in the table:

Many words can be used as introductory words. But there is a group of words that are never introductory. Read two sentences:

There will obviously be a good harvest this year;
There will certainly be a good harvest this year.

The first sentence uses the word obviously, in the second - certainly . Although these words are very close in meaning, only the word from the first sentence is separated by commas and is introductory. The words below must be remembered: they are very similar to introductory words, but they are not and commas are not separated:

MAYBE, AS IF, SUDDENLY, BECAUSE, HERE, IS HARD TO, ALL THE SAME, EVEN, EXACTLY, AS IF, JUST, ALWAYS, ALWAYS, MANDATORY, ALMOST, ONLY, ALLEGEDLY.

Introductory words can convey five various types values:

Most often, with the help of introductory words, the speaker conveys various degree of certainty in what he says. For example: You will surely do well in the exam. or You seem to need to do more. This group includes the words:

OF COURSE, OF COURSE, UNDOubtedly, DEFINITELY, WITHOUT A DOUBT, DEFINITELY, REALLY, SEEMS, PROBABLY, POSSIBLY, PLEASE.

Introductory words can also convey feelings and attitude speaker to what he is talking about. For example: Unfortunately, you didn't do well in your exam.

LUCKYLY, UNFORTUNATELY, SURPRISELY, UNFORTUNATELY.

Sometimes introductory words indicate on the The source of information reported by the speaker. Introductory phrases in this case begin with the words BY MESSAGE, BY WORDS, BY OPINION. For example: You, according to doctors, need to interrupt training for a while.

The source of the message may also be the speaker himself (IN MY OPINION, IN MY OPINION), or the source may be indefinite (SPOKEN, HEARD). For example: You, they say, will have to interrupt training.

BY MESSAGE, BY WORDS, BY OPINION, BY HEARING, SAYING, HEARD, IN MY OPINION, IN MY OPINION, IN YOUR WAY.

Introductory words are also used for ordering thoughts and indications of their relationship with each other. For example: Firstly, this participle was formed from a perfective verb; secondly, it has dependent words. Therefore, it should contain two letters N.

FIRSTLY, SECONDLY, THIRDLY, FINALLY, THEREFORE, THEREFORE, SO, ON THE CONTRAST, FOR EXAMPLE, ON THE REVERSE.

There are also sentences where the introductory words indicate on the way of thinking. For example: In a word, everything went well.

OTHERWISE, IN ONE WORD, IT IS BETTER TO SAY IT SOFTLY.

Introductory words also include words that serve to attract attention interlocutor:

KNOW (KNOW), UNDERSTAND (UNDERSTAND), LISTEN (LISTEN), SEE (SEE) and others.

The same meanings can be expressed not only by introductory words, but also by similar predicative constructions (introductory sentences). Compare: Snowfall likely to end soon and The snowfall, I think, will end soon. In addition to commas, brackets or dashes can be used to highlight introductory sentences. This is done when introductory construction is widely distributed and contains additional remarks or explanations. For example:

Here we pass once through our village, years will be - how to tell you not to lie - fifteen years. (Turgenev)
Alexei (the reader has already recognized it) meanwhile he gazed intently at the young peasant woman. (Pushkin)

The rule of isolation of introductory words and sentences has several very important notes.

If the introductory word is preceded by the union A or BUT, then a comma is not always placed between the introductory word and the union. Compare a couple of sentences:
The doctor has finished but of course, look at a seriously ill patient.
He gave his word and consequently, must restrain him.

The introductory word can be rearranged or removed without a union only in the first case, so a comma is required between the introductory word and the union. In the second sentence, this cannot be done, which means that the comma is not put.

Very often, difficulties arise in sentences with the words HOWEVER and FINALLY. The word HOWEVER stands out only when it cannot be replaced by the union BUT. Compare two sentences:
However we understand that this figure is still low(HOWEVER = BUT) . Bye, but, we still don't have a clear picture of what's going on(HOWEVER - introductory word) .

The word FINALLY is introductory only when it has no spatial or temporal meaning, but indicates the order of thoughts. For example:
I hope this project will be completed soon. finally will be implemented. AND, finally, The last thing I would like to pay attention to.

Introductory words can begin with a separate construction, for example, a clarifying phrase. In this case, a comma is not placed after the introductory word (in other words, the comma, which was supposed to “close” the introductory word, is transferred to the end of a separate turnover).

I saw, or rather felt, that she was not indifferent to me.

In addition, a comma is not placed before the introductory word located at the end of a separate turnover.

For the holidays, we decided to go somewhere, to Kolomna for example.

If the introductory word is in the middle of a separate construction, then it is separated by commas on a common basis.

I decided to declare my love, feeling, it seems, in my heart that she, too, was not indifferent to me.


If the introductory words are located before the turn, beginning with the words "how" or "to", then they are separated by commas.

The day she lived seemed meaningless to her, in fact, like all life.
He thought for a moment probably, to find the right words.

An exercise

1. The portraits hung in front of the mirror.
2. On the contrary, he did not even change his face.
3. On the one hand, I completely agree with you.
4. On the one hand, a double-headed eagle was depicted on the coin.
5. The truth is always better than a lie.
6. I_true_ was somewhat surprised by this news.
7. In spring, flooding is possible.
8. There will be a flood in the spring.
9. Everyone in our city is already talking about it.
10. In Greece_ they say_ everything is there.
11. Maybe_ you deigned to express yourself in this way for the beauty of the style? (Gogol).
12. The weather forecast says it will be colder next week.
13. As scientists say, global warming awaits us.
14. The train leaves in an hour_ therefore_ we need to leave the house.
15. Fortunately, Pechorin was immersed in thought (Lermontov).
16. We have gathered here _ firstly_ in order to resolve the issue of the timing of work.
17. He didn’t want to shoot himself_ thank God_ he didn’t want to try ... (Pushkin).
18. Of course, you have seen the album (Pushkin) of the county young lady more than once.
19. In one word, you got off lightly.
20. So_ now we can conclude.
21. You do not interfere with me in the least,” he objected, “if you please, shoot, but_ by the way_ as you like; your shot is yours; I am always ready at your service (Pushkin).
22. She suffered for a very long time after separation, but_ as you know, time heals any wounds.
23. The wind, however, was strong.
24. Fedya brought flowers_ however_ Masha did not like it.
25. A strong yet warm wind blew through the window.
26. A good upbringing, as you know, is obtained in boarding schools (Gogol).
27. However, there are various improvements and changes in methods ... (Gogol).
28. You must certainly come to us.
29. I took from the table_ as I remember now_ the ace of hearts and threw it up (Lermontov).
30. However, even General Khvalynsky himself did not like to talk about his service career; he seems to have never been to war (Turgenev).
31. You become wild - you know - if you live locked up all the time (Gogol).
32. Probably_ he was a man of gratitude and wanted to pay this for good treatment.
33. You supposedly were supposed to come to his office and report on the trip.
34. Yes, I confess, I thought so myself.
35. Anyway, I decided to do things my own way.
36. Ivan Petrovich_ you know_ was an extraordinary person.
37. Nobody went to him, of course, (Turgenev).
38. Gleb, as far as I knew, studied well at the Bryansk gymnasium (Paustovsky).
39. But_ perhaps_ the reader is already tired of sitting with me at Ovsyannikov's one-palace, and therefore I eloquently fall silent (Turgenev).
40. My arrival - I could notice it - at first somewhat embarrassed the guests.
41. However, the political process began to develop in a different way.
42. In my last report, I hastened to inform you that we finally managed to solve this problem.
43. The experiences of transformations that were around us had, no doubt, a strong influence on the thoughts of most of the people involved in them (M. M. Speransky).
44. A group of border guards led by an officer went to the violators with the intention, as it_ happened_ earlier, to protest and demand that they leave the territory.
45. Finalization of the agreement will probably take several more months.
46. Secondly, there are many abuses in the field of international tourism.
47. However_ if you remain committed to the spirit and letter of this document, it could not be otherwise.
48. We all know very well, and everyone here knows well that on the western, or, as they say, the second front, about 1.5 million Allied troops and about 560 thousand German troops were concentrated.
49. This modest, symbolic gesture_ seems to me_ full of deep meaning.
50. Luckily, the examples mentioned above are the exception, not the rule.
51. Extra value luggage_ can be claimed for certain types of items.
52. The reason for this is obvious: when the mind begins to recognize the price of freedom, it dismisses with negligence all the children's toys, so to speak, with which it amused itself in its infancy (M. M. Speransky).
53. Pravda_ spoke to me politely, did not force me to do anything, and I remember that I had the impression that he did not take all these accusations seriously.
54. But in our case, the truth quickly came out, and we were soon released.