initial form - high.

Variable signs: complete, positive degree of comparison, units. number, female genus, I. p ..

3. She (was what?) high (part of the predicate).

1. Thin - adjective,

the initial form is thin.

2. Permanent signs: high-quality, complete;

non-permanent signs: positive degree of comparison, units. number, female genus, I. p.

3. She (was what?) thin(part of the predicate).

initial form is black.

2. Constant features: quality;

non-permanent signs: complete, positive degree of comparison, pl. number, I. p..

3. Eyes (what?) black (predicate).

The meaning of the adjective, its morphological features and syntactic function

Adjective is an independent part of speech that indicates a sign of an object and answers questions which? whose?

Feature value expressed adjectives, can combine the most various characteristics object, namely: 1) the shape and position of the object in space (straight, curve, vertical); size 2 (big, tall, wide, narrow); 3) physical characteristics (warm, oily, bitter); 4) character traits, physiological and intellectual properties (kind, brave, young, smart); 5) spatial and temporal characteristics (rural, Siberian, morning, early); 6) the material from which the object is made (woolen, linen, wood, metal); 7) actions and states of the object (reading, sleeping, spinning, weaving); 8) belonging of the subject (Colin, mother, fox, hare).

initial form adjective- nominative singular masculine.

adjectives change by gender, number and case (new table, new hat, new things, about new things and gender, number and case adjective depend on the gender, number and case of the noun to which the given adjective applies.

By meaning and grammatical features adjectives are divided into three categories: 1) quality adjectives (big, evil, blue) 2) relative adjectives (spring, rural, wooden), 3) possessive adjectives (mother's, father's, hare).

In a sentence adjectives act as a definition or nominal part of a compound nominal predicate. For example:

The sky shines through the window,

Evening sky, quiet, clear.

My lonely heart is crying with happiness,

Rado it is what the sky is beautiful.

(3. Gippius)

quality adjectives

quality adjectives denote a sign of an object that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent.

Most often they denote the shape, size, color, property, taste, weight, smell, temperature, sound, internal qualities of living beings.

Quality adjectives have a number of features, which include: 1) the presence of a full and short form (A young man- young man, young woman- woman is young, young generation- generation is young, young people- people are young) 2) the presence of two forms of degrees of comparison - comparative and excellent (smart- cleverer- smartest - the smartest, smarter than everyone); 3) the ability to form adverbs in -o, -e (good- ok the best- better); 4) the ability to form nouns with an abstract meaning in a suffixed and non-suffixed way (blue- blue- blue, red- red, green- greens); 5) the ability to form synonymous rows and antonymic pairs (cold- fresh- cold, sad- sad- sad; good- bad, cheerful - sad); 6) the ability to combine with adverbs of degree (very young, extremely important); 7) the ability to form forms of subjective assessment (young- young, smart- smart).

Relative adjectives

relative adjectives denote a feature of an object that is not manifested to a greater or lesser extent.

Sign that expresses relative adjectives, can manifest itself through various relationships: 1) to the material (glass product - glass product, chintz dress- print dress); 2) to action (a machine that drills- drilling machine; machine that washes- washing machine); 3) by the time (sport in winter- winter sports, task for the day - daily task); 4) to the place (square at the station - station square, a resident of the city- city ​​dweller) 5) to face (dormitory for students - student hostel, playground for children- playground); 6) to the number (the price is three times greater,- triple price, mistake made twice,- double fault).

The foundation relative adjectives always derivative. These adjectives do not have short forms and degrees of comparison.

Possessive adjectives

Possessive adjectives indicate that the object belongs to a person or animal and answer the question whose?

Possessive adjectives formed in a suffix way. According to the method of formation, the following are distinguished: 1) adjectives with suffixes -in- (un, -nin), -oe- (-ev): grandmother's scarf, sister's cloak, brother's pencil, father's hat, son-in's coat; 2) adjectives with a suffix - j- (graphic th): bear] and a den, for-yach [w] tail, fox [w] next. All of them have a zero ending in the initial form.

Adjectives with suffixes -in- (-yn-), -oe- (ev-) are used in colloquial speech to a limited extent, are found in stable phrases (crocodile tears, pansies, Achilles' heel, sword of Damocles, Antonov's fire). Instead, combinations are often used noun+ +noun- type father's study (=father's study), mother's dress (=mother's dress), butterfly rustle, teacher's book, Dahl's dictionary. In addition, on the basis of these adjectives, a large number of proper nouns are formed - the names of people and the names of settlements. (composer Borodin, writer Chekhov, the village of Borodino, the city of Chekhov).

Transition of adjectives from one category to another

Some adjectives can be used in a figurative sense and acquire features that are not characteristic of the words of their category. As a result, there may be cases transition of adjectives from one category to another. So, possessive adjectives (mostly with the suffix - j) can move into the category of relative and qualitative, relative - into the category of qualitative, qualitative (rarely) - into the category of relative.

At transition from one category to another not only the meanings change, but also the grammatical features of adjectives. So, for example, qualitative adjectives, used in relative and possessive meanings, lose the ability to form simple forms and adverbs in -o, -e, and relative adjectives, becoming qualitative, on the contrary, acquire this ability. Wed: tripping(kach.) - walking is easy, breathing is easy, but: light industry(rel.); wooden cabinet(rel.), but: wooden walk(kach.) - gait is wooden, look stupid, wooden.

Full and short forms of adjectives

Qualitative adjectives have complete and brief form. Full form of adjective denotes a sign conceivable outside of time (steep coast, cheerful girl, round face).Short form of adjective denotes an attribute of an object at a particular moment in time (steep coast- steep coast, cheerful girl- cheerful girl, round face- round face).

Short form adjectives do not change in cases, but change in gender and number, that is, they take the corresponding endings of masculine, feminine, neuter and plural, which are attached to the stems of full adjectives.

At education short forms masculine, the following features can be observed: 1) the appearance of fluent vowels about or e (strong- strong, smooth- smooth, harmful - harmful, sick - sick); 2) crowding out short forms masculine on -enen short forms for -en (insensitive- insensitive, meaningless- meaningless, numerous- numerous).

In a sentence short form usually serves as the nominal part of the compound predicate, for example: Relaxation in vain. Road cool. Evening beautiful. I knock on the gate (A. Blok). It can also act as a separate definition related to the subject. For example: Dika, sad, silent as a forest doe, timid, she seemed like a stranger to her family (A. Pushkin).

Traces of indirect cases short forms preserved in some stable phrases, as well as in folklore: on bare feet, in broad daylight, in broad daylight, from young to old; good fellow, red girl, green wine.

Some adjectives (glad, much, must, love, need etc.) are used in modern Russian only in short form. In sentences, like most short forms, are part of the predicate. For example:

glad to forget, let me not forget; Glad to fall asleep let me not fall asleep. (D. Merezhkovsky)

Degrees of comparison of qualitative adjectives

Majority quality adjectives It has degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative. Comparative and superlative forms can be simple (synthetic) and compound (analytical).

comparative

comparative indicates that this feature is contained in one object to a greater extent than in another.

Simple form with comparative degree formed from the base of the initial form with the help of suffixes -her (she), -e, -she, -same.

Productive suffix her (her) forms a shape comparative degree from stems to a consonant (except for non-derivative stems to g, x, d, t, cm): light coloured- lighter, weak- weaker, charming - more charming, envious- more envious.

Unproductive suffix -e observed in the forms comparative degree, formed: 1) from non-derivative bases on g, x, d, t, an(expensive-oh - more expensive, dry ~ drier, young- younger, rich - richer, simple ~ simpler); 2) from adjectives with a suffix -to-, having a short form of the masculine gender -ok: short-to-th (short) - shorter, low-cue (low) - lower, loud-to-th (loud)- louder); 3) from some other adjectives (high - higher, wide- wide, cheap - cheaper). Formation of forms of the comparative degree with the help of a suffix -e usually accompanied by an alternation of the final consonants of the stem: expensive- expensive, loud- louder, dry- dry, cheap - cheap.

Unproductive suffixes -she, -the same form forms comparative degree in isolated cases: far- further, thin- thinner, deeper- deep.

Some adjectives form forms of degrees of comparison from different bases: good- worse, bad - better, small- less.

In colloquial speech forms comparative degree can be used with attachment on-, mitigating the degree of manifestation of the symptom: cheaper - cheaper, more expensive- more expensive, lighter- lighter.

comparative degree formed by combining the initial form of the adjective with the words more or less: fresh- more fresh - less fresh, difficult- more difficult- less difficult, perfect - more perfect- less perfect.

comparative degree do not change by gender, number, case. In a sentence, they usually play the role of the nominal part of the compound predicate, for example: more tolerable many was Eugene ... (A. Pushkin). They can also act as an inconsistent definition, in this case they stand after the word being defined, for example: A short * beard, slightly darker than hair, slightly shaded the lips and chin (I. Turgenev). Complex (analytical) forms function in a sentence in the same way as regular full forms of qualitative adjectives.

Superlatives

Superlatives shows that one of the many homogeneous objects has this feature to the highest degree.

The simple superlative form is formed from the stem of the initial form with the help of suffixes -eysh, -aysh, -sh: kind- kindest, smartest- smartest, tallest- supreme, strict- the strictest. In book speech, a prefix can be added to words nai-, reinforcing degree of manifestation of the symptom: good- best, bad- worst, small- least.

Composite (analytical) form superlatives is formed in three ways: 1) by combining the initial form with words the most beautiful- most handsome, tallest- highest); 2) by connecting the initial form with words most, least (successful- most successful, interesting- least interesting) 3) by combining a simple form of the comparative degree of the adjective with pronouns everything, everyone in the genitive (happy- more fun than everyone, wide- widest, warm- warmest).

complex shapes superlatives have not only grammatical, but also stylistic differences:

Simple (synthetic) forms superlatives change by gender (famous singer, famous singer), numbers (famous singers) cases (I'm talking about the famous singer). In the form proposal superlatives perform the function of the nominal part of a compound predicate or agreed definition, for example: Noise was huge(E. Krenkel). Her huge eyes looked sad.

Declension of adjectives

The case forms of adjectives have a dependent character, since they express the meaning of the gender, number and case of the noun with which the given adjective is agreed. Therefore, the case forms of adjectives seem to repeat the functions of the corresponding forms of nouns. For example: new hat, new hat, new hat, new hat, new hat, (o) new hat.

Declension of qualitative and relative adjectives

There are three type of declension of qualitative and relative adjectives: 1) hard declension, 2) soft declension, 3) mixed declension.

The spelling of the endings of adjectives in some cases sharply diverges from their sound composition, for example: white- white [yv], summer- summer [b].

The declension of adjectives with a stem into a hard consonant is called hard (except for stems on c type stubby, and also on w With shock ending type big).

Soft is called the declension of adjectives with a stem into a soft consonant (except g", k", x").

Mixed is called the declension of adjectives with a stem on g, k, x (g", k", x"), as well as w with a percussive ending. These adjectives have both hard and soft endings.

Declension of possessive adjectives with suffixes -in- and -oh- form a special type.

The adjectives under consideration have noun endings in the nominative, genitive and accusative cases of the masculine and neuter, as well as in the nominative and accusative cases of the feminine and in the same cases of the plural. In other case forms, they have the usual endings of qualitative and relative adjectives.

In the genitive and dative cases of the masculine and neuter gender, instead of the endings of nouns, the endings of full adjectives can be used:

R. Sister of the table, windows Sister of the table, windows

D. Sister table, window Sister table, window

When declining adjectives with a suffix -y- last does not receive a uniform letter designation in writing.

Adjectives of this variety in the forms of the nominative and accusative (when combined with inanimate nouns) cases have noun endings, and in other cases - the usual endings of qualitative and relative adjectives of a soft variety.

Morphological analysis of the adjective includes the selection of two permanent features (rank by value, degree of comparison for quality adjectives) and three non-permanent features (gender, number, case).

The adjective is a beautiful and most expressive part of speech. It describes the signs of any objects, phenomena or actions. All of them are divided into groups depending on their meaning. Qualitative adjectives are adjectives that describe those features that objects can have to one degree or another. Possessives fix the belonging of an object or person. And, in turn, relative adjectives mean constant signs of things.

It is about this type of this part of speech that this article will tell.

Relative adjectives: what is it?

The science of the Russian language defines this category. Relative adjectives are such a category of the indicated part of speech that shows the signs of an object through its relation to something. At the same time, they cannot manifest themselves to a greater or lesser extent; it is impossible to apply forms of comparison to them. In addition, relative adjectives inherently cannot have synonyms or antonyms. Their features also include the fact that they cannot be combined with the adverb "very", and also do not have a short form. In phrases, such adjectives are easily replaced by the corresponding nouns. An example can be given: a city dweller is a city dweller. Sometimes relative adjectives can turn into qualitative ones.

This happens if these words are used in a figurative sense (golden character, velvet paws).

Features described

Relative adjectives take as a basis a certain object in relation to which the property is manifested. For example, a tree is wooden, tin is tin, summer is summer. The features described by such adjectives may refer to the material from which this or that object is made (chintz dress), to certain persons ( Parent meeting), to the place (suburban house), to the time (winter night). Also, such parts of speech can be abstract (romantic walk). Action relations can also express relative adjectives. Examples of this: ironing board, reading room. And, finally, relative adjectives can also be formed from numerals (double jump).

Distinctive features

Due to their specificity, relative adjectives are always formed from other parts of speech. Therefore, often their distinguishing features are special suffixes. Let's consider the most common of them. The first suffix is ​​-sk-. An example of its use is an adjective such as April, formed from the corresponding noun. The next varieties of "relative" suffixes are such parts of the word as -ov-, -ev-. It was with their help that such adjectives as aspen and role-playing were formed. And, finally, another suffixes used in such cases are -an- and -yan-. They are contained, for example, in such words as linen, sandy.

Renowned linguist Yu.S. Stepanov believed that the difference quality and relative meanings of adjectives is one of the most difficult. This division is carried out not even in all languages. In Russian already students high school learn to distinguish between these categories of adjectives.

As you probably remember, adjectives answer questions which? which? which? which?

Which? –small yard, school teacher, bear claw.

Which? –wonderful weather, wooden bench, fox face.

Which? –excellent mood, pearl necklace, horse's hoof.

What kind? – polite students, district competitions, bunny ears.

Each row contains examples. qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives. How to distinguish them? As it has already become clear, simply asking a question to an adjective will not give a result, the discharge cannot be determined in this way.

Grammar will come to the rescue semantics(meaning of the word). Consider each category of adjective names by value .

quality adjectives

It is clear from the name that these adjectives mean item quality. What kind of quality could it be? Color(lilac, burgundy, bay, black), the form(rectangular, square), physical characteristics of living beings (fat, healthy, active), temporal and spatial signs (slow, deep), general qualities, inherent in an animated object ( angry, funny, happy) and etc.

Also, most (but not all!) quality adjectives have a range of grammatical features, by which they are quite easy to distinguish from other adjectives. These features may not necessarily be a whole set for each quality adjective, but if you find that at least some sign is suitable for this adjective - in front of you is a quality adjective. So:

1) Qualitative adjectives designate a feature that can appear to a greater or lesser extent. Hence the possibility of forming degrees of comparison.

Thin - thinner - thinnest. Interesting – less interesting – most interesting.

2) form short forms. Long - long, small - small.

3) Compatible with adverbs of measure and degree. Very beautiful, extremely entertaining, completely incomprehensible.

4) From quality adjectives can be formed adverbs in -o (-e) and nouns with abstract suffixes -ost (-is), -out-, -ev-, -in-, -from- :magnificent - magnificent, clear - clarity, blue - blueness, blue - blueness, thick - thickness, beautiful - beauty.

5) It is also possible to form words with diminutive or augmentative suffixes: evil - furious, dirty - dirty, green - green, healthy - hefty.

6) Can have antonyms: large - small, white - black, sharp - dull, stale - fresh.

As you can see, there are many signs, but it is absolutely not necessary to use all of them. Remember that some quality adjectives no degrees of comparison some do not form abstract nouns, some cannot be combined with adverbs of measure and degree, but they fit in other ways.

For example, the adjective bay. This adjective does not fit any grammatical criteria, but denotes color = item quality, means it quality.

or adjective beautiful. Can't say very lovely, but you can form an adverb wonderful. Conclusion: adjective quality.

Relative adjectives

designate sign through relation to the subject. What kind of relationships can these signs be? Material from which the object is made ( iron nail - iron nail, stone cellar - stone cellar, velvet dress - velvet dress); place, time, space (today's scandal - the scandal that happened today; intercity bus - a bus between cities; moscow region - region of moscow); appointment(parent meeting - meeting for parents, children's shop - shop for children) and etc.

Signs et and not temporary, but permanent, that's why all the features inherent in qualitative adjectives do not have relative ones. This means that they do not form degrees of comparison(can't say that this house is wooden and that one is more wooden), incompatible with adverbs of measure and degree(can't say very gold bracelet) etc.

But phrases with relative adjectives can convert, replacing the adjective. For example, villager - villager, milk porridge - porridge with milk, plastic cube - plastic cube.

We hope that it has become clearer to you how to distinguish between qualitative and relative adjectives. And we will talk about possessive adjectives and some traps in the next article.

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Adjectives in Russian are designed to describe the signs of objects or actions, they are able to give expressiveness to any text. Linguists divide adjectives into three types:

• quality;
• relative;
• possessive.

Types of adjectives, including relative ones

The most numerous group is qualitative adjectives that serve to describe those features of objects that can be more or less (wide, red, expensive).

Possessives demonstrate the belonging of an object or phenomenon and answer the question - whose? (grandfather, bird, walrus). And relative adjectives describe a sign that is constantly inherent in a particular thing or action (phenomenon), and does this through a relationship to something. That is, they emphasize that the described object refers to something. For example, school years - the adjective school relates a certain period of time to educational institution. Or a suede jacket - the adjective suede refers to a particular type of fabric.

Relative adjectives can be divided according to the direction of expression of the relation:

• to some material from which the object is made - a copper coin, plastic window, wooden platform;
• to an individual or other object - a men's shirt, a youth team, a fir cone;
• to the area - the bay, urban transport, Italian ice cream;
• to a certain action - a detergent, a running person, a drawn sketch;
• to the number - a single case, a double blow, a triple defense;
• by the time - morning fog, night express, midday heat;
• to any abstract concept - a dubious statement, terms of reference, logical thinking.

The belonging of an adjective to a relative species can be established if it can be correctly replaced by the corresponding noun (a kite - a kite made of paper, a steppe flower - a flower from the steppe, a fox collar - a fox collar).

Distinctive features of relative adjectives

There are several ways to distinguish relative adjectives from qualitative ones, which are most often found in Russian. First, they are subject to change by gender, number and (financial flow, do without daytime sleep, dream of the Egyptian pyramids).

Secondly, adverbs denoting a degree or measure cannot be placed next to them - unusual or very, enough, also slightly, etc. For example, one cannot be very Moscow, unusually iron, slightly birch. Also, distinctive adjectives cannot form diminutive forms, as is available for qualitative ones: small - tiny (qualitative adjective), and for relative examples does not exist.

Third, relative adjectives cannot be shortened, have no synonyms or antonyms, and cannot be compared to varying degrees.

At the same time, in some cases, relative adjectives can become qualitative, usually such a process is associated with the use of a word in a figurative sense. For example, iron ore iron Man(meaning this person has great strength and health); velvet curtain - velvet skin (meaning the softness and tenderness of the skin).