Not all gold, what glitters.[everything ...], (following that ...).
Not that old, to whom turned sixty, and that, who sour at thirty.[not that ..., (who ...), but that], (who ...).
Whatgarden, these are and apples.(What is ...), [such is ...].
Whohe will ride on a greyhound horse to marry, that will cry soon.(Who ...), [that ...].
Sentences of this type often convey a generalized thought, aphorism, maxim.
The one whodevoted himself to science, is not free from it even on days of rest.
Those who havewe learn, are rightly called our teachers, but not anyone who teaches us deserves this name(Goethe).
The one wholoves, must share the fate the one whom he likes(M. Bulgakov).
NGN with explanatory s then 2
In NGN with an explanatory clause, the demonstrative pronominal in the main part is usually optional.
He said that he would be back soon.
He did not deny that he was guilty.
I am convinced that this man is honest.[… vb. + _ then 2], (s. what ...).
The type of connection is verbal, the mechanism is allied.
Correlative word then 2 in NGN with an explanatory clause is compulsory in the following cases:
1) with verbs start(s), begin(s), end(s), end(s), consist, reduce, conclude.
Everything started from that that I missed the syntax lesson.
BUT over all topics that I didn't pass the exam.[… vb. + then 2], (p. what ...).
The type of connection is correlation, the mechanism is pronominal-union.
2) in combinations the point is, the question is, the problem is.
The factthat you need to understand the intricacies of the structure of the NGN.
My the problem is that there is no time to do it.
3) with verbs of emotional state and participles correlative with them ( amazed by that, embarrassed by that, offended by that).
Her outdated morality was offended by that her daughter allowed herself to be kissed before marriage(Pomyalovsky).
4) with adjectives with a qualitatively characterizing meaning ( remarkable for that, good for that, amazing for that, terrible for that).
Razumikhin was also so wonderful that no failures ever bothered him(F. Dostoevsky).
Faculty of Philology famous for that the most beautiful girls study here.
5) if the subordinate explanatory occupies the position of one of the members of a homogeneous series.
He said about summer and that being a poet is an absurdity for a woman
(A. Akhmatova).
6) if there is a negation with the supporting word with further opposition.
Glad not to that that the lecture is over, and to that that there are two more pairs ahead.
7) if the correlative pronoun is accentuated by an intensifying particle or an introductory word.
rejoice exactly that that there are two more pairs ahead.
SPP with subordinate place
adnexal places parts of the NGN are called, containing an indication of the place of action or manifestation of the sign expressed in the main part, and answering questions where?, where?, from where?.
Means of communication
Subordinate places are connected with the main part with the help of allied words where, where, from where . Pronominal adverbs act as correlative words in the main part there, there, from there, everywhere, everywhere, from everywhere, everywhere .
Bold there will find where the timid will lose.[… where…).
Wherewho was born there and came in handy. Where love and advice there and there is no grief.(Where exactly …].
Whereneedle, there and thread.(Where to go …]
Everywhere, where pleasant is replaced by useful, pleasant almost always wins
(J.J. Rousseau).[Everywhere, (where...),...].
NGN with subordinate places are characterized by the presence of a correlation pair:
there - where, there - where, there - where, there - from where, everywhere - where, everywhere - where, everywhere - where.
The place of the subordinate part is not fixed: it can be in postposition, in interposition, in preposition.
allied words where, where, from where can be complicated by an amplifying particle neither . In the main part, an adverb with a generalized meaning is used - everywhere, everywhere. Thanks to this, the SPP gets places generalized amplifying shade.
Everywhere, where I neither contacted me, they helped me.[Everywhere, (wherever...),...].
NB! Underwater rocks!
1. Sometimes the index word in the main part may be missing.
Where the peppy sickle walked and the ear fell, now everything is empty(F. Tyutchev). (Where ...) and (...), .
In the WG, such constructions are considered as SPP dismembered structures.
2. Adverbial places can be used to clarify the circumstance of the place.
Ahead, where the thicket ended, were birch trees.[The situation of the place, (where ...), ...]. ahead(where exactly?)
We went down, where the pointer "Sports Hall" led.[... the situation of the place], (where ...). Way down(where exactly?)
The structure is dissected, the relationship is determinant (the member of the sentence is distributed), the subordinate clause - clarifying the place.
Everyone looked where tables were posted.[ …where…).
Everyone looked to the left, where tables were posted.[…the situation of the place], (where…).
Everyone looked to the left, where tables were posted.[ …where…).
Everyone looked on the board, where tables were posted.[ …where…).
Everyone looked on the board where tables were posted.[…n.], (where…).
Many subordinate places have turned into stable combinations:
anywhere, wherever you want, wherever you order, wherever you want, wherever your eyes look, where the raven did not take away the bones, where Makar did not drive the calves.
Philology graduates can be found everywhere.
They go by distribution where the eyes look.
Some difficulty in learning the Russian language is created by a complex sentence with an attributive clause. This article will be devoted to the consideration of issues related to this section.
Complicated sentence with an attributive clause
A complex sentence is a language construction in which there is more than one grammatical basis - the subject and the predicate. Moreover, a complex sentence with an attributive clause is distinguished by the presence of a main part and a dependent one. The subordinate clause denotes a sign of the subject named in the main clause, and answers the questions "which, which."
In speech, complex sentences are often found. Examples can be given as follows.
The dog ran across the meadow (which one?), which was full of flowers.
Tatyana was reading a book from Nikolai's library (which one?), which was already the twentieth book in a row.
Why are complex sentences necessary?
Some people find that it is easy to express all their thoughts in short phrases, "without problems." They argue that a complex sentence with an attributive clause should be replaced by two monobasic simple ones.
In some cases they are right. Especially when it comes to "multi-story" constructions with several subordinations, participial and participle turns. It is difficult to read such constructions, it is even more difficult to understand the meaning of what was said. But what can happen if you constantly replace all complex sentences with several simple ones? We will try to convert the examples given above into simplified versions.
The dog ran across the meadow. The meadow was full of flowers.
Tatyana was reading a book from Nikolai's library. She was already the twentieth in a row.
The proposals were quite understandable and easy to read. We just had to replace allied words with nouns or pronouns. However, in the first case, there is a repetition of the word in adjacent sentences, which is undesirable. Yes, and by ear, this option is more like material from a primer for kids learning to read, and not like beautiful Russian speech.
Parsing a complex sentence
To correctly place punctuation marks in complex grammatical constructions, the ability to find grammatical foundations in their parts is required. For example, consider a proposal.
The bird perched on a branch of a tree that was hunched over under the weight of the snow.
Main part - bird perched on a tree branch, where bird- subject, and villages- predicate. The subordinating clause here is: "TOhunched over under the weight of the snow". Union word " which" can be replaced by the word " wood". Then you get a full-fledged simple sentence: “ The tree hunched under the weight of the snow", where the grammatical basis is " the tree is hunched over". Therefore, when parsing a subordinate clause, it is indicated by the subject " which"- this word is the main one here.
It will help to understand more accurately the scheme of a complex sentence. The main part is indicated by a rectangle, the subordinating part is indicated by a circle. You should also indicate in the diagram a connecting allied word and place punctuation marks.
Communication in a complex sentence with a subordinate clause
If the author uses this construction in speech, he connects the main part with the secondary one using allied words "which", "whose", "which", "when", "who", "what", "where", "where", "where". The parts of a complex sentence are separated by a comma. And the words " whose, which, what"are the main ones, and all the rest from the list are non-main ones, indicating the attribute of the subject indirectly. But they (non-main linking allied words) can always be replaced by the main one" which the».
I love the house in the village where I spent my childhood.
In this construction, the allied word " where" is easily replaced by the word " wherein". You can put a question to the subordinate " I adore the house in the village (which one?), where I spent my childhood.
Often in the main part there are demonstrative words “that” (“that”, “that”, “those”), “such”, “each”, “any”, “any”.
I respect those people who defended their Fatherland with their breasts.
Where and when is a comma placed in complex sentences
- In speech constructions, where there are subordinate clauses, a comma is placed between the main part and the dependent.
Here is the cinema where they kissed on the last row.
Black clouds gathered over the forest in which we gathered mushrooms.
- Sometimes the presence of reinforcing-restrictive words (unions or their combinations, particles, introductory words) is found in the subordinate clause. These are especially, in particular, in particular, even, including, and also, namely, and (but) only, just, only, exclusively, only and others. They are attributed to the subordinate clause, and the comma is placed in such a way as not to separate the reinforcing-restrictive words from the subordinate clause itself.
It is good to relax in the village, especially next to which the river flows.
- If we have complex sentences with several subordinate clauses, unrelated connecting or disjunctive unions and (yes), or, either, then a comma separates all simple sentences.
The stream ran past a beautiful fairy-tale lawn, which was full of flowers, over which bright butterflies fluttered.
When is a comma not used in compound sentences?
- There are complex sentences with several subordinate clauses that are homogeneous and are interconnected by single connecting or disjunctive unions and (yes), or, or.
I like to watch kids playing in the sandbox or looking at the pictures in the book with enthusiasm.
- It is not necessary to separate with commas the subordinate clause, consisting of one word.
I would take a book, but I don't know which one.
- The subordinate clause is not singled out with a comma if there is a negative particle before the subordinating allied word " not".
I had to see not what kind of work it was, but why and by whom it was written.
The position of the linking word in a complex sentence
Difficulty in parsing may appear when the connecting allied word is not at the beginning of the subordinate clause, but in the middle of it or even at the end.
Cautiously, Christmas morning was approaching, which all the kids were looking forward to.
All listeners were subdued by that singer, applause was not spared for which.
However, the scheme of a complex sentence, in which the connecting allied word is not at the beginning of the subordinate clause, is constructed in such a way as if it were immediately after the comma.
Stylistic errors in complex sentences with a subordinate clause
Quite often, people make frank mistakes in speech. And what complex sentence will have a distorted meaning?
Where there is an incorrect location of the attributive clause relative to the word from the main part, the sign of which is indicated. If the definition is placed far from it, the whole construction may take on a distorted meaning.
A phrase can become completely absurd if, between the word being defined and the attributive clause, members of the sentence that depend on other words are placed. For example:
Tatyana loved to eat jam with a spoon that her grandmother had prepared.
From the sentence, we can conclude that the grandmother was a craftswoman in terms of making spoons. And this is not so at all! Grandmother cooked jam and never made objects kitchen utensils. So the correct option would be:
Tatyana loved to eat with a spoon the jam that her grandmother had prepared.
But in those cases when between the subordinate and the defined word there are members of the sentence that depend on it, then the construction has the right to exist.
Tatyana loved to eat jam with a spoon, painted with bright ornaments, which her grandfather gave her.
Here the phrase “painted with bright ornaments” is dependent on “spoon”, so the blunder did not work out.
Yes, the Russian language is diverse and difficult! Complex sentences take not the last place here. However, the ability to correctly use them in speech and accurately punctuate them, you can achieve a beautiful and vivid description.
There are (by analogy with the secondary members of the proposal: definitions, additions and circumstances) three main type adnexal: definitive, explanatory and circumstantial; the latter, in turn, are divided into several types.
Subordinate clause can refer to a specific word in the main (conditional adjectives) or to everything main (non-verbal adventitious).
For determining the type of subordinate clause three interrelated features must be taken into account: 1) a question that can be asked from the main clause to the subordinate clause; 2) the conditional or non-verbal nature of the subordinate clause; 3) a means of communication of the subordinate with the main.
Clauses
Like definitions in a simple sentence, attributive clauses express a sign of an object, but, unlike most definitions, they often characterize the object not directly, but indirectly - through the situation one way or another related to the subject.
In connection with the general value of the attribute of the subject attributive clauses dependent on the noun(or from a word in the meaning of a noun) in the main clause and answer the question which? They join the main only with allied words - relative pronouns (which, which, whose, what) and pronouns (where, where, where, when). In a subordinate clause, allied words replace that noun from the main one on which the subordinate clause depends.
For example: [One of the contradictions, (which creativity is alive Mandelstam), concerns own nature of this creativity] (S. Averintsev)- [n., (what (= contradictions)),].
Allied words in complex sentences with can be divided into main (which, what, whose) and minor (what, where, where, where, when). Non-basic can always be replaced by the main allied word which the, and the possibility of such a replacement is a clear sign definitive adjectives.
The village where(wherein) Eugene was bored, there was a lovely corner ... (A. Pushkin)- [noun, (where),].
I was reminded today of a dog that(which) was friend of my youth (S. Yesenin)- [n.], (what).
At night, in the desert of the city, there is one hour, imbued with longing, when(in which) for the whole city at night got off ... (F. Tyutchev) -[n.], (when).
In the main sentence there are often demonstrative words (demonstrative pronouns and adverbs) that, such for example:
It was that famous artist whom she saw on stage last year (Yu. Herman)- [uk.sl. that - n.], (which).
Pronoun-defining clauses
By value, relative clauses are close pronominal-defining clauses . They differ from the proper attributive clauses in that they do not refer to the noun in the main clause, but to the pronoun (that, each, all etc.), used in the meaning of a noun, for example:
1) [Total, (what knew more Evgeniy), retell to me lack of leisure) (A. Pushkin)- [local, (what),]. 2) [Not oh (what you think), nature]... (F. Tyutchev)- [local, (what),].
Like attributive clauses, they reveal the attribute of an object (therefore, it is better to ask a question about them too which?) and join the main sentence with the help of allied words (the main allied words are who and what).
Wed: [That human, (who came yesterday Today didn't show up] - adjective attributive. [indicative + noun, (which), ].
[That, (who came yesterday Today didn't show up] - adjectival pronoun. [local, (who),].
Unlike proper attributive clauses, which always come after the noun they refer to, pronoun-defining clauses can also appear before the word being defined, for example:
(Who lived and thought), [he can't in the shower do not despise people] ... (A. Pushkin)- (who), [loc. ].
Clauses of explanatory
Clauses of explanatory answer case questions and refer to a member of the main sentence that needs semantic distribution (addition, explanation). This member of the sentence is expressed by a word that has the meaning speech, thoughts, feelings or perception. Most of the time these are verbs. (say, ask, answer and etc.; think, know, remember and etc.; be afraid, rejoice, be proud and etc.; see, hear, feel etc.), but there may be other parts of speech: adjectives (happy, satisfied) adverbs (known, sorry, necessary, clear) nouns (news, message, rumor, thought, statement, feeling, feeling and etc.)
Clauses of explanatory are attached to the explained word in three ways: 1) with the help of unions what, how, as if, so that when and etc.; 2) with the help of any allied words; 3) using the union-particle whether.
For example: 1) [The light has decided], (that t smart and very mil) (A. Pushkin)- [vb], (what). [I_ was afraid], (so that in a bold thought you me could not blame) (A. Fet) - [ vb.], (so that). [Her dreaming], (as if she goes on a snowy glade, surrounded by a sad mist) (A. Pushkin)- [vb.], (as if).
2) [You you know himself], (which the time has come) (N. Nekrasov)- [vb], (what). [Then she started asking me], (where am I now working) (A. Chekhov)- [vb], (where). (When he will arrive), [unknown] (A. Chekhov)- (when), [adv.]. [I_ asked and the cuckoo] (How many yo i live)... (A. Akhmatova)- [vb], (how much).
3) [Both very wanted to know\, (brought whether father the promised piece of ice) (L. Kassil)- [vb], (whether).
Clauses of explanatory can be used to convey indirect speech. With the help of unions what, like, when indirect messages are expressed using the union to- indirect urges, with the help of allied words and union-particles whether- indirect questions.
In the main clause, with the explained word, there may be a demonstrative word then(in different cases), which serves to highlight the content of the subordinate clause. For example: \Chekhov through the mouth of Dr. Astrov expressed one of his absolutely amazingly accurate thoughts about] (that forests teach a person to understand the beautiful) (K. Paustovsky)- [n. + uk.slov.], (what).
Distinguishing between subordinate attributive and subordinate explanatory
Certain difficulties are caused distinction between subordinate attributive and subordinate explanatory that refer to the noun. It should be remembered that attributive clauses dependent on the noun as parts of speech(the meaning of the noun being defined is not important for them), answer the question which?, indicate the sign of the subject that is called the noun being defined, and are attached to the main one only with allied words. Adnexal same explanatory depend on the noun not as a part of speech, but as from a word with a specific meaning(speech, thought, feeling, perception), except for the question which?(and it can always be set from a noun to any word or sentence depending on it) case question, they disclose(explain) content speeches, thoughts, feelings, perceptions and join the main unions and allied words. ( adnexal, attachable to the main unions and union-particle whether, can only be explanatory: The thought that he was wrong tormented him; The thought of whether he was right tormented him.)
More difficult distinguish between subordinate attributive and subordinate explanatory clauses depending on nouns when explanatory clauses join the main one with the help of allied words (especially the allied word what). Compare: 1) Question what(which the) he was asked, seemed strange to him. Thought that(which) came into his head in the morning, haunted him all day. The news that(which) I received yesterday, very upset me. 2) The question of what to do now tormented him. The thought of what he had done made him uneasy. The news of what happened in our class amazed the whole school.
1) The first group - complex sentences with adverbial attributive. union word what can be replaced by an allied word which the. The subordinate clause indicates the sign of the object named by the noun being defined (from the main clause to the subordinate clause, you can only ask a question which?, case question cannot be asked). The demonstrative word in the main clause is possible only in the form of a pronoun agreed with the noun (that question, that thought, that news).
2) The second group is complex sentences with subordinate explanatory clauses. Allied word replacement what allied word which the impossible. The subordinate clause not only indicates the attribute of the object named by the noun, but also explains the content of the words question, thought, message(from the main clause to the subordinate clause, a case question can be asked). The demonstrative word in the main clause has a different form (case forms of pronouns: question, thought, news about that).
Adverbial clauses
Majority adverbial clauses sentences have the same meanings as the circumstances in a simple sentence, and therefore answer the same questions and, accordingly, are divided into the same types.
Adventitious mode of action and degree
Characterize the method of performing an action or the degree of manifestation of a qualitative trait and answer questions as? how? in what degree? how much? They depend on the word that performs the function of an adverbial mode of action or degree in the main clause. These subordinate clauses are attached to the main clause in two ways: 1) with the help of allied words how, how much, how much; 2) with the help of unions that, to, as if, exactly, as if, as if.
For example: 1) [The offensive was on because provided at headquarters) (K. Simonov)- [vb + uk.el. so], (as) (subordinate modus operandi).
2) [The old woman is the same wanted to repeat my story], (how much do I listen) (A. Herzen)- [vb + uk.el. so many],(how much) (subordinate clause).
Adventitious mode of action and degree can be unambiguous(if they join the main allied words how, how much, how much)(see examples above) and two-digit(if joined by unions; the second value is introduced by the union). For example: 1) [White acacias smelled so strong] (that their sweet, cloying, candy the smell was felt on the lips and in the mouth) (A. Kuprin)-
[uk.sl. So+ adv.], (what) (the meaning of the degree is complicated by the meaning of the consequence, which is introduced into the meaning of the subordinate conjunction what).
2) [Beautiful the girl must be dressed so that stand out from the environment) (K. Paustovsky)- [cr. + uk.sl. So],(to) (the meaning of the course of action is complicated by the meaning of the goal, which is introduced by the union to).
3) [Everything is small plant So sparkled at our feet], (as if it was really made from crystal) (K. Paustovsky)- [uk.sl. so + vb.], (as if) (the value of the degree is complicated by the value of the comparison, which is introduced by the union as if).
adnexal places
adnexal places indicate the place or direction of action and answer questions where? where? where? They depend on the whole main sentence or on the circumstance of the place in it, expressed by the adverb (there, there, from there, nowhere, everywhere, everywhere etc.), and join the main sentence with the help of allied words where, where, where. For example:
1) [Go the free way], (where entails you free cm)... (A. Pushkin)- , (where).
2) [He wrote everywhere], (where caught his thirst write) (K. Paustovsky)- [nar.], (where).
3) (Where the river went), [there and the channel will] (proverb)-(where), [uk.sl. there ].
adnexal places should be distinguished from other types of subordinate clauses, which can also be attached to the main clause using allied words where, where, where.
Compare: 1) AND [ Tanya enters to an empty house], (where(wherein) lived recently our hero) (A. Pushkin)- [n.], (where) (subordinate definitive).
2) [I_ began to remember], (where went during the day) (I. Turgenev)- [vb], (where) (subordinate explanatory).
Adventitious time
Adventitious time indicate the time of the action or manifestation of the sign, which is referred to in the main sentence. They answer questions when? how long? since when? How long?, depend on the entire main sentence and join it with temporary unions when, until, as soon as, barely, before, while, until, since, suddenly etc. For example:
1) [When the count is back], (Natasha impolitely rejoiced him and hurried to leave) (L. Tolstoy)- (kog2) (Bye does not require poet to the sacred sacrifice of Apollo), [in the cares of the vain world, he cowardly submerged} (A. Pushkin)- (bye), .
The main sentence can contain demonstrative words then, until then, after and others, as well as the second component of the union (then). If there is a demonstrative word in the main clause then, then when in the subordinate clause is a union word. For example:
1) [I_ sitting until I don't start to feel hunger) (D. Kharms)- [uk.sl. until], (bye).
2) (When in winter eat fresh cucumbers), [then in the mouth smells spring] (A. Chekhov)- (when), [then].
3) [The poet feels the literal meaning of the word even then], (when gives him in a figurative sense) (S. Marshak)- [uk.sl. then],(when).
Adventitious time must be distinguished from other types of subordinate clauses attached by a union word when. For example:
1) [I_ saw Yalta that year], (when (- wherein) her left Chekhov) (S. Marshak)- [indicative + noun], (when) (subjective definitive).
2) [Korchagin repeatedly asked me] (when he can check out) (N. Ostrovsky)- [vb], (when) (subordinate explanatory).
Subordinate conditions
Subordinate conditions indicate the conditions for the implementation of what is said in the main sentence. They answer the question under what condition? if, if ... then, when (= if), when ... then, if, as soon as, once, in case etc. For example:
1) (If I get sick), [to doctors I won't apply]...(Y. Smelyakov)- (if), .
2) (Once we started talking), [then it's better to finish everything to the end] (A. Kuprin)- (times), [then].
If a conditional clauses stand in front of the main one, then in the latter there may be a second part of the union - then(see 2nd example).
Adventitious targets
Adnexal suggestions goals indicate the purpose of what is being said in the main clause. They refer to the entire main sentence, answer questions why? for what purpose? for what? and join the main with the help of unions so that (to), in order to, so that, then so that, in order (obsolete) etc. For example:
1) [I_ woke up Pashka] (so that he didn't fall off from the road) (A. Chekhov)- , (to);
2) [He used all his eloquence], (so that turn away Akulina from her intention) (A. Pushkin)-, (to);
3)(To be happy), [necessary Not only be in love, but also to be loved] (K. Paustovsky)- (to), ;
When dismembering a compound union, a simple union remains in the subordinate clause to, and the rest of the words are included in the main sentence, being a demonstrative word and a member of the sentence, for example: [I_ mention about it solely for the purpose] (to emphasize unconditional authenticity of many things Kuprin) (K. Paustovsky)- [uk.sl. for],(to).
Adventitious targets must be distinguished from other types of subordinate clauses with a union to. For example:
1) [I want], (to the bayonet equated pen) (V. Mayakovsky)- [vb], (to) (subordinate explanatory).
2) [Time landings was calculated so], (to the place of landing get into at dawn) (D. Furmanov)- [red.adj. + uk.sl. So],(to) (subordinate modus operandi with an added meaning of purpose).
Adnexal causes
Adnexal suggestions the reasons reveal (indicate) the reason for what is said in the main sentence. They answer questions why? for what reason? from what?, refer to the entire main clause and join it with the help of unions because, because, since, for, because, because, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that etc. For example:
1) [Sending her all my tears as a gift], (because not live me before the wedding) (I. Brodsky)- , (because)
2) [Any work is important], (because ennobles person) (L. Tolstoy)- , (because).
3) (Thanks to we set every day new plays), [ theatre ours is quite willing visited] (A. Kuprin)- (thanks to), .
Compound unions, the last part of which is what, can be dismembered: a simple union remains in the subordinate clause what, and the remaining words are included in the main sentence, performing the function of a demonstrative word in it and being a member of the sentence. For example:
[That's why roads to me people], (what live with me on earth) (S. Yesenin)- [uk.sl. because],(what).
Adventitious concessions
In the subordinate concession, an event is reported, in spite of which an action is carried out, an event called in the main clause. In concessive relations, the main sentence reports such events, facts, actions that should not have happened, but nevertheless happen (happened, will happen). In this way, subordinate concessions called as if "non-working" reason. Adventitious concessions answer questions in spite of what? contrary to what? refer to the entire main sentence and join it 1) unions although, although... but, not despite the fact that, despite the fact that, despite the fact that, let, let etc. and 2) allied words in combination With particle nor: no matter how much, no matter what (whatever). For example:
I. one) And (although he was a rake ardent), [but he fell out of love finally, and abuse, and a saber, and lead] (A. Pushkin)- (at least), [but].
Note. In the main clause, in which there is a concessive subordinate clause, there may be a union but.
2) (Let rose plucked), [she is yet blooms] (S. Nadson)- (let), .
3) [In steppes it was quiet and overcast], (despite what the sun has risen) (A. Chekhov)- , (although).
Item 1) (No matter how protected myself Pantelei Prokofievich from all sorts of difficult experiences), [but soon had to endure him a new shock] (M. Sholokhov)- (whatever), [but].
2) [I_, (however would love you), getting used to fall out of love immediately) (A. Pushkin)- [, (however),].
Comparative clauses
The types of adverbial clauses considered above correspond in meaning to the same-named categories of circumstances in a simple sentence. However, there are three types of adjectives (comparative, consequences and connecting), which do not correspond among the circumstances in a simple sentence. General feature complex sentences with these types of subordinate clauses - the impossibility, as a rule, to ask a question from the main clause to the subordinate clause.
In complex sentences with comparative clauses the content of the main clause is compared with the content of the subordinate clause. Comparative clauses refer to the entire main clause and join it with unions like, exactly, as if, buto, as if, like as, as if, than ... asand etc. For example:
1) (As we swarm in the summer midge flies on the flame), [flocked flakes from the yard to the window frame] (K. Pasternak](how), ["].
2) [Small leaves bright and friendly turn green], (as if who them washed up and varnish on them brought) (I. Turgenev)-, (as if).
3) [We threesome started talking], (as if a century whether familiar) (A. Pushkin)- , (as if).
A special group among relative clauses make sentences with conjunction how and double union than... that. Double conjunction clauses than... the have comparative meaning, mutual conditioning of parts. Adverbs with the union how, in addition, they do not refer to the whole main thing, but to the word in it, which is expressed in the form of the comparative degree of an adjective or adverb.
1) (The smaller the woman we love), [the easier like us her] (A. Pushkin)- (than), [those].
2) [As time went slower] (than clouds were creeping across the sky) (M. Gorky)- [compar. step. out], (than).
Comparative clauses can be incomplete: they omit the predicate if it coincides with the predicate of the main clause. For example:
[Existence his concluded into this cramped program], (as egg in shell) (A. Chekhov)- , (how).
The fact that this is precisely an incomplete two-part sentence is evidenced by a minor member of the predicate group - into the shell.
Incomplete comparative clauses should not be confused with comparative turns in which there cannot be a predicate.
Adnexal consequences
Adnexal consequences indicate a consequence, a conclusion that follows from the content of the main sentence .
Adnexal consequences refer to the entire main clause, always come after it and join it with a union so.
For example: [ Heat all increased], (so it was getting hard to breathe) (D. Mamin-Sibiryak); [ Snow all became whiter and brighter], (so ached eyes) (M. Lermontov)- , (so).
Adventitious connecting
Adventitious connecting contain additional information, comments on what is reported in the main sentence. Connecting subordinate clauses refer to the entire main clause, always stand after it and are attached to it with allied words what, what, about why, why, why, why and etc.
For example: 1) [Her should not be late to the theatre], (from whatshe is very was in a hurry) (A. Chekhov)- , (from what).
2) [The dew has fallen], (what foreshadowed good weather tomorrow) (D. Mamin-Sibiryak)- , (what).
3) [And the old man Cuckoos n fast allotment glasses, forgetting to wipe them] (what with him for thirty years of official activity never didn't happen) (I. Ilf and E. Petrov)- , (what).
Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with one subordinate clause
Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with one subordinate clause
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2. Indicate the type of sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
3. Determine the main and subordinate clauses, find their boundaries.
Draw up a sentence scheme: ask (if possible) a question from the main to the subordinate clause, indicate in the main word on which the subordinate clause depends (if it is conditional), characterize the means of communication (conjunction or allied word), determine the type of the clause (definitive, explanatory, etc.). d.).
An example of parsing a complex sentence with one subordinate clause
1) [In storm time turned out with the root of a tall old pine], (which is why formed this pit) (A. Chekhov).
, (from what).
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex with a subordinate clause. The subordinate clause refers to everything main and joins it with an allied word from what.
2) (To to be contemporary clear), [all wide open open the poet] (A. Akhmatova).(to), .
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex with a subordinate clause of purpose. The adjective answers the question for what purpose?, depends on the entire main clause and joins it with a union so that.
3) [I I love everything], (to which in this world there is no consonance, no echo No) (I. Annensky).[local], (what).
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex with a pronoun-defining clause. The adjective answers the question which?, depends on the pronoun all in the main, joins with an allied word what, which is an indirect complement.
Clauses indicate the sign of the object named in the main sentence; answer the question which?; refer to one word in the main clause - to a noun (sometimes to the phrase "noun + demonstrative word"); join with allied words: who, what, whose, which, which, where, where, from where, when. At the same time, demonstrative words are often found in the main sentence: that (that, that, those), such, any, each, any and etc.
For example: The forest we entered was extremely old(I. Turgenev); Again I visited that corner of the earth where I spent two years of imperceptible exile(A. Pushkin).
Like definitions in a simple sentence, attributive clauses express a sign of an object, but, unlike most definitions, they often characterize the object not directly, but indirectly - through a situation that is somehow connected with the object.
Definitive clauses are attached with the help of allied words - relative pronouns which, which, whose, what and pronominal adverbs where, where, where, when. In the subordinate part, they replace the noun from the main part.
For example: I ordered to go to an unfamiliar object, which the (= subject) immediately began to move towards us(A. S. Pushkin) - allied word which the is subject.
I love people with whom(= with people) easy to communicate (With which is an addition).
allied words in complex sentences with subordinate clauses can be divided into main (which, what, whose) and minor (what, where, where, where, when).
Non-basic can always be replaced by the main allied word which the, and the possibility of such a replacement is a clear sign of definitive clauses.
For example: The village where(wherein) Eugene was bored, there was a lovely corner.(A. Pushkin) - [noun, ( where),].
I was reminded today of a dog that(which) was my youth friend(S. Yesenin) - [noun ( what).
At night, in the desert of the city, there is one hour, imbued with longing, when(in which) night fell on the whole city.(F. Tyutchev) - [noun], ( when).
union word which the can be located not only at the beginning, but also in the middle of the subordinate part.
For example: We approached the river, the right bank of which was overgrown with dense thorny bushes.
Word which the can even stand at the end of a subordinate clause, as in the epigram of D.D. Minaeva: That field gives a generous harvest, Dung is not spared for which ...
Relative attributive clause usually placed immediately after the noun it defines, but may be separated from it by one or two members of the main part.
For example: They were simply peasant children from a neighboring village who guarded the herd.(I. Turgenev.)
It is impossible to put a noun and the subordinate clause associated with it far from each other, it is impossible to break them off by sentence members that do not depend on this noun.
You can't say: We ran to swim in the river every day after work, which was very close to our house. .
Correct option: Every evening after work we ran to swim in the river, which was very close to our house.
The subordinate definitive part can break the main one, being in the middle of it.
For example: The mill bridge, from which I had caught minnows more than once, was already visible.(V. Kaverin.) The little house where I live in Meshchera deserves a description.(K. Paustovsky.)
The defined word in the main part can have demonstrative words with it. that one, such, for example: There is almost never sun in the room where I live. However, such a demonstrative may be omitted and is therefore not required in sentence structure; The subordinate clause refers to the noun even if it has a demonstrative.
In addition, there are relative attributive clauses that refer specifically to demonstrative or attributive pronouns that, that, such, such, each, all, every etc., which cannot be omitted. Such adnexal called pronominal-defining . The means of communication in them are relative pronouns who, what, which, what, which.
For example: Who lives without sorrow and anger, he does not love his homeland(N. A. Nekrasov) - means of communication - allied word who acting as the subject.
He is not what we wanted him to be.- means of communication - allied word what, which is the definition.
Everything seems good what it was before(L. N. Tolstoy) - a means of communication - union words what, which is the subject.
pronominal-defining adnexal which?) and join the main sentence with the help of allied words (the main allied words are who and what).
Compare: The person who came yesterday didn't show up today.- adjectival attributive. [indicative word + noun, ( which the), ]. The one who came yesterday didn't show up today- adjectival pronoun. [ pronoun, ( who), ].
Unlike proper attributive clauses, which always come after the noun they refer to, pronominal clauses can also come before the word they define.
For example: Whoever lived and thought cannot but despise people in his soul.(A. Pushkin) - ( Who), [pronoun].
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Definitive clauses German
Relative pronouns are used to connect German attributive clauses with main clauses. In attributive subordinate clauses, the conjugated form of the verb goes to the end of the sentence. Definitive clauses in German are such subordinate clauses that act as a definition (attribute) to a noun and take a position after it. Such sentences give the name an additional characteristic and provide it with various explanations. As a rule, such subordinate clauses refer to the name and immediately follow it. That is why they can take place in any part of the sentence, depending on where the corresponding name is located.
Relative pronouns that introduce attributive clauses in German are declined as follows:
case
Neutrum (average)
Maskulinum (male)
Femininum (feminine)
Plural (pl.)
Nominative /Genitive
Dativ / Akkusativ
In order to correctly compose a definitive subordinate clause, it is first necessary to decide on a relative pronoun, which is determined by two parameters: number and gender, corresponding to the name being defined (characterized). The case in which it is necessary to put the relative pronoun follows from the information contained in the subordinate clause. That is, if the reference word is in Nominativ, the relative pronoun will also be in the same case. The same goes for Akkusativ and Dativ.
Nominative:
Support word (number and gender) in the main = grammatical categories of the support word in the clause ® Nominativ
Definitive clauses – German Accusative
Support word in the main (number and gender) = grammatical categories of the support word in the clause ® Akkusativ
- Der Sauberstab, den der Weihnachtsmann unserem Kind geschenkt hat, hat ihn total fasziniert. - The magic wand that Santa Claus gave to our child completely fascinated him.
- Das ganze Vermögen, das ererben wollte, war weg. All the property he wanted to inherit has disappeared.
- Die letzte Seite seines Heftes, die für seine Notizen vorgesehen war, wurde ausgerissen. The last page of his notebook, which was provided for his notes, was torn out.
- Unsere letzten Errungenschaften, die alle anerkannt haben, haben jetzt keinen Sinn. - Our latest achievements, which everyone recognized, now do not make any sense.
Definitive clauses – German Dative
Support word in the main (number and gender) = grammatical categories of the support word in the subordinate clause ® Dativ
Definitive clauses – German Genitive
Support word in the main (number and gender) = grammatical categories of the support word in the clause ® Genitiv
Definitive clauses in German can be attached to the main clause with relative pronouns with prepositions. In such cases, the case in which the relative pronoun should be is determined by the control of the corresponding preposition, which always precedes the relative pronoun, for example:
Definitive clauses in German can also be connected to the main clause with relative pronoun in Genitive with a pretext. In this case, the pronoun is in Genitiv, and the case of the name is determined by the corresponding preposition. For example:
Definitive clauses can also be introduced by the relative pronoun "which is welcher", which, however, occurs much less frequently and is intended, as a rule, to help avoid unnecessary repetition. For example:
Definitive clauses in German can also be attached to the main one with the help of relative adverbs "where - wo" and "where - wohin". If the reference word expresses any spatial or temporal concept, then the relative adverb “where - wo” and “where - wohin” can be used instead of a preposition. If the reference word implies a change of place, then the relative adverb "where - wohin" can be used instead of the corresponding preposition. For example:
Definitive clauses can refer not only to the noun, but also in some cases to the pronoun of the main clause. Pronouns that can act as supporting words include inanimate demonstrative and indefinite pronouns (all - alles, many - manches, this - das, something - etwas, then - dasjenige, nothing - nichts, the same - dasselbe, a lot - vieles, etc.). If such a pronoun is associated with a word in the main clause that is also a pronoun, then such a pronoun refers to the entire subordinate clause and conveys its entire meaning in general. In this case, the pronoun "what - was" is used, for example:
Definitive clauses in German can also come after a substantiated superlative (a superlative adjective). For example:
- Definitive clauses in German can refer to the entire main clause as a whole. In some cases, when the relative pronoun refers to the whole sentence, the pronoun "what - was" is used. For example:
- EinigeSchü lerhabensehrguteKenntnissegezeigt, was die Schulleitung und deren Eltern sehr erfreut hat. - Some students showed very good knowledge, which made the school administration and their parents very happy.
- UnserePartnerhabenunsvielezusä tzlicheUnterlagenü bergeben, was uns bei unseren Untersuchungen unterstützt hat. “Our partners gave us a lot of additional documentation, which supported us in our research.
- EndeMaifahrenwiransmeer, worauf unser kleiner Sohn sich schon lange freut. - At the end of May, we are going to the sea, which (in anticipation of what) our little son has long been happy about.
- Sie verspricht morgen um 14:00 hier zu sein, woran keiner von ihren Familienmitgliedern glaubt. She promises to be here tomorrow at 2:00 pm, which none of her family members believe.
If the relative pronoun in the attributive clause referring to the entire main clause comes after the preposition, the need to use which is dictated by the control feature of the semantic verb, then it merges with "wo". For example:
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By value, relative clauses are close pronominal-defining clauses. They differ from the proper attributive clauses in that they do not refer to the noun in the main clause, but to the pronoun (that, each, all etc.), used in the meaning of a noun, for example:
1) [Total, (what knew more Evgeniy), retell to me not leisure) (A. Pushkin)- [local, (what),]. 2) [Not oh (what think those you), nature]. (F. Tyutchev)- [local, (what),].
Like the adjectives, pronoun-defining clauses reveal the sign of the object (therefore, it is better to ask a question to them too which?) and join the main sentence with the help of allied words (the main allied words are who and what).
Wed: [That human, (who came yesterday Today didn't show up] - adjective attributive. [indicative + noun, (which), ].
[That, (who came yesterday Today didn't show up] - adjectival pronoun. [local, (who),].
Unlike proper attributive clauses, which always come after the noun they refer to, pronoun-defining clauses can also appear before the word being defined, for example:
(Who lived and thought), [he can't in the shower not presee of people] . (A. Pushkin)- (who), [loc. ].
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2.2.1. Clauses
2.2. Complex sentence. subordinate clauses that refer to one word in the main sentence
1. Questions: attributive clauses answer questions of definition: which one? whose?
2. Main word: relative clauses refer to the member in the main clause expressed noun.
3. Communication means: adverbial clauses are attached to the main one with the help of allied words which, which, whose, who, what, where, where, from where, when. The main clause may contain (but does not have to) index words: that, this, such, etc., performing the function of definition in the main sentence.
4. Place of the subordinate: Definitive clauses always come after the noun they refer to.
Room[which?], which Ivan Ivanovich entered, was completely empty(Gogol).
[n., ( in which- union. word), ].
Let's dream, for example, about that life[about what?], what will be after us, in two or three hundred years(Chekhov).
[n. + dict. word], ( which- union. word)
In the complex biography of Andersen, it is not easy to establish the time[which?], when he began to write his first lovely fairy tales(Paustovsky).
[n. + dict. word], ( when- union. word)
Slobodkin had the feeling that he was frozen in an infinite space(Telpugov) - from a noun feeling two questions can be asked: what feeling? and feeling what?; in this case, the subordinate clause is not attributive, but additional, precisely because the means of communication is the union like.
2) In the attributive clause, allied words when, where, where, from where, who, what can be replaced by the allied word which.
- Refers to the pronoun in the main part ( that, each, all, etc. .), used in the meaning of a noun:
which one?
He had a look such , ( as if someone hurt him ) .
which one?
… Places , (as if …).
Who exactly?
( Who looking for ) , that will always find .
Who exactly?
(Who ...), places. ….
- Refers to the pronoun in the main part.
- Responsible to questions which one? Who exactly?
- The subordinate clause relating to the pronoun in the main is joined with the help of unions like, like, like, what, to and allied words who, what, which, which, which, whose.
- It can stand both after the main part and before it.
Check yourself!
1. And that , who with a song through the life of a step E t , that n And when and And where it won't disappear! 2. Noise was such , which byva E t during strong m O Russian surf. 3. Only that mill E t real teacher , who n And when not forgetting E t , that he was a child. 4. About such friendship , which can't stand touch naked truth , no need to be sorry.
Pronominal-correlative pairs.
- The one who
- such - which
- The one who
- Such - which
Homework.
1. Learn the theoretical material of the textbook on the topic of the lesson.
2. Perform exercise 97.
3. Creative task. Write out from the collection of aphorisms 6-7 the most liked statements that have the form of SPP:
a) with a subordinate clause, b) with a clause pronominal-attributive.
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