Written together:

1. Compound nouns formed with connecting vowels, as well as all formations with aero-, air-, auto-, motorcycle-, bicycle-, cinema-, photo-, stereo-, meteo-, electro-, hydro-, agro-, zoo-, bio-, micro-, macro-, neo-, for example: plumbing, farmer, flax harvesting, steam locomotive repair, airport, aircraft carrier, rally, motorcycle race.

2. Names of cities, the second component of which is -city or -city, for example: Leningrad, Kaliningrad, Belgorod, Uzhgorod, Ivangorod.

3. Declinable compound names nouns with the verbal first part ending in -i, for example: adonis, derzhitree, dzhimorda, verticeyka, vertihvostka, hoarder.

Written with a hyphen:

1. Compound nouns that have the meaning of one word and consist of two independently used nouns, connected without the help of connecting vowels o and e, for example:

a) firebird, boy-woman, diesel engine, cafe-restaurant, prime minister;

b) a hut-reading room, purchase and sale, a good boy, a saw-fish, the Moscow River (both nouns change when declining).

2. Compound names of political parties and trends, as well as their supporters, for example: social democracy, anarcho-syndicalism, social democrat.

3. Complex units of measurement, whether formed with or without connecting vowels, for example: man-day, ton-kilometer.

The word workday is spelled together.

4. Names of intermediate countries of the world, Russian and foreign, for example: northeast, etc., northeast, etc.

5. Combinations of words that have the meaning of nouns, if such combinations include:

a) a verb in a personal form, for example: do not touch me (plant), love-not-love (flower);

b) union, for example: ivan-da-marya (plant);

c) a preposition, for example: Rostov-on-Don, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Frankfurt am Main.

6. Compound surnames formed from two personal names, for example: Rimsky-Korsakov, Skvortsov-Stepanov, Mamin-Sibiryak, Mendelssohn-Bartholdy.

7. Foreign compound surnames with the first part of Saint- and Saint-, for example: Saint-Simon, Saint-Just, Saint-Saens, Saint-Beuve. Oriental (Turkic, Arabic, etc.) personal names are written in the same way with an initial or final component denoting family relations, social status, etc., for example: Ibn-Fadlan, Kyor-ogly.

Note 1. Compound names with the first part don- are written with a hyphen only in those cases where the second, main part of the name is not used separately in the Russian literary language, for example: Don Juan, Don Quixote. But if the word don is used in the sense of "master", it is written separately, for example: don Pedro.

Note 2. The articles and particles that make up foreign surnames are written separately, without a hyphen, for example: von Bismarck, le Chapelier, de Coster, de Valera, Leonardo da Vinci, Lope de Vega, Baudouin de Courtenay, von der Goltz. Articles and particles, without which surnames of this type are not used, are written with a hyphen, for example: Van Dyck.

In the Russian transmission of some foreign-language surnames, articles and particles are written together, although in the corresponding languages they are written separately, for example: La Fontaine.

Note 3. The names of different categories are not connected by hyphens, for example, the Roman Gaius Julius Caesar, like the corresponding Russian name, patronymic and surname.

Note 4. Personal names and surnames combined with nicknames are written separately with the latter, for example: Ilya Muromets, Vsevolod the Third Big Nest.

8. Geographical names consisting of:

a) from two nouns for example: Orekhovo-Zuevo, Kamenetz-Podolsk.

b) from a noun and a subsequent adjective, for example: Mogilev-Podolsky, Gus-Khrustalny, Moscow-Tovarnaya;

c) from a combination of an article or particle with a significant part of speech, for example: Le Creusot (city), La Carolina (city), De-Kastri (bay).

Note. Geographical names are written separately:

a) consisting of an adjective followed by a noun or a numeral followed by a noun, for example: Belaya Tserkov.

b) which are combinations of first and last name, first name and patronymic, for example: Lev Tolstoy village, Erofei Pavlovich station.

9. Names of settlements, which include as the first part: ust-, sol-, top-, etc., as well as some names of settlements with the first part of new-, old-, upper-, lower- and etc., except for those whose continuous spelling is fixed in reference publications, on geographical maps etc., for example: Ust-Abakan, Sol-Iletsk, Verkh-Irmen, Novo-Vyazniki, Nizhne-Gniloe, but: Novosibirsk, Maloarkhangelsk, Starobelsk, Novoalekseevka, Verkhnekolymsk, Nizhnedevitsk.

10. Compound geographical names formed both with and without a connecting vowel from the names of parts of a given geographical object, for example: Austria-Hungary, Alsace-Lataryngia but: Czechoslovakia.

11. Foreign phrases that are proper names, names of inanimate objects, for example: Amu-Darya, Alma-Ata, Pas de Calais.

Note. This rule does not apply to compound foreign names transmitted in Russian letters literary works, newspapers, magazines, enterprises, etc., which are written separately if they are quoted in the text, for example: "Standard Oil", "Corriero della Roma".

12. Half- (half) followed by the genitive case of the noun, if the noun begins with a vowel or consonant l, for example: half a turn,

half an apple, half a lemon, but: half a meter, half an hour, half a room; through a hyphen, combinations of half- followed by a proper name are also written, for example: half-Moscow, half-Europe. Words that begin with semi- are always written together, for example: half a verst from the city, a half-station, a semicircle.

13. Words, the first component of which is the foreign language elements chief, non-commissioned, life-, headquarters, vice-, ex-, for example: chief master, non-commissioned officer, life physician.

Rear-admiral is also written with a hyphen (here counter- has a different meaning, in which it is written together).

14. A defined word with a one-word application immediately following it, for example: old mother, Masha the frisky, Anika the warrior.

Note 1. Between the word being defined and the one-word application in front of it, which can be equated in meaning with an adjective, a hyphen is not written, for example: handsome son.

Note 2. If the word or application being defined is itself written with a hyphen, then a hyphen is not written between them, for example: Social Democrats Mensheviks.

Note 3. The hyphen is also not written:

a) in combination with a common noun followed by a proper name, for example: the city of Moscow, the Volga River, the frisky Masha;

b) in a combination of nouns, of which the first denotes a generic, and the second specific concept, for example: a finch bird, a magnolia flower;

c) after the words citizen, comrade, lord, etc. in combination with a noun, for example: citizen judge, comrade colonel, mister ambassador.

15. Graphic abbreviations of nouns, consisting of the beginning and end of a word, for example: o-in (society), dr (doctor), t-in (partnership), library (library).

16. A hyphen is written after the first part of a compound noun when two compound nouns are combined with the same second part, if this common part is omitted in the first of the nouns, for example: ball and roller bearings (instead of ball bearings and roller bearings), steam, electric and diesel locomotives (instead of steam locomotives, electric locomotives and diesel locomotives), party and trade union organizations, north- and south-east.

How to write adverbs correctly - together, separately or with a hyphen? This article presents all the rules for writing adverbs, as well as exceptions to them. For greater convenience, several illustrative examples are attached to each rule.

Separate, continuous and hyphenated spelling of adverbs depends on the features of the formation of the word (with which prefix and from what part of speech it is formed), as well as on the features of use in phrases and sentences.

Continuous spelling of adverbs

Slitno the following adverbs are written:

with prefixes in-, on-, for- and suffixes -o, -e, -and ( examples: lightly, briefly, easily).
with prefixes from- / is-, to-, from-, to- and suffixes -a / -i, -i, -y / -yu formed from adjectives, pronouns or adverbs (because, white, kinda).
with prefixes on the-, in- formed from full adjectives (blindly, closely, directly).
with prefixes in-, on- and suffixes -om / -em, -o / -e (two, three, five).
With prefix on-, formed from adjectives in the comparative degree (cleaner, better, softer).
Formed from other adverbs using prepositions (down, everywhere, the day after tomorrow). Exceptions: for after, for today, until tomorrow, in the morning.
If the adverb starts with forward-, forward-vpri-, at once-, vza-, vna-, navy-, full- (squat, half-hearted, mixed). Exceptions: in addition, in addition, in a cast, in replacement, in an inclination, in mockery, to choose, to learn, to gain, to grow.
If the adverb contains nouns or nominal forms that are not used in modern language (waddle, surreptitiously, obliquely).

Semi-continuous spelling of adverbs

semi-solid, that is, through a hyphen, adverbs are written:

With prefix on- and suffixes -th / -him, -ski / -ki, -i (our way, masculine, wolf-like).
With prefix something and suffixes something, something, something formed from pronominal adverbs (somewhere, somewhere, somehow).
with prefixes in-/in- and suffixes -th/-their, formed from ordinal numbers (second, fourth, tenth).

Separate spelling of adverbs

Separately adverbs are written with prepositions and particles:

Spelling compound words

The basic principle of continuous and separate writing is the selection of words in writing. Parts of words are written together, words are separated by spaces. The application of this rule is hampered by the fact that word combinations and whole words are not always clearly opposed in the language (for example, combinations with the particle not and words with prefix not?, combinations of nouns with prepositions and adverbs formed from such combinations).

There is a third type of spelling - hyphenated, or semi-fused. A hyphen can separate a word into parts (for example, firebird, light green, in a new way, because of, all-in, first, someone) and, conversely, combine parts of a phrase (for example, science fiction writer, cunning-cunning, out of the blue, out of the blue, two or three).

The main rules of this section are divided into general and related to individual parts of speech.

General rules

The following digits of words are written together

1. Words with prefixes , for example:

a) with Russian prefixes: trouble-free, cashless, alongshore, extracurricular, intraspecies, appeal, run out, finish reading, scream, interlibrary, interregnum, greatest, non-specialist, unpleasant, not without interest, untalented, subhuman, misunderstand, depose, deforest, weaken, near-literary, stepson, stronger, post-perestroechny, ancestral home, prehistory, overtone, resist, superhuman, ultra-distant, co-editor, mediterranean, loam, striped, excessive;

b) with prefixes of foreign origin: illogical, avant-title, anticyclone, ahistorical, archival, hyperinflation, dismantling, disintegration, disproportion, immoral, international, infrastructure, irrational, counteroffensive, metalanguage, parapsychology, post-Soviet, protohistory, reevacuation, offal, superliner, transcontinental, ultra-left, extraterritorial, extraordinary.

Words with prefix the ex- in the meaning of ‘former’ ( ex-champion, ex-soviet etc.) are written with a hyphen. The same word is written rear admiral, where is the prefix counter- is of particular importance.

Compound words are also written together with initial parts, Russian and foreign, close to prefixes, for example: forgiveness, all-encompassing, monthly, extraterrestrial, alien, pseudoscience, pseudosocialist, nationwide, universally recognized, half-moon, half-sweet, half-lying, half-jokingly, self-sufficient, self-healing; pan-American, quasi-scientific, pseudo-gothic, pseudo-folk.

2. Compound words, the first part of which coincides with the form of the numeral (two, three, five etc.), as well as words with first parts two-, three-, many-, little-, for example: two-month, three-ton, four-percentage, five-angled, six-storey, seven-mile, eight-sided, nine-point, decathlon, eleven-year-old, twelve-hour, twenty-ton, thirty-degree, forty-bucket, fifty-year-old, ninety-year-old, hundred-year-old, two-hundred-ruble, one-and-a-half-year-old, one-and-a-half-year-old, dual power, three-finger; bilateral, tripod, polynomial, multi-stage, few people, little snow, unattractive .

3. Compound words with the first foreign (international) part ending in a vowel . The list of the main such parts of compound words:

With the final about : auto-, agro-, astro-, audio-, aero-, baro-, benzo-, bio-, velo-, vibro-, video-, hecto-, helio-, geo-, hetero-, hydro-, homo -, dendro-, zoo-, iso-, kilo-, cinema-, cosmo-, macro-, meteo-, micro-, mono-, moto-, neuro-, neuro-, neo-, ortho-, paleo-, pyro-, pneumo-, porno-, psycho-, radio-, retro-, seismo-, socio-, spectro-, stereo-, thermo-, turbo-, phyto-, phono-, photo-, evaco-, exo- , eco-, electro-, endo-, energy-;

With finite a, e, and : air-, deca-, mega-, media-, tetra-; tele-; deci-, milli-, poly-, centi- .

Examples: autobiography, automobile plant, agro-soil, astrophysics, audio engineering, aerovisual, pressure chamber, gas engine, biosphere, cycle track, vibration measuring, video equipment, hectowatt, heliogravure, geopolitics, heterotransplantation, hydroturbine, homosexual, arboretum, veterinarian, isobars, isothermal, kilometer, film, cosmic vision, macrocosm, meteorological service, microbiology, microcomputer, monoculture, motorcycle racing, neuropathologist, neuropsychic, neorealism, orthocenter, paleo-asian, pyrotechnics, pneumosclerosis, porno film, psycholinguistics, radioactive, radio receiver, retro fashion, seismic-resistant, socio-cultural, spectro-projector, stereo effect, heat-resistant, turbogenerator, phytoplankton, phonochrestomathy, camera, evacuation hospital, exothermic, ecosystem, electrically intensive, endothermic, energy intensive;

airmail, aerochemical, decameter, megarelief, media company, tetra-substituted; telephoto lens, telefilm, teleKVN, remote-controlled; decigram, millivolt, polyvalent, multivitamin, centigram;

With two or more of these parts: aerial photography, hydrogeochemical, meteoradiosonde, radiotelecontrol, spectroheliogram, photographic filming, electrical and radio equipment; motorbike racing, astrospectrophotometry, paleophytogeographical.

4. Compound words that end in i , for example: time-calculation, time-pulse, name-creativity, cotyledon, seed-cleansing, selfishness, selfish.

The following bits of words are written with a hyphen

1. Combinations that represent the repetition of a word (often for the purpose of reinforcement), for example: blue-blue, strong, strong, much, much, barely, very, very, very, very, just, just a little bit, ah-ah, woof-woof, pah-pah, just about, they go- go, ask, ask; the combination is also spelled zero zero .

This includes repetitions of pronominal words. all, all, who, what(in different cases), where, where and others, for example: Everyone has arrived! She is happy with everything. Someone who just did not visit him! Already someone, and she is happy with them. There is nothing here! Something, but this will not happen! Where, where, and in this house is always fun. Somewhere, but he will not refuse to go to Moscow.

2. Combinations-repetitions of expressive (often amplifying) nature, in which one of the parts is complicated by a prefix or suffix, as well as combinations of elements that vary in sound composition, for example: beauty-beauty, clever-reason, wolf-wolf, tower-teremok, grief-grieving, day-to-day, flour-torment, darkness-darkness, blue-blue, washed-over-washed, glad-radyoshenek, one-alone, white- white, early, early, a long time ago, little by little, little by little, firmly, firmly, crosswise, willy-nilly, some kind of no, after all, just, jump-jump, wait-wait, full-full, sick-sick, insofar as(adverb), sikkos-nakos, passions-muzzles, focus-pocus, things-dryuchki, shurum-burum, tyap-blunder, containers-bars, trali-vali, not khukhry-mukhry, shakher-makher, shura-mura.

3. Pair constructions consisting of words with the first part semi-, for example: half-city-half-village, half-German-half-Russian, half-fairy-tale-half-life, half-sleep-half-real; half-military-half-civilian, half-mocking-half-sympathetic, half-jokingly-half-seriously, half-lying-half-sitting.

Between parts of such paired constructions, a comma is also possible (in some syntactic conditions: when enumerating, separating), for example: Accept the collection of colorful chapters, / Half funny, half sad ...(P.); Her eyes are like two fogs / Half smile, half cry(Ill.).

4. Combinations related or close in meaning of words, for example: sadness-longing, path-road, life-life, geese-swans, vegetables-fruits, bread-salt, fir-trees-sticks, cats and mice(the game), spoons, forks, arms and legs, one and only, alive and well, good health, unexpectedly, at the very least, any-expensive, sewn-covered, walks-wanders, lived-were, drink-eat, drink- feed, this and that, this and that, back and forth.

5. Combinations that have the meaning of an approximate indication of the amount or time of something , for example: a day or two, a week or two, write a letter or two, a year or two, two or three hours, three or four times, twelve or fifteen people, two or three boys, two or three; He will be back in March/April .

If in such constructions the quantity is indicated by numbers, not a hyphen is placed between them, but a dash, for example: people 12–15; she is 30–35 years old; rubles 200–300; it was a year in 1950-1951.

6. Compound words with the first part - a letter or sound abbreviation, for example: VHF transmitter, MW oven, HIV infection, DNA containing .

Nouns

Common names

The following categories of nouns are written together

1. Nouns whose continuous spelling is determined general rules: words with prefixes and initial parts like false-, semi-, self- , compound words with the first part coinciding with the form of the numeral, compound words with initial parts like auto, air , compound words with the first part ending in -I , for example: superman, pseudoscience, three-ton, airstrike, biosphere, cotyledons .

2. compound words, for example: shelling, military doctor, state trade, foreign passport, spare parts, cyberspace, communist party, machine bureau, payment in kind, teacher's institute, political emigrant, socialist realism, special issue, special vocational school, wall newspaper, dance floor, transagency, household goods; collective farm, trade union organization, Komsomol, trade mission, destroyer.

3. Compound nouns with connecting vowels o and e, for example: plumbing, farmer, forest-steppe, poultry farm, vegetable store, new building, South Americans, sound image, syllabotonics; with two or more initial components: forest peat extraction, steam and water supply, glass-reinforced concrete, gas-water-oil saturation.

4. Compound nouns with the first part in -иili -ъ , coinciding with the form of the imperative mood of the verb: hemlock, flirtatious, spiny, vyrviglaz, adonis, keep a tree, dzhimorda, kosiseno, hoarder, daredevil, noise head, robber army. Exception: Tumbleweed.

5. Nouns derived from hyphenated proper nouns (consisting of two parts with initial capital letters), for example: Addisabebians, Almaty residents(from Addis Ababa, Almaty), Buenosairesians, Yoshkarolinians, Costa Ricans, Los Angelesans, New Yorkers, Nutcrackers, Ulanudens, Ust-Kamenogorsks(names of residents of cities and states); Saint-Simonism, Saint-Simonist(from Saint Simon).

6. (as well as ordinal numbers in the function of nouns), if these forms begin with a consonant letter, except l , for example: half a bottle, half a bucket, half a house, half a meter, half an hour; half past two, half past ten, half past six etc.

The following categories of nouns and combinations of nouns are written with a hyphen.

1. Combinations of two nouns in which the first part has an independent declension :

a) combinations-repetitions different type, pair constructions, combinations of correlative or similar words, for example: smart-reason, wolf-wolf, unfortunate misfortune, half-asleep-half-awake, friend-buddy, name-patronymic, purchase and sale;

b) combinations with single-word applications following the word being defined, for example: baba yaga, roly-poly, hero city, flying carpet, fiber flax, mother heroine, hornbill, hermit crab, parrot fish, self-collected tablecloth(stable combinations); new building, international journalist, emigrant writer, medical student, bloodhound dog, rookie soldier, amateur gardener, first-year student, old mother, beautiful girl, Masha the frolic(free combinations); with the second part unchanged: parade-alle, lottery-allegri, maximum program, minimum program.

c) combinations with single-word applications preceding the word being defined, for example: old father, beautiful daughter, clever son, hero-pilot, sage-writer, naughty monkey, tyrant-stepmother, hard worker-investigator, layman-editor, rogue-manager. Such applications are evaluative in nature.

Combinations of this type with proper names are usually written separately: old man Derzhavin(P.), baby Tsakhes(character of Hoffmann's story of the same name), simpleton Vanya etc.; but: Mother Russia(Nekr.).

2. Combinations with applications in which the first part is an indeclinable noun , for example: cafe-machine, single canoe, mezzo-soprano, cape-coat, operetta revue, relay-station, free-carriage.

They also include:

a) combinations of note names with words sharp, flat, becar: C-sharp, G-sharp, E-flat, A-flat, A-becar etc.;

b) combinations with the first parts gross, net, solo: gross weight, net balance, solo bill etc.;

c) names of production brands and products of the type Tu-104, Il-18 .

3. Compound words with an indeclinable first part expressed by a noun in the nominative singular with the ending , for example: aga-khan, unfortunate hunter, amusement park, miracle hero, echo-impulse .

This also includes terms with the names of Greek letters as initial elements, for example: alpha particle, beta decay, gamma radiation, delta wood, kappa factor, lambda characteristic, sigma function, theta rhythm .

4. Compound words with an indeclinable first part expressed by a noun in the nominative singular without an ending (with null ending), for example: address-calendar, mizzen-mast, business class, boy-woman, fire-girl, major general, jazz orchestra, diesel engine, doping control, firebird, Internet project, caravanserai, march throw, online survey, PR campaign, cape, Rh factor, rock ensemble, sex bomb, transfer agent, tsar fish; unit names, e.g.: ampere-second, watt-second, hectowatt-hour, kilowatt-hour, kilogram-force; foreign names of intermediate countries of the world: southwest, southeast, northwest, northeast.

There are many exceptions to this rule. Traditionally, all the names of chemical compounds of such a structure are written together, for example: bromoacetone, butyl rubber, vinylacetylene, methylbenzene, methyl rubber, chloroacetone, chlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, ethylcellulose. Examples of other fused spellings: vimpelfal, kostutil, lotlin, plankart, falzapparat, quarter-final, stormtrap, yalbot .

5 . Words with disco first parts - (music), maxi, midi, mini , for example: disco club, disco music, maxi fashion, midi skirt, mini dress, mini tractor, mini football, mini computer.

6. The following groups of nouns formed with connecting vowels :

a) the names of complex units of measurement, for example: bed-place, car-place, passenger-kilometer, ton-kilometer, plane-departure, machine-hour, man-day;

b) Russian names of intermediate countries of the world: northeast, northwest, southeast, southwest, as well as north-northeast, north-northwest, south-southeast, south-southwest.

7. A group of words denoting mainly positions and titles, with the first parts vice-, camera-, counter-, life-, chief-, states-, non-commissioned, wing-, headquarters, staff-, as well as ex- (meaning ‘former’), for example: Vice Governor, Vice Chancellor, Vice Consul, Vice President, Vice Premier, Vice Champion; chamber junker, chamber page; rear admiral; Life Guards, Life Hussar, Life Dragoon, Life Medic; chief burgomaster, chief master, chief officer, chief prosecutor; lady of state, secretary of state; non-commissioned officer; adjutant wing; headquarters, headquarters physician, headquarters officer, headquarters captain; staff captain; ex-president, ex-minister, ex-director, ex-champion, ex-deputy prime minister .

The words extraterritorial and expatriation, where is the prefix the ex- has a different meaning, are written together. The same is true for musical terms. overtone and undertone.

8. Names in the form of phrases with a function word (since they consist of three parts, they are written with two hyphens): Ivan da Marya, coltsfoot, don't touch me(plants), love-not-love(the game).

9 . Combinations with gender forms genus. case of nouns (as well as ordinal numbers in the function of nouns), if these forms begin with a vowel or a consonant l, for example: half a turn, half a window, half an orange, half a knot, half a hut, half a diocese, half a Christmas tree, half a screen, half a yurt, half an apple, half a lemon, half a leaf, half a eleventh .

10. Nouns formed from hyphenated common nouns , for example: vice presidency, general government, chamber junkers, privatdocentura, trade unionism, non-commissioned officer, non-commissioned officer(from vice president, governor general, chamber junker, privatdozent, trade union, non-commissioned officer).

Exceptions : southwester, pingpongist, flip-flop, miner, yacht club member.

In all other cases, the continuous or hyphenated spelling of nouns is regulated in dictionary order.

Groups of nouns of similar structure, written both with a hyphen and together.

1. Compound nouns , in which the first part represents:

a) the full stem of a self-used noun that has nominative singular the ending (nonzero);

b) truncated stem of a self-used noun or adjective .

Examples of hyphens:

a) admiralty board, wardroom, manufactory board, post director, press officer, yacht club ;

b) audience hall, ordinary doctor, CD, commerce board, conference hall, assistant professor, legal board; the names of political parties and trends and their supporters are also written, for example: social democracy, social democrat, national socialism, national socialist, radical extremism .

Examples of fused spellings:

a) watch parade, sixth chord, seventh chord;

b) bulwark.

2. Compound nouns, the first part of which occurs only in compound words.

Examples of hyphens: art-salon, beat-group, berg-college, braid pennant, web page, grand hotel, dalai lama, dancing hall, content analysis, cruising bearing, lawn tennis, music hall, pop music, subaltern officer, top model, tryn grass .

Examples of fused spellings: arcsine, backstage, mezzanine, bildapparat, bundeschancellor, water machine, uniform uniform, marshal u quintessence, cold cream, cabinet of curiosities, leitmotif, landlord, reich chancellor, field marshal, schmutztitul .

3. Nouns consisting of two or more elements, separately in Russian (as independent words or repeating parts of compound words) not being used.

Examples of hyphens: alma mater, beef breze, boogie-woogie, jiu-jitsu, lend-lease, kebab, know-how, papier-mache, ping-pong, Turkish delight, tete-a-tete, weekend, fife-o-clock, fata morgana, happy ending, cha-cha-cha .

Examples of fused spellings: underground(and underground), rear guard, bel canto, beef stroganoff, bibabo, blancmange, beau monde, bonmeaux, bundestag, verliebr, wunderkind, judo, dixieland, ginseng, quipro quo, kickapoo, crossword, landwehr, meistersinger, maître d', notabene, sedan chair, price list, tom-tom, theremin, backgammon, orange blossom, hula hoop, chainword, sharivari.

Spelled differently words with the first part pa- (correlative with a separately used indeclinable noun): cf. pas de deux, pas de trois and padegras, padekatre, padepatiner, padespan .

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Slides captions:

Lesson topic. Continuous, separate and hyphenated spelling of nouns and adjectives. Lesson objectives: To get acquainted with the spelling "Continuous, separate and hyphenated spelling of nouns and adjectives"; Learn to apply the acquired knowledge in practice. The presentation was prepared by Chudakova I.V. PEI "Lyceum boarding school of natural sciences", Saratov

Continuous, separate and hyphenated spelling of nouns and adjectives. They are written together: Rule Examples Nouns with connecting vowels o and e; adjectives formed from compound nouns. Plumbing, plumbing Nouns without a connecting vowel, formed by adding words. Pastime, insane Nouns and adjectives with foreign elements anti-, air-, auto-, bio-, helio-, hydro-, zoo-, inter-, counter-, macro-, micro-, mono-, neo-, radio- , stereo, tele, ultra, photo, extra. Pet shop, air mail, anti-religious Excl.: rear admiral Compound nouns whose first part is a verb in the imperative mood ending in -and. Adonis, daredevil. Excl.: tumbleweed Compound nouns, adjectives, the first part of which is a numeral in the genitive case. Five volumes, five volumes Adjectives formed from subordinating phrases. Rail rolling (rolling rails).

They are written with a hyphen: Rule Examples Compound nouns formed without a connecting vowel. Firebird, diesel engine. Compound nouns, which include particles, conjunctions, prepositions. Don't-touch-me (name of the herb), Rostov-on-Don. Excl.: a boy with a finger. Compound nouns with foreign elements vice-, life-, ober-, non-commissioned, headquarters, ex-. Ex-champion. Names of units of measure. Kilowatt hour. Terminological words. Vole mouse. Names of the cardinal directions. Southeast. Adjectives formed from complex nouns that are written with a hyphen, and formed from equal words (you can insert the union AND); with a color value; denoting quality with an additional touch. Southeastern, Russian-English (Russian and English dictionary), pale pink, sweet and sour. Continuous, separate and hyphenated spelling of nouns and adjectives.

Written separately: Rule Examples Phrases that include adverbs in -ski- Slavishly obliging, devilishly treacherous, historically inevitable. Compound adjectives, which include an adverb, should not be mixed with the usual combinations of an adverb and an adjective (or participle) written separately. In this case, the first part of the combination as a separate member of the sentence answers the questions How? How? In what degree? Adverbs usually act as the first part of such phrases. Diametrically opposed, completely destroyed, absolutely accurate, vitally important, primordially Russian, truly revolutionary, truly scientific, directly opposite, sharply negative. Continuous, separate and hyphenated spelling of nouns and adjectives.

They are written with a hyphen: If the second part of the word begins with the consonant l. Half a lemon. If the second part of the word begins with a vowel. Half a turn, half a berry. If the second part of the word is a proper name. Half of Europe, half of Russia. In other cases, nouns with the root half- are written together. Half a glass, half a circle. Compound nouns with a root are semi-written together. Semicircle. Spelling of compound nouns with the root semi-, semi-.

(Half) army, (half) boots, (half) cities, (half) precious, (original) Russian, (burn) color, Ivan (yes) Marya, (half) teaspoon, (south) west, (north) oriental, (bright) blue, (yacht) club, (black) white, (many) summer, (housing) building, (historical) philological, (nine) years old, (ancient) Russian, (grey) beard, (bright) red, (chess) checkerboard, (below) listed, (scientific) research, (historical) archival, (pale) green, (half) Europe, (mind) deprived, (as much as possible) approximate. Together Through a hyphen Separately Distributive dictation

Verification Together Through a hyphen Separate Low shoes half of the city semi-precious adonis perennial nine-year-old ancient Russian gray-bearded below listed insane Half-army Ivan-da-Marya south-west north-eastern bright blue yacht club black and white housing and construction historical and philological bright red chess and drafts research historical and archival pale green half of Europe Originally Russian half a teaspoon as close as possible

Verification work 1 option (Green) eyed, (half) smile, (invariably) sharp reaction, (red) face, (design) construction, (vice) mayor, (half) Africa, (wholesale) retail, (Russian) English, (business) club, (rail) road, (bluish) gray, (gender) faces, (religious) philosophical, (Russian) Japanese, (large) caliber, (half) April, (light) golden, (encyclopedic) educated editor , (museum) estate, (especially) valuable, (water) impervious, (white) body, (half) spoon, (design) building. Option 2 (White) Russian, (dark) browed, (mountain) skiing, (pure) cordial, (theoretically) elaborated version, (semi) circle, (photo) reportage, (black) currant, (question) answer, (ultimately ) tense situation, (ex) prime minister, (super) conductivity, (semi) sigh, (budgetary) financial, (general) major, (difficult) subordinate, (white) marble, (tele) series, (bio) technologies, ( meat) dairy, (butter) efficient, (general) governor's house, (sour) dairy products, (impeccably) decent behavior, (half) an apple orchard.

Homework: P. 41 - 44. Ex. 184.

The formation of complex nouns occurs by combining several (usually two) independent parts into one semantic whole. Their role can be played by various parts of speech, both independent and official. Their display on the letter has its own characteristics. We will talk about how to write such words today.

First, let's talk about what options exist. A complex noun in Russian can be written either with a hyphen, or together, or separately. The principle that lies in the distinction between these options is the selection of words in the letter. Words are separated by spaces, and their parts are written together. However, the application of this rule has its own peculiarities. The fact is that in the language whole words and their combinations are not always clearly contrasted. Therefore, in addition to separate and continuous spelling, there is a semi-continuous, or hyphenated. The hyphen serves to separate words into parts (for example, the firebird), or combines parts of the phrase into one whole (fantastic writer). After reading this article, you will learn how to write a particular compound noun correctly.

Consolidated spelling

Words that are formed using connecting consonants are written together. This includes all education auto-, aero-, air-, cinema-, moto-, photo-, auto-, electro-, meteo-, stereo-, agro-, hydro, micro-, bio-, zoo-, neo-, macro. There are many examples, here are just a few: flax harvesting, farmer, plumbing, airport, motorcycle race, car race, photo essay, electric motor, bike racing, macrocosm.

Compound nouns are written together if they are inflected and their first verbal part ends in -i. Examples: derzhiderevo, adonis, turnip, dzhimorda, hoarder, flirtatious, daredevil.

Hyphen

A complex noun should be written through a hyphen if it has the meaning of one word and it consists of 2 nouns used independently, connected by vowels e or o. Examples: boy-woman, firebird, cafe-restaurant, diesel engine, major general, prime minister, Buryat-Mongolia. Note that in this case, when the word is declensed, only the second noun changes.

The following examples apply to this rule: purchase and sale, reading room, saw-fish, good boy, Moscow River. However, in these cases, both nouns change in declension.

In addition, the names of political directions and parties that are constituents, as well as their supporters, should be written through a hyphen. Examples are as follows: social democrat, social democracy,

Complex units of measure

Hyphen spelling is correct if we are dealing with complex units of measurement. It does not matter whether this compound noun is formed with a connecting vowel or not. Examples: kilowatt-hour, ton-kilometer, man-day. However, there is an exception to this rule - this is the word workday, which should be written together.

Other cases of hyphenation

Let's continue to consider the spelling of compound nouns. A hyphen should be put in the case of the names of foreign and Russian intermediate cardinal points. Examples: northeast, northeast etc.

Through a hyphen, combinations of words are written that have the meaning of nouns if these combinations include:

a) verb used in personal form (flower love-not-love, plant Dont touch me);

b) union (plant Ivan da Marya);

c) preposition ( Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Rostov-on-Don, Frankfurt am Main).

Foreign language elements often have their own characteristics. Their use in various rules is often negotiated separately. In our case, the hyphenated spelling of complex nouns is correct if their first component is foreign language elements non-commissioned, chief, vice, headquarters, ex-. Examples include the following: life medic, ex-champion, vice president, headquarters.

Spelling of compound nouns, the first part of which is half-

If the first part of a compound word is floor-(meaning "half"), followed by a noun in R. p., which begins with the consonant " l" or with a vowel, then the hyphen spelling is correct. Examples: half an apple, half a turn, half a lemon. In other cases, compound nouns are written together. Examples: half an hour, half a meter, half a room. However, if after floor- it will be appropriate to use a hyphen if you have complex nouns in front of you. Examples: half of Europe, half of Moscow. Words that begin with semi-. Examples: semicircle, half-station, half a verst from the city.

Application Highlight Features

If the word being defined is immediately followed by a single-word application, a hyphen should be placed between them. Examples: Anika is a warrior, Masha is a quickie, an old mother.

If a one-word application, which can be equated in meaning with an adjective, follows the word being defined, the hyphen is not put. Example: handsome son.

If the application or the word being defined is itself written with a hyphen, it is not placed between them. Example: Social Democrat Mensheviks.

Russian compound surnames

Compound surnames should be written through a hyphen, which were formed by adding two personal names, that is, when complex nouns are formed when they are combined. Examples: Skvortsov-Stepanov, Rimsky-Korsakov, Andersen-Nexe, Mendelssohn-Bartholdy and others.

Personal surnames and given names combined with nicknames are written separately with them. Examples: Ants Hanger, Vanka Kain, Ilya Muromets.

Foreign compound surnames

It is necessary to put a dash between the parts of the word if we are dealing with foreign compound surnames, in which the first part St. or Saint-. Examples: Saint-Saens, Saint-Just, Saint-Simon etc. Oriental personal names (Arabic, Turkic, etc.) should also be written with a final or initial component indicating social status, family relations, etc. Examples: Osman Pasha, Izbail Bey, Tursunzade, Ibn Fadlan and etc.

However, it should be clarified that hyphenated compound names, the first part of which is Don-, are written only in cases where the main part of the name is not used separately in Russian. Examples: Don Quixote, Don Juan. However, if the word "don" means "master", it should be written separately. Examples: Don Basilio, Don Pedro.

It should also be taken into account that particles and articles, which are parts of foreign-language surnames, are written without a hyphen, that is, separately. Examples: le Chapelier, von Bismarck, de Valera, de Coster, Lope de Vega, Leonardo da Vinci, von der Goltz, Baudouin de Courtenay. Particles and articles, without which surnames of this type are not used, must be written with a hyphen. Example: Van Dyck.

It should be said that some other foreign-language surnames have their own characteristics in the Russian transmission. Particles and articles in them are written together, so that their spelling can be separate in the respective languages. Examples: Delisle, Decandole, Laharpe, La Fontaine. The spelling of compound nouns, which are proper names of foreign origin, as you can see, has many nuances. We have considered the main ones, it remains to tell only about the last.

It must be taken into account that the names of different categories are not connected by hyphens to each other, like the Russian surname, name and patronymic. Example: Gaius Julius Caesar.

We now turn to the features of displaying geographical names in writing.

Geographical names consisting of two nouns

They are written with a hyphen if they consist of two nouns. Examples: Kamenetz-Podolsk, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Heart-Stone. The same applies to words consisting of a noun followed by an adjective. Examples: Goose-Crystal,

Other cases of hyphenated place names

Through a hyphen, you should also write combinations consisting of a particle or an article with a significant part of speech. The following examples can be given: Bay of De Castries, City of La Carolina, City of Le Creusot.

The names of settlements are written through a hyphen if they include as the first part: top-, salt-, mouth- etc. The same applies to some titles with the first part lower-, upper-, old-, new- etc., except for those cases when a continuous spelling has been fixed on geographical maps or in reference publications. Examples: Verkh-Irmen, Sol-Iletsk, Ust-Abakan, Novo-Vyazniki, but: Maloarkhangelsk, Novosibirsk, Novoalekseevka, Starobelsk.

If geographical names that are compound are formed from the names of parts of a particular geographical object with or without a connecting vowel, then a dash is also put in this case. Examples: Alsace-Lorraine, Austria-Hungary. Exception - Czechoslovakia.

Separate spelling of geographical names

However, geographical names in some cases should be written separately. This applies primarily to words consisting of an adjective followed by a noun; or if the noun follows the numeral. Examples: Nizhny Tagil, Belaya Tserkov, Seven Brothers, Yasnaya Polyana.

You also need to write separately nouns if they are surnames. Examples: Erofey Pavlovich station, Lev Tolstoy settlement.

Names of cities with the second part - city or - city

The names of cities are written together if they are the second component -city or -grad. Examples: Ivangorod, Uzhgorod, Belgorod, Kaliningrad, Leningrad.

Variants of spelling

It should be noted that there are fluctuations in the spelling of some compound words that have appeared in the language recently. Examples: parking place and parking place, ton-kilometer and ton-kilometer, tonnage-day and tonnage-day. These orthographic variants are explained by the presence of connecting vowels in them ( tons-about-mileage, cars-about-place). Thus, they are affected general rules spelling It is preferable to write them together.

So, we have considered the continuous and hyphenated spelling of compound nouns. Of course, we have analyzed only the main cases. There are many nuances in this topic, so you can improve in it for a long time. However, we have presented the basic information, and in most cases it is quite enough to write correctly complex nouns.