If all power consumers in the car will be supplied only from the battery, then due to the large current consumption, its discharge occurs quite quickly. To keep the battery charged, it is charged from a generator driven, usually by a belt drive from the engine crankshaft through pulleys.

The generator in cars is installed alternating current. If you intend to install additional electrical equipment check that the generator power (Watts) is sufficient to power it. The elements that form the basis of the generator are the stator, rotor, rectifier, commutator brushes, bearings, belt pulley and electronic voltage regulator.

The generator itself produces a three-phase AC voltage current that is unacceptable to use in the on-board networks of the car, as well as for charging the battery. For this, diode rectifiers are installed in the generator, for each phase (three windings in the generator), which convert the three-phase alternating current into a pulsed constant. The voltage is then adjusted by the built-in electronic regulator.

When the generator rotor rotates, the electric current passing through the excitation winding creates magnetic fluxes around the rotor poles. When the rotor is displaced, either the north or the south pole of the rotor passes under each stator tooth - a magnetic flux is created, which, passing through the stator teeth, fluctuates in magnitude and voltage. The alternating magnetic flux created in this way transmits to the stator winding electromotive force. The wedge-shaped shape of the rotor pole pieces was selected in such a way as to obtain a curve shape close to sinusoidal for the electromotive force.

Since the voltage generated by the generator depends on the speed, pulleys of different diameters are used for engines with different crankshaft speeds. But it does not completely solve the problem with overvoltage, at high speeds. For this there is a voltage regulator.

At high rotational speeds of the generator rotor, when the generator voltage exceeds 13.6–14.6 V, the voltage regulator locks the current through the rotor excitation winding. The generator voltage drops, the regulator opens when the speed drops and again passes current to the excitation winding. The higher the rotational speed of the generator rotor, the more the regulator is in the locked state, therefore, the more the voltage at the generator output decreases, respectively, and the load on the stator windings. The process of unlocking and locking the regulator occurs with high frequency and voltage fluctuations at the output of the generator are almost imperceptible, and it can be considered constant, maintained within 13.6–14.6 V.

The generator generates about 14 V of constant voltage, and 12 V is sufficient for the electrical equipment of the car, so the voltage difference is used to recharge the battery. The gear ratio of the alternator pulleys and the crankshaft is chosen in such a way that the battery should be charged already at idle speed of the engine crankshaft.

When diagnosing a generator and when operating a car in general, you must follow simple rules so that the generator does not fail:

– do not allow the battery clamp to be disconnected from the generator. Without a battery, dangerous surges are created in the car's electrical system when any electrical equipment is turned off. This impulse overvoltage can destroy the electronic equipment of the car, including the diodes of the rectifier unit or the generator voltage regulator;

- it is impossible to check the operation of the generator "for a spark", even by briefly connecting the "plus" of the generator clamp to the "ground". Since a significant current begins to flow through the diodes, and they fail. You can only control the voltage coming from the generator with a voltmeter;

- The negative terminal of the battery must always be connected to the "mass" of the car, and the positive one - on the generator clamp. Reversing the battery immediately causes a large current to flow through the generator diodes, and they fail;

- it is unacceptable to check the integrity of diodes with a voltage of more than 12 V or with a megohmmeter, since the megger has a voltage that is too high for them (more than 1000 V) - a breakdown will occur during the test ( short circuit). At the time of checking the insulation of the electrical wiring with a megger, be sure to disconnect all wires connected to the generator;

- it is also necessary to disconnect all wires connected to the generator and battery when welding body parts;

– work on checking circuits and components of electrical equipment and troubleshooting must be carried out with the engine off and the battery disconnected. Possible malfunctions charging systems are given in table. one

Malfunctions of the power supply system, their possible reasons and methods of elimination.

Such an integral element of a vehicle device as the electrical equipment of a car is a complex of devices and parts that generate, transmit and act as consumers of electricity in various systems cars.

It is an interconnected system in which electronic and technical and electronic circuits and complexes that provide the necessary functionality of the motor, transmission drive and suspension of the car, are responsible for ensuring safety when driving on the road, the clarity of the operation of all car systems, managing additional options and giving comfort to participants in the movement.

The main indicators of the power supply of the vehicle's on-board network

To supply electricity to the vehicle's power supply system, direct current is almost always used. On the cars of the first assembly, a voltage of 6 V was used, now - 12 V on "cars" and small trucks and 24 V on heavy diesel trucks and road trains.

The wiring is used single-pole, since the so-called wire is used as a wire with a minus sign. "mass" - the body and frame of the car made of metal. This makes the wired system simpler and cheaper, but greatly increases the possibility of short circuit modes occurring.

Vehicle power supply

The majority of modern cars use an alternator as a recovery power source. synchronous type with electric drive from the main engine; the generated alternating current from the generator is transmitted to a rectifier, which is usually located in the generator.

When the engine is off, for the initial start of the power unit, it is necessary to have a battery with an appropriate capacity that allows you to start the car, including in cold weather, when a significant effort is required to start the engine. When the power unit is running, the alternator recharges the battery.

Previously, on cars of an earlier assembly, generators were used direct current. A feature of the operation of such generators is the fact that required voltage to recharge the battery, it will be supplied to the battery only at significant engine speeds, since at low engine speeds, the on-board current sources were powered from the battery, which led to a forced discharge of the battery cans.

Sometimes, if necessary, an additional generator device driven by a small motor is mounted on the car, which makes it possible to provide electricity to energy sources regardless of the car's engine.

Auxiliary Electronic Devices

Such devices include:

• switches
• switches,
• relay,
• circuit breakers,
• socket pads.

Switches are used to interrupt the operation of an electrical circuit.

Switches are used to change operating modes.

Relays are designed to close and open different sections electrical circuits with certain upgrades of electrical values.
Fuses are needed to save products or parts from short circuit mode.
Connector pads are used for tighter contact electrical elements chains.

Vehicle lighting

Devices light lighting cars are divided into external and internal devices.

These consumers include:

1. Outdoor devices include dipped and main beam headlights, “dimensions”, “turn signals” with repeaters on the wings, which also work in the “emergency gang” mode, brake lights, stern lights, license plate lights, “fog lights”, and sometimes decorative lamps.

2. Light bulbs are defined for internal use devices: interior lights, engine compartment lights, trunk lights, the so-called. "glove box", instrument panels, etc.

• Starter
• Ignition system
• Electronic control unit
• Electric power steering
• Motors for fans, windshield wiper motors, window lifters, etc.
• Electric servo seats
• cigarette lighter socket
• Audio system
• Sound buzzer
• Alarm anti-theft type
• The starter is used to make starting the car easier.

The ignition system is necessary for the smooth operation of the engine.

The electronic control unit is designed to control all electronic systems of the car, control the execution of passing commands and detect error codes during the operation of all systems.

The electric power steering serves to facilitate the steering wheel control of the car, weakens the moment of resistance of the steering wheel when the worm pairs move in the steering joints.

Motors for fans, electric drives for windshield wipers, glass lifts, etc. are necessary for the smooth operation of climate control and cleaning devices.

The electric servomotors of the seats are designed for the correct and convenient adjustment of the seating positions, for a comfortable ride in the car. This is necessary to achieve less driver and passenger fatigue on long journeys.

The cigarette lighter socket is necessary for heating the car lighter.

Audio system, its use is entertainment.

The audible buzzer is used to give an audible signal.

The anti-theft alarm system is designed to give sound and other signals to counter the theft of a car.

Some features of the use of electrical equipment of the car

Separate types household appliances vacuum cleaner type can be connected to the car wiring. For this, a special nest is used. The use of the cigarette lighter socket is undesirable. may damage the socket. Also, on certain types of vehicles, a special inverter with an output voltage of 220 V for the input of household appliances can be integrated for these purposes.

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It is also an important and integral part. It is the electrical equipment that serves as a source of energy for the car engine (see the device of the car engine) and it is with the help of electricity that the driver can control the operation of all systems and mechanisms, ensure traffic safety and increase the comfort of the trip.

Electrical equipment in the car is divided into sources and consumers of electricity. Both categories are invariably interconnected by electrical wires, which would be enough for more than one kilometer if connected in one wire. The main feature of electrical equipment passenger car is that it has no wires with a minus sign (except for the battery). From school physics, we know that a "plus" and a "minus" are needed for the passage of current. And the role of the "minus" is played by the car body itself. This solution allows you to reduce the number of already many wires, simplifying the entire electrical system of a car.

Let's start, as expected, with current sources. There are only two sources of current, as we already found out when studying the engine ignition system: a battery (battery) and a generator.

The battery is usually referred to simply as a car battery. In fact, in the battery case there are several batteries connected in series with each other. Usually there are six. The fact is that one battery is capable of delivering a voltage of up to 2 volts, and a minimum of 12 volts is required to start the internal combustion engine. By simple mathematics, we divide 12 by 2, we get six. In trucks, this is not enough, then they use a large 24-volt battery or put a pair.

We will not go into the intricacies of the device and operation of the battery, but we will only remember that the battery itself can generate a current of up to 12 volts, and every electrical appliance in a car is connected by wire to it. In addition, the main and main task of the battery is guaranteed engine start under any conditions.

After starting the internal combustion engine, the car's generator is turned on in the working electrical network, which itself becomes a source of electricity. And he produces it much more, but only when the engine is running. This electricity is enough for the battery, which is being recharged at this time, and for all current consumers, which we will get to know further.

Consumers electric current there are three systems in the car: starting the internal combustion engine, ignition, as well as lighting and signaling. In addition, consumers include control and measuring devices (CIP) and additional equipment.

1. Starting system.

The main element of the engine starting system is the car starter. It is he who, receiving energy from the battery, causes the flywheel with the crankshaft to turn through the gear. And as soon as the internal combustion engine began to work independently, the starter is automatically turned off by disengaging the drive gear from the flywheel. The starter start is called from the driver's cab by closing the electrical circuit when the key is turned in the ignition switch.

2. Ignition system.

We are already familiar with this system from the design of the internal combustion engine, and there is no point in dwelling on it.

3. Lighting and alarm system.

The name speaks for itself. The system is primarily responsible for the external lighting of the car (headlights, dimensions) and signaling during maneuvers (turning, braking, reversing). To simplify the design and facilitate repair, modern cars are equipped with block headlights. That is, in one block (front, rear, left, right) all the necessary lighting and signaling devices are located.

The main lighting and signaling devices are shown on Figure 50 .

These are the main and basic elements of the system. In addition to them, there is also a sound signal, interior lighting, doors, trunk, etc.

It is worth noting that some of these devices turn on automatically with any action by the driver. So, when braking, the brake lights immediately light up, when the reverse gear is engaged, the reversing lamp comes on, when the passenger compartment door is opened, the interior lighting, etc. Another part of the devices is controlled by the driver himself (direction indicator, headlights, etc.).

4. Instrumentation.

Their task in a car is also clear from the name. They are shown on Figure 51 .

But besides measurement and control, some have an alarm function. So, we studied systems where a sensor monitors the level of oil or liquid. For example - the power supply system of the engine. A sensor monitors the fuel level in the car’s fuel tank, and when the level becomes critically low, a red light on the driver’s instrument panel lights up, making it clear that it’s time to refuel.

By the way, three colors of light bulbs can be distinguished on the instrument panel (according to the traffic light principle): green - everything is fine, yellow - pay attention, red - stop or traffic is dangerous due to a malfunction.

Pointer instruments include a speedometer, tachometer, coolant temperature sensor, etc.

5. Additional equipment.

it separate category consumers, where all devices and mechanisms that are not related to the above-mentioned consumers are collected. The most standard here are windshield wipers, interior heater, power windows, seat heating, etc., including the same cigarette lighter, car radio and air conditioning. In short, some of them simplify the driving process, and some are designed to increase its comfort.

On this, we will finish our acquaintance with the electrical equipment of a passenger car, as well as with the device of the entire car as a whole.

In this article, we will consider the electrical equipment of cars, its main components, briefly describe the operation and purpose of these devices. Let's start studying the electrical equipment of cars with They are represented by a battery and an electric generator. It is from these devices that the main energy for the electrical component of the machine comes.

Battery

The battery is a chemical power source. It works based on the principle of accumulation and return of energy. The battery is charged by the transition of chemical elements from one type to another. During discharging, the reverse process takes place. Main characteristic battery is considered rated capacity. It is measured in amperes per hour. The second important characteristic is voltage. Usually it is equal to twelve volts.

Electric generator

An electric generator is a device similar to an electric motor. Their essence is the same. A generator can produce power by rotating its armature. It consists of two windings: a working winding and an excitation winding, which allow you to stabilize the generated voltage and regulate the current supplied to the second of them. The generator works based on the principle of self-induction. This is how the copper winding is affected by a magnetic flux, and then a voltage is obtained at the ends of the winding. Together, the battery and alternator make up common system supplying the car with electricity.

Electrical equipment of vehicles for starting and running the engine

Let's move on to the next category. This is the electrical equipment of cars, which provides

starting and running the engine, which, accordingly, sets the car in motion. The starter is a small electric motor that rotates using battery power and allows the car's engine to make the first stage of starting. Next, an electric spark should be created. To create it, you need such electrical equipment of cars as a coil, a candle and a distributor of this spark. The step-up coil is a core with two windings. The first winding, having a small number of turns, creates a magnetic field. The second winding is placed on top of the first and has more turns. When a field arises from the first winding, a high voltage is created in the other. It is fed to a candle and a discharge is obtained, that is, a spark. An electric candle is a component with which a spark is formed in the engine cylinders. The candle has contacts to which a high voltage wire is connected from the distributor of this voltage. The cylinder has electrodes with a small gap, where a spark discharge occurs. The coil will work when voltage is applied to it - alternating or impulsive. To create this type of voltage, special breakers are installed in the car in the form of an electronic unit. Also, electrical equipment includes a car instrument panel. In addition, this also includes the circuit of the sound signal and lighting (the system of headlights, stops, dimensions). If you have any questions about the operation or repair of this or that equipment, then the car manual will tell you how to deal with the problem.