Equipment: tables on general biology, illustrating the methods of plant breeding, methods of breeding work by I.V. Michurin and achievements in plant breeding.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Knowledge Test

A. Card work

№ 1. Scientists have obtained a wheat-rye hybrid of triticale. How did you manage to create such a hybrid that successfully reproduces sexually?

№ 2. Bezostaya 1 (bred by P.P. Lukyanenko) and Mironovskaya 808 (bred by V.N. Remeslo) are recognized as the highest-yielding (up to 100 c/ha) wheat varieties. Their ears and grains are very large, the stems are thick, strong. These varieties are soft, polyploid ( 6n) wheat. The highest yield and large fruits in strawberries are also given by polyploid (8n) plants. Using this data, answer the questions:

a) how does polyploidy affect fruit size and other morphological features of wheat and strawberries?
b) how does polyploidy affect the productivity of these plants?
c) what is the economic significance of polyploidy for humans?

№ 3. Evolutionary theory was confirmed by the studies of the Danish geneticist V. Johansen. He studied the action of selection in populations and pure lines. It turned out that within the limits of a pure line, selection by size, seed weight, and other traits is inefficient. At the same time, selection in freely crossing populations is effective. Explain what pattern of evolutionary theory is supported by the results of this study.

№ 4. Currently, a hybrid tomato variety resistant to two viruses is widely used in the USA and England. The variety is obtained as a result of the fusion of germ cells of a wild tomato and cultivar. Explain the importance of preserving the genes of wild species for breeding.

B. Oral knowledge test

1. What are the biological characteristics of plants taken into account in breeding?
2. What is inbreeding and interbreeding?
3. What is intervarietal and interspecific crossbreeding?
4. What is the phenomenon of heterosis and what are its genetic bases?
5. What is the method of G.D. Karpechenko on overcoming the infertility of interspecific hybrids?
6. What is mass and individual selection in plant breeding?
7. What is induced mutagenesis and what is the method of obtaining polyploids in plant breeding.

II. Learning new material

1. Methods of selection work I.V. Michurin

Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin (1855–1935) is an outstanding practical breeder, the author of 300 varieties of fruit and berry crops. At the beginning of his activity, I.V. Michurin was engaged in acclimatization according to the Grell method, grafting southern varieties into the crown of hardy and cold-resistant varieties in order to achieve their adaptation to new conditions. But it was impossible to change the genotype of southern varieties by a similar method. Michurin was convinced of this by testing about 200 foreign varieties: after 35 years, not a single tree remained of them, although Michurin lived and worked in the relatively mild climate of the Black Earth Zone of Russia (Kozlovsk, now Michurinsk, Tambov province).
Convinced of the futility of attempts at simple acclimatization, I.V. Michurin began to develop new breeding methods based on hybridization, selection and education (the impact of environmental conditions on developing hybrids). In their implementation, he used a variety of approaches (many of them for the first time in world breeding practice), the most important of which are as follows.

biologically distant hybridization - crossbreeding representatives different types to obtain varieties with the desired properties or crossing representatives of different genera. So, for example, Michurin crossed the Vladimirskaya cherry with the white Winkler cherry. In further work with hybrids, he developed the Krasa Severa cherry variety, which had good taste and winter hardiness. When crossing cherry with bird cherry, Michurin received a hybrid called cerapadus. He also obtained hybrids of blackberry and raspberry, plum and blackthorn, mountain ash and Siberian hawthorn, etc.

Geographically distant hybridization - crossing representatives of contrasting natural areas and geographically remote regions in order to instill the desired qualities in the hybrid. For example, the well-known pear variety Bere winter Michurina was obtained as a result of hybridization of the wild Ussuri pear and the southern French variety Bere-royal.

The mentor method - one of the methods of "education" of hybrids developed by I.V. Michurin. It is based on the fact that the characteristics of a developing hybrid change under the influence of a scion or rootstock. Michurin used this method in two versions. In the first case, the hybrid seedling served as a scion, and it was grafted onto an adult fruit-bearing plant (rootstock), the properties of which it was desirable to obtain from the hybrid. In the second case, a stalk of a variety was grafted into the crown of a young hybrid seedling (rootstock), the characteristics of which they would like to obtain from the hybrid.
This method was applied by Michurin, for example, when creating the Bellefleur-Chinese apple variety. In the first year of fruiting hybrids, it turned out that their fruits are small and sour. To direct the further development of the hybrid in the right direction, Bellefleur cuttings were grafted into the crown of young trees. Under the influence of cuttings, the fruits of the hybrid began to acquire the taste qualities of Bellefleur.
The influence of the mentor should be seen as a change in dominance during the development of the hybrid. In this case, the mentor contributed to the phenotypic manifestation (dominance) of the genes obtained from the Bellefleur variety, without changing the genotype of the hybrid.

Mediator Method was used by Michurin for distant hybridization. It consists in using the wild species as an intermediary to overcome inbreeding. By crossing the wild Mongolian almond with the wild peach of David, Michurin obtained the Posrednik almond, which he later used to cross with the cultivated peach. The hybrid peach he received acquired winter hardiness, due to which he was promoted to the north.

Mixing pollen was used by Michurin to overcome interspecific inbreeding (incompatibility). The essence of the method was that when pollinated with a mixture of one's own pollen and pollen of another species, one's own pollen irritated the stigma of the pistil, and it perceived foreign pollen.

Exposure to environmental conditions . When "educating" young hybrids, Michurin used changes in the methods of storing seeds, the nature of nutrition and soil properties, the impact low temperatures used frequent transplants. As a result, hybrids hardened and could endure adverse environmental conditions.

Selection – repeated and rigorous selection of plants in terms of size, shape, winter hardiness, immune properties, quality, taste, fruit color, etc.
Most of the varieties obtained by I.V. Michurin, were complex heterozygotes. To preserve their qualities, they are propagated vegetatively: by layering, grafting, etc.

2. Achievements in plant breeding

Selection work is of great national economic importance. Replacing low-yielding varieties with high-yielding breeding varieties is one of the main ways to increase yields. At present, both in our country and abroad, selection and genetic work leads to remarkable results.
Let's take a look at some of the latest advances in breeding for major crops.

Winter wheat . For Russia, wheat is the main grain crop. Academician Pavel Panteleymonovich Lukyanenko (1901–1973) created a number of high-yielding varieties winter wheat occupying millions of hectares both in Russia and in other countries. Especially popular are the varieties Avrora and Kavkaz, yielding up to 100 c/ha, and Bezostaya 1 with a yield of up to 50 c/ha. On the basis of the latter variety, the varieties Krasnodarskaya 57 and Odessa semi-dwarf were bred.
No less high-yielding varieties were bred at the Mironovskaya breeding experimental station by academician Vasily Nikolaevich Remeslo (1907–1983): Mironovskaya 264, Mironovskaya 808, etc. Over the past 50 years, the yield of winter wheat varieties has increased from 25 to 65 c/ha, i.e. 2.5 times. Ilyichevka also belongs to the new high-yielding varieties of winter wheat, bred at the same station. In 1974, this variety was released in 15 regions of Ukraine and, with proper irrigation and high agricultural technology, yields up to 100 c/ha.
Among the new varieties, perennial wheats are very promising, bred under the guidance of Academician Nikolai Vasilievich Tsitsin (1898–1980) on the basis of interspecific hybridization of wheat and wheatgrass. They are high-yielding, drought-resistant, withstand frosts down to -35 oC.

Spring wheat . Among the spring varieties, the most valuable is the high-yielding variety Saratovskaya 29, created by Alexei Pavlovich Shekhurdin (1886–1951) and Valentina Nikolaevna Mamontova (1895–1982), which is distinguished by high baking qualities. We have already mentioned the Novosibirskaya 67 spring wheat variety with a shortened and thickened straw, bred at the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The yield of this variety in Western Siberia reaches 40 q/ha.

Sunflower . In this area of ​​plant breeding, the achievements of academician Vasily Stepanovich Pustovoit (1886–1972) are remarkable. Until the middle of the XX century. the best varieties sunflower oil content did not exceed 33%. Currently, the average oil content of seeds reaches 50%.

Sugar beet . In recent years, the sugar content and yield of sugar beets have increased dramatically. A large role in the selection of this culture was played by polyploidy (works by A.N. Lutkov, V.P. Zosimovich).

Corn . When creating new promising varieties of this crop, self-pollinating homozygous lines are used with their subsequent hybridization (M.I. Khadzhinov and G.S. Galeev).

III. Consolidation of knowledge

Generalizing conversation in the course of learning new material.

IV. Homework

To study the paragraph of the textbook (methods of breeding work by I.V. Michurin and the achievements of plant breeding).

Lesson 8–9. Animal breeding, its methods and achievements

Equipment: tables on general biology, illustrating the methods of selection work by I.V. Michurin, achievements in plant breeding, methods of animal breeding.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Knowledge Test

A. Card work

№ 1. What important pattern of trait dominance in hybrids was established by I.V. Michurin? What is the significance of this pattern for selection? Give examples.

№ 2. What are the positive and negative aspects of self-pollination in breeding cultivated plants?

№ 3. There is an expression: "A person is fed and clothed by polyploids." How should it be understood?

№ 4. When selecting parent pairs for hybridization, I.V. Michurin made extensive use of geographically distant forms. So, for example, the apple-tree variety Bellefleur-Chinese was created, obtained as a result of hybridization of a Chinese apple tree from Siberia and the American variety Bellefleur yellow. Why Michurin great attention devoted to crossing geographically distant forms?

B. Oral knowledge test

1. What breeding methods did I.V. Michurin?
2. What are the latest advances in plant breeding?

II. Learning new material

1. Features of animal biology taken into account in breeding

When selecting animals, it is necessary to take into account the following features:

- a small number of offspring in a pair of parents;
- long life expectancy;
- impossibility vegetative propagation highly organized animals and their only sexual reproduction;
- dichotomy;
- often late puberty;
- more complex than in plants, relationships with external environment due to the presence of the nervous system;
- the difficulty of studying the genotype, because it contains a large number of heterozygotes, and genes are in a complex interaction (productivity for meat, milk, wool, fertility, fur density in fur animals and other economically valuable traits are very difficult to inherit).

2. Types of crosses and breeding methods used in animal husbandry

In breeding work, it is important to represent the ultimate goal that the breeder is striving for. Whether it is desirable to increase milk production, increase its fat content, or change the meat quality of livestock - all this requires different areas of selection and selection of producers, the use of various systems crossing.
When selecting breeders, it is important to consider their pedigrees. In breeding farms, pedigree books are always kept, in which the exterior features and productivity of parental forms are taken into account in detail over a number of generations. According to the signs of the ancestors, one can judge the genotype of the producers.
The types of crossbreeding in breeding work with animals are varied. There are mainly two types of crossing: unrelated and related.

unrelated crossbreeding , or outbreeding (from English. out- outside and breeding- breeding), carried out between individuals of the same breed or between individuals different breeds animals. With strict selection, it leads to the maintenance of properties or their improvement in the next generations of hybrids, tk. in the offspring, a successful combination of genes can be obtained, which ensures the formation of a number of economically important traits.

Inbreeding, or inbreeding, held between siblings or parents and offspring. This type of crossing is used in those cases when they want to transfer most of the genes of the breed to a homozygous state, i.e. to obtain pure lines, preserve economically important traits, increase the stability of these traits for subsequent crossing and obtain the effect of heterosis.
To a certain extent, such crossing is similar to self-pollination in plants, since. leads to an increase in homozygosity. With closely related crossing, weakening of animals, loss of resistance to external factors, to diseases is often observed. All these negative manifestations of inbreeding are called depression.

Interline crossing is carried out between representatives of pure homozygous lines in order to avoid the adverse effects of recessive genes, transfer them to a heterozygous state and cause the effect of heterosis. Usually representatives of several lines are used for crossing.

distant hybridization , i.e. interspecific crossing has been known in animals since ancient times. Most often, interspecific hybrids are sterile, because. they have disrupted meiosis, which leads to disruption of gametogenesis. Since ancient times, man has been using a hybrid of a mare with a donkey - a mule, which is distinguished by endurance and long life expectancy. Overcoming the infertility of interspecific hybrids of animals is an important task of breeding.
Sometimes gametogenesis in distant hybrids proceeds normally, and this made it possible to obtain new valuable breeds of animals. An example is the archa-merino, which can graze high in the mountains like argali and, like merino, produce good wool. Prolific hybrids have been obtained from crossing local cattle with yaks and zebu (a subspecies of cattle common in Asia and Africa). Productive hybrids of beluga and sterlet (bester), ferret and mink (honorik) , carp and carp. Also prolific are the offspring obtained by crossing between one-humped and two-humped camels, domestic horses and Przewalski's horses, bison and bison.
In animal husbandry, two main breeding methods are used: interbreeding and interbreed.

Inbreeding, or breeding in oneself , aimed at preserving and improving the breed. In practice, it is expressed in the selection of the best producers, the culling of individuals that do not meet the requirements of the breed.

Interbreeding used to create a new breed. In this case, inbreeding is often carried out, which helps to obtain a large number of individuals with the desired properties.

To be continued

I.V.Michurin is an outstanding scientist-breeder, one of the founders of the science of breeding fruit crops. Working in the garden from a young age was his favorite thing. He left the goal of his life to enrich the gardens of Russia with new varieties and achieved this dream, despite incredible difficulties and hardships.

Having set ourselves the task of promoting southern varieties fruit trees in central Russia, Michurin first tried to solve it by acclimatizing these varieties in new conditions. But the southern varieties grown by him froze out in winter. A mere change in the conditions of existence of an organism cannot change a phylogenetically developed stable genotype, moreover, in a certain direction.

Hybridization, i.e., obtaining a variety with new, improved characteristics, was most often carried out by crossing a local variety with a southern one, which had higher palatability. At the same time, a negative phenomenon was observed - the dominance of the features of the local variety in the hybrid. The reason for this was the historical adaptation of the local variety to certain conditions of existence.

By this method, the Bere winter Michurina pear variety was bred. As the mother, the Ussuri wild pear was taken, which is distinguished by small fruits, but winter-hardy, as the father, the southern variety Bere Royale with large juicy fruits. Conditions for both parents middle lane Russia were unusual. The hybrid showed the qualities of the parents that the breeder needed: the fruits were large, long-lived, had high palatability, and the hybrid plant itself endured cold up to 36 °.

Under natural conditions, alien pollen of another species is not perceived by the mother plant and crossing does not occur. To overcome non-crossing in distant hybridization. Michurin used several methods: 1. The method of preliminary vegetative approach. 2. The mediator method. 3. Method of pollination with a mixture of pollen. 4. The mentor method.

Pollination method with a mixture of pollen. I. V. Michurin used various options pollen mixtures. A small amount of pollen from the mother plant was mixed with pollen from the father. In this case, its own pollen irritated the stigma of the pistil, which became capable of accepting foreign pollen. When pollinating apple flowers with pear pollen, a little apple pollen was added to the latter. Part of the ovules was fertilized by its own pollen, the other part by someone else's (pear). The results of IV Michurin's work are striking. He created hundreds of new varieties of plants. A number of varieties of apple trees and berry crops are advanced far to the north. They have high palatability and at the same time are perfectly adapted to local conditions. The new variety Antonovka 600 grams yields up to 350 kg per tree. Michurin grapes withstood the winter without powdering the vines, which is done even in the Crimea, and at the same time did not reduce their commodity indicators. Michurin showed with his works that the creative possibilities of a person are endless.

The beginning of organized breeding work in Russia dates back to the end of the 19th century. In 1877 in St. Petersburg and in 1881. in Moscow, stations are being set up to control the quality of seeds. In 1884 the Poltava experimental field was founded, in 1886 the Nemerchanskaya and Uladovo-Lyulinetskaya experimental stations were founded. In 1896 P.A. Kostychev founded the Shatilovskaya (now Orlovskaya) agricultural experimental station. In 1903 D.L. Rudzinsky organized a breeding station at the Moscow Agricultural Institute (now the Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev). In 1909–1912 a number of experimental stations with selection departments are being created: Kharkovskaya, Saratovskaya, Krasnokutskaya, Odessa, Mironovskaya. In the Soviet period, zonal breeding institutions were created (Research Institute of Agriculture of the North-East, South-East, Siberia, the Central regions of the Non-Chernozem zone, the Central regions of the Chernozem zone, Belarus, Ukraine, as well as specialized institutes for winter wheat (Krasnodar), sugar beet (Kyiv , Voronezh), oilseeds (Krasnodar), corn (Dnepropetrovsk), leguminous and cereal crops (Orel), rice (Uzbekistan). On the territory of the Bryansk region there are centers for the selection of potatoes, lupine, raspberries, strawberries, fruit crops.

Works by I. V. Michurin

Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin (1855–1935), an outstanding nature changer, made an invaluable contribution to the development of plant breeding. The object of selection was a variety of fruit and berry crops: pome, stone fruits; total I.V. Michurin created over 300 varieties of cultivated plants, some of which are still in use. The main principles of the work of I.V. Michurin: hybridization, selection and impact of environmental conditions. I.V. Michurin owns a popular expression; “We cannot wait for favors from nature, it is our task to take them from her.”

I.V. Michurin was not just a talented amateur gardener. He made an invaluable contribution to world science. In particular, Ivan Vladimirovich experimentally substantiated the effect of a change in dominance: depending on the soil and climatic conditions, the nature of the stock and scion, and other factors, the genotype may or may not appear in the phenotype. I.V. Michurin used in his works the mentor method based on various combinations of vaccinations. To obtain hybrids I.V. Michurin widely used ecological-geographic crosses - if the parents come from different geographical areas or from different habitats, then heterosis manifests itself most strongly. This is due to the fact that these parents have the most strongly differing genotypes formed during natural selection in different conditions. I.V. Michurin established that the selection of a variety should be carried out under the conditions in which its further exploitation is planned.

Achievements of domestic breeders

It is impossible to list all the outstanding domestic breeders.

We will name the names and main achievements of only some of them:

Lukyanenko P.P. – winter wheat Bezostaya-1; more than 40 varieties in total;

Craft V.N. – winter wheat Mironovskaya-808;

Lorkh A.G., Bukasov S.M., Yuzepchuk S.V. - potato;

Pustovoit V.S. - high-oil varieties of sunflower;

Zhdanov L.A. – sunflower resistant to broomrape;

Khadzhinov M.I., Galeev G.S. – interline hybrids of corn based on CMS;

Tsitsin N.V. - wheat-wheatgrass hybrids;

Mazlumov A.L. - sugar beet.

“We cannot expect favors from nature; to take them from her is our task. But nature must be treated with respect and care and, if possible, preserved in its original form.

(1855 - 1935) - domestic scientist-breeder (one of the pioneers in this field), partly a geneticist. Member of the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences named after Lenin (VASKhNIL), honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Biological and Agricultural Sciences, Honored Worker of Science and Technology.

And all this despite the fact that Michurin did not even receive a specialized education in his specialty. And in his specialty, Ivan Vladimirovich began to study from childhood, when he helped his father with work in the garden. Gardening at the Michurins was a family affair, they had a large collection of agricultural books, a whole library.

At the age of four, the boy lost his mother. A few years later, his father fell seriously ill. The boy's aunt, who also loved gardening, took care of guardianship.

While doing science did not bring income, Ivan Vladimirovich earned a living by repairing watches.

In 1872, Michurin moved to the city of Kozlov, which would later be named after him. Now Kozlov is science city Michurinsk. And it is the only city in Russia that was renamed during the life of the person in whose honor it is renamed.

In 1875, Ivan Vladimirovich rented the estate. And there organizes a nursery. In fact, this is the first laboratory of the scientist. There he begins his experiments, he makes the right tools. Several times he moved the kennel.

In 1918, the nursery was nationalized, and Ivan Vladimirovich was appointed its head.

Michurin discovered that the varieties of fruit crops existing at that time "obsolete", they suffered from diseases and gave low yields. Imported southern varieties did not take root. Ivan Vladimirovich realized the need to develop new varieties.

• For all my long work Michurin brought about three hundred varieties of plants while developing new methods.

Being a heavy smoker, he brought out for himself new variety tobacco, which, when properly processed, according to the scientist, was less harmful than "brothers".

• The scientist conducted experiments with distant hybridization, polyploidy, overcoming non-crossing. Moreover, Michurin was persistent: he could repeat the same experiment several times until he achieved the desired result.
• Michurin deduced a pattern: the farther away the growing areas of plants selected for hybridization, the easier the hybrid plants will adapt to environmental conditions. Studied heredity.
• In Michurin's diaries, in which he described his work, one can find many recommendations on gardening, some of which are still used today.

Made a huge contribution to the selection. His name thundered not only here, but also abroad. The scientist was even offered to immigrate to the United States and buy his collection of plants. He refused, remaining loyal to his fatherland.

Like most scientists, the scientist had disagreements with the church. Once, a priest visited his nursery, who later said that Michurin's experiments had a bad effect on the thoughts of the Orthodox, that he turned the garden of God into a house of brothel. The priest even demanded that Michurin stop his crossbreeding experiments. Naturally, the scientist did not listen to him.

VASKHNIL established Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin Gold Medal awarded for work in the field of breeding.

Named after Michurin species: Aronia Michurina (Aronia mitschuri nii).

The nursery was named Central Genetic Laboratory. I.V. Michurin.

The pseudoscientific teaching of Michurin's agrobiology also bears the name of Michurin. But Ivan Vladimirovich has no direct relation to it. The main figure and founder of Michurin's agrobiology is a Soviet scientist, or rather a pseudoscientist, he will be discussed in the next article.