What letters are written after. Soft sign after hissing: rules and exceptions

§ 71. The letter b is written inside the word not after prefixes to separate the pronunciation of the consonant from those following it and, e, u, i, for example: quarry, loach, weeds, clerk, family, gun, at night, rye, sparrow, curious, fox, fox, fox, whose, whose, whose, I drink, I sew.

Note. The letter b before o is written in some foreign words ah, for example: battalion, broth, guillotine, pocket, companion, minion, pavilion, postman, champignon.
§ 72. The letter ь is written to indicate the softness of the consonant, except for h, u (see), at the end of the word, for example: drink, darkness, horse, and in the middle of the word before a solid consonant, for example: threshing, request, nanny, less.
To indicate the softness of a consonant before another soft consonant, ь is written in the following cases:
If, when the word changes, the second soft consonant becomes hard, and the first consonant retains its softness, for example: nanny (nanny), wedding (wedding), eight (eighth).
To denote the softness of l, for example: herring, flatter, smaller, finger.
In all other cases, before soft consonants, including before h, u, the letter b is not written, for example: bones, early, nurse, tip, mason.

Note. Between two soft l, the letter ь is not written, for example: illusion, husky.
§ 73. The letter ь is also written in the following cases:
In five, six, seven, eight, nine complex numbers formed from numerals, in which both parts are declined, for example: fifty (fifty, fifty), sixty, seventy, eighty, nine hundred, but: fifteen (fifteen, fifteen), sixteen and etc.
In creative forms. pad. plural h., for example: children, people, also four.
In an indefinite form before -sya and in an imperative mood before -sya and -te, for example: drink - get drunk; fix - fix, fix; weigh - weigh, weigh.
§ 74. The letter b is not written:
In adjectives with the suffix -sk-, formed from nouns in ь, for example: Kazan (Kazan), Kemsky (Kem), Siberian (Siberia), beastly (beast), January (January).

Note. Adjectives September, October, November, December, June, day (day-day) are written with ь; adjectives formed from Chinese names ending in -n are also written, for example: Yunnan (from Yunnan).
In the genus pad. plural hours from nouns to -nya with a preceding consonant or y and in those formed from them with the help of the suffix -to- diminutives, for example: cherry - cherries, cherry; slaughterhouse - slaughterhouse; reading room - reading room; but: bathhouse - bathhouse, bathhouse; apple tree - apple trees, apple tree; also village - villages, village; young lady - young ladies; kitchen - kitchenette, kitchenette.
§ 75. After hissing (w, h, w, u), the letter b is written only in the following cases:
At the end of feminine nouns in them. and wine. pad. units hours, for example: rye, night, mouse.
At the end of the 2nd person singular. hours of the present and future tenses of the verb after the final w, for example: you carry - you carry, you wear - you carry, you accept - you will accept.
At the end of the verb in singular h. imperative mood, and the letter b is preserved before -sya, for example: smear - smear; hide - hide eat.
In plural h. imperative mood before -te, -tes, for example: smear - smear; hide - hide eat.
At the end of the verb in an indefinite form, and the letter b is written before -sya, for example: cut, cut your hair.
In all adverbs after the final w and h, for example: completely, jump, away, and also in the adverb wide open.
At the end of the particles: you see, that is, only, you see.

There are two amazing letters in the Russian alphabet - a soft sign and a hard sign. They themselves do not make any sounds. But they affect the neighbors.

soft sign performs two important functions in Russian. It denotes the softness of the preceding consonant and is used as a separator.

Sometimes a soft sign in a word is heard, but not. And vice versa ... It is difficult to remember all the rules and exceptions, but I really want to write correctly. Turns out it's not that hard to learn.

Soft sign after hissing

A soft sign is not needed after the hissing second declension singular (, garage), the first and second declensions in the plural genitive (puddles, skis) and in short masculine adjectives answering the question "what?". For example: fresh - fresh, similar - similar. In with the consonant w at the end (already, married, unbearable), the soft sign is also not used, but it should be written in the word wide open.

The soft sign is not written in the pronouns "our", "your", in the particle "already" and the preposition "between".

Soft sign to indicate the softness of consonants in writing

The soft sign is not written in combinations: -chk- (line, crust), -ch- (bakery, laundry), -nch- (strum, bell), -nsh- (racer, attendant), -rsh- (collector, debater ), -rch- (morel,), -schn- (elegant, powerful), -st- (bridge, reed), -nt- (wrapper, edging).

In foreign words with a double letter l, the soft sign is not written (collective, collegium, collie).

There is a rule for spelling compound numbers. If the second root is inclined in them, a soft sign should not be written. For example: eighteen - eighteen, fifteen - fifteen.

If the stem of the word from which it is derived relative adjective, ends in -н, -р, then the soft sign is not needed before the suffix -sk-. For example: the beast is brutal, the horse is horse. The exceptions are adjectives formed from the names of the months (except January), words of Chinese origin and adjectives like day. For example: September, November, but January; Sichuan - Sichuan; day - daytime.

Nouns in –nya with a preceding consonant do not have a soft sign. For example: tower - towers. Exception: young lady - young ladies, - kitchens, hawthorn - hawthorn.

To find out if a soft sign is needed in a verb ending in -s, ask a question to it. If there is no soft sign in the question, it means a third person, you do not need to write a soft sign: "he (what does he do?) study", "they (?) care".

If you want to write correctly, do exercises to consolidate the theory and read more.

Sources:

Spelling of hard and soft signs
Spelling soft sign at the end of words after hissing

Writing the “not” particle with pronouns can be a real problem - after all, the Russian language is famous for its ambiguity in such matters. However, if you know a few simple rules, it may not be so difficult.

A pronoun is a special part of speech in Russian, which is usually used instead of denoting an object or being, as well as its properties and other features. At the same time, the pronoun is characterized by its own spelling rules, including cases of writing with the particle “not”.

Rules for writing the particle "not" with pronouns

The common particle "not" when used with a pronoun says that in this situation they should be written separately. At the same time, this method of use concerns the most various types pronouns. In particular, those that designate an object, a being, a sign of an object and other concepts. For example, the particle “not” is used in this way in the following cases: “not the one”, “not you”, “not everyone”, and so on.

Special cases of using the particle "not" with pronouns

A separate situation is represented by cases of using the particle “not” in negative pronouns. They can denote the absence of an object, creature, attribute of an object, or another object. For example, the group of such negative pronouns includes such as “nobody”, “nothing”. In addition, negative pronouns can also denote the indefiniteness of the object in question, such pronouns as "something" or "someone" belong to them. It is noteworthy that in most of these pronouns, the particle "not" will be stressed. If you come across a situation where in a negative particle is in an unstressed position, in most cases we are talking about another particle - “neither”.

In all the examples given and similar to them, the particle “not” should be written together with the pronoun. However, this rule applies only to situations where a negative pronoun is used without a preposition. If the situation in which the negative pronoun is used requires the presence of a preposition between the particle “not” and the main word, they should be written separately. For example, separate spelling is required in the examples "no one", "no one" and the like.

Finally, the special situation of the use of the particle “not” is associated with the phrase “none other than”. In this case, obviously, there is the use of a negative pronoun with the particle “not” without a preposition, however, it is an exception to the rule and requires separate writing of the particle and the pronoun. The same rule applies to some variations of this phrase, namely: "nothing else but", "nothing but", "nothing else like". However, this rule applies only to the given variants of phrases; in other combinations, the usual rules for writing the particle “not” apply.

Solid sign: history and its role in the word

The twenty-eighth letter of the Russian alphabet, despite the fact that it does not denote sounds, performs an important function in words. Therefore, before consideringthe rules governing the use of ъ and ь signs are worthlearn a little about its history and role in the word.

A solid sign existed in the Slavic languages almost from the very moment of their formation. At first, it was a short vowel sound, until it became an unpronounceable letter used to divide a word into syllables, as well as replacing spaces.

At the end of the XIX century. it was noted that the frequent use of ъ in texts (4% of the total volume) is inappropriate, especially in telegraphy, cursive writing and typography. In this regard, more than once they tried to limit the use of a solid sign.

After the 1917 revolution, this letter was generally abolished for almost ten years. In those years, the apostrophe was used as a separator in words.However, in 1928 it was excluded from the Russian language (but preserved in Ukrainian and Belarusian), and its dividing function was taken over by a solid sign, which it still performs to this day.

In what cases is put ъ in words

As for the use of a solid sign, there are several rules for putting it before e, u, yo, i:

After prefixes that end in a consonant: connector, pre-anniversary.
In terms that came from other languages, with the prefixes ab-, ad-, diz-, in-, inter-, con-, ob- and sub-: adjuvant, disjunction.
After counter, pan, super, trans and feld: pan-Europeanism, superyacht.
In compound words starting with two-, three-, four-: two-core, three-tier, four-language.

There are several exceptions when ъ is not at the junction of the prefix and the root, but inside the word itself. These nouns include: courier and flaw.

When do not put

In addition to the rules governing the use of ъ and ь signs, it is worth remembering the cases when they do not need to be put:

A solid sign is not put in words with a prefix ending in a consonant letter, when it is followed by vowels a, o, and, y, e, s: cloudless, secluded.
This sign is not put in complex abbreviated terms: foreign language, head of trade.
It is also not put in lexemes written with a hyphen: half a diocese, half an apple.

Considering the rules governing the use of ъ and ь signs that perform a separating function in a word, it is worth remembering that the lexemes "interior" and "clerk" are written through a soft sign. Such a spelling is no exception, since in the word "interior" the inter is not a prefix, but part of the root. And in the "clerk" the prefix is \u200b\u200bnot under-, but po-, but -clerk is the root.

What are the functions of a soft sign

As for ь, in ancient times it meant a short vowel [and], but gradually, like ъ, it lost its sound.

At the same time, he retained the ability [and] to give softness to the previous consonant sound.

Unlike a solid word, it can perform 3 functions.

Dividing.
Informs about the softness of the preceding sound.
Used to denote certain grammatical forms.

Rules for the use of a soft sign

Studying the laws of the Russian languageregulating the use of ъ and ь signs, it is worth learning a few rules:

A soft sign that performs a dividing function is never placed after a prefix (this is the lot of a hard sign). Parts of words in which the separating b is written are the root, suffix and ending before e, e, u, i: monkey, interior. This rule applies to both Russian vocabulary and borrowed terms from other languages.
The separating b is placed in some words before the letter combination he: champignon, medallion, broth and million.

In the case when b informs about the softness of the previous sound, and does not perform a separating function, its setting is determined by the following rules:

In the middle of a word, ь indicates the softness of the letter l if it precedes another consonant, except for l: finger, prayer. Also, a soft sign “does not wedge” into letter combinations: lf, nsh, nn, rsh, chk, ch, rch, schn ( drummer, candle).
In the middle of a word, this sign is placed between soft and hard consonants: please, very much.
In the middle of a word, ь can stand between two soft consonants. Provided that when the form of the word changes, the first remains soft, and the second becomes hard: a request is a request, a letter is a letter.
In some cases, this symbol is located at the end of a word after consonants. In doing so, it helps to set the value of the lexeme: linen(plant) - laziness(quality of character), con(place for bets in the game) - horse(animal).

As a marker for individual grammatical forms, this sign is used in such cases:

In adjectives arising from the names of the months (except January): February, September.
At the end of numerals from 5 to 30, as well as in their middle, if they denote tens from 50 to 80 and hundreds from 500 to 900: six, seventy, eight hundred.
In the imperative mood of verbs (except lie down - lie down): take out - take out, throw - throw.
In the infinitive (the initial form of the verb): keep, grow.
In all cases, the words "eight" and in the instrumental plural. numbers of individual numerals and nouns: six, lashes.

The use of b and b signs after hissing w, h, u, sh

Following these soft sign letters is possible under the following conditions:

At the end of most adverbs and particles, except for: really, already, unbearable, married and in the preposition between.
In the infinitive: save, bake.
In the imperative mood of verbs: smear, soothe.
In the endings of the II person singular of the future and present tenses: sell, sell.
At the end of the nominative case of nouns f. kind, in the third declension: daughter, power. For comparison in the m. gender - call, broadsword.

In some cases, ь is not used after these letters:

In nouns II declension: executioner, fake.
In short forms of adjectives: fresh, poignant.
In the genitive case of plural nouns: puddle, cloud

A solid sign after w, w, h, u at the end of a word or root is not put, since its “place” is always after the prefix before e, e, y, i.

Use of ь and ъ signs: exercises

Having familiarized yourself with all the cases of setting soft and hard signs, it is worth moving on to the exercises. To avoid confusion, we have collected together most of the above rules governing the use of ь and ъ signs. The table below will serve as a hint for completing tasks.

In this exercise, you need to choose which of the letters should be put in words.

This task concerns the use of a soft sign following the hissing letters. It should open the brackets and, where necessary, put a soft sign.

In the last exercise, you need to write out the proposed words in 2 columns. In the first - those that are used with ь, in the second - those that are without it.

That both hard and soft signs are "silent" letters, they play an important role in the Russian language. You can make many mistakes in your writing, if you do not know the laws of grammar governing the use of ъ and ь signs. You will have to learn more than one rule so as not to confuse which of the signs should be put in a particular situation. However, it is worth it, especially in the case of a soft sign, since often only its presence helps to determine the lexical meaning of a word.

The rules of the Russian language are quite difficult to master, because many of them involve different conditions writing, as well as exceptions to the rules. Therefore, in order to write correctly, you need to clearly know and understand how the rules of the Russian language work in writing. Today we will talk about how the soft sign is written in different words.

Spelling of the soft sign

When is a separating soft sign written? Everything is simple here: a dividing soft sign is written after the consonants and before the vowels e, and, y, i inside the words (but not after the prefixes). Examples: family, blizzard, career, weeds.
A soft sign is written at the end of words after paired consonants to indicate softness: ice hole, frost, notebook.
The soft sign is written after the letter "o" in some words of foreign origin. Examples: postman, broth.
In complex numbers formed from simple ones, in which there is a soft sign, this letter is also written. For example: five - fifty; nine - nine hundred. But such numerals are an exception: seventeen, sixteen, etc. In the middle of these numerals, a soft sign is not written.
The soft sign is written in verbs in the imperative mood before -te and -sya (to go - go, send) and in indefinite forms before -sya (to return, cut your hair, decrease).
Often a soft sign is written to indicate softness at the end of words after a hard consonant (crown, cook) and in the middle of a word (mowing, less).
The soft sign is used in the plural form of the instrumental case: four, children.
If a consonant comes before another soft consonant, then a soft sign is placed between them in two cases. First: if, after changing the word, the second soft consonant becomes hard, and the first remains soft (wedding - wedding). Second: in order to denote the softness of "l": clings, boy, herring.
A soft sign is written in the middle of a compound word if its first part ends in ь: salvage, village council.

Soft sign after hissing

The soft sign is more often not used in words after hissing w, h, sh and u. But there are a few exceptions. Where is the soft sign written after the hissing ones?

In the endings of verbs after "sh" in the form of the 2nd person singular. hours of the future and the present: you draw - you draw, you play - you play.
At the end of feminine nouns in the nominative and accusative cases: mouse, daughter, rye.
Command at the end of verbs. inclinations in units number: eat, smear - smear.
Also, in the imperative mood in verbs, a soft sign is written before -tes and -te: smear, eat.
The soft sign is written in the indefinite form of the verb: guard, beware.
The soft sign is used in all adverbs that end in w and h, as well as at the ends of particles: away, completely, completely, only, I mean. A soft sign is not written after a hissing w in the following words-exceptions: unbearable, already, married.

Where a soft sign is not written

In verbs in the form of 3 persons singular. numbers (what does he do?): cooks, draws, writes.
In nouns in the gender form. case plural. numbers after -en: cherry. Exceptions: young ladies, villages, hawks.
In plural nouns. gender numbers. case with a basis in hissing: circuses, shooting ranges, groves.
At the end of masculine nouns: ball, doctor, knife.
At the end of short adjectives: good, hot.
Between two soft l: illumination.
In combinations ch, chk, rch, lf, nsch, rsh: brighter, lamplighter, nurse.
In other combinations between two consonants (except those in the last paragraph): bunch, cane.

Here is such a difficult letter - a soft sign. When it is written in different words, you now know. At first glance, it is very difficult to remember this rule with numerous points, but once you learn it with examples, by analogy you will already write similar words correctly, knowing exactly whether to put a soft sign in them or not.

Spelling soft sign at the end of words after hissing
In Russian, at the end of words, sibilants (Ж, Ш, Ш and Ш) are possible in six parts of speech:

In nouns (NIGHT, WATCHMAN, MANY TASKS),
in adjectives (HOT),
in verbs (WRITE),
in adverbs (FAST),
pronouns (OUR),
particles (ONLY).

Each of these parts of speech for the use of a soft sign has its own special rule.

1. If we have a noun in front of us, then a soft sign after hissing is placed only when the word belongs to the III declension (NIGHT). Nouns I and II declensions with a hissing at the end are written without a soft sign (MANY CLOUDS, BRICK). Do not forget that patronymics and surnames ending in -IC are nouns of the second declension and are written without a soft sign. For example: SERGEEVICH, RURIKOVICH, VOINOVICH.
2. If the word answers the question WHAT? and is a short adjective, then after the hissing at the end a soft sign is not needed (HOT, POWERFUL).
3. Verbs with a hissing at the end are always written with a soft sign. For example: LOOK or LOOK (in the form of the second person singular of the present or future tense), CUT (in the imperative mood), BURN (in an indefinite form). Please note that in verbs a soft sign may appear after the hissing and not at the very end of the word, but before the postfixes -СЯ or -ТЕ, for example: BATH, HIDE.
4. At the end of adverbs, after hissing, a soft sign is always written (PUSH, JUMP, AWAY), except for exceptions: UZH, MARRIED, UNBELIEVABLE.
5. Pronouns with hissing at the end are written without a soft sign, for example: OUR, YOUR.
6. Always with a soft sign, particles are written SHOW, ONLY, BESH.
An exercise

We already knew this and did not prevent him from managing in his own way; but between us was an officer who had recently been transferred to us. (“Shot”, A. S. Pushkin)

Around Petrovich's neck hung a skein of silk and thread, and on his knees was some kind of rag. (“Overcoat”, N. V. Gogol)

This is exactly how they first took and suspected these, how bish_ them ... Koch and Pestryakova. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

Finally, the poor fellow became, in a way, unbearable_, he decided to climb through by storm at all costs, you understand. (“Dead Souls”, N. V. Gogol)

This expression said that she had decided, without complaining, to endure her misfortune, and that her husband was the cross sent to her by God. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

The sun was just beginning to rise from behind the clouds; the air was fresh and dewy. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

And how do you think about what and who - what insignificance can be the cause of people's misfortune! (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

He knew that this story contributed to the glorification of our weapons, and therefore it was necessary to pretend that you did not doubt it. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

As soon as he began to say something that did not satisfy the purpose of the accusation, they accepted the groove, and the water could flow wherever it pleased. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

They say that his mother was very good-looking, and it seems strange to me why she married so unsuccessfully_, for such an insignificant person ... (“Poor people”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

I told him... Don't cry for me: I'll try to be both courageous and honest all my life, even though I'm a murderer. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

The whole battle consisted only in what the Cossacks of Orlov-Denisov did; the rest of the troops only lost a few hundred people in vain. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

It will fall by itself when it is ripe, but you will pluck it green, spoil the apple and the tree, and you will set the teeth on edge yourself. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

In a nutshell, Nikolai bought for six thousand_ seventeen stallions to select (as he said) for the casual end of his repair. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

On the other side of the fence the old man was whittling a hoop and did not see Levin. (“Anna Karenina”, L. N. Tolstoy)

Except for falsehood and lies, nothing could come out now; and falsehood and lies were contrary to his nature. (“Anna Karenina”, L. N. Tolstoy)

No one has declared war, but people sympathize with the suffering of their neighbors and wish to help them, - said Sergei Ivanovich. (“Anna Karenina”, L. N. Tolstoy)

And now in Moscow, where every meeting is a knife in her heart, she lives for six months, every day waiting for a decision. (“Anna Karenina”, L. N. Tolstoy)

Night came - the mother blessed her daughter and wished her a good sleep, but this time her wish was not fulfilled; Liza slept very poorly. (“Poor Liza”, N. M. Karamzin)

But sometimes - although very rarely - a golden ray of hope, a ray of consolation illuminated the darkness of her sorrow. (“Poor Liza”, N. M. Karamzin)

And there is one key - there are more than three of them, with a jagged beard, of course, not from a chest of drawers. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

Don't worry, I won't give it to you, - the mustachioed man said resolutely and went after them. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

But as I leave, I dare say that in the future I hope to be spared such meetings and, so to speak, compromises. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

The weeping of poor, consumptive, orphan Katerina Ivanovna seemed to have produced a strong effect on the public. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

Her pale yellow, withered face tossed back, her mouth opened, her legs stretched convulsively. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

Game_! - yelled Luzhin, enraged to the point of rage, - you are all flying wild, sir. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

Marfa Terentievna did not let up, but more and more pestered the mayor: take Bonaparte out and put it down, then in the end he was exhausted. (“History of a City”, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

Whatever fires out of a gun, it will shoot through the heart, whatever it waves with a saber, then the head is off the shoulders. (“History of a City”, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

He repeatedly made campaigns against the short-earners and was so eager for spectacles that no one without himself would be killed
did not trust. (“History of a City”, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

"Enough! - he said decisively and solemnly, - no more mirages, no more feigned fears, no more ghosts! .. ”(“ Crime and Punishment ”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

It was thought that the sky would collapse, the earth would open up underfoot, that a tornado would fly in from somewhere and swallow everything, all at once ... (“History of a City”, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

He bargained with them for a long time, asking for altyn and money for the search, but the bunglers gave a penny and their stomachs in addition. (“History of a City”, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

The exercise was prepared by N. Solovieva and B. A. Panov (“League of Schools”).