The letter ь is written to denote the softness of a double consonant in end of words, for example: dove, leave, notebook, dirt, pity, seven, horse, kitchens, apple trees, embankment, beast, paint, drink, shipyard.

Letter b , which ends the first part of a compound or compound word, is written to indicate the softness of a consonant before any letter, vowel or consonant, that begins the second part, for example: village executive committee, village council, salvage materials, bone salvage, robbery army, quarter-century, quarter-final, Dalenergo, Svyazinvest, Tyumen?nefte.

To indicate the softness of a paired consonant in front of consonants, the letter "b" is written in the following cases

1. After letter l before any consonant except l , for example: shooting, leonine, foil, ice floe, glide, a few, no whitewash, bedroom, carefully, scalpel, waltz, little coat, flatter, April, alpha, alder, mirror, boy, more, flattered .

Between two l a soft sign is not written, for example: goofy .

?sk? consonant l before the suffix - soft, so after l spelled b , for example: rural, Ural, Barnaul. However, in some adjectives formed from non-Russian proper geographical names, a firm l, and therefore b not written, for example: Kyzyl, Yamal(along with options Kyzyl, Yamal).

2. After other consonants:

a) before letters that convey hard consonants, for example: carving, take, earlier, nanny, letter, request, very, induce, witch, wedding, darkness, threshing, pah;

In most adjectives with the suffix ?sk? consonants n and R before the suffix - solid, therefore b they do not include, for example: horse, Kazan, Tyumen, knightly, January, Jaeger. However, in the following adjectives, these consonants before the suffix ?sk? soft, in them after n and R spelled b : day?day, june, september, october, november, december, as well as in many adjectives formed from non-Russian proper geographical names on uh, for example: Tien Shan, Taiwanese, Phnom Penh, Torun, Sichuan, Tianjin. Nouns formed with the suffix ?c? from the same geographical names: Kazanians, Tyumen, but Taiwanese, Phnom Penh, Torun etc.

b) before letters that convey soft consonants, b it is written only in those cases when, in other forms of the same word or in words with the same root, the second soft consonant becomes hard, and the first consonant remains soft, for example: take(cf. I'll take), eight (eighth), witch (witch), in the darkness (dark), carving (thread), mowing (mowing), wedding (wedding), threshing (threshing), earrings (earrings), skates (skates), uncle (uncle).

3. In other cases, after the letter that conveys a soft consonant, b is not written, for example: unless, prisoner, gnaw, bones, carry, syndicate, review, early, pension, bow, if, song .

Letter b not written in consonant combinations LF, NS, in particular before suffixes ?chik, ?schik, ?chin(a), for example: nurse, dandelion, cup, tip, chick; bricklayer, bathhouse attendant, partisanship, Ryazan region.

The letter "b" as an indicator of grammatical form

Letter b written (regardless of pronunciation) in the following grammatical forms:

a) in complex numbers before ?ten and ?hundred: fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred;

In numerals fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen before ?eleven b is not written.

b) in the indefinite form of the verb (infinitive) before? Xia (same as in the infinitive of verbs without ?Xia), for example: bathe, have, pour, split, put on shoes, wash, laugh;

in ) in the imperative mood of verbs before ?Xia and ?those(same as in forms without ?Xia and ?those), for example: set off, weigh yourself, back up, sit down, stand up, quit, meet, check ;

G) in the form of the instrumental plural of nouns , for example: people, horses, doors, children, as well as in the instrumental form of the numeral four .

After w, w, h, w letter b traditionally written in the following grammatical forms:

a) at the end of nominative/accusative singular feminine nouns of the 3rd declension , for example: rye, whim, mouse, falseness, night, trifle, thing, help;

b ) at the end of the 2nd person singular of present and future tense verbs (after sh ), for example: carry, laugh, see, give, rush;

in) in imperative forms of verbs , for example:smear, eat, hide, cut, comfort, hide, don't wince;

G) in the indefinite form of verbs (after h ), for example: bake, cut, crush, get carried away, burn yourself .

The letter ь after hissing is also written at the end of adverbs and particles , for example: wide open, all the way, backhand, jump, back, unbearable, away, completely, you, only, you see, you see. Exceptions: letter b not written in adverbs married, unbearable, in a particle already, as well as in the preposition between .

The letter ь after hissing is not written at the end of the following grammatical forms:

a) nominative / accusative singular masculine nouns of the 2nd declension , for example: knife, ball, ladle, raincoat;

b) genitive plural of feminine nouns of the 1st declension , for example: puddles(from puddle), clouds, galoshes, groves ;

in) short forms of masculine adjectives , for example: fresh, good, good, poor.

Introduction

After a consonant before a vowel, designate the sound [th "] with the letters e, e, u, i (u) help b and b. In this case signs are called separators.

In the lesson you will learn how to choose from two delimiters the desired one.

Theme of the lesson: "The rule for the use of separating b and b signs."

We observe the structure of words with b and b signs

Let's observe the structure of words with b sign. To find the root, we select words with the same root.

fun, fun, fun(root -fun-),

bear, bear cub, she-bear(root -bear-, -bear-),

sparrows, sparrows, sparrows(root -sparrow-).

Let's observe the structure of words with the b sign.

I'm going, I'm going, I'm going(root -ed-, prefix c-),

entrance, drive(root -ride-, prefix under-),

announcement, statement, announce(root -yavl-, prefix ob-).

We formulate the rule for the use of separating b and b signs

The dividing b is written at the root of the word after the consonants before the letters e, e, u, i, and.

The separating b is written between the prefix and the root after prefixes ending in a consonant, before the letters e, e, u, i.

How to use the rule

1. Say the word, listen if it has a sound [th "] after a consonant sound before a vowel.

2. Select the root in the word.

3. Look where you need to write a separator sign - at the root or between the prefix and the root. If in the root - write b, if between the prefix and the root - write b.

Applying new knowledge

Using the rule, determine what needs to be written in place of the gaps - a separating b or b.

Ul_i, nightingales, pre-anniversary, travel, edible, brother_ya.

Hives - root -ul-, we write b;

nightingales - nightingale, root -nightingale-, we write b;

pre-anniversary - anniversary, root - anniversary -, prefix pre-, ends in a consonant, we write b;

razezd - ride, root -ride-, prefix raz-, ends in a consonant, we write b;

edible - food, root -ed-, prefix c-, ends in a consonant, we write b;

brothers - brother, root -take-, we write b.

Apply new knowledge, write down the words with the root -EX- correctly, do not fall into traps.

from? went, went? went, went in? went, went to

moved out, went, drove in, arrived, drove up, drove off, drove in

In words went, arrived, drove prefixes on-, do-, end in a vowel sound, therefore You don't need to write a b sign.

In words moved out, drove in, drove up, drove off prefixes s-, v-, under-, - end in a consonant, therefore you need to write b.

Write the words in letters.

[s y "e l] - ate. After the consonant [s] before the vowel [e], the sound [y"] of the letter E helps b. C - prefix, root -e-. [vy "un] - loach. After the consonant [v] before the vowel [y], the sound [y"] of the letter Yu helps b. Root - loach -. [n "er" y "a] - feathers. After the consonant [r"] before the vowel [a], designate the sound [th"] letter I helps b. The root is feather-. Listen to yourself and write the words with sounds.

wings - [wing "th" a], 6 b., 6 stars. I'll go - [sy "edu], 5 b., 5 stars You noticed that the number of sounds and letters in words is the same.

b, b sounds do not denote, and the letters e, e, u, i denote two sounds[th "e], [th" o], [th" y], [th" a].

We are looking for words with b and b signs in poetic lines

Find in the poetic lines the words with b and b.

It suddenly became twice as bright,

Yard as in the sun -

This dress is golden

At the birch on the shoulders.

In the morning we go to the yard -

Leaves fall like rain.

E. Trutneva

Who will have the opportunity

Travel to hot places

Ride a camel!

Right, great, friends!

S. Baruzdin

Rain, rain pours down

Beats the drums. A. Barto

An evil blizzard has flown away.

The rooks brought warmth.

Run after each other

restless streams.

A. Usanova

I see a wonderful pleasure

I see fields and fields.

This is Russian expanse,

This is Russian land.(Song)

Gray hare under a pine tree

He announced that he was a tailor ...

The hare cuts, the hare sews,

And the bear is waiting in the den.

S. Mikhalkov

Dress(root -dress-),

leaves(root -leaf-),

go(root -ezd-, prefix s-, ends in a consonant),

friends(root -druz-),

winter storm(root -blizzard-),

streams(root -stream-),

freedom- space, free life (root -vol-),

expanse- dol, valley (root -dol-),

announced(the root -yav-, the prefix about-, ends in a consonant).

note: in words sews, pours, beats and related words sew, shed, beat b is written in the root (roots: -sh-, -l-, -b-).

We are looking for words in the text with separating b and b signs

Find the words in the text with b and b separators.

A small pichuga hovered over the river in a frosty haze. She quickly dives into the water. In a moment, rise. This is a dipper, a guest from the northern forests. The bird's feathers are greased. This is how you can explain why the dipper is not afraid of water.(See Fig. 1)

winds- twist, twist, root -v-, write b,

climb- you can see in the books two options for highlighting the root: root -em-, prefix under-, root -rise-, we write ъ,

guest- living room, stay, root -guest-, write b,

explain- clear, clear, explain, root -clear-, prefix ob-, ends in a consonant, we write ъ.

Explain what letters are missing

The birthplace of the Russian samovar is the city of Tula. In Russia, samovars of various shapes and volumes have long been made. There were even samovars with removable handles. The Russian family loves to sit by the samovar. The proverb says: "He who drinks tea will live a hundred years."

Volume- used to allocate the prefix ob-, now they allocate the root -volume-;

removable- shooting, before they singled out the prefix c-, now they single out the root -sem;

a family- family, root -seven-;

drinks- drink, root -p-.

We observe the words that answer the question whose?

Listen to the dialogue.

Here you are, hare, and fox teeth!

Here you are, gray, and wolf legs!

That would be for you, oblique, and lynx claws!

- Uh, what do I need fangs and claws?

My soul is still hare.

In words that answer the question whose?: fox, wolf, lynx, hare, deer, squirrel, birdin the root is written b.

We listen to proverbs

Listen to the proverbs, find words with b and b signs.

Streams will merge - the river will be. People will unite - their strength cannot be defeated.

Happiness is not a fish, you can't catch it with a fishing rod.

Friendship is strong not by flattery, but by truth and honor.

streams- stream, at the root - stream - after the consonant before the letter and is written b.

Will merge- pour, pour, at the root -l- after the consonant before the letter Yu is written e.

Unite- union, single, root -one-, after a prefix ending in a consonant, before a root starting with a letter e, is written b.

Happiness- happy, at the root - happiness - after the consonant before the letter e is written e.

By flattery- at the root - flattery - after a consonant before a letter Yu is written e.

Honor- at the root - honor - after the consonant before the letter Yu is written e.

We memorize foreign words.

Remember foreign words with b:

object, subject, adjutant, injection(drug injection, injection)

Remember words with b:

bouillon- decoction of meat

battalion- unit in the army

pavilion- a small building in the garden, in the park

postman- courier of mail to addresses

champignon- edible mushroom

Conclusion

The dividing b is written at the root of the word after the consonants before the letters e, yo, yu, i, and.

Separating Ъ is written between the prefix and the root after prefixes ending in a consonant, before letters e, yo, yu, i.

Bibliography

1. M.S. Soloveichik, N. S. Kuzmenko "To the secrets of our language" Russian language: Textbook. Grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
2. M.S. Soloveichik, N. S. Kuzmenko "To the secrets of our language" Russian language: Workbook. Grade 3: in 3 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
3. T. V. Koreshkova Test tasks In Russian. Grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
4. T. V. Koreshkova Practice! Notebook for independent work in Russian for grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
5. L.V. Mashevskaya, L.V. Danbitskaya Creative tasks in the Russian language. - St. Petersburg: KARO, 2003.
6. G.T. Dyachkova Olympiad tasks in Russian. 3-4 classes. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2008.

Homework

1. Write the words in two columns: in the left - with a separating soft sign, in the right - with a separating hard sign.
   Sh.yet, p.yut, l.yut, b.yut, s.ate, healthy, announcement, rise, from.yan, hug, sparrow, and, leave, happy. e, bad weather, cheerful, present, unification, clarification.
2. Insert b or b. In words with a separating hard sign, highlight the prefixes.

   In winter, the titmouse Zinka liked it in the forest. So many trees? She jumped on the branches. Bale with a sharp spout into a crack in the bark. He pulls out a bug and eats.

   Zin?ka looks: a forest mouse jumped out from under the snow. Trembling, all ruffled. She explained to Zinke her fear. A mouse fell into a bear's den.

   (According to V. Bianchi)

Read the entries. Which one is not a mystery? Why? Solve riddles. Solve spelling problems.

1. They beat him, but he is not angry,

He sings and has fun

Because without a bit. I

There is no life for the ball. (To Berestov)

2. Itself, like a rocker,

It hung in the air.

Wings chirp,

The mosquito wants to eat.

3. Dust underfoot, winding and spinning.

Lies, and runs, and circles. What's the name?

1. Internet portal School-collection.edu.ru ().
2. Internet portal Gramota.ru ().
3. Internet portal Festival.1september.ru ().
4. Internet portal Dictionary.liferus.ru ().

After the hissing. We will lay down the rules for you when it should not be done and when it is strictly necessary to do it.

These rules are based on what part of speech is being discussed, in what declension and in what part of the word.

Soft sign after hissing - setting rule

We put a soft sign:

1. A soft sign after hissing must be written in feminine nouns if they are in the singular in the nominative and

Example words: night, gap, daughter, lie, thing, baldness.

Example in a sentence: The queen gave birth on the night of either a son or a daughter.

2. In verbs of the second person in the singular, subject to the present or future tense at the endings after the sibilants.

Example in a word: you will, you will become, you cook, you remember, you believe, you will do.

Examples in sentences: If you know, if you believe, then you will be with me and will not soon stop loving.

- Xia, the soft sign is preserved. Example: returning, straining, intending.

3. In singular verbs in endings after sibilants.

Example in a word: Cut! Eat! Hide!

Addition: If the ending is added to these verbs - Xia, the soft sign is preserved. Hide! Don't fool around!

Examples in sentences: Vadik, don't be foolish and don't hide!

4. In verbs in and imperative before endings - those, - those.

Example: smear - smear - smear.

Example in a sentence: Children! Do not Cry!

5. In verbs of an indefinite person, including before the ending -sya.

Example words: oven - bake, lie down - lie down.

Example in a sentence: These rivers take a long time to flow.

6. In adverbs, it is necessary to enter a soft sign after the hissing ones at the end of the word.

Example: Entirely, jump, backhand, wide open.

Example in a sentence: He started the horse at a gallop, and hacked at the air with his sword.

Exceptions: Oh, unbearable, married.

7. In particles with hissing endings: I mean, you see, you only.

Example words: that is, only.

In a sentence: Look what a bully!

Why sometimes a soft sign is not written after hissing ones?

You don't have to write:

1. In nouns of the nominative case.

Example: rook, kalach, stag, bream, knife.

Sentence: A swift flew up to our window.

2. In plural and genitive nouns.

Example: clouds, steep, shoulders, Grish, between, puddles.

Suggestion example: Unfortunately, no pears were served for breakfast today.

3. In short form.

Example: powerful, hot, good, flying, melodious, comely.

Sentence: He was good-natured and good-looking...

4. In pronouns with hissing at the end.

Examples: yours, ours.

Given the above, the spelling of a soft sign after hissing differs depending on many factors - part of speech, declension, number, as well as the presence of exceptions to the rules.

teachers lower grades give their students rhyming versions of the rules - for easier memorization.

Rules in verse!

Nouns "a lot"

Nouns "my" -

We don't put up any sign!

In verbs and adverbs

The sign is always written

And in short adjectives

We never write!

The soft sign is probably the most mysterious letter in the Russian language. It does not denote a sound, it is not classified as a vowel / consonant. Why is she needed then? It turns out that her role in our writing great. In this article, we will figure out when “b” is used after hissing with nouns, adverbs and verbs.

Nouns. Soft sign after hissing consonants

The exact spelling of the soft sign after these consonants is the most difficult, since it is not clear by ear whether it should be written or not.

It turns out that the rule is very simple: a soft sign after hissing in it. noun written only in the words of women. gender belonging to the 3rd declension.

The words “oven”, “speech”, “daughter”, “night”, “game” are feminine, have the nominative case and are in the singular. Therefore, we must certainly write “b” in them.

But be careful: they should not be confused with the words of the 1st declension, which are in oblique cases: “many clouds”, “no tasks”, “several heaps”. All these words, it would seem, are feminine, and, probably, they should be attributed to the 3rd declension.

But let's take a closer look: they are in the genitive case. If we raise them to the initial form (“cloud”, “task”, “heap”), then we will make sure that they belong to the first declension, which means that they do not obey this rule.

There is another "trap" in Russian, where in no case do they use a soft sign after hissing ones. Words ending in a hissing consonant, but related to the second declension, are not written with "b" ("rook", "doctor", "cloak" - 2nd declension). Therefore, be more careful when asking the question to the noun. Do this before determining the declension, since the gender depends on it. noun, and number.

When do we write "b" in adverbs?

An adverb is one of the invariable parts of speech. It is not declined, there are no endings in it. Spelling "b" in adverbs lends itself to not at all difficult rules.

• In those adverbs that end in the consonant "sh" or "ch", a soft sign is always written. For example: "jump", "exactly".

In adverbs for "zh", it is never written. The exception would be the word "wide".

• Another rule that the adverb obeys: a soft sign after hissing is always used, with the exception of “already”, “married”, “unbearable”. Undoubtedly, such a comic sentence is easily remembered by schoolchildren, especially girls.

It is not so important which rule you remember, the main thing is that both reflect the essence of the spelling of adverbs.

Verb and soft sign after sibilants

The verb is one of the most used parts of speech, without which our language would be very poor. Spelling "b" with verbs causes a lot of difficulties not only for students, but also for adults.

1. If the verb in the indefinite form (infinitive) ends in sibilant, then "ь" in this case will always be written. And here without any exceptions. "Protect", "bake", "burn". It will also be preserved in a returnable form, before the postfix “-sya”: “get carried away”, “ignite”, “beware”.
2. All 2nd person singular verbs use a soft sign. This applies both to the present: (“you are now”) “writing”, “drawing”, “walking”, “sleeping”, and to the future: (“you are tomorrow”) “work”, “think”, “finish ”, “remake”. The soft sign will be preserved before the “-sya” postfix: “you will like it”, “you will use it”, “you will touch it”, “you will type it”, “you will take shape”. In verbs that are in the imperative mood and end in a hissing consonant, they always write a soft sign: “cut off”, “eat”, “spread”, “hide”. Before the plural postfix "-te", it must be preserved: "mark", "cut", "hide".

Before the postfix “-sya”, it also does not disappear: “comfort yourself”, “do not cut yourself”.

And again, be careful and do not fall into the "trap" of the insidious Russian language! The words "cry" and "cry" are completely different parts of speech, and therefore are spelled differently.

“Crying” without a soft sign is a noun of the 2nd declension, and, accordingly, a soft sign cannot be written in it. But “cry” with a soft sign is a verb of the imperative mood, and, as you know, we always write “b” in them. All this is easily guessed by the proposed context, in which the meaning of the word will become clear.

Conclusion

A soft sign after hissing is used with many parts of speech. Knowing the simple rules, you will never encounter the problem of spelling it after these consonants. If suddenly you forget some of the nuances, then our article will remind you of them.

There are two amazing letters in the Russian alphabet - b and b - they do not represent sounds! Why are they needed then? We are talking about the importance of a soft sign in Russian, about its function in speech today.

Three roles of one letter

The soft sign is one of the letters whose function has changed during the development of the language. Once this letter was called "er" and denoted a very short vowel sound (reduced) - something between E and I.

As a result of the development of the language, the sound denoted by the letter er disappeared. If this letter was under stress, it turned into E; if without stress in the middle of a word, it simply disappeared (this is what explains the alternation with zero of the sound: stump - stump, for example); at the end of a word, it began to denote the softness of a consonant.

So, a soft sign can be an indicator of the softness of a consonant (day). May indicate a grammatical feature (for example, the 3rd declension of a noun: help, but a cloak).

Or maybe separating.

What separates the soft sign?

The dividing soft sign is so called because it seems to divide the word into parts: the part after the sign is pronounced as if a new word begins from this place. If after the dividing soft sign there is, for example, the letter I, it is read in the same way as at the beginning of the word: [ya]. This topic is studied as early as grade 2 and usually does not cause difficulties in terms of spelling, but errors in phonetic analysis are not uncommon. Let's look at examples:

Article - [stat’y’a´]

Drinking - [p'yo´t]

Blizzard [vyu´ga]

The vowels E, Yo, Yu, I, after a dividing soft sign, denote two sounds each: e - [y'e], yo -] y'o], yu - [y'u], i - [y'a].

In what cases is the dividing soft sign used? After any consonant, except Y, before E, E, Yu, I, I. In this case, the consonant sound will not necessarily sound soft, since in this case the soft sign performs a different task. However, it is important to remember that this rule does not apply after prefixes. After prefixes on a consonant, before E, E, Yu, I, not a soft, but a hard dividing sign is placed!

So, in accordance with the rule, the dividing soft sign is written after the consonant before E, E, Yu, I, and anywhere in the sentence, except for the position after the prefix.

Features of the use of a soft sign in words of foreign origin

Let's look at the words used in the sentence: "The postman ate mushroom broth."

The words "postman", "broth", "champignon" are borrowed from French. Russian orthography tried to follow the pronunciation of these and other similar words, which explains the spelling of a soft sign before O, which is atypical for our language.

Here are examples of such words:

• Bouillon.
• Medallion.
• Champignon.
• Postman.
• Canyon.
• Cotillion.
• Battalion.
• Pavilion.

How not to make a mistake in a word with a delimiter?

If the consonant is followed by the vowel E, E, Yu, I, I, then it is necessary to determine whether this letter is at the junction between the prefix and the root. If we have a prefix ending in a consonant in front of us, and after it builds E, E, Yu, or I, then in this place it is necessary to write not a soft, but a hard sign. And after the prefix on the consonant, it turns into Ы (the exception is “charge”, words with foreign and some other prefixes). If this is not the boundary of the prefix and the root, then you need to write a soft sign. Here are some examples: blizzard, sews, whose, birds, nightingales, necklace.

Words of foreign origin are best checked with a dictionary.