When you write ь sign at the end of a word. Spelling of the soft sign

Introduction

After a consonant before a vowel, designate the sound [th "] with the letters e, e, u, i (u) help b and b. In this case signs are called separators.

In the lesson you will learn how to choose from two delimiters the desired one.

Theme of the lesson: "The rule for the use of separating b and b signs."

We observe the structure of words with b and b signs

Let's observe the structure of words with b sign. To find the root, we select words with the same root.

fun, fun, fun(root -fun-),

bear, bear cub, she-bear(root -bear-, -bear-),

sparrows, sparrows, sparrows(root -sparrow-).

Let's observe the structure of words with the b sign.

I'm going, I'm going, I'm going(root -ed-, prefix c-),

entrance, drive(root -ride-, prefix under-),

announcement, statement, announce(root -yavl-, prefix ob-).

We formulate the rule for the use of separating b and b signs

The dividing b is written at the root of the word after the consonants before the letters e, e, u, i, and.

The separating b is written between the prefix and the root after prefixes ending in a consonant, before the letters e, e, u, i.

How to use the rule

1. Say the word, listen if it has a sound [th "] after a consonant sound before a vowel.

2. Select the root in the word.

3. Look where you need to write a separator sign - at the root or between the prefix and the root. If in the root - write b, if between the prefix and the root - write b.

Applying new knowledge

Using the rule, determine what needs to be written in place of the gaps - a separating b or b.

Ul_i, nightingales, pre-anniversary, travel, edible, brother_ya.

Hives - root -ul-, we write b;

nightingales - nightingale, root -nightingale-, we write b;

pre-anniversary - anniversary, root - anniversary -, prefix pre-, ends in a consonant, we write b;

razezd - ride, root -ride-, prefix raz-, ends in a consonant, we write b;

edible - food, root -ed-, prefix c-, ends in a consonant, we write b;

brothers - brother, root -take-, we write b.

Apply new knowledge, write down the words with the root -EX- correctly, do not fall into traps.

from? went, went? went, went in? went, went to

moved out, went, drove in, arrived, drove up, drove off, drove in

In words went, arrived, drove prefixes on-, do-, end in a vowel sound, therefore You don't need to write a b sign.

In words moved out, drove in, drove up, drove off prefixes s-, v-, under-, - end in a consonant, therefore you need to write b.

Write the words in letters.

[s y "e l] - ate. After the consonant [s] before the vowel [e], the sound [y"] of the letter E helps b. C - prefix, root -e-. [vy "un] - loach. After the consonant [v] before the vowel [y], the sound [y"] of the letter Yu helps b. Root - loach -. [p "er" y "a] - feathers. After the consonant [r"] before the vowel [a], designate the sound [th"] letter I helps b. The root is feather-. Listen to yourself and write the words with sounds.

wings - [wing "th" a], 6 b., 6 stars. I'll go - [sy "edu], 5 b., 5 stars You noticed that the number of sounds and letters in words is the same.

b, b sounds do not denote, and the letters e, e, u, i denote two sounds[th "e], [th" o], [th" y], [th" a].

We are looking for words with b and b signs in poetic lines

Find in the poetic lines the words with b and b.

It suddenly became twice as bright,

Yard as in the sun -

This dress is golden

At the birch on the shoulders.

In the morning we go to the yard -

Leaves fall like rain.

E. Trutneva

Who will have the opportunity

Travel to hot places

Ride a camel!

Right, great, friends!

S. Baruzdin

Rain, rain pours down

Beats the drums. A. Barto

An evil blizzard has flown away.

The rooks brought warmth.

Run after each other

restless streams.

A. Usanova

I see a wonderful pleasure

I see fields and fields.

This is Russian expanse,

This is Russian land.(Song)

Gray hare under a pine tree

He announced that he was a tailor ...

The hare cuts, the hare sews,

And the bear is waiting in the den.

S. Mikhalkov

Dress(root -dress-),

leaves(root -leaf-),

go(root -ezd-, prefix s-, ends in a consonant),

friends(root -druz-),

winter storm(root -blizzard-),

streams(root -stream-),

freedom- space, free life (root -vol-),

expanse- dol, valley (root -dol-),

announced(the root -yav-, the prefix about-, ends in a consonant).

note: in words sews, pours, beats and related words sew, shed, beat b is written in the root (roots: -sh-, -l-, -b-).

We are looking for words in the text with separating b and b signs

Find the words in the text with b and b separators.

A small pichuga hovered over the river in a frosty haze. She quickly dives into the water. In a moment, rise. This is a dipper, a guest from the northern forests. The bird's feathers are greased. This is how you can explain why the dipper is not afraid of water.(See Fig. 1)

winds- twist, twist, root -v-, write b,

climb- you can see in the books two options for highlighting the root: root -em-, prefix under-, root -rise-, we write ъ,

guest- living room, stay, root -guest-, write b,

explain- clear, clear, explain, root -clear-, prefix ob-, ends in a consonant, we write ъ.

Explain what letters are missing

The birthplace of the Russian samovar is the city of Tula. In Russia, samovars of various shapes and volumes have long been made. There were even samovars with removable handles. The Russian family loves to sit by the samovar. The proverb says: "He who drinks tea will live a hundred years."

Volume- used to allocate the prefix ob-, now they allocate the root -volume-;

removable- shooting, before they singled out the prefix c-, now they single out the root -sem;

a family- family, root -seven-;

drinks- drink, root -p-.

We observe the words that answer the question whose?

Listen to the dialogue.

Here you are, hare, and fox teeth!

Here you are, gray, and wolf legs!

That would be for you, oblique, and lynx claws!

- Uh, what do I need fangs and claws?

My soul is still hare.

In words that answer the question whose?: fox, wolf, lynx, hare, deer, squirrel, birdin the root is written b.

We listen to proverbs

Listen to the proverbs, find words with b and b signs.

Streams will merge - the river will be. People will unite - their strength cannot be defeated.

Happiness is not a fish, you can't catch it with a fishing rod.

Friendship is strong not by flattery, but by truth and honor.

streams- stream, at the root - stream - after the consonant before the letter and is written b.

Will merge- pour, pour, at the root -l- after the consonant before the letter Yu is written e.

Unite- union, single, root -one-, after a prefix ending in a consonant, before a root starting with a letter e, is written b.

Happiness- happy, at the root - happiness - after the consonant before the letter e is written e.

By flattery- at the root - flattery - after a consonant before a letter Yu is written e.

Honor- at the root - honor - after the consonant before the letter Yu is written e.

We memorize foreign words.

Remember foreign words with b:

object, subject, adjutant, injection(drug injection, injection)

Remember words with b:

bouillon- decoction of meat

battalion- unit in the army

pavilion- a small building in the garden, in the park

postman- courier of mail to addresses

champignon- edible mushroom

Conclusion

The dividing b is written at the root of the word after the consonants before the letters e, yo, yu, i, and.

Separating Ъ is written between the prefix and the root after prefixes ending in a consonant, before letters e, yo, yu, i.

Bibliography

M.S. Soloveichik, N. S. Kuzmenko "To the secrets of our language" Russian language: Textbook. Grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
M.S. Soloveichik, N. S. Kuzmenko "To the secrets of our language" Russian language: Workbook. Grade 3: in 3 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
T. V. Koreshkova Test tasks In Russian. Grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
T. V. Koreshkova Practice! Notebook for independent work in Russian for grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
L.V. Mashevskaya, L.V. Danbitskaya Creative tasks in the Russian language. - St. Petersburg: KARO, 2003.
G.T. Dyachkova Olympiad tasks in Russian. 3-4 classes. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2008.

Homework

Write the words in two columns: in the left - with a separating soft sign, in the right - with a separating hard sign.
Sh.yet, p.yut, l.yut, b.yut, s.ate, healthy, announcement, rise, from.yan, hug, sparrow, and, leave, happy. e, bad weather, cheerful, present, unification, clarification.
Insert b or b. In words with a separating hard sign, highlight the prefixes.
In winter, the titmouse Zinka liked it in the forest. So many trees? She jumped on the branches. Bale with a sharp spout into a crack in the bark. He pulls out a bug and eats.

Zin?ka looks: a forest mouse jumped out from under the snow. Trembling, all ruffled. She explained to Zinke her fear. A mouse fell into a bear's den.

(According to V. Bianchi)

Read the entries. Which one is not a mystery? Why? Solve riddles. Solve spelling problems.

1. They beat him, but he is not angry,

He sings and has fun

Because without a bit. I

There is no life for the ball. (To Berestov)

2. Itself, like a rocker,

It hung in the air.

Wings chirp,

The mosquito wants to eat.

3. Dust underfoot, winding and spinning.

Lies, and runs, and circles. What's the name?

Internet portal School-collection.edu.ru ().
Internet portal Gramota.ru ().
Internet portal Festival.1september.ru ().
Internet portal Dictionary.liferus.ru ().

No matter how hard they try to convince students that the knowledge they received in their school years will be needed in the future, unfortunately, this is not the case. However, some things that are taught in school will actually come in handy in adult life. For example, the ability to write well. To master it, you need to know the basic grammatical laws of the Russian language. Among them are the rules governing the use of separators ъ and ь signs.

Solid sign: history and its role in the word

The twenty-eighth letter of the Russian alphabet, despite the fact that it does not denote sounds, performs an important function in words. Therefore, before consideringthe rules governing the use of ъ and ь signs are worthlearn a little about its history and role in the word.

A solid sign existed in the Slavic languages almost from the very moment of their formation. At first, it was a short vowel sound, until it became an unpronounceable letter used to divide a word into syllables, as well as replacing spaces.

At the end of the XIX century. it was noted that the frequent use of ъ in texts (4% of the total volume) is inappropriate, especially in telegraphy, cursive writing and typography. In this regard, more than once they tried to limit the use of a solid mark.

After the 1917 revolution, this letter was generally abolished for almost ten years. In those years, the apostrophe was used as a separator in words.However, in 1928 it was excluded from the Russian language (but preserved in Ukrainian and Belarusian), and its dividing function was taken over by a solid sign, which it still performs to this day.

In what cases is put ъ in words

As for the use of a solid sign, there are several rules for putting it before e, u, yo, i:

After prefixes that end in a consonant: connector, pre-anniversary.
In terms that came from other languages, with the prefixes ab-, ad-, diz-, in-, inter-, con-, ob- and sub-: adjuvant, disjunction.
After counter, pan, super, trans and feld: pan-Europeanism, superyacht.
In compound words starting with two-, three-, four-: two-core, three-tier, four-language.

There are several exceptions when ъ is not at the junction of the prefix and the root, but inside the word itself. These nouns include: courier and flaw.

When do not put

In addition to the rules governing the use of ъ and ь signs, it is worth remembering the cases when they do not need to be put:

A solid sign is not put in words with a prefix ending in a consonant letter, when it is followed by vowels a, o, and, y, e, s: cloudless, secluded.
This sign is not put in complex abbreviated terms: foreign language, head of trade.
It is also not put in lexemes written with a hyphen: half a diocese, half an apple.

Considering the rules governing the use of ъ and ь signs that perform a separating function in a word, it is worth remembering that the lexemes "interior" and "clerk" are written through soft sign. Such a spelling is no exception, since in the word "interior" the inter is not a prefix, but part of the root. And in the "clerk" the prefix is \u200b\u200bnot under-, but po-, but -clerk is the root.

What are the functions of a soft sign

As for ь, in ancient times it meant a short vowel [and], but gradually, like ъ, it lost its sound.

At the same time, he retained the ability [and] to give softness to the previous consonant sound.

Unlike a solid word, it can perform 3 functions.

Dividing.
Informs about the softness of the preceding sound.
Used to denote certain grammatical forms.

Rules for the use of a soft sign

Studying the laws of the Russian languageregulating the use of ъ and ь signs, it is worth learning a few rules:

A soft sign that performs a dividing function is never placed after a prefix (this is the lot of a hard sign). Parts of words in which the separating b is written are the root, suffix and ending before e, e, u, i: monkey, interior. This rule applies to both Russian vocabulary and borrowed terms from other languages.
The separating b is placed in some words before the letter combination he: champignon, medallion, broth and million.

In the case when b informs about the softness of the previous sound, and does not perform a separating function, its setting is determined by the following rules:

In the middle of a word, ь indicates the softness of the letter l if it precedes another consonant, except for l: finger, prayer. Also, a soft sign “does not wedge” into letter combinations: lf, nsh, nn, rsh, chk, ch, rch, schn ( drummer, candle).
In the middle of a word, this sign is placed between soft and hard consonants: please, very much.
In the middle of a word, ь can stand between two soft consonants. Provided that when the form of the word changes, the first remains soft, and the second becomes hard: a request is a request, a letter is a letter.
In some cases, this symbol is located at the end of a word after consonants. In doing so, it helps to set the value of the lexeme: linen(plant) - laziness(quality of character), con(place for bets in the game) - horse(animal).

As a marker for individual grammatical forms, this sign is used in such cases:

In adjectives arising from the names of the months (except January): February, September.
At the end of numerals from 5 to 30, as well as in their middle, if they denote tens from 50 to 80 and hundreds from 500 to 900: six, seventy, eight hundred.
In the imperative mood of verbs (except lie down - lie down): take out - take out, throw - throw.
In the infinitive (the initial form of the verb): keep, grow.
In all cases, the words "eight" and in the instrumental plural. numbers of individual numerals and nouns: six, lashes.

The use of b and b signs after hissing w, h, u, sh

Following these soft sign letters is possible under the following conditions:

At the end of most adverbs and particles, except for: really, already, unbearable, married and in the preposition between.
In the infinitive: save, bake.
In the imperative mood of verbs: smear, soothe.
In the endings of the II person singular of the future and present tenses: sell, sell.
At the end of the nominative case of nouns f. kind, in the third declension: daughter, power. For comparison in the m. gender - call, broadsword.

In some cases, ь is not used after these letters:

In nouns II declension: executioner, fake.
In short forms of adjectives: fresh, poignant.
In the genitive case of plural nouns: puddle, cloud

A solid sign after w, w, h, u at the end of a word or root is not put, since its “place” is always after the prefix before e, e, y, i.

Use of ь and ъ signs: exercises

Having familiarized yourself with all the cases of setting soft and hard signs, it is worth moving on to the exercises. To avoid confusion, we have collected together most of the above rules governing the use of ь and ъ signs. The table below will serve as a hint for completing tasks.

In this exercise, you need to choose which of the letters should be put in words.

This task concerns the use of a soft sign following the hissing letters. It should open the brackets and, where necessary, put a soft sign.

In the last exercise, you need to write out the proposed words in 2 columns. In the first - those that are used with ь, in the second - those that are without it.

That both hard and soft signs are "silent" letters, they play an important role in the Russian language. You can make many mistakes in your writing, if you do not know the laws of grammar governing the use of ъ and ь signs. You will have to learn more than one rule so as not to confuse which of the signs should be put in a particular situation. However, it is worth it, especially in the case of a soft sign, since often only its presence helps to determine the lexical meaning of a word.

The grammar of the Russian language is a rather complicated phenomenon. Many rules in it are based on logical concepts or historical traditions. This is how you can characterize spellings associated with the use of a soft sign.

To soften consonants

One of the first rules that students are introduced to in primary school, associated with the letter "soft sign". In words, it performs various functions. The first and main one is to point to the softened ones. In this case, the soft sign is written, firstly, at the very end of the word: laziness, weaving etc. The exception to this rule are words that end in letters h, w, these consonants themselves in Russian are soft. For example: ball, key, cloak, stove-maker etc.

The spelling is quite easy to remember and apply in practice. Mostly in children, it does not cause difficulties and complaints. Secondly, the letter soft sign is written in the middle of many words, performing a separating function. It is necessary to separate from the solid, standing next to it. Being between them, the sign is a kind of border, for example: Vanka, letter, eighth. Without him soft sound would assimilate with the neighboring hard, and the words sounded with a clear "Caucasian" accent. Silly, isn't it? But soft assimilation does not allow, and the words have the familiar to us, "correct" appearance, corresponding to the norms of the Russian literary language. But that's not all! Thirdly, "b" is written in the middle of a word between two consonants to soften the first of them: schoolgirl, feller, freeman. Without it, the words would lose their euphony. And finally, the fourth case, when a soft sign is written in words where two of the same (soft) consonants meet. When the word changes, the first retains its softness, and the second hardens: take-take. Still important are such orthograms as "b" before iotated consonants and before the letter "O" in words of foreign origin: family, bindweed, champignons, locket. In addition, one should not forget about the words in which it is obligatory after hissing: ouch, ouch, only and etc.

Verbs and "b"

It is important to teach schoolchildren to write the soft sign in verbs correctly. This applies to the indefinite form, as well as the forms of the second person and the imperative mood. Let's take a closer look. So, at the end of the infinitive is written "b": write, read, listen. This spelling is also checked by the question: what to do? / what to do? etc. Also written in verbs: write, watch, play, play, dance etc. What are they characteristic of? Form of the 2nd person in the present and future tenses. Therefore, so that students do not make mistakes, they need to work out the algorithm for determining verb forms, the ability to understand the categories of person and time. The characterization of this part of speech in terms of moods is also related to spelling. "b" is written in and is one of the spelling indicators of that of many singular and plural verbs: eat, cut.

How to consolidate what you have learned

For a solid assimilation of the material and its successful use in written language practice, the teacher needs to regularly conduct vocabulary dictations and mutual dictations, work with cards and punched cards, independent work and others Be sure to check notebooks in a timely and thorough manner, keep a record of errors and work them out in time.

After the hissing. We will lay down the rules for you when it should not be done and when it is strictly necessary to do it.

These rules are based on what part of speech is being discussed, in what declension and in what part of the word.

Soft sign after hissing - setting rule

We put a soft sign:

A soft sign after hissing must be written in feminine nouns if they are in the singular in the nominative and

Example words: night, gap, daughter, lie, thing, baldness.

Example in a sentence: The queen gave birth on the night of either a son or a daughter.

2. In verbs of the second person in the singular, subject to the present or future tense at the endings after the sibilants.

Example in a word: you will, you will become, you cook, you remember, you believe, you will do.

Examples in sentences: If you know, if you believe, then you will be with me and will not soon stop loving.

- Xia, the soft sign is preserved. Example: returning, straining, intending.

3. In singular verbs in endings after sibilants.

Example in a word: Cut! Eat! Hide!

Addition: If the ending is added to these verbs - Xia, the soft sign is preserved. Hide! Don't fool around!

Examples in sentences: Vadik, don't be foolish and don't hide!

4. In verbs in and imperative before endings - those, - those.

Example: smear - smear - smear.

Example in a sentence: Children! Do not Cry!

5. In verbs of an indefinite person, including before the ending -sya.

Example words: oven - bake, lie down - lie down.

Example in a sentence: These rivers take a long time to flow.

6. In adverbs, it is necessary to enter a soft sign after the hissing ones at the end of the word.

Example: Entirely, jump, backhand, wide open.

Example in a sentence: He started the horse at a gallop, and hacked at the air with his sword.

Exceptions: Oh, unbearable, married.

7. In particles with hissing endings: I mean, you see, you only.

Example words: that is, only.

In a sentence: Look what a bully!

Why sometimes a soft sign is not written after hissing ones?

You don't have to write:

In nouns of the nominative case.

Example: rook, kalach, stag, bream, knife.

Sentence: A swift flew up to our window.

2. In plural and genitive nouns.

Example: clouds, steep, shoulders, Grish, between, puddles.

Suggestion example: Unfortunately, no pears were served for breakfast today.

3. In short form.

Example: powerful, hot, good, flying, melodious, comely.

Sentence: He was good-natured and good-looking...

4. In pronouns with hissing at the end.

Examples: yours, ours.

Given the above, the spelling of a soft sign after hissing differs depending on many factors - part of speech, declension, number, as well as the presence of exceptions to the rules.

teachers lower grades give their students rhyming versions of the rules - for easier memorization.

Rules in verse!

Nouns "a lot"

Nouns "my" -

We don't put up any sign!

In verbs and adverbs

The sign is always written

And in short adjectives

We never write!

WARNING DICTATIONS

I. Boy, schoolboy, sparrows, teacher, wrestling, drinking, coat, horse, ring, sew, film, finger, droplet, benefit, mallow, village, beats, album, mill, stump.

II. Day, perch, twist, cornflowers, bubble, fun, small, white, blizzard, red, strong, steel, ears of corn, pain, free, impossible, feathers, sick, family.

III. Only, teacher, notebook, whose, whose, trees, friends, bear, do, draw, ask, sing, six, seven, eight, nine, ten.

2. Write down sentences. Underline words with a soft sign (ь) in the middle.

1. Winter days are short! 2. The boys ran to school. 3. Dew drops glisten on rose petals. 4. The river was covered with ice. 5. Bright mallows blush near the house. 6. Masha dropped a ring into the river. 7. A gray bunny is shivering from the cold. 8. The teacher put the top five. 9, I hit the door hard. 10. Cow Zorka nibbles grass. 11. A blizzard is angry in the field. 12. Butterflies hover over the lamp. 13. The girls came in smart dresses.

SELECTIVE DICTATIONS

1: Listen to the suggestions. Write and read words with soft

sign (b) in the middle.

1. Pets are of great benefit. 2. In September, schoolchildren begin classes. 3. There is an interesting film on TV today. 4. Airplane lights are visible in the night sky. 5. Mom put a linen tablecloth on the table. 6. The father has a strong character. 7. Water gurgles in the kettle. 8. Blue eyes of forget-me-nots are visible in the grass. 9. Father brought Nastenka a scarlet flower. 10. Ants hurry to their house. 11. Swallows made a shelter under the roof. 12. It rains in autumn. 13. There are a lot of needles under the spruce.

2. Write out in order the names of the months that end with a soft sign (b). Translate them into Ukrainian.

June has come.

"June! June!" -

Birds are chirping in the garden.

The winds blow in February

Howling in the pipes loudly.

Opening the calendar

January begins.

In December, in December

All trees are in silver.

Loose snow darkens in March,

Ice is melting on the window.

Haymaking is in July

Somewhere, thunder grumbles at times.

In October, in October

Frequent rain outside.

April, April!

Drops are ringing in the yard.

On a clear September morning

Villages thresh bread.

We collect in August

Fruit harvest.

May with flowers,

The lilac is blooming.

(S. Marshak)

EXPLANATORY AND VERIFICATION DICTATIONS

Separate words with a soft sign (ь) at the end for hyphenation.

Lots of work in the yard. It is necessary to water the flowers, dig up the earth. Yesterday we planted a poplar. We will look after him. It will grow and give good shade. The lilac has already blossomed. Beautiful in our yard!

WINTER EVENING

It snowed all day long. By evening the blizzard was over. The children began to sculpt a snowman. It was getting dark quickly outside. In winter, the night is long and the day is short. At five o'clock in the evening it is already dark. Gotta go home.

SUMMER IN THE ALBUM

It's autumn now. And in my album summer. I drew a big bouquet. It has delicate daisies. They have white petals and a yellow center. Dew drops on the flowers. Good to remember the summer dawns!

WINTER POND

Yesterday it was very cold. Our pond is covered with ice. The boys put on their skates and went for a ride. There are bubbles in the middle of the pond under the ice. Big fish sleep there. Can't walk on thin ice! You can fall into the water.

ICICLE

Here come the spring days. Nadenka put on a warm coat and went out onto the porch. Black thawed patches appeared on the white snow. A cold drop fell on Nadya's cheek. It was a large icicle hanging from the roof. She can fall and hit hard. Be careful in spring!

Spring has come. Nature welcomed the guest with joy. The winter storms have faded. Sticks and branches are visible from under the snow. Bird housing will soon be built from them. Melting snow flows in streams. The ants will wake up soon. Bees will swirl around the hives. The leaves rustle on the trees. Birds will greet spring with a joyful trill.