Autotrophy - in the philosophy of Russian cosmism - the ability of living organisms to maintain their existence without eating other organisms - by transforming dead matter into living matter; ability now inherent in plants, which in the future people must acquire

Agnosticism is the philosophical idea of ​​the complete or partial unknowability of the world

Anarchism is a philosophical idea about the unconditional value of a person's personal freedom and the need to overcome all forms of its limitation.

Anthropology - branch of philosophy devoted to the study of man

Anthropomorphism - the transfer of human features to objects of the outside world

Anthropocentrism is a philosophical idea according to which man should be the main subject of study as the central link in the universe (cf. theocentrism)

Aporia - a paradox, a hopeless situation of thought, a mental impasse

A priori - independent of sensory experience

Asceticism - a philosophical theory and practice of limiting desires (usually material) in order to achieve spiritual enlightenment (comprehension of the truth)

Ataraxia - spiritual equanimity in the teachings of ancient skeptics

Atheism is the denial of the existence of God

Atman - the individual soul in Indian philosophy

God-manhood - in Russian religious philosophy - the idea of ​​perfect humanity as the ultimate goal historical development societies

Brahman - the soul of the universe in Indian philosophy or the pantheistic principle

Verification - empirical verification of judgments for their truth

Virtual - possible, which, under certain conditions, can turn into real

Voluntarism is the idea according to which a person himself forms his life path (cf. fatalism), as well as the idea that the world and human activity are based not on reason, but on will

Unity - the philosophical principle of the unity of any set, when each element of this set is part of the whole, but at the same time does not merge with it completely, retaining its independence

Hedonism - the idea that one should seek pleasure and avoid pain

Heliocentrism - the idea of ​​​​the structure of the universe, according to which its center is the Sun, and other celestial bodies move around it

Geocentrism - the idea of ​​​​the structure of the universe, according to which its center is the motionless Earth, and other celestial bodies move around it

Hylozoism is a philosophical idea according to which all objects of animate and inanimate nature are animated

Gnoseology - a branch of philosophy devoted to the study of problems of knowledge

Tao - the natural way of things in ancient Chinese philosophy

Deduction - a method of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn from a general rule for a particular case (cf. induction)

Deism - the idea of ​​​​God, according to which he created the world, endowed it with laws and eliminated himself

Dialectics - a philosophical doctrine of the universal interconnection and eternal change of things

Dualism - the simultaneous presence of two, as a rule, opposite qualities or properties in something

Idealism is a philosophical idea, according to which some kind of incorporeal (supersensible) principle really and eternally exists, which generates (creates) the material world (cf. materialism)

Ideal - not perceived by the senses and not having physical qualities (cf. material)

The ideal Absolute is the incorporeal (supersensible) origin of the world (God, the World Mind, the Soul of the Universe, etc.)

Isostenia - the equivalence of opposing judgments in the teachings of ancient skeptics

Induction is a method of reasoning in which, by generalizing several special cases, one is deduced general rule(cf. deduction)

Intuition - the ability to directly comprehend the truth without evidence and justification

Irrationalism is a philosophical position according to which reality cannot be comprehended by rational methods.

Historiosophy - philosophical understanding of history

Karma - in Indian philosophy - the fate of any living being, a destiny determined by the totality of previous lives

Conceptualism is one of the solutions to the medieval controversy about Universals, according to which the latter exist after things as concepts of the mind (the same as moderate nominalism)

Cosmos - translated from Greek - the general order of the universe - the Universe, understood as something harmonious, beautiful, ordered

Cosmopolitanism is an idea that denies national and state borders in the name of the unity of the human race, considering man as a “citizen of the universe”

Libido - in the teachings of Z. Freud - unconscious sexual desire

Logic is the science of the forms and laws of correct thinking

Logos - in the teachings of Heraclitus, the Stoics and Christians - the World Law, the divine principle that governs the world

Mayeutics is the philosophical method of Socrates, helping a person through contradictions, doubts and reasoning to find the universal truth.

Materialism is a philosophical view, according to which the physical (material) world really and eternally exists, and all spiritual phenomena are the result of the activity of human consciousness, which represents the highest stage in the evolution of the physical world (cf. idealism)

Material - perceived by the senses and having physical qualities (cf. ideal)

Matter - the totality of everything physical, sensual (material)

Metaphysics - the doctrine of the supernatural, supersensible (or about the higher world, which is outside our physical world, or about the universal laws of the latter)

Methodology - a philosophical doctrine of the methods of cognition and activity, as well as the very combination of these methods

Mysticism is a direction in the spiritual life of the Middle Ages, which does not allow the possibility of comprehending religious dogmas, their justification by means of reason, calling only for reckless faith in them, and also, more broadly, a direction in spiritual life that practices irrational, intuitive-direct comprehension of the divine and merging with it

Monotheism - monotheism, a religious belief that there is only one God

Naturalism is a philosophical idea that recognizes nature as the primary reality and the main object of knowledge, and also seeks to explain everything only by natural (natural) causes.

Nirvana - in Indian philosophy - the cessation of earthly births, reunion with Brahman

Nominalism is one of the solutions to the medieval controversy about Universals, according to which the latter exist after things, only as their names (names)

The noosphere - in the philosophy of Russian cosmism - is a fundamentally new stage of world evolution, when the human mind becomes the decisive force for further development, purposefully transforming and improving the Universe

Noumenon - in Kant's philosophy - a “thing in itself”, something that objectively exists, but is not given to a person either in experience or before him and therefore is unknowable

Object - external world in relation to a person (cf. subject)

Objective - existing in itself, that is - outside of a person and independently of him (cf. subjective)

Ontology - a branch of philosophy devoted to the study (comprehension) of Being

Alienation - in the teachings of Hegel, Feuerbach and Marx - the process of separation of any creation or product from its creator, in which the creation becomes independent of its creator and hostile to him

Pantheism - the idea of ​​God, according to which he is identical to the universe

Patristics - the philosophical activity of the "fathers" of the church - the founders of the Christian worldview

Positivism is a philosophical direction of the second half of the 19th-20th centuries, according to which philosophy should move away from metaphysical issues and become the methodology of science

Polytheism - polytheism, a religious belief in which there are many gods (paganism)

Psychoanalysis - Z. Freud's doctrine of the human psyche, as well as the theory and practice of treating mental illness created by him, one of the directions in psychology

Psychology is a science that studies the diverse world of the human psyche

Rationalism is a philosophical position according to which the world is arranged rationally and therefore can be fully known by rational means, as well as the idea of ​​the priority of the latter over sensory experience in the matter of knowledge

Realism is one of the solutions to the medieval controversy about Universals, according to which the latter exist before things, in a special supersensible world, and are their causes.

Relativism is a philosophical position according to which everything in the world is relative and therefore nothing can be definitely and definitively spoken about.

Samsara - in Indian philosophy - the wheel of rebirth of the individual soul

Secularization is the ideological and actual delimitation of the secular and the spiritual, the ideological separation of God from man, religion from philosophy

Sensationalism is a philosophical idea according to which the sense organs provide us with more accurate information about the world around us than the mind.

Syllogism - deductive reasoning

Skepticism - philosophical doubt about the reliability of any provisions

Sobornost - in the philosophy of the Slavophiles - the principle of combining personal and general, voluntary union of people for joint activities

Solipsism is a philosophical idea according to which each person can consider himself the only existing reality, and everything else - his feelings.

Sophism - outwardly correct proof of deliberately false statements with the help of a deliberate violation of logical laws

Socialism is a doctrine and socio-political movement advocating the construction of a society without private property, based on the principles of justice and solidarity of people

Sophiology - in Russian religious philosophy - the doctrine of Divine Wisdom - the main principle by which the universe is arranged

Sublimation - in the teachings of Z. Freud - the transformation of sexual energy into various non-sexual activities

Subject - a person who knows the world external to him (cf. object)

Subjectivism is a philosophical idea according to which a person sees the world only on the scale of his own perception.

Subjective - existing in the spiritual, inner world of a person and depending on him (cf. objective)

Scholasticism is a medieval philosophy aimed at the rational reinforcement of religious dogmas

Tautology - a statement in which two parts simultaneously follow from each other (imply each other)

Theism is a religious belief that God is the Creator of the world and constantly controls it.

Theodicy - justification of God - the religious and philosophical problem of explaining the evil existing in the world

Theocentrism is a religious and philosophical idea, according to which the main subject of comprehension should be God as the cause and purpose of everything that exists, the central link of the universe (cf. anthropocentrism)

Universals - in medieval philosophy- general concepts

Utilitarianism is the idea that philosophy should deal not with abstract issues, but with the problems of real human life and bring concrete benefits (see positivism and pragmatism)

Utopia is a socio-philosophical doctrine that draws a model of an ideal social structure (or any ideal project in general)

Fatalism - the idea of ​​the predestination of everything that exists, including any human life (cf. voluntarism)

Phenomenon - a phenomenon - what a person perceives the world in his sensory experience

Eudemonism - the idea that the main task of philosophy should be the search for individual human happiness

Evolution is a process of change, development

Heuristics is a philosophical method in which, instead of assimilating ready-made answers, a person, through reflection, must find the truth himself.

Existentialism is a direction in the philosophy of the twentieth century, which considers the main subject of study (comprehension) not the objective world, but individual human existence.

Existence - individual existence

Empiricism is the philosophical idea that sensory experience should be the main source of knowledge.

Years of life of prominent philosophers

(in chronological order)

Buddha c.583 - c.483 BC

Confucius 551-479 BC

Laozi VI-V centuries. BC.

Thales c.625-547 BC

Anaximander c.610 - c.540 BC

Anaximenes c.588 - c.525 BC

Pythagoras c.580 - c.500 BC

Xenophanes VI-V centuries. BC.

Heraclitus c.544 - c.483 BC

Parmenides c.540 - c.470 BC

Zeno of Elea c.490 - 430 BC

Gorgias c.483 - c.375 BC

Protagoras c.480 - c.410 BC

Socrates c.469 - 399 BC

Democritus c.460 - c.370 BC

Antisthenes c.435 - c.370 BC

Plato 428/27 - 348/47 BC

Diogenes c.400 - c.325 BC

Aristotle 384 - 322 BC

Epicurus 341 - 270 BC

Pyrrho c.360 - c.270 BC

Zeno the Stoic c.336 - c.264 BC

Clement c.150 - c.215

Tertullian c.160 - c.222

Origen c.185 - c.254

Sextus Empiricus II-III centuries AD

Augustine 354 - 430

John Roscelin c.1050 - c.1120

Pierre Abelard Bernard of Clairvaux Albert of Bolstedt Roger Bacon Giovanni Bonaventure Thomas Aquinas Johann Eckhart Duns Scott William of Ockham Johann Tauler Nicholas of Cusa Nicholas Copernicus Giordano Bruno Tomaso Campanella Francis Bacon Thomas Hobbes Rene Descartes Benedict Spinoza John Locke Gottfried Leibniz George Berkeley Charles Montesquieu François Voltaire Jean Jacques Rousseau Paul Holbach Adam Smith Immanuel Kant Henri Saint-Simon Georg Hegel David Ricardo Charles Fourier Friedrich Schelling Arthur Schopenhauer Petr Chaadaev Auguste Comte Alexey Khomyakov Ludwig Feuerbach Ivan Kireevsky John Mill Alexander Herzen Karl Marx Friedrich Engels Fedor Dostoevsky Soren Kierkegaard Herbert Spencer Lev Tolstoy Nikolai Fedorov Wilhelm Dilthey Ernst Mach Richard Avenarius Friedrich Nietzsche Vladimir Solovyov Georgy Plekhanov Sigmund Freud Konstantin Tsiolkovsky Henri Bergson Sergei Trubetskoy Evgeny Trubetskoy Vladimir Vernadsky Lev Shestov Nikolai Lossky Sergei Bulgakov Bertrand Russell Nikolai Berdyaev Karl Jaspers Ludwig Wittgenstein Martin Heidegger Alexey Losev Jean Paul Sartre Sergei Levitsky Albert Camus

1193-1207 – 1280 c.1260 - 1327 1265/66 – 1308 OK. 1285 - 1349 c.1300 - 1361

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Reference material contains a list of basic philosophical terms and concepts briefly. The Philosophy Dictionary will be useful for high school students and students in preparing for exams, tests, and the Unified State Examination.

Glossary of basic philosophical terms and concepts

BUT

abstraction- this is a mental selection of an object in abstraction from its connections with other objects, any property of an object in abstraction from its other properties, any relation of objects in abstraction from the objects themselves.

Agnosticism- a philosophical setting, according to which it is impossible to unequivocally prove the correspondence of knowledge to reality, and therefore, to build a true comprehensive system of knowledge.

Adequacy- conformity, proportionality, fidelity, accuracy.

Axiology- a philosophical doctrine about the nature of values, about the forms and methods of a person's value projection of his life aspirations into the future, the choice of guidelines for current life and the justification or condemnation of the past, "other" and universally significant.

Axiology- a philosophical discipline that studies the category of "value", the characteristics, structures and hierarchies of the value world, the ways of its cognition and its ontological status, as well as the nature and specifics of value judgments. Axiology also includes the study of the value aspects of other philosophical, as well as individual scientific disciplines, and in a broader sense, the entire spectrum of social, artistic and religious practice, human civilization and culture in general.

Analysis- the procedure for mental, and often real, dismemberment of the object under study (object, phenomenon, process), the properties of the object or the relationship between objects into parts (features, properties, relationships). The reverse procedure of analysis is synthesis.

Anticumulativeism- the opposite of cumulative.

Anthropogenesis- the process of the origin of man and his formation as a society, a being.

Anthropology

Anthropology- the science of the origin and evolution of man, human races, based on the study of the human body, natural differences between people.

Anthroposociogenesis- the historical process of the transformation of a person as an anthropos, a biological being, into a member of society, the bearer of its basic, primarily production, moral and aesthetic relations.

Anthropomorphism- endowing objects (animals, natural phenomena, God, etc.) human properties, that is, likening them to a person.

anthropocentrism- a religious-idealistic view of man as the center and the highest goal of the universe.

Aporia- an intractable task.

Apologetics- protection of the defenders, biased protection, praise of something.

archetype- a concept that goes back to the tradition of Platonism and plays a major role in the "analytical psychology" developed by Jung.

arche(Greek arhe - beginning) - a single foundation of creation and the problem of the integral unity of multiple worlds. Arche is the first matter, pra-matter, the initial state of things, the oldest form in the historical sense of the word.

Atman- one of the basic concepts in the religious and mythological system of Hinduism. In Vedic literature, especially in the Upanishads. denotes the subjective mental principle, individual, being, "soul", understood both in personal and in universal terms.

B

Immortality- belief in the perpetuity of a human being, especially the human soul.

Unconscious- a term incorrectly applied to the human psyche. Usually they take for the unconscious or confuse with the unconscious sensations that pass amnesically or almost amnesically (for the subsequent flow of here-now-so of a given subject), subthreshold irritations, peripheral sensations outside the zone of attention and concentration, metapsychic (processes in hypothetical adjacent consciousnesses closed to a given ), "closed" neurodynamic processes (having no representation in the here-now-so observable).

Unconscious collective- the concept of Jung's analytical psychology, denoting the totality of universal unconscious mental structures inherited by people, mechanisms, archetypes, instincts, impulses, images, etc., transmitted from generation to generation as a substratum of mental existence, including the mental experience of previous generations. According to Jung, the main content of K.B. constitute instincts and archetypes.

God- in developed religious systems, the Absolute, incomprehensible in Its Essence, revealing Itself in the creation of the world and its care.

Biotechnology- usage biological processes and biological systems for the production useful products, drugs, biological weapons, etc. In principle, biotechnology can synthesize everything organic matter. Modern biotechnology is based so far on four of its newest directions: a) genetic engineering; b) cell technology; c) enzyme enzyme systems for the production of a large class of biologically active substances; d) cloning of living organisms.

« noble husband"- the perfect husband, the original meaning is the child of the ruler. Synonyms - great person, humane person.

Brahman- a representative of the highest caste in India, a priest in Brahmanism and Hinduism.

Buddha- in Buddhism, a being who has reached absolute perfection in the course of many rebirths and is able to show others the path to religious salvation.

Being- a category that fixes the basis of existence (for the world as a whole or for any kind of existence); in the structure of philosophical knowledge it is the subject of ontology; in the theory of knowledge is considered as basic for any possible picture of the world and for all other categories.

AT

Faith- an emotional and personal way of a person's attitude to the world (natural or supernatural), which consists in accepting the reality of this world without the need for appropriate evidence.

Verification- a methodological concept denoting the process of establishing the truth of scientific statements as a result of their empirical verification.

Perception- sensory cognition (subjectively presented as direct) of objects (physical things, living beings, people) and objective situations (relationships of objects, movements, events).

Time- the form of a successive change of phenomena and the duration of the states of matter.

unity- a philosophical doctrine that reveals the internal organic unity of being as a universe in the form of interpenetration and separation of its constituent elements, their identity to each other and to the whole, while maintaining their quality and specificity.

Vulgar materialism- current in philosophy ser. 19th century The theoretical predecessor was the French materialist Cabanis, his main representatives are the philosophers K. Focht, J. Moleshott, L. Bucher.

G

Hedonism- a type of ethical teachings, as well as a system of moral views, according to which all moral definitions (the content of the concepts of good and evil, etc.) are derived from pleasure (positive) and suffering (negative).

Epistemology- a branch of philosophy that studies the nature of knowledge, its general prerequisites, ways, possibilities, the relationship of knowledge to reality.

State- political integrity created by a national or multinational community in a certain territory, where, with the help of a political elite that monopolizes power, the legal order is maintained, including the legitimate right to use violence.

Harmony- a cultural setting that focuses on understanding the universe (both as a whole and its fragments) and man from the position of assuming their deep internal order.

hermeneutics- the original meaning is the art of interpretation, the doctrine of the interpretation of texts.

Hypothesis- a scientific assumption or assumption, the truth value of which is uncertain. A hypothesis is distinguished as a method for the development of scientific knowledge, which includes the promotion and subsequent experimental verification of assumptions, and as a structural element of a scientific theory.

Globalization- integration of economic activity by divisions of private capital on a global scale, the establishment of a market economy in most states and regions, the development of economic communities (EEC, the Eurasian Economic Community, etc.).

Humanism- 1) the movement of educated people that developed during the Renaissance, mainly in Italy, united by “interest in antiquity”, the study and commenting on the monuments of ancient classical (primarily Latin) literature; 2) a special type of philosophical worldview, in the center of which is a person with his earthly deeds and accomplishments, with his inherent abilities and inclinations, with his characteristic norms of behavior and relationships.

D

Dao- the concept of ancient Chinese philosophy, denoting that: having no name, no form; being eternally one, unchanging, imperishable, existing from eternity; being inaudible, invisible, inaccessible to comprehension - indefinable, but perfect; being in a state of rest and inescapable movement; acting as the root cause of all changes, is the "mother of all things", "the root of everything".

Traffic- the mode of existence of matter, in the most general form - change in general, any interaction of objects. acts as a unity of variability and stability, discontinuity and continuity, absolute and relative.

Deduction- transition from the general to the particular; in a more technical sense, the term "deduction" refers to the process of logical inference, i.e. transition according to certain rules of logic from some given sentences-parcels to their consequences (conclusions).

Deduction- a method of cognition that involves movement from the general, given with obviousness to the particular unknown, or the process of logical inference.

Disinformation- communication of deliberately erroneous, distorted, false information in order to mislead the person being informed.

Deism- a religious concept in which God is seen as the First Cause of the world, but not as the Almighty.

Determinism- the teaching of classical philosophy about the regular universal interconnection and interdependence of the phenomena of objective reality, the result of generalization of concrete historical and concrete scientific concepts.

Dialectics- a near-philosophical discipline (not science), speculatively analyzing unrelated knowledge and serving various worldview needs.

Activity- a specifically human form of active attitude to the world around with the aim of changing it.

Good- in the broad sense of the word, as a good means a value representation that expresses the positive value of something in relation to a certain standard or this standard itself. Depending on the accepted standard, good in the history of philosophy and culture was interpreted as pleasure, benefit, happiness, generally accepted, appropriate to the circumstances, expedient, etc.

Dogma- a doctrine or a separate position, accepted only on the basis of faith or blind obedience to authority.

Duty- one of the fundamental concepts of ethics, which denotes a morally reasoned coercion to act, a moral necessity fixed as a subjective principle of behavior. Duty expresses the imperative form of morality. The actions themselves, since they are motivated by duty, are called duties.

Dignity- characterization of a person in terms of his intrinsic value, compliance with his own destiny.

Dualism- a philosophical interpretive paradigm based on the idea of ​​the presence of two principles that are irreducible to each other: spiritual and material substances, object and subject, consciousness and bodily organization of a person, as well as good and evil, natural world and freedom, fact and value, dark and light principles of being.

Dualism- a philosophical interpretive paradigm based on the idea of ​​the presence of two principles that are irreducible to each other: spiritual and material substances.

AND

Ren- means "humanity", "humanity", "philanthropy", "mercy", "kindness".

Life- a specific form of organization of matter, characterized by the unity of three points: 1) a hereditary program recorded in the totality of genes (genome), i.e. in the corresponding nucleotide sequences of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA); 2) metabolism, the specificity of which is determined by the hereditary program; 3) self-reproduction in accordance with this program.

ABSOLUTE SPIRIT- in Hegel's philosophy, the final link in the self-development of the mind, passing through the stages of ascent to absolute knowledge.

AGNOSTICISM- a philosophical doctrine that denies the possibility of knowing the objective world and the attainability of truth; limits the role of science only to the knowledge of phenomena. The most consistent agnosticism is represented in the teachings of J. Berkeley.

ANTINOMY- an insoluble contradiction between two propositions that are equally logically provable.

ANTHROPOCENTRISM- the view that man is the center and the highest goal of the universe. received theoretical background and most widespread in the philosophical thought of the Renaissance.

A PRIORI the concept of logic and the theory of knowledge, which characterizes knowledge that precedes experience and is independent of it; introduced in medieval scholasticism as opposed to a posteriori. In the philosophy of I. Kant, a priori knowledge (space and time as forms of contemplation, categories) is a condition for experimental knowledge, giving it a formalized, universal and necessary character.

BACON FRANCIS(1561-1626) - English philosopher, founder of English materialism and empiricism. In the treatise "New Organon" (1620), he proclaimed the goal of science to increase the power of man over nature, proposed a reform of the scientific method - the purification of the mind from delusions ("idols", or "signs"), appeal to experience and processing it through induction, the basis of which is - experiment.

BRAHMAN- in ancient Indian philosophy, the absolute ideal beginning of the world.

UNCONSCIOUS- a set of mental processes that are not represented in the mind of the subject. One of the central concepts in the psychoanalysis of Z. Freud and other psychoanalytic currents.

BEING- a philosophical category denoting a reality that exists objectively. Irreducible only to the material-objective world, being has different levels: organic and inorganic nature, biosphere, social being, objectively ideal being (cultural values, generally valid principles and categories of scientific knowledge, etc.), being a person.

INDIVIDUAL IDEAS- the concept of the theory of knowledge, denoting ideas that are inherent in human thinking and do not depend on experience (the axioms of mathematics and logic, moral values, initial philosophical principles). The doctrine of innate ideas, which goes back to Plato, was developed in the rationalism of the 17th-18th centuries.

VEDA- Monuments of ancient Indian literature (end of the C-beginning of the 1st millennium BC), consisting of collections of hymns and sacrificial formulas (Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda) and theological treatises with commentaries on them (Brahmanas and Upanishads).

VERIFICATION- in positivism, a way of separating scientific knowledge from "non-scientific". Knowledge, in principle, must be verifiable, i.e., their truth must be proven both with the help of experience and with the help of coherent logical evidence.

"THING IN ITSELF"- a philosophical concept, meaning in the critical philosophy of I. Kant things, as they exist in themselves ("in themselves"), as opposed to how they are "for us" in knowledge.

VOLUNTARISM(the term was introduced by F. Tennis in 1883) - a direction in philosophy that considers will as the highest principle of being. Voluntarism is characteristic of the philosophy of Augustine, John Duns Scotus, and others. As an independent trend, it first took shape with the German philosopher of the 19th century, A. Schopenhauer.

HERMENEUTICS- literally, the art of translation, the art of interpretation and explanation. Since the 19th century hermeneutics has become a universal humanitarian method of research, and then a philosophical direction, occupied with solving the problem of understanding - the discovery of meaning.

GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF MODERNITY- the most acute contemporary issues development of mankind as a whole, connected with the possibilities of its further existence.

EPISTEMOLOGY- a branch of philosophy that studies the laws and possibilities of knowledge. The term "epistemology" is often used as a synonym for epistemology.

HUMANISM- in a broad sense, a special worldview that recognizes the value of a person as a person, his right to free development and manifestation of his abilities, affirming the good of a person as a criterion for assessing social relations. In a narrower sense (the humanism of the Renaissance), opposed to scholasticism and the spiritual dominance of the church, freethinking associated with the study of humanitarian subjects, first of all, newly discovered works of classical antiquity.

DAO- the main category of Chinese philosophy, denoting the way the Universe functions as a living organism, with which every person is called to achieve harmony. In Confucianism, this required moral perfection, the highest manifestation of which is an active social position. In Taoism, on the contrary, the sage, following the Tao, renounces goal-setting activity ("wu wei" - "non-action"), achieves unity with nature and perfection.

DEDUCTION- fundamental method of cognition, conclusion according to the rules of logic; a chain of inferences (reasoning), the links of which (statements) are connected by a relation of logical consequence.

DEISM- a religious and philosophical doctrine widespread in modern times, which recognizes God as the world mind, which designed the expedient "machine" of nature and gave it laws, but rejects the further intervention of God in the affairs of the world and man.

DETERMINISM the philosophical doctrine of the natural interconnection and causation of all phenomena; opposes indeterminism, which denies the universal character of causality.

DIALECTICS(from Greek "the art of conversation, dispute") - a philosophical doctrine of the formation and development of being and cognition, and a method of thinking based on this doctrine.

DHARMA- the most important concept of the philosophy of Buddhism of all schools and directions and the religion of Hinduism. In Buddhism, it is a synonym for Buddhist doctrine and the primary elements of our consciousness, the combinations of which form the illusion of the actual existence of the external world and the individual human soul.

DUALISM- a philosophical doctrine based on the recognition of two equal principles - spirit and matter. Opposes monism, a kind of pluralism. One of the largest representatives is R. Descartes.

NATURAL LAW- the concept of political and legal thought, meaning a set of principles and rights arising from human nature and independent of social conditions. The idea of ​​natural law comes from ancient world and develops in the New Age, becoming one of the fundamental ideas of the Enlightenment.

LAW- a necessary, essential, stable, recurring relationship between phenomena in nature and society. There are three main groups of laws: specific, or private (for example, the law of addition of velocities in mechanics); phenomena common to large groups of phenomena (for example, the law of conservation and transformation of energy, the law natural selection); general, or universal, laws. The knowledge of the law is the task of science.

KNOWLEDGE- a practice-tested result of cognition of reality, its true reflection in a person's head.

IDEALISM- the most widespread and influential current in Western philosophy, which defines the objectively valid as an idea, spirit, mind, considering even matter as a form of manifestation of the spirit.

PERFECT- the way of being of an object reflected in consciousness (in this sense, the ideal is usually opposed to the material); the result of the idealization process is an abstract object that cannot be given in experience (eg, "ideal gas", "point").

IDEOLOGY- a system of political, legal, moral, religious, aesthetic and philosophical views and ideas in which people's attitudes to reality are subjectively perceived and evaluated.

IMPERATIVE- a generally valid moral prescription as opposed to a personal principle (maxim); a rule expressing an obligation (objective coercion to do so and not otherwise).

INDIVIDUALITY- the unique originality of the individual; the opposite of the general, the typical.

INDIVIDUAL(individual) - a separate, independently existing person, considered apart from other people.

INDUCTION- a fundamental method of cognition, a conclusion from facts to some hypothesis (general statement).

INTUITION- the ability to comprehend the truth by direct observation of it without substantiation with the help of evidence and awareness of the sequence of the process of obtaining it.

YIN, YAN- the basic concepts of ancient Chinese natural philosophy, universal cosmic polar and constantly passing into each other forces (female - male, passive - active, cold - hot, etc.). Yin, yang are understood as polar modalities of a single substantial principle - pneuma (qi), and the stages of their maturity correspond to the "five elements" (wood, fire - yang; earth - neutral; metal, water - yin).

TRUTH OBJECTIVE- correspondence of knowledge to reality; the objective content of empirical experience and theoretical knowledge. In the history of philosophy, truth was understood as the correspondence of knowledge to things (Aristotle), as the eternal and unchanging absolute property of ideal objects (Plato, Augustine), as the correspondence of thinking to the sensations of the subject (D. Hume), as the agreement of thinking with itself, with its a priori forms ( I. Kant).

KARMA- one of the basic concepts of Indian religion and philosophy. In a broad sense - the total amount of actions committed by every living thing and their consequences, which determines the nature of his new birth, reincarnation. In a narrow sense - the impact of committed actions on the nature of the present and subsequent existence.

CATEGORIES- the most general and fundamental philosophical concepts, reflecting the essential, universal properties and relations of the phenomena of reality and cognition. The categories were formed as a result of the generalization of the historical development of knowledge and practice.

CORDO-CENTRISM- most feature Ukrainian philosophy. It consists in the perception of the surrounding world by a person not so much with thinking ("head"), but with "heart" - emotions, feelings, common sense.

CULTURE- a historically determined level of development of society, the creative forces and abilities of a person, expressed in the types and forms of organization of life and activities of people, in their relationships, as well as in the material and spiritual values ​​\u200b\u200bcreated by them.

LI- one of the key concepts of ancient Chinese philosophy, in particular, Confucianism, which denotes the rules consecrated by tradition of the relationship between various social groups.

LIBIDO- one of the basic concepts of psychoanalysis by Z. Freud, meaning predominantly unconscious sexual desires, capable (unlike the desire for self-preservation) of repression and complex transformation (for example, sublimation, etc. a).

MACHIAVELLI NICOLO(1469-1527) - Italian politician and historian, founder of the philosophy of politics, which he based on the principle "the end justifies the means."

MATERIALISM- an influential trend in Western philosophy, which sees the basis of all reality in the material beginning. The best known are ancient materialism (Democritus, Epicurus), the mechanistic materialism of modern times and the Enlightenment, and the dialectical and historical materialism of K. Marx.

METAPHYSICS- a philosophical doctrine of supersensible (inaccessible to experience) principles of being. The term goes back to the name given by Andronicus of Rhodes (1st century BC) to Aristotle's work on the intelligible principles of being. In modern philosophy, the term "metaphysics" is often used as a synonym for philosophy; a philosophical method opposite to dialectics, considering phenomena in their immutability and independence from each other, denying internal contradictions as a source of development.

METHOD- a way to achieve a specific goal, a set of techniques and operations of practical or theoretical development of reality.

MICROCOSM AND MACROCOSM- the designation of man and the world as two inextricably linked parts. Microcosm, small cosmos - man as a reflection, mirror, symbol, center of power and mind of the world as a cosmos (macrocosm, large cosmos).

WORLD VIEW- a system of generalized views on the world and a person's place in it, on the attitude of people to the reality around them and to themselves, as well as their beliefs, ideals, principles of knowledge and activity due to these views.

MYTHOLOGY- the oldest form of worldview and activity of people, which was based not on reason, but on feelings and emotions.

THINKING- the highest level of human knowledge. Allows you to gain knowledge about such objects, properties and relationships of the real world that cannot be directly perceived at the sensory level of knowledge.

THE SCIENCE- so]jura of human activity, the function of which is the development and theoretical systematization of objective knowledge about reality; one of the forms of social consciousness; includes both the activity of obtaining new knowledge and its result of sums)" of knowledge underlying the scientific picture of the world.

NIRVANA- the central concept of Buddhist philosophy and religion, meaning the highest state, the goal of human aspirations. The psychological state of the fullness of the inner being, the absence of desires, perfect satisfaction and self-sufficiency, absolute detachment from the outside world; in the course of the development of Buddhism, along with the ethical and psychological concept of nirvana, the idea of ​​it as an absolute also arises.

NOOSPHERE- new evolutionary state biosphere, in which rational human activity becomes a decisive factor in its development.

PUBLIC CONTRACT- the theory of the origin of the state, which became widespread in the socio-political thought of the New Age (T. Hobbes, D. Diderot, J. J. Rousseau), as a result of an agreement between people, which provided for the voluntary renunciation of individuals from part of their natural rights in favor of state power.

SOCIETY- a set of historically established forms of joint activity of people; in a narrow sense - a historically specific type of social system, a certain form of social relations (for example, society, opposed to the state, in Hegel).

ONTOLOGY- branch of philosophy, the doctrine of being.

ALIENATION- the designation of a social process in which a person's activity and its results turn into an independent force that dominates him and is hostile to him. It is expressed in the absence of control over the conditions, means and product of labor, in the transformation of the individual into an object of manipulation by the dominant social groups. The concept of society was theoretically substantiated by K. Marx.

PANTHEISM- religious and philosophical teachings that identify God and nature. It is typical for the natural philosophy of the Renaissance and the materialistic system of B. Spinoza, who identified the concepts of "God" and "nature".

POSITIVISM- a direction in philosophy and science (since the time of Kant), which proceeds from the "positive", that is, from the given, factual, stable, undoubted, and limits its study and presentation to them, and considers abstract philosophical ("metaphysical") explanations theoretically unfeasible and practically useless. The system of positivism was created in the first half of the nineteenth century. O.Kontom; "second positivism" (H. Spencer, J. St. Mill), empirio-criticism (E. Mach, R. Avenarius), neo-positivism (L. Wittgenstein), post-positivism (K. Popper) are known.

CONCEPT- a form of thinking that reflects the essential properties, connections and relationships of objects and phenomena. The main logical function of the concept is the allocation of the general, which is achieved by abstracting from all the features of individual objects of a given class.

POSTMODERN- ideological and stylistic direction, socio-cultural situation and philosophical direction of the second half of the XX century.

PRACTICE- purposeful activity of people; development and transformation of reality.

PROVIDENTIALISM- interpretation of the historical process as the realization of God's plan. Characteristic of medieval historiography, philosophy and theology (Augustine and others).

PROGRESS- the development of mankind towards a better, higher, more perfect state both in the material and spiritual sense.

CONTRADICTION- the interaction of opposite, mutually exclusive sides of an object or system, which at the same time are in internal unity and interpenetration, being a source of self-movement and development of the objective world and human knowledge of this world.

PSYCHOANALYSIS- medical method, psychological theory and an influential philosophical movement associated with the study of the hidden connections and foundations of human life.

RATIONALISM- a philosophical direction that recognizes the mind as the basis of knowledge and behavior of people. Scientific (i.e., objective, weight-general, necessary) knowledge, according to rationalism, is achievable only through reason - both a source of knowledge and a criterion for its truth. Rationalism is the leading trend in the philosophy of the New Age (R. Descartes, B. Spinoza, G. Leibniz) and one of the philosophical sources of the ideology of the Enlightenment.

RELIGION- worldview and attitude, as well as appropriate behavior and specific actions (cult), based on the belief in the existence of a god or gods, the supernatural.

REFLECTION- a form of theoretical human activity aimed at comprehending one's own actions and their laws.

SANSARA- one of the basic terms of Indian philosophy and religion, denoting an endless chain of more and more new births of the human soul or personality in various images (God, man, animal) depending on the degree of righteousness of the current life.

SUPERMAN- the idea of ​​a perfect person, who is such not due to his upbringing by others or self-education, but due to the strength inherent in him from birth. Friedrich Nietzsche's concept of the Superman received the greatest.

FREEDOM- the ability of a person to act in accordance with their interests and goals, to make a choice.

SENSATIONALISM- direction in the theory of knowledge, according to which sensations, perceptions are the basis and main form of reliable knowledge. It became widespread in the mechanistic materialism of the French Enlightenment.

SYSTEM a set of elements that are in relationships and connections with each other, forming a certain integrity, unity.

SKEPTICISM- a philosophical position characterized by a doubt about the existence of any reliable criterion of truth (for example, the position of I. Kant). The extreme form of skepticism is agnosticism.

CONSCIOUSNESS- one of the basic concepts of philosophy, sociology and psychology, denoting the human ability to ideally reproduce reality in thinking. Consciousness - highest form mental reflection, characteristic of a socially developed person and associated with speech, the ideal side of goal-setting activity. Acts in two forms: individual (personal) and public.

SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY- a section of philosophy that describes society, its laws, its historical forms, revealing the logic) of social processes.

SOPHISTRY- a way of reasoning or arguing, undertaken not for the sake of revealing the truth, but for the sake of imposing a belief in one's own rightness, or for exercising wit and resourcefulness, and therefore is conducted with a conscious violation of the laws of logic.

"THE LABOR"- in the philosophical system of G.S. Skovoroda, a person’s predisposition to any kind of activity that will succeed and bring moral satisfaction. "Affinity" is established from above (by God or nature), but it depends only on a person whether he will be able to find his affinity. Every person has an affinity, but different people have different affinities. Occupied by "kind of work" according to Skovoroda is the only way to achieve happiness in life.

FORMATION- the process of transition from one state of being to another, in a broad sense, the process of formation, approval of someone, something.

SUBLIMATION a psychoanalytic concept introduced by Z. Freud, meaning the mental process of transforming and switching the energy of affective drives to the goals of social activity and cultural creativity. The concept was introduced by Z. Freud (1900), who considered sublimation as one of the types of drive transformation (libido), opposite to repression.

SUBSTANCE something unchanging, that which exists by itself and in itself, the essence underlying all that exists.

SUBJECT- the carrier of object-practical activity and cognition (an individual or a social group), a source of activity directed at an object.

ESSENCE- what constitutes the essence of a thing, the totality of its essential, fundamental, most fundamental properties.

SCHOLASTICISM- the last and highest stage in the development of the religious philosophy of the Western European Middle Ages, characterized by a combination of theological and dogmatic premises with a rationalist methodology and an interest in formal logical problems.

CREATION- an activity that generates something qualitatively new and is distinguished by originality, originality and socio-historical uniqueness. Creativity is specific to the tea-age, since it always presupposes the creator of the subject of creative activity.

THEOGONY a variety of later ones in which the origin of the gods was discussed. Many myths (eg, "Theogony" of Hesiod) are pre-philosophical in their content.

THEOLOGY- a set of religious doctrines and teachings about the essence and action of God. 11rsd suggests the concept of an absolute God, who communicates to man knowledge of himself in revelation. In the era of the Western European Middle Ages, it was understood as the highest level of human knowledge, in relation to which philosophy was just a "servant".

Theocentrism- the basic principle of the medieval religious and philosophical picture of the world, according to which the center of the world is God. who created the world out of nothing, predetermined its fate and the fate of mankind.

UNIVERSAL- general concepts The ontological status of universals is one of the central problems of medieval philosophy (dispute about universals of the 10th-14th centuries): do universals exist "before things", as their eternal ideal prototypes (Platonism, extreme realism, moderate realism), "after things" in human thinking (nominalism, conceptualism).

UTOPIA- a flow of thought depicting an ideal state life together people, mostly with a humanitarian-communist coloring, an arbitrarily constructed image (ideal) of the desired society. The prototype of all utopias is Plato's "State". The word and concept of "utopia" was introduced by the English humanist Thomas More (the novel "Utopia", 1516).

FATALISM the idea of ​​the inevitable predetermination of events in the world; belief in impersonal destiny (ancient stoicism), in unchanging divine predestination, etc.

PHENOMENON- a material thing or spiritual formation, given to us in the experience of sensory knowledge, a more unique phenomenon or event.

PHILOSOPHY(from the Greek philos - love and sophia - wisdom) - a form of social consciousness, a worldview, a system of ideas, views on the world and on a person's place in it; explores the cognitive, social, iktwicc braid, value, ethical and aesthetic attitude of man to the world.

PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY- a branch of philosophy that deals with the explanation of the meaning, patterns, main directions of the historical process, the search for methods, means and conditions for the possibility of its knowledge, identifying the role and place of man in history.

"PHILOSOPHY OF LIFE"- common in the II half of the XLX-beginning of the XX century. philosophical direction (A. Schopenhauer, F. Nietzsche, L. Bergson), which sought to understand reality as life, a process of continuous changes and sensory experiences. Precursor of existentialism.

PHILOSOPHICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, in a broad sense - the doctrine of the nature (essence) of man, a section of philosophical knowledge; in the narrow idealistic treatment in Western European philosophy of the 20th century, mainly German, founded in the 1920s. M. Scheler and X. Plesner.

CIVILIZATION 1) a synonym for culture; 2) level, stage of social development, material and spiritual culture (ancient civilization, modern civilization). 3) a major historical formation with a distinctive economic, political, social and spiritual structure (Indian civilization, Inca civilizations).

EGOCENTRISM(from Latin. ego I and the center) attitude to the world, characterized by a focus on one's individual "I"; as a feature of mythological consciousness consisted in the idea of ​​the world in the image and likeness of the personal life world of each person.

EIDOS- the term of ancient Greek philosophy and literature, which in Plato meant ideas as the ideal fundamental principles of everything that exists in the world.

EXISTENTIALISM- the philosophy of existence, the direction of modern philosophy, which arose in the beginning. 20th century in Russia, after the 1st World War in Germany, during the 2nd World War in France, and after the war in other countries. There are religious existentialism (K. Jaspers, G. Marcel, N. A. Berdyaev, L. Shestov, M. Buber) and atheistic (M. Heidegger. J. P. Sartre. A. Camus). The central concept of existence (human existence); the main modes (manifestations) of human existence are care, fear, determination, conscience; a person sees existence as the root of his being in borderline situations (struggle, suffering, death).

EMPIRICISM- direction in the theory of knowledge, recognizing sensory experience as the only source of reliable knowledge. It will become widespread in the philosophy of modern times (F. Bacon, D. Lockh, J. Berkeley, D. Hume).

AESTHETICS the doctrine of the beautiful, its laws, norms, forms and types, its relation to nature and art, its origin and role in artistic creation and enjoyment, a section of philosophical knowledge.

ETHICS- the doctrine of morality, morality; a special branch of philosophical knowledge.

PHENOMENON- in general, everything that is sensually perceived, especially striking in some respect in the eye. From the point of view of the theory of knowledge, a phenomenon is an expression, evidence of the presence of something else; so, the disease can manifest itself through a high temperature.

LANGUAGE is the most important means of human communication. Language is inextricably linked with thinking; is a social means of storing and transmitting information, one of the means of managing human behavior.

Abstraction- (from lat. abstractio - distraction) the process of conceivable selection of some and abstraction from other properties and relationships of an object. One of the sides, forms of cognition, which consists in a mental abstraction from a number of objects and relations between them and the allocation of some property and relationship; designates both the process of such distraction and its results.

Agnosticism- (from the Greek agnostos - inaccessible to knowledge) the doctrine according to which a person is not able to know the essence of things, cannot have reliable knowledge about them.

Axiology- the doctrine of the nature and structure of values, their place in reality, the relationship of values ​​among themselves

Analysis- a way of mental or real dismemberment of the object of knowledge into parts in order to identify its structural elements and the relationship between them.

Anthology- a branch of philosophy that studies the fundamental principles of the universe and the most general categories of existence.

Anthropology- philosophical doctrine of man in his multidimensional incarnations

Anthropology- a system of ideas about nature, society, thinking.

Atomism- the doctrine of the discrete structure of matter.

Unconscious- a set of psychological processes, operations and states that are not represented in the mind of the subject.

Being- 1) means the whole world (materialistic philosophy). A philosophical concept denoting the objective world, matter, existing independently of consciousness. Considering the materiality of the world and its B. as identical concepts, dialectical materialism rejects the idealistic idea of ​​B. as existing before matter and independently of it.

2) the existence of anything at all. The most general and abstract concept denoting the existence of something at all. In this case, B. should be distinguished from reality, existence, reality, etc., as more specific and profound characteristics of objective processes and phenomena.

Interaction - the universal form of connections between bodies and phenomena, expressed in their mutual influence on each other and change.

Possibility- modality - characterization of the state of affairs as logically necessary, logically random and possible.

Perception- this is a holistic image of the subject; combination of sensations, due to which the object is perceived as something whole.

Time- the form of existence of matter, expressing the duration of its existence, the sequence of changing states in the change and development of all material systems; measure of variability, nonexistence.

Hypothesis- 1) reasonable (not completely) assumption about the causes of the phenomenon;

2) the process of cognition, which consists in making an assumption, substantiating it (incompletely) and proving / refuting.

Epistemology- a branch of philosophy that studies the problems of the nature of knowledge and its capabilities, the relationship of knowledge to reality, identifies the conditions for its reliability and truth

Gnoseology - a branch of philosophy that studies the problems of the nature of cognition and its cognition, the relationship of knowledge to reality.

Traffic- a way of existence of matter, its universal attribute, this is any interaction of material objects.

Deduction- the method of rational consciousness, which consists in extracting the necessary derivable consequences from the totality of initial statements.

Reality- objective reality in general in all its specificity, the totality of natural and socio-historical phenomena, that which really exists and develops, that contains its essence.

Determinism- a representation according to which for every phenomenon there are reasons in the presence of which this phenomenon necessarily takes place.

Presocratics- philosophers of the VI-V centuries. BC e., as well as their successors in the IV century. BC e., not affected by the influence of the Socratic tradition.

Dualism- a philosophical doctrine based on the recognition of equal rights, not reducible to each other, two principles - spirit and matter, ideal and material.

single- the quality of a certain object, its individuality, originality.

Law- internal essential and stable connection of phenomena in nature and society, causing their orderly change.

Idealism- this is a general designation of philosophical teachings that assert that consciousness, thinking, the spiritual is primary, fundamental, and matter, the physical is secondary, derivative.

Induction- a conclusion in which the premises only confirm the conclusion.

Intelligence- the ability of thinking, rational knowledge, "mind"; in scholasticism - the highest cognitive ability.

Irrationalism- a philosophical movement, where the main attention is paid to feelings, emotions, the inner world of a person.

Logics- a formal science of generally valid forms and means of thought necessary for rational knowledge in any branch of knowledge.

Materialism- solves the main question of philosophy in favor of the primacy of matter, nature, being and considers spiritual consciousness, thinking as a property of matter (as opposed to idealism).

Matter- 1) objective reality reflected by a person in his feelings and thoughts; form of objective existence.

Metaphysics- a philosophical doctrine of superexperienced principles and laws of being in general or any particular type of being (metaphysics H philosophy H ontology).

Method- a way of constructing and substantiating a system of philosophical knowledge.

Methodology- a philosophical doctrine of methods of cognition and transformation of reality.

outlook- a system of the most general ideas and knowledge about the world and a person's place in it, his values ​​and beliefs.

outlook- this is a system of views on the objective world and a person's place in it, as well as people's life positions, their beliefs, ideals, principles of knowledge, value orientations.

attitude- a holistic awareness and experience, the impact on a person of reality in the form of sensations, emotions.

world outlook- the highest stage of the worldview formation of a person, a developed worldview with complex interweaving of multifaceted relationships to reality, with the most generalized synthesized views and ideas about the world, one's place in it.

Observation- purposeful perception, due to the task of the activity.

Natural philosophy- a speculative interpretation of nature, considered in its entirety.

The science- the process of building a systematic image of a part of reality, focused on identifying its general properties.

Nominalism- a philosophical doctrine that denies ontological meaning.

An object– 1) an independent center of existential activity (in ontology);

2) what the subject's activity is aimed at (in epistemology).

Objective reality- an infinite set of all objects and systems existing in the world, the substratum of any properties, connections, relationships and forms of movement.

Ontology- the doctrine of being, of the principles of all things, of the criteria for existence, general principles and patterns of existence

Ontology- a branch of philosophy that studies the fundamental principles of being, the most general essences and categories of being.

Negation- a category that expresses the relationship of two successive stages (states) of a developing object or a condition for changing an object, in which some elements are not simply destroyed, but stored in a new quality.

Feeling- subjective image of objective reality.

Patristics- a set of theological, philosophical, political and social doctrines of Christian thinkers of the 8th century.

Positivism- the direction of Western philosophy, declaring specific (empirical) sciences as the only source of knowledge and denying the cognitive value of philosophical research (the founder is O. Pont).

Positivism- a philosophical direction based on the fact that all true knowledge is the cumulative result of special sciences.

peace- result or method of movement.

Praxeology- the doctrine of the practical relationship between man and the world, the activity of our spirit, the goal-setting and effectiveness of man

Practice- the goal-setting activity of people, the development and transformation of reality.

Performance- sensual reflection of an object, allows you to reproduce the object mentally in its absence.

Space- the form of existence of matter, characterizing its extent, structure, interaction of elements.

Space and time- universal forms of existence of matter.

Opposite- one of the sides of the dialectical contradiction, which represents and

excludes the other opposite; extreme degree of dissimilarity in something similar; the presence of internal unity of opposite sides.

Contradiction- a statement about the simultaneous truth and falsity of a statement.

Development- a significant, necessary movement, a change in something in time.

Difference- dissimilarity, discrepancy, dissimilarity in objects or phenomena.

Rationalism- (from Latin - "mind") is the doctrine according to which all our knowledge is derived from the mind (founder - Rene Descartes).

Reality- the being of things in its comparison with non-being, as well as with other forms of being.

self-awareness- awareness and evaluation by a person of himself as a person and as a subject of practical and cognitive activity.

Synthesis- a concept opposite to analysis, which characterizes the way in which various elements are combined into a whole.

System- a set of elements that are in relationships and connections with each other, forming a certain integrity, unity.

jump- a radical change in the development of an object or phenomenon as a result of qualitative changes.

Meaning- this is the functioning of meanings in the processes of activity and consciousness of specific individuals; concretization of the meanings of the subject.

Spontaneous materialism- an unconscious, unformed, philosophically unconscious conviction in the objective reality of the external world.

Consciousness- subjective reflection of objective reality, highest level spiritual activity of man as a social being.

Sophism- logically incorrect reasoning, presented as correct.

social philosophy- a section describing the specific features of society, its dynamics and prospects, the logic of social processes, the meaning and purpose of human history.

Subject- 1) a logical term related to the structure of a judgment and denoting what is being discussed, what constitutes the subject of the statement;

2) the true being, the substance of the thing;

3) the source of subject-practical and cognitive activity directed at the object.

Judgment- a thought that affirms the presence or absence of any state of affairs.

Existence- all the variety of variability of things, their connections and interactions.

Essence- the meaning of this thing, that it is in itself.

Essence and phenomenon- dialectical interrelated characteristics of the subject.

Scholasticism- a type of religious philosophy characterized by the subordination of theology.

scentheism- a trend of philosophy that absolutizes the role of science in the system of culture and life of society.

Creation- the process of human activity, creating new material and spiritual values.

Theory- a complex and most developed form of organization of scientific knowledge, representing an integral and logically consistent system that gives a comprehensive idea of ​​the essential properties of a particular phenomenon or area of ​​reality.

Transcendental- a term denoting those aspects of being that go beyond the scope of the limited existence of the finite world

Universals- general concepts.

Philosophy- this is a form of social consciousness, the doctrine of the general principles of being and cognition, of the relationship of man to the world.

Esoteric texts- secret, hidden texts intended only for initiates, associated with religious rites, mystical teachings and magical formulas.

existentialism- a philosophical direction that brings to the fore the question of the meaning of life of a unique human personality, of its individual way of being.

Existential Factors- factors of human existence.

Element- a member of a series, part of a whole.

Empiricism- a direction in philosophy that opposes rationalism and is most consistently presented in the theory of knowledge (the main element of knowledge is human feelings).

Aesthetics is a philosophical science that studies two interrelated circles of phenomena: the sphere of the aesthetic as a specific manifestation of a person's integral relationship to the world and the sphere of people's artistic activity.

Ethics- philosophical science, the object of study of which is morality, morality as a form of social consciousness, as one of the most important aspects of human life.

Language- a system of signs that serves as a means of human communication and thinking.

1. Analysis- the division of objects into their constituent elements

2. Anarchy- (from the Greek anarchia - anarchia) - the state in which society is when state power is abolished in it

3. A priori- (lat. a priori - previous) - knowledge that precedes experience and is independent of it. An a priori view is one whose correctness cannot be proved or refuted by experience.

4. Ataraxia- (from the Greek ataraxia - equanimity) - peace of mind, serenity as the highest value in the philosophy of Epicurus

5. Attribute- (from lat. attribuo - to endow) - a sign, a sign, an essential property.

6. Matter attributes- the objectivity of existence, i.e. independence from human consciousness, indestructibility, movement, space, time.

8. Unconscious – mental life performed without the participation of consciousness.

9. Biosphere- the living shell of the Earth, which has a complex structure.

10. Good- something that has value. The good is a prerequisite for moral values

11. God -(Latin deus, Greek theos) - the highest object of religious faith, always considered more or less as a person, is considered an entity endowed with "supernatural", that is, extraordinary, properties and powers;

12. Being- a general concept of being in general, the real existence of the world.

13. Faith- acceptance of something as truth, which does not need the necessary full confirmation of the truth of what is accepted from the senses and mind and, therefore, cannot claim objective significance.

14. Verification- (from lat. verus - true and facio - I do) - confirmation.

15. Power is one of the important types of social interaction, a specific relationship between two subjects, one of which obeys the orders of the other, as a result of this subordination, the ruling subject realizes its will and interests.

16. Will- is a spiritual act by which some value recognized as such is confirmed, or by which it is sought.

17. WILL- conscious purposefulness of a person to perform certain actions.

18. Time- the duration of material events and the order in which they follow each other.

19. Harmony- (Greek harmonia - connection, proportionality) - consonance, agreement

20. State is a single political organization of society that extends its power to the entire population within the territory of the country, issues binding legal decrees, has sovereignty, a special apparatus of control and coercion

21. Traffic- any change, transformation, process.

22. Democracy- this is a way of functioning of political power, based on the recognition of the people as a source of power, on their right to participate in solving state and public affairs and endowing them with a wide range of rights and freedoms.

23. Activity- the type of activity aimed at such a change external environment, as a result of which something new is obtained - a product, a result.

24. Good is a basic moral value, a moral value in itself.

25. Law - a prescription as to how a person should behave in society; in science, a position that expresses the general course of things in any area.

26. Knowledge- a generalized result of human activity, existing in a symbolic and ideal form

27. Ideal- a mental image of perfection and therefore the desired future

28. Ideology- a set of beliefs, attitudes, attitudes and ideas of people associated with a certain understanding public life, assessment of its quality, prospects for transformation.

29. Individual is the only representative of the human race. Special person.

30. Information society- a society in which the main wealth and resource is information. This concept arose in the II half. 60s - humanity first realized the existence of an information explosion, when the amount of information circulating in society began to increase.

31. Art- the initial designation of any skill of a higher and more special kind ("the art of thinking", "the art of warfare"); in the generally accepted special sense - the designation of skill in the field of creativity

32. True- correct, adequate reflection of objects and phenomena of reality by the cognizing subject; TRUE - corresponding to the actual state of things, but there are also undiscovered, unknown truths

33. Karma- (Sanskrit "labor") - in a broad sense - the sum of the good and evil deeds of life, which, on the basis of its automatically natural causality, creates the prerequisites for a new life with a certain fate

34. Classes are large groups of people who differ in their place in a historically defined system social production, in their relation to the means of production, in their role in public organization labor, according to the methods of obtaining and the size of the share of wealth that they have.

35. team- an organized group of people united by common goals and interests, joint activities.

36. Communication the transmission of messages from one party to another, from one individual to another, from one social group to another.

37. Consensus- this is one of the optimal forms of ending the conflict, when the conflicting parties come to an agreement

38. Conflict– it is a process of sharp aggravation of contradiction and struggle.

39. culture- (lat. cultura) - originally processing and caring for the land; in a broad sense, culture is a set of manifestations of the life, achievements and creativity of the people, divided into various areas - customs and customs, language and writing, the nature of clothing, the economy, the socio-political structure, art, etc.

40. Personality- these are, first of all, the social qualities of a person, which are formed only in society.

41. Matter(substance) - there is a philosophical category for designating an objective reality that is given to a person in his sensations, which is copied, photographed, displayed in our sensations, existing independently of a person. A synonym for objective reality, the universe.

42. mentality- mindset of the people

44. outlook- this is a generalized system of views of a person (and society) on the world around him and his place in this world

45. Mystic- the spiritual practice of direct comprehension of the Absolute, the supernatural.

46. Monad- (from the Greek monás - unit) - Giordano Bruno has a physical and at the same time a mental element of reality. But the true founder of the doctrine of monads (monadology) is Leibniz

47. Morality– morality

48. The science is a multifaceted, multifaceted and complex phenomenon: it also appears as social institution, as a specific activity for the production of knowledge, and as a tradition that allows this specific activity to be carried out. This is a social institution that ensures the functioning of professional (cognitive) activities.

49. Nation -(from Latin natio - people, tribe) - a people that has created a government dependent on it and has at its disposal a territory whose borders are more or less respected by other nations (a people organized into a state). . .

50. Noosphere- this is a state of the natural environment consciously created by a person, the sphere of the mind

51. Communication- a type of activity in which there is an exchange of ideas and emotions.

52. Public consciousness - a set of emotions, moods, attitudes, theories of society at a particular stage of its development

53. Society is a form of joint life activity of people based on social solidarity and division of labor.

54. Main question philosophy reveals the main discord in the relationship of man with the world. Engels in his definition caught only one aspect of the main question - the relation of matter to ideas. It is important to answer the other part about. in. f. : do we know the world or not? Depending on the answer to this question, philosophers are divided into gnostics and agnostics.

55. Alienation- a characteristic of a special form of the relationship of a person in the process of his life with the outside world, in which the products of his own activity oppose a person, dominate him, as something alien to him.

56. The consignment- This is an organized group of like-minded people who adhere to a certain worldview, representing the interests of a part of the people and aiming to implement them by conquering state power or participating in its implementation.

57. Cognition- the process of comprehension by a person of new, previously unknown facts, phenomena of reality.

58. Need- the need for something, the requests and desires of a person.

59. Human rights- these are the natural capabilities of a person that ensure his life, dignity and freedom of activity.

60. Principles- ideas and rules that a person should be guided by in life.

61. Nature- (from the Greek physis, from phyein - to arise, to be born; lat. natura, from nasci - the same thing) - that which is essential for every being from its very appearance.

62. Nature- a set of natural conditions of human existence

63. Natural environment (geographical environment)- a part of the material world, nature, involved in the life of man and society.

64. Progress– forward movement, the development of people in the direction of the better, higher.

65. Space- that which is common to all experiences that arise through the senses. This is the extent and mutual arrangement of material objects and phenomena relative to each other.

66. Intelligence- mind, ability, activity of the human spirit, aimed not only at causal knowledge, but also at the knowledge of values, at the universal connection of things and all phenomena

67. Revolution- (from late Latin revolutio - turn, coup) - 1) a revolution in the field of worldview, science, art, fashion; 2) a sudden, violent change in the existing socio-political system

68. Regression- backward movement

69. Religion- worldview, appropriate behavior, determined by faith in the existence of God.

70. Reflection- self-knowledge, self-awareness, the process of understanding something through the study of oneself

71. Reform- transformation, innovation, change in any area

72. freedom- this is a specifically human quality that underlies the formation of his individuality, as well as creative activity. Freedom and responsibility are two sides of one whole - the conscious activity of a person.

73. A family- a small group based on marriage or consanguinity, whose members are connected by a common life, mutual assistance, moral and legal responsibility.

74. Death- the natural end of life of a living organism

75. Meaning of life(of a person) is a regulatory concept inherent in any developed worldview system, which justifies and interprets the moral norms and values ​​inherent in this system, shows in the name of what the activity prescribed by them is necessary.

76. Consciousness- this is the highest function of the brain, characteristic only of people and associated with speech, which consists in a generalized reflection of reality.

77. Sophistry- deliberate use in a dispute or in evidence of incorrect arguments, the so-called. sophisms, i.e., all sorts of tricks disguised by external, formal correctness. .

78. Mode of production- the unity of productive and production relations

79. Capabilities- in a broad sense - the mental properties of an individual that regulate his behavior and serve as a condition for his life.

80. Justice- is a prerequisite for the implementation of all other values ​​and consists in respecting another's personality and not intruding into the sphere of his freedom.

81. Stagnation- stagnation, slowdown

82. Substance(from lat. - essence) - something unchanging as opposed to changing states and properties; that which exists because of itself and in itself, and not because of another, for example, matter.

83. Scholasticism- school philosophy in the period of the Christian Middle Ages.

84. Happiness- a state of complete satisfaction, an absolute absence of desires, an ideal

85. Theory- (from the Greek. theoria - consideration, research) - a system of basic ideas in a particular branch of knowledge.

86. Work- social activity of a person, i.e. the ability of a person to transform the environment of existence.

87. Philosophy- this is a special form of spiritual experience of a person and society, which is constantly theoretically substantiated and has a greater degree of scientificity than just a worldview. This is scientific theorizing about the world, the place of man in it. The very word "philosophy" literally means the love of wisdom, in a broader sense, the desire for truth.

88. Target- a subjective image of the desired, for the sake of which actions are taken.

89. Values- sociocultural significance of certain objects, processes, phenomena for a person

90. Civilization- sociocultural complex. In science, earthly, extraterrestrial and cosmic Ts are distinguished. This is the level of development of material and spiritual culture.

91. Human- this is a concept used to characterize the universal qualities and abilities inherent in all people.

92. Elite- the highest privileged strata of society, performing the functions of management, development of science and culture.

93. Emanation- outflow, radiation of the divine absolute in the philosophy of neoplatonism

94. me or ego- that part of the human personality, which is realized as I and is in contact with the outside world through perception

95. Language- a means of expressing thoughts that a person owns, the highest form of manifestation of the objective spirit.