Presentation on the topic of the philosophy of ancient Rome. Presentation "Hellenistic-Roman Philosophy"

Lucretius

Lucretius ( full name- Titus Lucretius Car) -
outstanding Roman poet, philosopher, flamboyant
representative of the atomistic
materialism, a follower of the Epicurean
teachings. From his filing in the philosophical
terminology, the word "matter" appeared.
No biography of Lucretius is known
almost nothing. The first mentions of
circumstances of his life
dated to the 4th century. n. e. and are not
historically reliable. It is known that Titus
Lucretius Carus lived in the 1st century. BC e., his years
births and deaths are indicated
approximately. So, according to Donat, he
died the year he became an adult
Virgil, but blessed. Jerome speaks of death
Lucrezia at the age of 43. From
Comparing these data, we can talk about
99 or 95 BC e. era as year of birth and 55
or 51 BC e. - of death.

continuation

At the same time, according to Jerome, Lucretius after taking a love potion
lost his mental health and wrote his famous philosophical
poem "On the Nature of Things" only at moments when his mind cleared up that
seems highly doubtful. Look more believable
information about the suicide of Lucretius, who allegedly threw himself on the sword, as well as about
editing his work by Cicero or Quintus.
The creative heritage of Lucretius is represented by the poem “On
the nature of things." To date, she is the only
literary monument of the materialistic thought of the era of antiquity,
which is almost completely preserved. It is noteworthy that Europe
nothing was known to her for many centuries, and the first
publication appeared only in the Middle Ages. "On the Nature of Things" is
didactic epic written in the form of the author's appeal to the invisible
interlocutor named Memmius. Conducting a conversation with him, Lucretius expounds the doctrine
the ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus, focusing mainly on his
physics, leaving ethics and the theory of knowledge in the background.

continuation

Compositionally, "On the Nature of Things" consists of 6 books,
each of which is devoted to separate issues. So, in the first and
the second book of Lucretius, being an adherent of the atomistic
materialism, talks about the origin of all things from
atoms, and in the sixth sets out the vision of the causes of the emergence
religion. The message of this work is the desire of Lucretius
free a person from the captivity of his prejudices, fanatical
faith in higher power(although the very existence of the gods the philosopher does not
denied), to instill faith in the power of reason and knowledge. Wrapping ideas in
poetic form, he made them more accessible,
persuasive, interesting and popular. Perhaps exactly
she contributed to the "longevity" to a large extent
labor. For materialist philosophers of the XVII-XVIII centuries. source
atomistic ideas was precisely the legacy of Titus Lucretius Kara.

Stoic Philosophy

STOICISM - school
ancient philosophy based
Zeno from Kitiya at the turn of the 4th-3rd centuries. BC.
The name comes from the Greek. Stoa Poikile
(Painted Portico) - colonnades in Athens.
Gathered here in search of solitude
Zeno and his disciples were nicknamed
"Stoics".

Russell, Bertrand

Bertrand Russell's The Problems of Philosophy was the first
published in 1912 by the London publishing house "Home University
Library". In Russian, it was published in 1914 in the translation of S.I.
Stein. This translation, verified with the original (published by "Oxford
University Press", 1978) and substantially revised, is the basis
of this edition. The translation was verified by JI. V. Blinnikov
and A.F. Gryaznov. In addition to the main text, the publication includes
Russell's preface to the first edition, note to the 17th
edition and a preface to the German translation of 1926, in which the author
indicates some changes in his position since the exit
first edition. Notes to the text were written by A. F. Gryaznov.
P. 160. "The famous "Three conversations ..." Berkeley was published in 1713
d. They not only explain the main ideas of the "Treatise on the Principles
human knowledge...", published three years earlier, but also
new arguments are given in favor of the immaterialistic position.

P. 162. *Russell's characterization of Leibniz's position requires clarification.
For the German philosopher, matter is "well founded
phenomenon," and it is not illusory, for its ultimate foundation is in
the substantial world of monads. Therefore, matter is the object of exact
natural science knowledge.
p. 170. "Russell's discussion of the role of instinctive beliefs shows
what influence did the teachings of D. Hume on the instinctive-emotional
the nature of man. Russell wrote in his Autobiography that throughout his life
three strong passions ruled: the thirst for love, the search for knowledge, and the unbearable
pity for the suffering of mankind (see B. Russell. Autobiography. L.,
1975. P. 9).
P. 179. "Russell's associate J. E. Moore in the famous article "Refutation of
idealism" (1903) also proceeds from the fact that the central thesis of idealism
is the thesis "reality has a spiritual character", but criticizes only
Berklanan's proposition "esse is percipi". For them and for many others
Anglo-American philosophers are generally not characterized by the division of species
idealism into subjective and objective.

P. 183. "This is close to the so-called dispositional interpretation of sensual ("secondary",
according to the terminology of R. Boyle and D. Locke) qualities, according to which we have sensations
such qualities only in the presence of a certain situation and the fulfillment of certain
conditions. Russell gives such conditions for the perception of color. In this regard, color
qualities are treated as "dispositional predicates" such as sugar solubility or
glass breakage.
p. 189. "The position taken by Russell at the beginning of the 20th century was unique in its own way,
representing a combination of empiricism and sensationalism, on the one hand, and "Platonism" in
the question of universals, on the other hand (see also pp. 229-231).
P. 191. "Separation in English language into indefinite ("a so-and-so") and definite
("the so-and-so") descriptive phrases have no analogue in Russian grammar.
p. 194. *By "a particular" Russell means any particular,
specific entity without specifying its ontological status (for example, material
she or perfect). The opposite of particularities are universals.
P. 201. "The principle of "uniformity of nature" was first clearly formulated by D.S.
Millem in "System of Logic" (1843), where it functions as an implicit premise of inductive
procedures and establishing causal relationships between phenomena.

P. 208. "British" Continental "philosophers, by tradition,
called (and still call) representatives
Western European philosophy. Curiously, in the same sense
the term is also used by North American philosophers.
P. 210. *While writing Problems of Philosophy, Russell followed
J.
E. Moore, giving preference to ethical intuitionism over
utilitarianism. In the preface published in this edition,
German translation of 1926 Russell, however, noted a change in his
positions on ethical claims. 211. "Question about
problematic derivation of the proper from the existent, evaluative
judgments from factual ("Is - Ought question") was for the first time
staged by Hume (see: Hume D. Soi. T. 1. M., 1996. S. 510-511). In the 20th century
this question has become one of the favorite topics of the Anglo-American
analytical megaethics.

P. 225. "Russell's pluralism has its source not only in the monadism of Leibniz,
but also the pluralistic ontology of the Cambridge philosopher J. McTaggart,
who was the only pluralist among the British absolute
idealists. In addition, McTaggart influenced the young Russell with his atheism.
P. 233. *As a representative of the "logicist" line in the justification of logico-mathematical knowledge, Russell considered the provisions of logic and formalized
mathematics a priori in the sense of their a priori analyticity and rejected
Kantian approach based on a priori synthetic knowledge, which assumes
appeal to intuition.
P. 239. "Russell and his senior colleague at Trinity College, Cambridge
University mathematician (and later philosopher) A. N. Whitehead tried
to carry out such a complete formalization of arithmetic by means of symbolic
logic in the three-volume "Principia Mathematica" (1910-1913). Subsequently there was
the impracticability of such a plan was proved (K. Gödel's theorems).
p. 246. "A similar view was held by the British absolute idealists, with
with which Russell and Moore at the beginning of the century had to engage in constant controversy.

S. 247. " English word"belief" (and the verb to believe) is very ambiguous in Russian
the language is translated, depending on the context of use, as "faith", "belief",
"belief", "opinion", "belief". The last two words are preferred by those in
areas of intensional logic explore "contexts of opinions" or "contexts of
positing", as well as the logic of "propositional attitudes" (this term was introduced
Russell and serves to denote phrases like "He is sure that ...", "He hopes that ...").
P. 250. *That is, in languages in which the form of the word changes, usually the ending of the word.
P. 251. "Early Russell adhered to the so-called multi-place theory of judgments
(suggestions) until he recognized the correctness of his Austrian student Ludwig
Wittgenstein, who developed the "figurative" (or "model") theory of the sentence,
which explained much more simply the question of the meaning of sentences, their ability to
be true or false. This was one of the reasons why Russell
refused to publish his manuscript, called "The Theory of Knowledge".
P. 256. *By the beginning of the 1920s, these provisions would form the basis of Russell's theory
"logical atomism" (see: Russell B. Philosophy of logical atomism. Tomsk, 1999).
P. 262. "Russell reproduces not so much the position of Hegel himself as the British
absolute idealists.

P. 264. "What has been said applies rather not to Hegel, but to
British neo-Hegelian (absolute idealist) J.
Mactaggarg.
P. 265. "I mean Kant's doctrine of antinomies
cosmological idea.
P. 279. "This refers to the epistemological position of the six
American neorealists, who spoke in 1910 with
joint manifesto. This position is based on logic.
"external relations" and the theory of "immanence
transcendent", designed to justify independence from
consciousness of the object of direct knowledge.
The Analysis of Consciousness was published in 1921.
Keynes' book was published in 1921.

More on Bertrand Russell. Problems of Philosophy:

9.1 Bertrand Russell: knowledge of things and knowledge of truthsIn theory of knowledge
Russell distinguishes between two kinds of knowledge:
knowledge of things and knowledge of truths. These species correspond to two different
senses in which the word "know" can be used at all.
First of all, it is applied in the sense in which we know
"data supplied by our senses". Another possible
meaning refers to our opinions or beliefs, to what
2.2 Ontology, epistemology and philosophy of Russell's language Reform
logic, undertaken by G. Frege, remained in the shadows for some time,
which is largely due not only to the originality
proposed ideas that are poorly perceived in the environment
dominant psychologism in the foundations of mathematics and logic, but
and the extremely cumbersome formal apparatus into which they
were clothed. Formal language (Beggriffshrift) used
German logician,

2.1.1 Russellian analysis of the factual links
idealism at that time was the question of the so-called "internal" and
"external" relations, and Russell defended his position by
careful analysis of the relationship of facts. Russell discovered that a special
Leibniz's interpretation of relations provides the key to understanding his
system, and Russell saw the reason for this interpretation in the traditional
logic, which is limited
Walter
Russell Mil. Power, terror, peace and war. America's grand strategy in o
risk society, 2006
9. THE PROBLEM OF STUDYING PHILOSOPHYPhilosophy is one of the most
ancient areas of knowledge, spiritual culture. Appearing in the VII-VI centuries. BC
e. in India, China, Ancient Greece, it became a stable form
consciousness, which interested people for all subsequent centuries.
The vocation of philosophers was the search for answers to questions, and indeed
asking questions about worldview. Understanding
such questions are vital for people

3. THE PROBLEM OF THE ORIGIN OF PHILOSOPHYPhilosophy is one of
the most ancient ways of comprehending the world and defining by man
his place in it. Prerequisites for the emergence of philosophy:
interaction in the culture of worldview and categorical complexes; structural and functional difference between
them; rejection of the unreality of the myth that prevented the design
fundamental principles of scientific ideology
Section II MAIN PROBLEMS OF MODERN PHILOSOPHY Section
II MAIN PROBLEMS OF MODERN
12.1. THE PROBLEM OF THE IDEAL IN PHILOSOPHYPhilosophical understanding
world, revealing itself in the doctrine of being (ontology), comes from
the existence of two types of reality: nature and spirit, material and
ideal. If the materiality of the world does not cause special difficulties in
understanding, the ideality of the world requires additional argumentation. AT
the history of philosophy, the problem of the ideal was one of the central ones, because
one of the philosophical traditions associated with it

MAIN PROBLEMS AND PRINCIPLES OF PHILOSOPHY
FORECASTINGChapter 1 MAIN PROBLEMS AND PRINCIPLES
PHILOSOPHY
NEW PROBLEMS OF POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY IN INFORMATION
SOCIETYPolitical philosophy from antiquity to the present day
raises the most complex and significant problems of political life: about
the nature and essence of political power, the role and significance of the state in
the life of society, about a just state system and the highest goal
government controlled. In critical epochs of social development
especially the importance of conceptual understanding
The problem of freedom in the history of philosophy As history shows, freedom
is more important than life. For a man who knows himself to be free,
freedom is a necessity that determines his existence,
making it meaningful. Like any value, freedom belongs to
the world of meanings. In the philosophy of the twentieth century, existentialism insisted on this,
posed the problem of the correlation of freedom (human existence)
and unfreedom

Propagandist Cicero

Marcus Tullius Cicero was the eldest son of a Roman horseman of the same name,
to whom poor health did not allow him to make a career, and his wife Helvia -
"women of good birth and impeccable life". His brother was
Quintus, with whom Mark Tullius maintained a close relationship throughout his life,
cousin - Lucius Tullius Cicero, who accompanied his cousin in his
journey to the East in 79 BC. e.
The Tullian family belonged to the aristocracy of Arpinum, a small city in the lands
Volscians in the south of Latium, whose inhabitants had Roman citizenship since 188
year BC e. Gaius Marius was also from here, who was in property with
Tullia: Cicero's grandfather was married to Gratidia, whose brother married his sister
Maria. Thus, Mark Marius Gratidian was Cicero's cousin
uncle, and Lucius was married to Cicero's great-aunt Gratidia
Sergius Catiline.
It is not known from what time the Tullii wore the cognomen Cicero (Cicero). Plutarch
claims that this generic name comes from the word "chickpeas" and that
friends of Cicero in those days when he was just starting his career advised him
replace this name with something more harmonious; Marcus Tullius rejected this advice,
declaring that he would make his cognomen louder than the names of Scaurus and Catulus.

Seneca

Seneca Lucius Annaeus (he is simply called Seneca the Younger in contrast to his
father, the famous philosopher Seneca the Elder) - Roman philosopher,
statesman, one of the most famous representatives of Stoicism,
poet. Born in the city of Corduba (currently Spanish Cordoba) at about 4
BC e. His father was a man of the old school and believed that classes
philosophy is less important than practical activity, therefore, he strove
to help his sons make a political career in the future. For this he
moved to Rome, where the young Seneca the Younger learned the basics of science, in particular, was
a student of the Stoics Sextius, Attalus, the Pythagorean Sotion.
During the reign of the emperor Tiberius, in about 33, he became a quaestor. Being
member of the Senate, led the opposition, passionately and consistently denounced
despotism of acting emperors. When in 37 Caligula took the throne,
Seneca was such an illustrious senator, orator and writer that
the emperor decided to kill him, and only the intervention of one of
concubines helped to avoid such an unenviable fate: it was decided that Seneca,
not distinguished by good health, will quickly die a natural death.

In 41, under Emperor Claudius I, he was sent to exile for 8 years.
deserted Corsica because of the accusation of involvement in the conspiracy.
Turn this sad page in the biography of Seneca helped
wife of Claudius I Agrippina, who brought him back from exile and
invited her son, then still young, to the court as a mentor
Nero. From 49 to 54 he was the tutor of the future emperor,
and after the 16-year-old Nero took the throne after being poisoned
Claudius, turned into one of the first persons of the state, adviser,
influencing decisions in the field of both external and internal
politicians. In 57 he became a consul, i.e. received the highest
possible positions. The high social status brought him and
great wealth.
However, the relationship between Seneca and his former pupil
gradually got worse and worse. In 59 Seneca had to
write a text for the emperor justifying the murder of his mother
Agrippina, to speak in the Senate. This act worsened
reputation in the public eye and widened the gap between
philosopher and emperor. In 62, Seneca resigns, leaving
Nero all the fortune acquired over many years.

From the point of view of philosophical views, Seneca was closest to
the Stoics. His ideal was a spiritually independent sage who could
to serve as a model for universal imitation and was free in that
including human passions. All my adult life I have struggled with
despotism Seneca in 65 joined the palace conspiracy,
led by Senator Piso. The intrigue was revealed, and Nero,
for whom Seneca has always been the personification of the prohibition,
restrictions in actions, could not miss the opportunity to remove him from his
way. The emperor personally ordered the philosopher, a former teacher, to end
with him, leaving the sight of death to his own discretion. Seneca
opened his veins, and in order to hasten death, which was slowly advancing due to
of his advanced age, resorted to the use of poison. With him
his wife committed suicide.
The literary heritage of Seneca is 12 small
treatises, highest value of which have "On Anger", "On
providence”, “On peace of mind”. He left behind him three large
works - “Natural-Historical Questions”, “On Benefits”, “On
mercy." He is also the author of 9 tragedies with plots
taken from mythology. He received worldwide fame
"Medea", "Oedipus", "Agamemnon", "Phaedra"; European drama of the 18th century was greatly influenced by these plays.

Epictetus

Epicteet (other Greek Έπίκτητος; c. 50, Hierapolis, Phrygia - 138, Nikopol, Epirus) -
ancient Greek philosopher; a slave in Rome, then a freedman; founded in
Nikopol philosophical school.
The lectures of the Stoic Musonius Rufus were held in Rome, among the audience there were also
Epaphrodite is the master of Epictetus, accompanied by his slave.
He preached the ideas of Stoicism: the main task of philosophy is to teach
distinguish between what is within our power and what is not. We are not in control of everything
outside of us, corporeal, external world. Not these things themselves, but only ours
ideas about them make us happy or unhappy; but our thoughts
aspirations, and therefore our happiness, are subject to us. All people are slaves
one God, and the whole life of a person must be in connection with God, which
makes a person capable of courageously confronting the vicissitudes of life.
Epictetus himself did not write treatises. Extracts from his teachings, known as
the names "Conversations" (Διατριβαί) and "Guide" (Έγχειρίδιον) have been preserved in
notes of his student Arrian. The last (shorter) text was especially
popular: it was translated into Latin, commented on many times
philosophers and theologians.

Marcus Aurelius

Mark Annius Ver (later after the first adoption - Mark Annius Catilius
Severus, and after the second - Marc Elius Aurelius Ver Caesar), son of Mark Annius Verus and
Domitius Lucilla, who went down in history under the name of Marcus Aurelius, was born in
Rome on April 26, 121 in a senatorial family of Spanish origin.
Paternal grandfather of Marcus Aurelius (also Marcus Annius Ver) was three times
consul (elected for the third time in 126).
Mark Annius Ver was originally adopted by his mother's third husband
Emperor Hadrian - Domitia Lucilla Paulina - Publius Catilius Severus
(consul in 120) and became known as Mark Annius Catilius Severus.
In 139, after the death of his adoptive father, he was adopted by the emperor.
Antoninus Pius and became known as Marc Elius Aurelius Ver Caesar.
The wife of Antoninus Pius - Anniya Galeria Faustina (Faustina the Elder) - accounted for
sister to the father of Marcus Aurelius (and, accordingly, his own aunt
Marcus Aurelius).
Marcus Aurelius received an excellent education. During the lifetime of Emperor Hadrian
Marcus Aurelius, despite his young age, was scheduled for quaestors, and through
half a year after the death of Hadrian assumed the office of quaestor (December 5, 138)
and began to engage in administrative activities.

In the same year he was engaged to Annia Galeria Faustina,
daughter of Emperor Antoninus Pius, Hadrian's successor on the throne.
From marriage with her, Marcus Aurelius had children: Annius Aurelius Galerius
Lucilla, Annius Aurelius Galerius Faustina, Elia Antonina, Elia
Adriana, Domitius Faustina, Fadilla, Cornificius, Commodus
(future emperor), Titus Aurelius Fulvius Antonina, Elia
Aurelius, Mark Annius Vera Caesar, Vibius Aurelius Sabinus.
Most of the children of Marcus Aurelius died in childhood, before
only Commodus, Lucilla, Faustina and Sabina survived to adulthood.
He was scheduled by Antoninus Pius to be consul for the year 140 and declared
caesar. In 145 he was declared consul for the second time, along with Pius.
At the age of 25, Marcus Aurelius began to study philosophy; main
Marcus Aurelius was mentored by Quintus Junius Rusticus. Available
information about other philosophers called for him to Rome.
Marcus Aurelius' leader in study civil law was
famous lawyer Lucius Volusius Metian.
On January 1, 161, Mark entered his third consulship with
adoptive brother. In March of the same year, Emperor Antoninus died.
Pius and the joint reign of Marcus Aurelius with Lucius Verus began
, which lasted until the death of Lucius in January 169, after which Mark
Aurelius ruled alone.

philosophy

Marcus Aurelius left philosophical notes - 12 written in
Greek of "books" (chapters of a book), which are usually attributed
general title "Discourses about oneself". philosophy teacher
Marcus Aurelius was Maximus Claudius.
As a representative of late Stoicism, Marcus Aurelius
pays the most attention in his philosophy to ethics, and the rest
sections of philosophy serve propaedeutic purposes.
The previous tradition of Stoicism distinguished in man the body and
soul, which is pneuma. Marcus Aurelius sees in
man has three principles, adding to the soul (or pneuma) and body (or flesh)
also intellect (or reason, or nous). If the old Stoics believed
the soul-pneuma is the dominant principle, then Marcus Aurelius calls
the leading principle of the mind. Reason-nus represents the inexhaustible
a source of impulses necessary for a worthy human life.
One must bring one's mind into harmony with the nature of the whole and
achieve through this dispassion. In line with the general
happiness lies in the mind.

Sextus Empiricus

Sextus Empiricus (Σέξτος Έμπειρικός, 2nd half of the 2nd century AD
) - ancient Greek physician and philosopher, representative
classical ancient skepticism.
Lived in Alexandria, Athens and Rome. From the messages of Diogenes
Laertes and Galen show that Sextus Empiricus was a student
Herodotus of Tarsus and, in turn, had a student in the person
Saturnine. The nickname "Empiric" is given to him, in all likelihood,
because he belonged for a while to the school
empirical doctors before becoming a skeptic.
His works "Pyrrhonic Propositions" (Πυ ῤῥώνειοι
ὑποτύπωσεις) and Against the Scientists (Adversus Mathematicos)
are the main sources on the philosophy of ancient
skepticism. They mention many testimonies and fragments
from the teachings of philosophers whose works have not survived.

The whole cycle "Against the Scientists" is divided by many into two parts, of which
one is called "Against Dogmatists" and the other "Against
individual sciences. Books "Against the dogmatists", uniting with
another cycle "Against the Scientists", usually referred to in science as
such figures: "Against the Logicians" is called VII and VIII (since in
This treatise has two books), "Against the Physicists" - IX and X (according to the same
reason) and "Against the Ethics" - XI (in this treatise there is only one
the book is contained). As for the books directed against
individual scientists, they are respectively designated by Roman
numbers I-VI: "Against grammarians" - I, "Against rhetors" - II,
"Against geometers" - III, "Against arithmetic" - IV, "Against
astrologers" - V, "Against the musicians" - VI. Usually, however,
book "Against the Dogmatists" in view of their philosophical
principles are published before books against individual
Sciences. Therefore, the first and most fundamental books of all
cycle "Against the Scientists" are indicated by the numbers VII-XI, and the books
against individual sciences are indicated by the numbers I-VI.
The author of the catchphrase "
Slowly the mills grind the gods, but grind diligently.”

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Presentation slides

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Second period

Hellenistic-Roman philosophy

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skepticism

The leading schools of this period were:

epicureanism stoicism

These three philosophical schools of Hellenism were preceded by the philosophy of Cynicism, the founders of which were Antisthenes (c. 445-360 BC) and Deogenes (c. 412-323 BC).

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The ethics of the Cynics were of an individualistic and subjective nature, based on fortitude, on an extraordinary ability for independent existence.

Cynicism (from the Greek "kyunikos" - a dog, representatives of this school called themselves dogs) existed until the very end of antiquity.

According to the Cynics, philosophy should not engage in abstract speculation, but show a person the path to a virtuous life. And for this it is necessary to reassess values and “throw false values into dust,” as Diogenes wrote.

As such false values, the Cynics considered property, bodily pleasures and dependence on public opinion. They preached poverty and complete renunciation of pleasures.

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Fear of death

Philosophy of Epicureanism

Epicureanism also had an individualistic character. Fascinated by the ideas of Democritus, Epicurus (341-270 BC) founded a philosophical school in his garden in Athens, which went down in history as the garden of Epicurus.

The ethical teaching of Epicurus can be defined as the ethics of freedom. According to Epicurus, a person can become free only by overcoming the main obstacles to happiness:

Fear of the intervention of the gods in human life

Fear of the afterlife

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A huge role in the spread of Epicureanism was played by the poem “On the Nature of Things” written in Latin by Titus Lucretius Cara (middle of the 1st century BC). It was with the publication of this poem that acquaintance with the ideas of atomism began in the Renaissance.

Death, according to Epicurus, has nothing to do with us, because "when we are, then there is no death yet, and when death comes, then we are no longer there."

He believed that the goal of a happy life is in peace of mind, in "serenity of the soul" (ataraxia).

The teaching of Epicureanism passed to Roman soil in the 1st century BC. BC.

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According to the views of the Stoics, the path to happiness lies through apathy (a is a negative particle, “patos” is passion), that is, through the eradication of passionate feelings, affects. The proximity of the Stoic concept of "apathy" and the Epicurean concept of "peace of mind" is obvious.

The teaching of Stoicism, founded by Zeno of Kytheon (336-265 BC), has existed since the 3rd century. BC. according to the II century. AD The name of the school "Stoya" comes from the place where Zeno expounded his teachings - the so-called "Colorful Portico" in Athens.

Like the Epicureans, the Stoics considered the achievement of a happy life to be the highest goal of mankind, but they interpreted the path to happiness in a different way.

In an effort to live in accordance with nature, the Stoics sought moral freedom, liberation from passions, affects, which are the main source of human vices and disasters.

Stoicism

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The Stoics taught with equal calmness to endure both the joys and hardships of life - illness, suffering, poverty, humiliation.

They introduced the concept of fate, or fate. This concept brings the Stoics close to their doctrine of Conduct and free will within the framework of necessity.

The circumstances of his life depend on the necessary course of things, and not on the free will of a person: wealth or poverty, health or illness, pleasure or suffering.

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The skeptical philosopher was not supposed to attach unconditionally true significance to anything. These teachings, with their epistemological pessimism and withdrawal into the inner world of the individual, were characteristic not only of early, but also of late Hellenism.

The contradictory views of various schools on the most important issues of life led to disappointment in the possibilities of knowledge, to skepticism (from the Greek. to weigh, to be indecisive). The teaching of the skeptics was a radical doubt about the validity of knowledge.

The founder of skepticism, Pyrrho (360-270 BC), argued that the only proper way for a philosopher to relate to things can only consist in abstaining from any kind of judgment.

Skepticism

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“Back to the dear community!” exclaimed the greatest thinker not only of late Hellenism, but of all ancient philosophy Plotinus (204-270 AD), referring to heaven, eternal divine being.

Neoplatonism - the philosophical doctrine of late Hellenism

Neoplatonism, the most vivid and profound teaching of late antiquity, expressed the deepest characteristics of its era: its universalism and catastrophism.

The catastrophism of the last centuries of the Roman Empire caused persistent attempts to leave, to renounce everything earthly, which was characteristic not only of the philosophical teachings of Neoplatonism, but also of Christianity that was born and was gaining strength.

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The philosophical task of Plotinus was to consistently deduce from the divine primal unity the gradation of everything that exists in the world.

The highest stage of being, according to Plotinus, is the divine First One, or the One, which can only be defined as a self-sufficient principle, devoid of any properties.

The first thing that comes from the One is the Mind (Nus), which, in terms of the degree of perfection of being, is closest to the One. But as produced, the Mind is lower than the producing One, due to which it contains a lot.

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In the philosophy of Plotinus, it was his main ideas that were productive from a cultural and historical point of view, and not the philosophical scheme itself.

The first moment of the Mind is the substance understood by Platinum not as the matter of the sensible world, but as an existent.

The second moment of Mind is conceivable being or existence.

The third point is thinking.

Thus Mind includes essence, existence and thinking.

The One and the Mind are followed by the Soul, which relates to the Mind as the Mind relates to the One. She has dual nature: one part of it tends inward, towards the Mind, and the other is turned outward.

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These ideas, closest to Christian theology, were destined to have a long life. Summing up, we can say that the philosophy of Plotinus is, according to B. Russell, both the end and the beginning, the end of ancient philosophy and the beginning of Christian theology.

The most significant philosophical ideas of Plotinus:

value approach to being based on its hierarchization

recognition of higher being as a creative principle

the idea of creation by the higher being of the lower, understood as its emanation

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Lesson plan: 1. Features of the socio-economic development of the Ancient Greek and Roman states 2. Skepticism: based idea, representatives 3. Epicureanism: based idea, representatives 4. Stoicism: based idea, representatives 5. Cynicism: based idea, representatives.

Sextus Empiricus (n. II century) ancient Greek physician and philosopher Sextus Empiricus (n. II century) ancient Greek physician and philosopher Pyrrho from Elis (c. 360 BC 270 BC) ancient Greek philosopher Pyrrho from Elis (c. 360 BC 270 BC) ancient Greek philosopher Representatives of Stoicism

Epicureanism is a philosophical doctrine based on the ideas of Epicurus and his followers. Tetrafarmakos: one should not be afraid of the gods; should not be afraid of death: “As long as we exist, there is no death; when there is death, we are no more”; the good is easily attainable; evil is easily tolerated.

Epicurus (342/341 BC 271/270 BC) Ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus (342/341 BC 271/270 BC) Ancient Greek philosopher Titus Lucretius Kar (99 BC) 55 BC) Roman poet and philosopher Titus Lucretius Carus (99 BC 55 BC) Roman poet and philosopher Representatives of Epicureanism

Stoicism is a philosophical school that arose during the early Hellenistic period and remained influential until the end ancient world. It is divided into logic, physics and ethics: the structural relationship of the three parts serves as a doctrinal expression of the universal "logicality" of being, or the unity of the laws of the world mind-Logos in the spheres of knowledge, world order and morality.

Zeno of Kition (346/336//262 BC) Ancient Greek philosopher Zeno of Kition (346/336//262 BC) Ancient Greek philosopher Seneca (4 BC 65 AD) Roman Stoic philosopher, poet and statesman Seneca (4 BC - 65 AD) Roman Stoic philosopher, poet and statesman Representatives of Stoicism

Cynicism - claims that best life is not just in naturalness, but in getting rid of conventions and artificialities, in freedom from the possession of superfluous and useless. to achieve good, one should live “like a dog”, combining: simplicity of life, following one's own nature, contempt for conventions; the ability to firmly defend their way of life, stand up for themselves; loyalty, courage, gratitude.

Diogenes of Sinop c. 412 BC e.June 10, 323 BC BC) the ancient Greek philosopher Diogenes of Sinope c. 412 BC e.June 10, 323 BC e.) the ancient Greek philosopher Antisthenes of Athens 444/435 BC. e. 370/360 BC e.) Ancient Greek philosopher, founder of Cynicism Antisthenes of Athens 444/435 BC. e. 370/360 BC e.) Ancient Greek philosopher, founder of cynicism Representatives of cynicism

Philosophy of the Hellenic-Roman period (IV century BC - V century AD) Hellenic periodRoman period Stoicism periodIV - II centuries. BC I-II centuries. representatives of the main idea of skepticism period IV-I centuries. BC II-III centuries. representatives of the main idea of Epicureanism period IV-III centuries. BC I-II centuries. representatives of the main idea of Cynicism period V-I centuries. BC I-IV centuries. representatives main idea

Task: arrange the proposed theses and the names of the founders in accordance with the philosophical concept: Zeno from Kition, Seneca, Epictetus, Marcus Aurelius Epicurus Titus Lucretius Car Antisthenes of Athens, Diogenes of Sinop, the first Christian sects Pyrrho, Sextus Empiricus 1. You should not be afraid of nature, because besides it, atoms and emptiness, there is nothing. 2. One should not be afraid of death, because there is no afterlife, and death is only the disintegration of the body into atoms. 3. There is no need to be afraid of the gods, who, although they exist, do not affect human life in any way, because they do not want to disturb their serene life. 1. It is in the power of a person to be a wise man to obey the reason of nature or a fool to ignore the reason of nature. 2. Only intelligent life is good. 3. Good agreement with the main law of all nature, the law of self-preservation. 4. Live virtuously follow this law in everything.

1. Social cataclysms prove the illusory nature of the priority of the general over the individual. 2. Only the individual is natural and real. 3. Inner freedom is achieved by neglecting everything that is not necessary; reasonable self-restraint in food, clothing and other natural needs. Key questions: 1. What are things? 2. How should they be spoken about? 3. What is the use of our judgments? Answers: 1. Nothing definite can be said about things. Truth and falsehood are indistinguishable. 2. Therefore one should refrain from any categorical judgments about things. 3. Refraining from judgment The best way find peace of mind.

Marcus Aurelius - (April 26, 121 March 17, 180) Roman emperor (gg.) Marcus Aurelius - (April 26, 121 March 17, 180) Roman emperor (gg.) Live every day as if he was the last, never fussing, never being indifferent, never taking theatrical poses - that's the perfection of character. Our life is what our thoughts turn it into Think about what the stoic wanted to say in this phrase