Reasons for non-implementation of the provisions of the Concept of State Migration Policy Russian Federation

The main provisions of the Concept of State Migration Policy for the period up to 2025 remain unrealized. First of all, this applies to its areas in the field of creating conditions and incentives for resettlement in the Russian Federation and the development of differentiated mechanisms for attracting, selecting and using foreign labor force demanded by the Russian economy. The current state of affairs can be explained by the following reasons:

• Measures to implement the Concept from the very beginning began to be targeted and technical. They were not accompanied by systemic changes in the institutions that regulate migration processes, as was laid down in the Concept, and, consequently, their effectiveness was very limited.
• The implementation of a systematic approach to migration management requires concerted action by all interested authorities state power. However, due to narrow departmental interests, there was no unity on a larger range of issues. The greatest success was achieved precisely in those areas outlined by the Concept, where interdepartmental gaps were overcome: educational migration and academic mobility - the Federal Migration Service of Russia, the Ministry of Education and the Higher School of Economics, countering illegal migration - the Federal Migration Service of Russia, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia and the Federal Security Service of Russia.
• In a number of cases, such as, for example, with labor migration, adaptation and integration of migrants, the FMS of Russia was forced to resolve, among other things, issues that did not fall within its competence. Unfortunately, other departments that are directly related to these areas have actually abstained from participating in activities to implement the provisions of the Concept.
• It should be noted that a significant part of society perceives migration processes exclusively in a negative light, and many politicians and experts, when interpreting migration policy measures, rely on their personal experience and are guided not by a strategic vision of the problem, but by situational reactions. Many initially perceived the Concept of State Migration Policy for the period up to 2025 as too liberal, which is completely inconsistent with the content of the document.
• It should not be ruled out that opposition to transparency and institutional changes is related to the corrupt and lobbying interests of a number of officials and employers who are closely associated with migration processes.
• Undoubtedly, insufficient knowledge and lack of forecasts of the labor market, the role of migrants in the country's economy also affected the implementation of the provisions of the Concept. Research is hampered by a narrow statistical base. In fact, the country does not have a system of state statistical monitoring of migration processes in the form of regular sample surveys or a block of questions in existing surveys. Administrative data sources are slowly improving and are not always open. The available reporting of the Migration Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia has objective limitations for application. These are administrative data and are not the result of an analysis of the migration situation, factors and consequences of migration.
• A separate reason is the shortcomings in staff training. As such, no one trains specialists in migration issues (or rather, the administration of this process) in our country. As practice shows, advanced training courses are not enough to train middle and senior managers in the field of migration. Despite the holding of advanced training courses for individual programs (RANEPA, University of Management, etc.), in Russia there is no standard educational program for employees of migration authorities. The deadlines for implementing the Concept of State Migration Policy for the period up to 2025 have not yet come out, and today we are talking about its revision and, in fact, the development of a new Concept. The proposals put forward by a number of expert groups in present time, largely repeat or develop the provisions of the 2012 Concept. In this sense, it makes more sense to talk about clarifying or revising this Concept, taking into account the changes that have taken place in the legislation, economy, demography of the country, in the international situation, and also taking into account the reasons that hindered the implementation of its provisions.

The material was prepared within the framework of the HSE Fund for Fundamental Research project TZ-107
Denisenko Mikhail Borisovich – Deputy Director, Institute of Demography, National Research University Higher School of Economics
Chudinovskikh Olga Sergeevna - acting Head of the Laboratory of Population Economics and Demography, Faculty of Economics, Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov
The concept of the state migration policy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025. Approved by the President of the Russian Federation on June 13, 2012
Heated by means mass media and various surveys of the population with "leading" questions that anticipate the "necessary" answer.
In particular, one of the regional programs adopted in 2016 states that “The development and implementation of the program is determined by the urgency of the problem of attracting additional labor resources to the economy Altai Territory in order to meet the need for qualified personnel, the need to solve the demographic problem. With a clear economic meaning of the task, the text of the program emphasizes that its scope is social. There is a logical contradiction - the collection of the "Russian World" is declared according to ethnic and "linguo-civilizational" criteria, and at the same time attempts are made to use economic filters, i.e. select program participants based on professions in demand in the region. Some regions consider foreign students as a potential for participation in the State Program, but on the condition that they meet the definition of "compatriot" established by law (see. Guidelines to attract, within the framework of the State program to assist voluntary resettlement to the Russian Federation, compatriots living abroad, foreign students studying in institutions of higher professional and secondary special education Saratov region. 2015)
In total, in order to organize the reception of citizens of Ukraine, 52 normative and administrative acts of various legal force were adopted. See: Federal Migration Service. Final report on the migration situation, results and main activities of the Federal Migration Service for 2015. Moscow, 2016. P. 14.
Address of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly, December 2013

Migration has become one of the most important sources of population formation in Russia and in its individual regions. Various researchers put the most diverse meaning into the concept of “population migration”. Under the migration of the population (from the Latin migratio - resettlement) it is customary to understand territorial mobility ( mechanical movement) population. It is associated with movement across the country, due to the influence of various factors - socio-economic, military-political, religious, natural, environmental; features of the historical and economic development of individual regions.

The territorial feature is the main one in the migratory mobility of the population. An example of this is the daily commute to and from work, from the suburbs to the cities and back. These trips are of a local nature and do not affect the geographical pattern of settlement, but at the same time have a significant impact on the formation of local settlement systems.

There is also a functional feature, according to which migration can be divided into labor, cultural and household, recreational (tourism, recreation).

On a temporary basis, they stand out:

• 1) temporary, or returnable,
• 2) permanent, or irrevocable.

According to the direction of migration flows, they are divided:

• 1. external (intercontinental and interstate). External migration includes emigration (departure from the country of residence) and immigration (entry into the country), as well as repatriation (return of those who left their homeland).
• 2. internal (interdistrict, intradistrict). Examples of internal migrations are the movement of residents from one city to another, from a village to a city, etc. Internal seasonal migrations intensify during the period of intensification of agricultural work (spring, summer, autumn) or during summer holidays.

According to the form of organization, migration of the population is divided into two types:

• 1. Organized, carried out with the participation and with the help of the state.
• 2. Unorganized (amateur).

Immigration policy regulates the rules and regulations for the admission of foreign citizens. Emigration policy - the departure of citizens abroad.

Existential migration is a concept that arose as a result of phenomenological studies of the life of voluntary migrants who left their homes solely from the desire to live in a foreign country.

The purpose of such migration is, in essence, the knowledge of certain aspects of human existence that cannot be known in any other way.

There are a number of motivations for such a migration:

striving to realize their full potential,

desire for freedom and independence, openness to new experience, perception of something as an incentive to expand self-consciousness.

There is also another type of migration - this is ethnic migration - a set of migration flows, in which persons with a common ethnicity, moving from one large ethno-cultural area to another, numerically predominate.

The reasons for moving to a new place of residence can be divided into:

• 1. economic (labor) associated with the search for places with better paid jobs and a higher standard of living.
• 2. political, caused by a change in the borders of the state, discrimination of certain groups of the population.

The state migration policy of the Russian Federation is a set of generally recognized principles and norms of international law and international treaties RF, as well as the provisions of the Constitution of the RF, as a result of which are expressed in federal laws and regulations - legal acts, federal executive bodies.

The goal of migration policy is to optimize the migration movement of the population, ensuring the correspondence of labor resources to jobs. Migration policy is determined by the state on the basis of legislation that takes into account the interests of society and its individual members. “International migration policy, unlike domestic policy, applies more stringent requirements to the regulation of migrant flows in terms of volume, national and professional composition. International migration policy is carried out by the International Labor Organization, regional economic communities and other organizations.”

The migration policy is carried out by the state in the field of migration of the population and labor resources, as well as by international organizations.

When implementing migration policy, federal government bodies, federal executive bodies, as well as public associations face the following tasks:

In the political and state-legal sphere:

development of state measures related to the influx of migrants;

reaching agreement between state authorities on the regulation of migration processes;

the adoption of federal laws and legal acts of the Russian Federation to eliminate freedom of movement, the stay of foreign citizens without citizenship and the use of foreign labor;

coordination of the interests of the state in the development and implementation of migration programs that affect the interests of migrants;

protection and ensuring the legitimate rights and interests of migrants.

In the socio-economic sphere:

regulation of the situation in the labor markets, housing, etc.;

formation of the federal budget;

development and implementation of regional and interregional programs;

development of communication systems for information purposes;

assistance public organizations migrants.

in area foreign policy:

peaceful resolution of ethno-political and regional conflicts;

accession to agreements on the rights of migrant workers;

facilitation of cross-border trade, domestic or other contacts;

full development and provision of spiritual ties with Russia;

implementation of agreements on the protection of national minorities.

In the spiritual realm:

informing the population about the specifics of the psychology of migrants;

spreading the ideas of friendship among peoples and feelings of patriotism;

dissemination of knowledge about the history and culture of peoples - migrants;

taking into account national customs, traditions and rituals of migrants.

The migration policy of the Russian Federation is based on the following principles:

harmonization of the state interests of Russia and its subjects;

application of federal laws in the field of protection of the rights of migrants;

inadmissibility of discrimination.

The directions of the state migration policy of the Russian Federation are: prevention, prevention and minimization of the negative consequences of stimulated migration flows.

The most important direction in the prevention of forced migration from outside Russia and illegal immigration is taking into account the legal and socio-economic status of compatriots in the establishment of bilateral relations between Russia and the states of the new abroad.

The state authorities of the Russian Federation will promote the speedy conclusion and practical implementation of interstate agreements regulating the processes of resettlement of citizens, guaranteeing their rights and obligations of state authorities to promote voluntary resettlement. Violation of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen is the most important reason for the emergence of flows of displaced persons on the territory of Russia.

State authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation have the right to develop and adopt appropriate laws and other regulatory legal acts, taking into account the delimitation of jurisdiction in this area, established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and Russia's existing international obligations to protect the rights of national minorities.

There are regions in the Russian Federation that need certain measures of state assistance to maintain the basics of the life of the population living in them. This applies to most regions of the Far North, primarily to those settlements in which, as a result of the actions of state and non-state structures, there was an irreparable liquidation of jobs and a reduction in social institutions.

They must also take all necessary measures to improve legislation on the legal status of foreign citizens and stateless persons located on the territory of Russia, the use of foreign labor. Particular attention will be paid to the development of mechanisms for the deportation of persons illegally staying on the territory of Russia.(16)

Federal authorities need to implement measures to control the expediency of attracting and using foreign labor, aimed at protecting the domestic labor market, ensuring the priority right of Russian citizens to fill labor vacancies, combating illegal labor migration, etc.

State authorities of the Russian Federation should promote the development of mutually beneficial migration exchange, including in the field of labor migration, with border states on the basis of the current labor legislation of the Russian Federation.

Subjects of the Russian Federation have the right to regulate socio-economic migration, based on the prevailing socio-economic, environmental situation and other circumstances within the framework of federal legislation. In some regions, laws and other regulatory legal acts have been adopted that provide preferences to people from these regions, persons migrating from the northern regions of Russia, military personnel, etc. In a number of subjects, restrictive measures have been taken to prevent the influx of migrants from other subjects of the Federation and from beyond its borders.

“Preferences or restrictions for certain categories migrants must be legislatively formalized and clearly articulated in regional migration programs, other by-laws and cannot contradict federal law.

The state authorities of the Russian Federation are striving to expand the capabilities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to independently regulate migration processes on their territory within their competence, including through the conclusion of relevant treaties and agreements.

The main directions of the state migration policy of the Russian Federation are:

In the field of expanding opportunities for resettlement for permanent residence:

availability of qualified specialists;

development of programs to stimulate the migration of entrepreneurs;

simplification of resettlement rules for family reunification;

providing immigrants with access to social, medical and educational services.

In the field of developing differentiated mechanisms for attracting and using foreign labor:

improvement of the mechanism, attraction of foreign workers;

introduction of short-term and long-term labor migration programs;

development of programs for seasonal migration of workers;

incentives for foreign workers;

simplification of the rules for the entry of foreign citizens into the territory of the Russian Federation.

In the field of educational migration to the Russian Federation:

creation of conditions for admission of foreign applicants;

expansion of the student base in Russian universities;

permission for foreign students to work in their specialty;

simplification of migration registration of foreign citizens;

export of Russian educational programs.

In the field of fulfillment of obligations in relation to migrants:

creation of favorable conditions for study, work;

improving the asylum system;

creation of information exchange systems;

building reciprocity between migrants and the local population:

development of intercultural communication;

creation of conditions for the adaptation of temporary migrants;

reforming the institutions of socialization of migrant children;

promoting the spread of the Russian language and Russian culture;

In the field of combating illegal migration:

consolidation of the concept of "immigration control";

opposition to the organization of illegal migration.

credit line

Akopyan O.A., NIRSI analyst

For Russia, as a state bordering 18 countries, the assumption of imperfections in this area carries tangible negative risks.

Understanding the intricacies of migration policy, we have to talk about several areas at once - emigration trends and immigration waves, legal and illegal migrants, refugees, internally displaced persons and, perhaps, the most relevant today - labor migrants. In addition, an important topic today is the situation with internal labor migration in the Russian Federation.

There is still no coherent state policy in these areas. The fact is that the issues of migration policy are often used by political parties as an element of pre-election PR, while the real migration policy is situational. Despite a number of steps (bringing order in the markets, combating gambling, the priority of the indigenous population in the labor market) carried out by the authorities, there was no holistic concept of the state migration policy in the interests of Russia (at the time of the "opening of the borders" of our new state), so and no. But if then the pace was very modest - in 1989 Russia received 13 thousand Meskhetian Turks from Fergana, and a year later 90 thousand Armenians from Baku - today, 20 years later, more than 200 thousand people began to enter Russia annually. However, we began to lose a solid number of citizens annually - more than 30 thousand.

The thesis of a situational, targeted response to emerging problems has many confirmations in practice. The most obvious of these is the frequent change in recent years of quotas for foreign labor migrants. Initially, 3.9 million quotas for foreign labor were planned for 2009. At the beginning of 2009, this figure was reduced by 50%. Thus, the quota was less than 2 million, then it was reduced by another 52 thousand. In 2010 and 2011, the quota continued to be reduced and now it is not much more than one and a half million. However, it seems that reducing the number of legal (!) migrants in the country is not the most correct measure from an economic point of view, and it also does not solve most of the problems that arise in the migration sphere due to the annual growth of illegal labor migration.

According to experts, the need for labor migrants will only increase with the development of the country's economy, in particular, its non-primary sector, and it is in this sector that, as a rule, the majority of migrants are employed. That is why today there are a number of questions, problems and pressing topics for discussion.

Below are some of the most relevant and resonant
(main theses):

• Currently, migration flows are spontaneous. As a result, the real possibilities of social infrastructure are not taken into account, the disproportions of regional labor markets increase, social tension grows, and conditions are created for the spread of ideas of national intolerance among the population of the Russian Federation.
• The main issues that need to be considered are the creation of conditions for attracting qualified legal labor resources in the Russian Federation, the improvement of migration accounting, counteracting illegal migration, as well as a set of measures to support internal labor migration in Russia and the introduction of a widespread practice of its statistical accounting.
• The solution of the voiced tasks cannot be carried out without the collection and analysis of high-quality and detailed information on migration. The sources of information on migration are administrative statistics, censuses and population surveys. However, all these sources do not fully cover migrants, primarily illegal ones, which makes it difficult to make informed economic and political decisions.
• The choice facing Russia is long overdue: to take a position of openness or closeness in migration issues. Immigration openness means betting on increasing the competitiveness of individual corporate entities or business segments by reducing labor costs. An alternative to this model is the choice in favor of economic development based on the domestic market. It, among many other conditions, implies a qualitative increase in long-term public investment in the reproduction of human capital and selective closeness in migration policy.
• There is a need to develop social programs that provide more effective socialization of visitors, their ethno-cultural and linguistic adaptation. In addition, it is necessary to stimulate the migration influx of the Russian-speaking population, former compatriots from neighboring countries, primarily qualified personnel. These measures are necessary today in connection with the impending threat of the loss of national identity in Russia and the erosion of the ethno-cultural background. With regard to immigrants who oppose integration into a single cultural and linguistic space of Russia, striving for isolation and exceptionally compact living, radical measures can be applied - they may be asked to return to the countries where they previously lived.
• Russia is interested in the influx of highly qualified personnel capable of contributing to the socio-economic development of the country, to the development of fundamental and applied science. Removal of legal barriers for foreign specialists wishing to work in Russian financial institutions will increase the investment attractiveness of the country.
• The problem of personnel shortage in a number of regions of Russia (Siberia, the Far East) should be solved, first of all, through economic stimulation of an increase in the rate of internal migration, as well as a comprehensive reform of the regional policy of the state, and not through the general attraction of immigrants from neighboring countries.
• All bureaucratic delays that impede the return of Russians from the CIS countries and far abroad to their homeland must be eliminated as soon as possible. It is necessary to make every possible effort to implement the priority of repatriation declared by the state (the real resource of repatriation today is about 7 million people).
• The filling of vacant niches in the labor market by immigrants - we are talking, first of all, about low-paid work, which has not become attractive to domestic personnel - is another illustration of the situational solution of social problems. Especially this topic relevant due to the relatively high unemployment rate in the country. We should talk about the creation of economic programs to support and employ Russians. It is necessary to work out a base of incentive measures to attract domestic workers to the low-skilled labor market.
• The negative consequences of uncontrolled migration today are difficulties with assimilation, an increase in crime among migrants, non-compliance with tax laws by migrants, a massive outflow Money from Russia to the countries of permanent residence (according to international experts, more than 30% of the GDP of Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Moldova are the earnings of migrants from these countries in Russia), updating the national question.
• It is proposed to pay special attention to the issues of internal migration. Only 15,000 people were scheduled to move to a new job last year. This figure is not comparable with the number of unemployed in Russia (according to official statistics, it exceeds 5 million people). The mechanisms for stimulating an increase in the rate of internal labor migration (mainly highly qualified personnel from the central part of Russia to other regions) require a detailed discussion.
• The question needs to be answered: is the influx of immigrants the only way to prevent a demographic catastrophe in Russia, and, consequently, the only way to solve the problem? In recent years, the migration influx compensates for about 80% of the natural decline in the population of Russia. However, this solution demographic problems can not be called humane and legitimate.
• The facts of monstrous corruption in the bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Federal Migration Service require immediate suppression. The scale of illegal migration today exceeds the scale of legal migration by tens of thousands of times. Such a situation cannot develop in any healthy legal society, it is simply unacceptable and difficult to implement without the assistance or silent inaction of the competent authorities.
• Ideological work with the population is extremely important today. A positive propaganda of patriotic sentiments is required among the young, active, highly qualified population planning to leave Russia. It is impossible to allow the development of a trend that has already begun today: for every leaving young specialist who is able to make a significant contribution to the innovative development of Russia, 5 unskilled "unskilled workers" come annually. This structure of international migration requires a radical restructuring.
• It is important to take into account the fact that the reasons why today the new generation makes a decision: to go abroad or stay at home are of a psychological nature, which means that the situation requires very subtle decision mechanisms. The main motive for leaving Russia today for many is psychological fatigue from the disorder and social instability of life in the country, lack of trust and respect for the authorities, lack of motivation to work at home. The main motive for staying in the country for many who also want to leave, but do not do this, is the fear of being unable to organize their life in a new place. This situation is extremely deplorable and requires resolution.

DISAPPOINTING STATISTICS

• According to VTsIOM, 80% of Russians would like to visit abroad as tourists. 22% would like to come for permanent residence. The share of those wishing to emigrate from the country increased compared to 1991: when answering a direct question about the desire to go abroad for permanent residence, then 16% reported (now - 22%). The greatest emigration potential belongs to 18-24-year-olds (39%), highly educated respondents (29%), as well as active Internet users (33%). The majority of Russians have no desire to leave their homeland (75%) - these are, first of all, elderly (93%) and poorly educated (85%) fellow citizens, as well as those who do not use the Internet (87%)
• Siberia, Far East, Chukotka, northern regions of the European part of the Russian Federation, republics North Caucasus, the Volga region are today among the regions from which the population leaves en masse.
• The loss of the national budget from non-payment of taxes caused by illegal migration is more than 250 billion rubles a year.
• The volume of export of funds from Russia, bypassing the state control system, annually amounts to almost 260 billion rubles.
• According to one of the largest international real estate agencies, if earlier 80% of real estate was bought for the purpose of recreation and investment, then in 2010 the share of such transactions decreased to 60%, while the number of people wishing to get a view of the residence, from 3% to 15% - for the residence of children due to studying in foreign universities.
• Over the past six months illegal migrants have committed more than 13,000 crimes in Moscow alone.
• According to the FMS, almost all migrants in Russia are illegal. Only 231,000 migrants signed labor contracts in Moscow. Thus, according to various estimates, only 3% to 10% of those who came to the capital from neighboring countries have the right to stay in Russia.
• According to the head of Yakutia, Yegor Borisov, last year only 4 highly qualified specialists were officially registered in the region, while the rest of the migrants arrived to perform unpopular jobs. Compared to the even sadder situation in Far East, Yakutia can be called a relatively popular region in terms of migration.

MIGRATION POLICY: IMPORTANT ASPECTS

According to the ideas accepted in the international community, the basis of migration policy is the balance of ideas about the need to solve the following problems: demographic, development and retention of the territories of the state, staffing the economy, preserving a certain cultural identity of the country; fundamental controllability of internal processes.

Many of these problems remain unresolved in modern Russia results in an outflow of citizens of our state abroad.

According to Rosstat, 32,458 people left Russia in 2009. In 2010, 33,578 people left Russia. Most often in recent years, Germany, Israel, the USA and Finland began to receive migrants from Russia. Despite the political and diplomatic contradictions between Russia and the Baltic countries, the Russians are steadily increasing the number of citizens of these states by an average of 1,000 people a year.

While fewer and fewer Russian citizens are sent to the US and Israel every year, the number of migrants from Russia to the Czech Republic has doubled. Every year in Czech Republic moving about 400 people. The flow of Russians to Great Britain and France increased by 80%. Twice as often, Russians began to choose Norway as their new homeland.

Discussion of the draft Concept of State Migration Policy. The authors of the draft Concept of the State Migration Policy of the Russian Federation suggest that the main reason for the migration lawlessness lies in the presence of a quota system. Curiously, the root of the problem is not that the execution of this "flexible system" is practically not controlled in any way, but in the very existence of these quotas.

The problem, according to the head of the FMS, Konstantin Romodanovsky, who presented the draft document in the Public Chamber, is not migrants, but intermediaries.

“There is no problem of quotas as such, there is a problem of law enforcement practice. The law allows for flexible application of quotas. But they are misused. They have become a corrupt mechanism. No one will cancel the quota as a regulator,” Vyacheslav Postavnin, former deputy director of the Federal Migration Service and now president of the Migration XXI Century Foundation, replied to Romodanovsky.

Also controversial is the initiative to abolish such a document as a temporary residence permit, which is now issued to migrant workers. Instead, visitors are supposed to be granted a temporary or permanent residence permit. The justification of this measure, except from the point of view of anti-corruption and anti-bureaucratic, seems insufficient for the initiative to become a real reform. This measure is unpopular in most European countries. For example, in Spain you cannot become a resident if you just bought an apartment there. Only a year after arrival, a citizen of another state acquires this status and can begin to resolve the issue with a residence permit and citizenship. Why not go down this path? Thus, during the year, a labor migrant is just a foreign guest who works on the territory of Russia, and only if after this period there are no claims against him either from law enforcement agencies or from the employer, one can look at further prospects.

According to the director of the Institute for Demographic Research, I. Beloborodov, the quota system should, on the contrary, be strengthened. “Their removal will mean the opening of all migration gateways, an increase in crime, further stagnation of the Russian economy due to the use of primitive forms of primitive labor, the absence of even a hint of innovation, and, in the end, the complete sabotage of all declarations of the prime minister and president at the level of the leadership of the Federal Migration Service. After all, they don’t hear what the country’s leadership is saying: Russia must embark on a positive social path. economic development. The existing migration flows and their regulation hinder this to the highest degree,” says Beloborodov.

The presented concept does not reflect the concept of selective migration at all, i.e. there are no selection criteria. There is no hint that, first of all, it is necessary to involve the unemployed citizens of Russia, there is no concept of interstate dialogue in terms of reducing migration that is undesirable for Russia and the possible removal of a number of industries outside the country. After all, part of European production, for example, is located in China: they simply did not want to invite a huge number of Chinese to their place. They brought production there, from textiles to automotive and shipbuilding. And, it must be admitted that these countries have never regretted the step taken, because in this way they strengthened interstate relations, increased the profitability of both countries and found employment for China's excess able-bodied and active population.

Russia could do the same, for example, in Central Asia, placing there fruit and vegetable factories for the preparation of fruits and dried fruits, factories for the production of juices, for the production of building materials. This could relieve Russia of the need to keep an army of illegal, unsettled and, by definition, prone to crime migrants on its territory.

Returning to the issue of quotas, they are also necessary because there are certain critical limits on the quantitative presence of migrants in any territories. Today, the problem of the clash of civilizations, overcoming intercultural barriers has become an urgent problem. The critical share of the foreign-speaking and culturally diverse population, which can comfortably get along with the indigenous in a particular republic and country, is 7% in general. In Russia, this critical mass has already been significantly exceeded: we have from 15% to 20% of migrants, including illegal ones. But when a few more passionate ethno-cultural ethnic groups with a large proportion of men of working age are superimposed on a weak, poorly breeding ethnic group, this, according to the expert, is already a “peaceful form of occupation”.

Unfortunately, this Concept (which has every chance of being adopted) does not demonstrate in any way the awareness of the need for a competent reorganization of the policy to attract compatriots. According to various estimates, their number is up to 25 million people. The real potential for repatriation is at least 7 million people. However, this resource is not currently used, despite the difficult demographic situation. Today, we need to seriously deal with this issue, create conditions for comfortable living in the country: provide repatriates with housing and work, and not offer relocation to the antisocial conditions prevailing in most Russian regions.

Russia should perhaps turn to the experience of Scandinavia, where more than one family of migrants cannot live in a single entrance: migration flows spread throughout the territory, and the allowable limits are very strictly observed. Israel also demonstrates an example of a very competent migration policy. Perhaps his experience should be studied in more detail.

Russia needs further positive technological development and innovation. Therefore, one can quite calmly consider the possibility of attracting migrants from among the graduates of the world's leading universities - Russia needs the best top managers who will move domestic companies forward, programmers, scientists, automakers, etc. We must agitate and invite these people in every possible way, even in excess of the established quotas.

But the proposed concept, of course, also includes progressive, timely measures. First of all, this concerns the scoring system for those wishing to live and work in Russia. Applicants will have to demonstrate knowledge of the Russian language and proper qualifications, to motivate their stay on the territory of Russia. This initiative has experience in other countries. In particular, it brought positive results for a long time in the United States. This initiative should be developed and improved: a set of criteria is needed. In particular, the following measure seems justified - to check potential migrants for law-abidingness. If one of them had problems with the law in their home country, entry for such a migrant should be closed.

Alternative concept. The Migration XXI Century Foundation presented an alternative state concept of migration policy.

“The consequences of mistakes and wrong decisions in the field of Russian migration policy can be much worse than, say, what is happening now in Norway or the UK,” warns Vyacheslav Postavnin, president of the Migration XXI Century Foundation. He stated this when presenting in August 2011 an alternative concept of migration policy, of which he is one of the authors.

“The FMS of Russia has existed for about 20 years,” Postavnin recalled, “but even the problems of compatriots and forced migrants have not yet been resolved.” In his opinion, the existing formula for solving migration problems is a “delayed-action mine”, which will explode not today or tomorrow, and then the consequences of miscalculations will become irreversible.

Postavnin voiced his position on the miscalculations that the state made in migration policy as follows: “The design of the institutional structure of the Russian migration department, as many years ago, is based on two main pillars - registration and the host country. This model has outlived itself. It is necessary not to embellish the facade, but to build a new one. From the speeches of the FMS, nothing changes. We are told that illegal aliens are being deported. But we see what is happening on the streets, we have eyes. It is necessary to fight illegal migration either abroad or at the border. It is impossible to take 6 million illegal immigrants out of the country. Just multiply these 6 million by $1,000 (that's how much it costs to send one foreigner home) and you will realize that the task is unsolvable. The policeman, realizing that there is nowhere to take them, believes that it is easier to take the money and let him go.” Particularly unpleasant surprise is the encouragement of the inaction of the authorities in this situation by the head of the Fund.

The current practice of temporary registration of migrants, according to the authors of the alternative concept of migration policy, is also useless: only 20-25% of migrants register it, and only half of them actually live at the specified address. As a result, about 90% of foreign workers fall out of the register. In this regard, one of the authors of the alternative concept, Olga Vorobyeva, proposes to put migrants only on tax records, assigning them, like citizens of the Russian Federation, an individual taxpayer number.

“They (migrants) do not pay taxes or state duties,” says Vyacheslav Postavnin. – Migration patents and cards are simply bought. The state is losing huge amounts of money – these amounts are comparable to the income of the oil and gas sector.”

In order to get out of this situation, the authors of an alternative concept of migration policy propose to create a separate Ministry of Migration, Interethnic and Confessional Relations with the Federal Service for Supervision as part of its structure. According to the initiators, the new ministry could deal with the issues of employment of migrants, the adaptation of newly arrived personnel and interaction with diasporas. So far, in addition to the FMS, 7 structures are responsible for the administration of migration policy, but they do not cope with their duties. That is why these responsibilities are proposed to be transferred to the competence of a special ministry.

The authors of the alternative concept consider the existing quota system to be viable, but not in the form in which it functions, but in an adequate “norms of migration legislation in terms of the possibility, not the obligation” of its application.

Vyacheslav Postavnin considers it necessary to "increase the role of the lower levels of government - city, district and municipal" in resolving issues related to migration policy. Migration problems, according to him, are ripening at the level of municipalities: “They work on the land. So let them make decisions, let them register, issue work permits, collect taxes and duties, but let them bear responsibility, up to criminal responsibility, for the migration situation in the entrusted territory.”

These transformations, according to the estimates of the director of the Migration XXI Century Foundation, will bring $6 billion to the budget annually. That is how much Russia loses in the shadow streams. But the official concept - in the version recently presented by the head of the Federal Migration Service Konstantin Romodanovsky - on the contrary, can only stimulate the growth of corruption.

According to the conclusion of the authors of the alternative document, the state official concept of Russia's migration policy has not been fully worked out. Various innovative solutions are proposed, but mechanisms are not proposed. As Natalia Vlasova, vice-president of the Migration XXI Century Foundation, stated, the draft state concept “has not worked out the question of what personnel will implement the migration policy, the issues of changing the existing regulatory framework have not been worked out, the issue of certification of professional labor skills has not been spelled out migrants who come to Russia, work here for several years, master some specialty, but do not have documents confirming this.” The danger today lies in the fact that the government plans to approve this very concept of migration policy as early as 2012.

Half of the crimes in 2011 in Moscow were committed by illegal migrants. Statistics published by the Moscow police department show that over the past six months migrants have committed 13,203 crimes in Moscow. The share of crimes of illegal immigrants in the total mass was 48%, while their number in the city is 16%. The presence in the city of 2 million illegal migrants was recognized by the mayor of the capital, Sergei Sobyanin. According to the Federal Migration Service, almost all migrants in Russia are illegal. Only 231,000 migrants signed labor contracts in Moscow.

Illegal migrants settled in Russia, creating enclaves. It is noteworthy that the state itself often turns out to be an illegal employer for visitors. According to the resource demoscope.ru, employees of the State Unitary Enterprise EVAZhD in the Severnoye Chertanovo area settled in a park on the territory of the city. In unofficial interviews, government officials admit that Tajiks are registered illegally.

The conclusion is extremely simple, the current migration policy, one of characteristic features which is that the rights of migrants are not ensured at all, turns for the country into an increase in crime among migrants and an aggravation of the national question.

Program to combat illegal migration for 2012-2014 As it became known, on September 3, 2011, the Council of Foreign Ministers of the CIS approved and submitted to the meeting of the Council of Heads of State the draft Program to Combat Irregular Migration for 2012-2014. The draft Program was developed on behalf of the Council of Heads of Migration Authorities of the CIS Member States. This program is already the third similar document created within the framework of the Commonwealth. The previous one expires this year.

The main objectives of the Program are the development and implementation of a coordinated migration policy, the development of an international legal framework for cooperation, the improvement and convergence of the national legislation of the Commonwealth member states, the improvement of border and migration control in state borders CIS countries.

The draft document provides for the conduct of joint or coordinated preventive, operational-search measures and special operations, information and scientific support for cooperation, cooperation in the field of training, retraining, and advanced training of executives and specialists.

INSTEAD OF CONCLUSION…

It must be admitted that the imperfections of today's migration policy have led to the fact that the country is flooded with waste labor. 40% of labor migrants do not have vocational education and 20% have no special skills at all. And these people work today in construction, transport, public catering, i.e. in those industries where the health and life of Russian citizens often depend on the quality of the workforce.

It is necessary to be aware that labor migration itself is not a problem, the main difficulty is the forthcoming work on changing its structure. On the agenda today is the cessation of the practice of Russia's existence in the "migration vacuum cleaner" mode.

The problems associated with labor migrants in Russia need to be addressed not only by legislation, but also through institutional modernization. Migration policy in Russia can lead to even more severe consequences than in Norway and the UK, experts say. In their opinion, it is necessary to create a new single department that would deal with these problems, due to the fact that more and more questions and claims are brewing for the activities of the FMS today.

In addition, in the context of the reduced volumes of internal migration in recent years, it does not fully fulfill its important function - the redistribution of the population across the country in order to balance supply and demand in the labor market. The revival of the national economy, along with the inevitable territorial and sectoral disproportions, will require a more active redistribution of the population and labor resources within the country. In this connection, it is very important today to develop the all-Russian labor market, so that every citizen of Russia is sure that distances will not become an obstacle in order to find a new job if necessary, and at the same time, the level of labor and social guarantees will be worthy.

Addressing the issues of external and internal migration in Russia is extremely important in the context that the success of a large-scale modernization process largely depends on the environment in which this process takes place.

credit line

Snezhanova L.N., NIRSI analyst

“Love, perhaps, your neighbor as yourself.
But above all, be those who love themselves.”
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche

Despite the obvious need to work out this causal connection, there is still no clear state policy on this matter. This is due to a number of reasons. Firstly, internationalism is a direct legacy of the USSR, our almost passionate feature has become tolerance and the absence of the category “Russians” both in the lexicon and in the minds. It is considered good form to use the term "Russians". Although according to the same UN standards, and this structure is identified in the Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation as “the main organization that regulates international relations and has unique legitimacy”, Russia is a mono-ethnic country, since 80% of Russians live in it. Nevertheless, at present, it follows from the Constitution of the Russian Federation that our country is multi-ethnic and multi-confessional. Secondly, questions of an ethnic and religious nature are always the most dangerous "bombs" for any society, although they are slowed down; and if now someone decided to instantly destroy Russia once and for all, then the option of interethnic clashes would be the most universal. Perhaps it is precisely because of these fears that the country's leadership deliberately ignores such verbal constructions. Contrary to logic (see the above UN classification). Another reason can be considered a confrontational information policy towards our country, which, when multiplied by our own ideology that is too vague and indistinct (and, in fact, its absence), can lead to the loss of our identity. Polyvariant behavior at the level of conduct public policy, on the one hand, of course, gives a certain freedom of maneuver, but on the other hand, it is obviously only a tactical line.

STATISTICS AND GEOGRAPHY OF MIGRATION FLOWS IN RUSSIA

Any analysis requires input data. The problem is that there is no single data on migration, the abundance of institutions produces such different indicators that the correlation is millions of times greater than all permissible errors. By the way, this circumstance does not in the least prevent our statistical and sociological centers from conducting a quantitative analysis of the ratio by ethnicity and gender.

According to the official data of Rosstat, the number of resident population of the Russian Federation as of June 1, 2009 amounted to 141.8 million people and since the beginning of the year decreased by 57.3 thousand people, or 0.04% (as of the corresponding date of the previous year - by 119.9 thousand people, or 0.08%). The decrease in the population was due to the natural population decline, which in January-May 2009. decreased compared to the corresponding period in 2008. by 63.1 thousand people. Over the past 10 years, the number of arrivals in the Russian Federation has significantly decreased: 1997 - 597651, 2007 - 286956. 273872 (2007 data) - immigrants from the CIS countries.

This dynamics is also given in the statements of politicians for the reporting periods. But there is a continuation in the report: “The migration increase in 2009 compensated for 82.9% of the numerical losses of the population from natural decline.” Of course, it is not easy to build your own PR on such indicators: more than half of the population is simply replaced by migrants, and we hear confident tirades about improving the demographic component.

So, according to the version of Rosstat for 2007, there are less than 300 thousand migrants in Russia (that is, officially registered). Versions on the number of illegal diverge from the official "about 5-7 million." (FMS, K. ​​Romodanovsky, data of 2008) to expert 15 million people. At the same time, the quota for migrants in 2009, established by the FMS, is 2 million people.

As for geography, migrants currently work in more than 70 regions of the Russian Federation. 58% of them are concentrated in the following regions: Moscow, St. Petersburg, the border regions of the Far East, part of the regions of Western Siberia (Yamal-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrugs), as well as the European part of Russia (Rostov and Belgorod regions).

The regions from which the population of the Russian Federation is leaving en masse include: Siberia, the Far East, Chukotka, the northern regions of the European part of the Russian Federation, the republics of the North Caucasus, the Volga region.

STATE POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN THE SPHERE OF MIGRATION

As mentioned above, at present in the Russian Federation a fairly large number of various structures and institutions are officially involved in migration issues at the most high levels. The theoretical basis of this issue has been worked out. But ethnologists, ethnographers and demographers have not come to a common denominator, usually everyone agrees on the need for an integrated approach. We have a huge number of theoretical developments that describe in detail the types of migration; classification of migration movements by forms, causes, stages; study of problems from the point of view of various scientific approaches, from historical and biological to psychological and legal; a comprehensive understanding of current trends in international migration... But the only problem is that migration in our country is actually uncontrolled, and the ongoing migration policy is vague. On the one hand, we are strengthening the barrier function of the borders with Kazakhstan, on the other hand, we are simplifying the visa-free regime with Hong Kong. Also, there is still no common understanding of how, with the help of whom, on what principles and grounds to compensate for the natural decline in the population. Due to bureaucratic delays, even Russians from the CIS countries still find it difficult to return to Russia, despite the priority of repatriation declared by the state.

The official position of the authorities on migration issues at the moment is simple, elegant and convenient: there is a law, it must be observed. The Constitution contains a provision on polyethnicity. Federal migration legislation contains specific rules for entry, obtaining a residence permit, procedures for registration, a list of documents for employment, and so on and so forth. The only trouble is that absolutely all participants in this chain admit that this mechanism is imperfect, corruption-intensive and, by and large, inefficient.

Of course, there are different points of view, and a huge segment of the media in the face of publicists, journalists and even scientists every day publish materials that postulate the protection of the national labor market. But they also admit that the existing mechanism of migration policy does not control not only the distribution of foreign labor flows by spheres and regions, but also does not actually solve the issue of internal migration.

The heads of regions and relevant departments report on progress, innovative equipment at checkpoints, the Duma adopts more and more punitive laws and tightens legislation. And then, one day, a problem arises with the Chinese, and not somewhere in the Far East or Siberia, but in Moscow.

THE PROBLEM OF MIGRATION EXISTS. CLOSURE OF CHERKIZOVSKY MARKET

The short chronicle of this event is quite remarkable in itself. As Vremya novostei writes on 07/13/2009, the authorities’ campaign “against business in Cherkizovsky style” began with Putin’s comment: “There, there are still goods worth $ 2 billion in one of the markets. No". And literally a month later, at the beginning of June, the Prosecutor General of Russia, Yu. Chaika, announced that about 6,000 containers of smuggled goods had been found in the warehouses of the Cherkizovsky market, and some of them were recognized as dangerous to health and destroyed. Checks of federal services and departments followed, and on June 29, due to a violation sanitary norms the market was closed. Further events developed rapidly, but almost silently.

The dismissed were going to block the Shchelkovo highway, they were dispersed by the police. They collected signatures for the presidential administration at the rally. The letter was returned due to the fact that it was written incorrectly. The Public Chamber, represented by N. Svanidze, persuaded K. Romodanovsky to give the dismissed migrants temporary registration and legalize them as an exception. The merchants of other markets, which were filled with the Chinese, were indignant. G. Smoleevsky, Deputy Head of the Moscow Department of the Consumer Market, reported on the presence of more than 25,000 other vacancies in other markets. And Yu. Luzhkov said that only domestic producers would work on the Moscow markets, and Cherkizovsky must be closed, although the decision should be made by the federal center. In mid-July, Lenta.ru wrote that a call had been received about a planted explosive device at Cherkizovsky. The relevant departments detected HIV in illegal immigrants. The migrants complained that they could not pick up the goods.

And then the scandal went to the interstate level. A Chinese delegation arrived at the level of ministries to lobby the issue of protecting the dismissed compatriots, arguing that it was they who had been developing the capital's economy for many years. After that, both the Federal Migration Service, and the Moscow Prosecutor's Office, and even the Russian Foreign Ministry argued that the closure of the market should not be dramatized, that this step was not directed against the Chinese people. And the topic gradually began to disappear from the pages of the media. Only Yu. Luzhkov remained in his position, and the head of the Eastern Autonomous Okrug of Moscow explained that 2-3 billion rubles from the budget would be required to demolish the market. On July 28, a number of domestic producers joined the protesting dismissed migrants, whose production stopped due to the closure of the market. Again they wrote a letter to the President, however, there was no answer to the previous one, and no. The UPC is investigating a case of smuggling of goods against several customs officials. And news agencies were full of reports that the decision to close the market was made several years ago.

In the bottom line, we have the following. Up to 100,000 Chinese (mostly Chinese, according to the Moscow police department) were left without work. El Aarabi Rashid, chairman of the FIS's business and economics committee, logically warned that "the current explosive situation could lead to an increase in crime." The GUVD reported that nothing of the kind was happening.

Most experts comment on the situation from an economic point of view, and only a few touch upon the ethnic component. Leading researcher at the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences V. Dashichev: “In my opinion, it would be very stupid to completely deprive Muscovites of such a trading platform as the territory of the Cherkizovsky market. Not to mention the fact that among those 100 thousand people who traded on it, some (and, apparently, a significant) part were Russian citizens, and not just foreigners, as is commonly believed. And throwing them all out into the street means provoking a deterioration in the social situation. There is also a colossal number of migrants in Moscow now. In fact, we are talking about a major political problem - the problem of the survival of the Russian nation. And the Americans strike first of all at the Russian people. They would be interested in an uncontrolled influx of migrants to Russia. Therefore, when our authorities made a decision to open the Cherkizovsky market, it was necessary to think about what this could lead to ”(News on“ Cyril and Methodius ”from 07/17/2009).

And the question of what to do with the remaining migrants remained open. A number of human rights activists selflessly promote themselves day and night, arguing that the unfortunate Chinese will disappear in storage receivers, basements and heating mains. Although, when leaving the same Moscow Ring Road, along the Yaroslavl Highway, over the past six months, people of Slavic nationality have noticeably increased on the “black market” ... The official government pretends that the situation is quite ordinary and everything is under control: they will distribute it to other points, arrange weekend fairs days… The problem is, indeed, primarily economic. But again, not a word about whether they will be sent, and how much it will cost, and from whose budget these “penny” will come, and at the expense of the taxpayers of which country. And everyone understands that with all the efforts of Yu. Luzhkov, the Chinese are more competitive, they will fit into the existing conditions, thereby again pushing the Russian manufacturers back. And that when it comes to corruption, the version that the Moscow and federal authorities for so many years had no idea what financial schemes were used on the market seems unlikely. And that it is elementary for too many that it is the illegal presence of migrants in Russia that is simply economically beneficial. As for other aspects of this problem, it is unlikely that anyone will be able to guarantee the prevention of a surge in crime on the part of the dismissed migrants, as well as in relation to them. Lack of growth of xenophobia, if not in the minds, then in the moods. A repeat of the Paris scenario a few years ago, or more recently, when al-Qaeda vowed to avenge the Uyghurs in China. And the polarization of Russian society as a whole, first of all, with respect to the very ethnic component, the inertia of which was described above. Meanwhile, the US is making a decision to allocate $29 million to "strengthen civil society, the media and the rule of law" in Russia.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF IMMIGRANTS IN RUSSIA

The main advantage of using foreign labor in Russia is the fact that immigrants fill an empty niche in the labor market. We are talking, first of all, about low-paid work, which has not become attractive to domestic personnel, despite the measures taken by the authorities aimed precisely at supporting the employment of Russians. But the range of negative consequences of immigration is much wider, below are the most significant of them.

1. Competition in the labor market for domestic producers. Now Yu. Luzhkov is actively broadcasting this point of view. That is, because of migrants, Russians lose their jobs or simply cannot find a job. Because migrants are a cheap labor force that is more economically beneficial for the employer, they can sleep five of them in cardboard boxes, you can not pay taxes for them, and give the Russians almost a social package and medical insurance with vacation.
2. Assimilation. The severity of this problem is traditionally underestimated because it tends to be prolonged in time. Arab and Muslim quarters in Paris were not formed in one day. And after the Kosovo precedent, migrants may well convert their demands into separatist ones. Some researchers note that the influx of migrants contributes to linguistic and cultural enrichment. This statement is certainly true, but only when it comes to the micro level, when there is different music, cuisine, art - this is one side of the issue, but when there are no churches in Russian cities, but mosques are being built - this is completely different. Those. the quantitative and percentage indicators of migrants that we have today lead to the ethnic erosion of the nation, and therefore can hardly be considered a positive factor for Russia.
3. Growth of crime, criminogenic situation.
4. Non-payment of taxes. Illegal immigrants try to stay in the country as long as possible after the expiration date employment contracts, getting involved in shadow economy(including arms and drug trafficking).
5. Export of money from Russia. There is no official data on this matter, since it is difficult to set the size, as a rule, this is not declared. According to international experts, more than 30% of the GDP of Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Moldova are earned by migrants from these countries in Russia.
6. As the example of the Cherkizovsky market showed, migration issues can cause interstate resonance.
7. Hypothetical aggravation of interethnic relations within the country. This can be expressed both in the information component (the prevention of which they are now trying to carry out), or simply be due to economic reasons. Immigrants, left without a livelihood, begin to rob and increase the rates of other crimes, become embittered due to constant pressure on them: from the police to ordinary citizens who are not very friendly towards them. FMS: “Many crimes that are classified as especially grave and cruel cause a significant negative public outcry. As a rule, they are associated with the humiliation of a person’s dignity, their belonging, origin and religion, their language provokes the incitement of xenophobia, ethnic hatred.”

ASSESSMENT OF MIGRATION PROBLEMS BY EXPERTS AND POLITICAL SPEAKERS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Y. Luzhkov, pursuing a public policy in the spirit of supporting domestic producers, criticizes the Federal Migration Service for inefficiency. In particular, in his opinion, despite the recent reduction in quotas from 500,000 to 250,000 people in Moscow, the situation with migrants has only worsened. “Today we have about 1 million migrants. The number of hangouts looking for odd jobs has increased in proportion to the reduction in quotas. We got an even more complex situation in the city. I have repeatedly appealed to the leadership of the state, but there is no decision yet, although 46-47% of crimes committed in Moscow are committed by migrants.”

Moscow City Duma proposed to solve the issue of illegal migration by toughening responsibility. The deputies intend to apply with a legislative initiative to the State Duma. In particular, it is proposed to amend Part 2 of Article 322-1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (“Organization of Illegal Migration”), increasing the term of imprisonment to 6 years, which will classify this offense as a serious crime and allow carrying out in accordance with the Federal Law “On Operational -investigative activities” operational-search activities aimed at preventing and disclosing the facts of organizing illegal migration.

Head of Rosstat V. Sokolin, on the contrary, he opposed severe restrictions in the migration sphere. He considers the trend of squeezing labor migrants from neighboring states out of Russia as dangerous, since as soon as the Russian economy begins to economic crisis, it will face an acute labor shortage.

K. Romodanovsky(head of the Federal Migration Service) to the question of how many migrants Russia is able to accept without a threat to its national security, i.e. what is its migration capacity, outlined the following: “We do not have such methods. Probably, for each country this indicator is individual. We are accustomed to the fact that our society is multinational and fears that migration may threaten national security are premature. We quickly digest this mass, find a common language. If a critical period comes or our goals diverge, we will limit or structure migration, while increasing it.”

E. Egorova(Deputy Head of the FMS): “The talk that there will be mass expulsions of illegal migrants has no basis. The assertion that labor migrants in Russia are highly criminalized is a myth. There is a common myth in the media that the level of criminalization among migrants is high. In fact, the crime rate among migrants does not exceed 3% of the total crime rate in Russia.”

K. Poltoranin(FMS press secretary): “As for illegal migrants, their number in Russia has recently decreased significantly, thanks to changes in legislation and efforts by the authorities. In addition, labor migrants in Russia do not apply for jobs for indigenous people; as a rule, they are employed in unskilled and low-paid jobs. It seems that some use the topic of migration to get some political dividends. Why play on the topic of interethnic relations? .

S. Ulatov(World Bank economist): “In the Russian manufacturing sector, labor productivity is one and a half times lower than in China. At the same time, wages in terms of purchasing power are twice as high as those in China. As a result, Russian manufacturing enterprises are, on average, quite attractive to migrants, as they allow them to earn more with less labor. In terms of the ratio of productivity and wages among the BRIC countries, Brazil and Russia are the most attractive. Then comes India, and China closes the list. Therefore, the flow of Chinese workers is almost impossible to stop.

M.Topilin(Deputy Minister of Health and social development RF) noted that there is a tendency to reduce quotas for attracting immigrant labor: “Quotas for foreign labor for 2010 will be significantly reduced. Initially, 3.9 million quotas for foreign labor were planned for 2009. At the beginning of 2009, this figure was reduced by 50%. Thus, the quota was less than 2 million, and now it has been reduced by 52 thousand more. There are no regions yet that would ask for an increase in the quota. I have a feeling that quotas for 2010 will be less than this year'.

A. Korovkin(Head of the Labor Resources Forecasting Laboratory, INP RAS): “Unemployment does not exclude a shortage of highly qualified personnel, even in times of crisis. We lack specialists in the field of mechanical engineering and metalworking, engineers. Russia's working-age population is projected to decline by about a million people a year. Migrants will be able to correct this situation.”

V. Osipov(Director of the Association of Recruitment Consultants): “The FMS needs to work in cooperation with trustworthy recruiters and realtors. Otherwise, professional migrant workers run the risk of being deceived and, as a result, they will find themselves without money, work and housing. “The resettlement program for compatriots failed due to the fact that the right recruiters were not involved, who would find good jobs for the resettlers. It is important to prevent this from happening again."

PARTY VISION OF MIGRATION PROBLEMS

"UNITED RUSSIA"

The position of the parliamentary majority party is rather amorphous. On the one hand, the government's idea of ​​lowering quotas for immigrants is unconditionally supported. Although, at the same time, B. Gryzlov states that “labor migrants usually close those jobs that our Russian citizens are not very good at.” A beautiful party summary is the thesis that the main thing is to overcome illegal migration, and then the issue of quotas will disappear by itself (now quotas, according to B. Gryzlova, five to six times less than the volume of real migration, that is, illegal migration exceeds five times the quota).

A.Isaev admits that "to date the high fines that have been set are really high, have not proven to be effective enough" . But again, the party does not offer anything fundamentally new. A. Isaev also drew attention to the problem of internal migration: “This year it is planned that 15,000 people will move to a new place of work. Compared to zero, this is, of course, very good, but compared to 6 million unemployed, it is still not enough.” It is concluded that this is due to the inertia of thinking, supposedly it is very difficult for people to psychologically move to new places of residence and work. He notes that additional state efforts are needed to support them, but A. Isaev sees the solution to this issue in the creation of a law on private employment agencies, “which should be responsible for those migrants they bring, train, socially and pension insure, and so on and the like."

This is the position of the party now, when a decision has been made at the federal level to reduce quotas. And just a year or two ago, somewhat different opinions of the party representatives were voiced.

V. Bobyrev: “Illegal immigrants do not pay taxes in excess of 200 billion rubles a year. Migrants bring about 65% of their earnings to their republics, which is about 13 billion dollars a year.” At that time, United Russia adopted a number of laws, in particular, on a new simplified procedure for registering foreign citizens and simplified obtaining a work permit for them. This, according to the deputies, contributed to the emergence of a significant number of migrants from the shadows.

O.Skobelkin(head of the executive committee of the Kostroma branch of the United Russia), answering the question of whether it is worth reducing the volume of migration, he answered: “The economy should work here. There is a labor exchange, where there are enough vacancies. Therefore, I do not think that it is worth introducing quotas for foreign labor. And I don’t see anything wrong with vacant positions, which are hard to find workers here, to be occupied by foreigners.”

The most daring and radical options traditionally tried to run on MGER, which in October 2008 gathered for rallies, agitating for the forcible expulsion of migrants from Russia and offered to start catching guest workers right on the streets under the slogans "Our money for our people." “In Russia, due to the difficulties that have arisen due to the global financial crisis, a large amount of workforce is being released. At the same time, the majority of labor migrants are employed in construction, - the organization's statement, cited by Kommersant on October 31, 2008, explains. - We feed foreign workers and foreign countries. These jobs and this money should be given to Russian workers!” The Young Guards give another argument, stating that " construction companies are going to reduce workers”: “There are a huge number of migrants on the street, these are potential criminals.”

"FAIR RUSSIA"

The position of the Socialist-Revolutionaries is quite consistent with what and why many experts are now writing about her as claiming the place of the Communist Party. On information portals, you can find a fairly large number of patriotic policy statements. Here is one of them, posted on the party portal of the Leningrad region: “Uncontrolled migration damages the economy and the interests of Russian citizens. The loss of the national budget from non-payment of taxes caused by illegal migration is more than 250 billion rubles a year. The volume of export of funds from Russia, bypassing the state control system, annually amounts to almost 260 billion rubles. The source of ethnic conflicts is the migrants' misunderstanding of the traditions and culture of the peoples of Russia.

The need for additional workers is constantly growing. The state is obliged to ensure effective regulation of labor migration processes, based on the interests of the regions of Russia. Migration should not destroy the existing ethnic balance and cultural traditions.

A Just Russia considers it necessary:

• Stimulate the migration influx of the Russian-speaking population, former compatriots from neighboring countries, primarily qualified personnel, by simplifying the procedure for obtaining citizenship for them.
• Ensure state regulation of labor migration processes in the interests of the needy regions of the country.
• Establish restrictions on the creation of compact settlements of migrants along ethnic lines in order to preserve the existing ethno-cultural balance of the host territory.
• Adopt special programs that ensure a more effective socialization of newcomers, facilitating their ethno-cultural and linguistic adaptation to new conditions, including courses in the Russian language, history and culture of Russia.
• Grant citizenship subject to successful completion of tests in the Russian language, culture and history of Russia.
• Ensure the real observance of the rights of legal migrants, including medical care. "MIGRATION - UNDER THE CONTROL OF THE LAW!".

The only difficulty is that at the end of the election campaigns, the representatives of the party seem to forget about lobbying and legislative defense of such wonderful initiatives. And if comments are given for the press, then basically it takes place either in the format of S. Mironov's statement about the need for friendly relations with other countries, or in monosyllabic remarks about how the party is fighting to support the interests of its citizens abroad. That is, in fact, the issues of migration policy are used by the party as an ordinary PR tool.

Moreover, in mid-July 2009, the Socialist-Revolutionaries proposed to the State Duma a draft law “On Amendments to Some Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation in order to strengthen the human resources potential of the investment and financial sector.” In particular, it was about “opening the country's financial institutions for foreign specialists. According to the developer of the project, deputy from the faction of the SR K. Lukyanova, the removal of legislative barriers for foreign specialists wishing to work in Russian financial institutions will increase the investment attractiveness of the country. The explanatory note to the document states that the migration regime significantly impedes the development of the financial industry in Russia and is a serious barrier to the creation of an international financial center in our country. After all, the lack of qualified personnel within the country due to visa difficulties cannot be covered at the expense of labor resources from outside.

According to Nezavisimaya Gazeta, “the initiative of the New Left did not come out of nowhere. The fact is that the thesis about the need to simplify the procedure for inviting foreign specialists to work in banking is contained in the Concept for the establishment of an international financial center prepared by the Ministry of Economic Development. It is strange that the government has chosen "Fair Russia" to promote its initiative. After all, the Socialist-Revolutionaries, who declare socialist values, do not seem to be able to stand up for strengthening the personnel potential of banks and investment funds.”

CPRF

Of the representatives of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, the most frequently expressed opinion on the issue of migration is V.Nikitin, who notes that despite a number of steps taken by the authorities (“bringing order in the markets”, “fighting the gambling business”, “the priority of the indigenous population in the labor market”), “there was no holistic concept of the state migration policy in the interests of Russia, and No".

From the point of view of the communists, “migration policy should be radically changed. It must necessarily correspond to the national interests of Russia, i.e. be aimed at saving the people and the territory. The Communist Party of the Russian Federation believes that Russia is the core of an original Russian civilization, and therefore the concept of migration policy should be based on the worldview of Russian civilization and written in the Russian spirit - the spirit of unity, collectivism and sovereignty. The Communist Party of the Russian Federation believes that in the social state, which the Russian Federation is declared to be, in Article 7 of the Constitution, the subject of national interests is the population, the majority of which is represented by the indigenous peoples of Russia (outside the Russian Federation, they do not have a national state). And, given that the interests are long-term, the subject of interests is not only the current population, but also its direct descendants, whose interests should be taken into account. The Communist Party of the Russian Federation believes that the main subject of Russia's national interests is the Russian people, around whose language and worldview one hundred peoples have united into one family.

But in violation of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, so far the migration policy has been carried out in the interests of the ruling elite, and not the population of Russia. And the ruling elite believes that Russia is not an original civilization, but a part of European Western civilization. Therefore, their concept of migration policy is based on the Western worldview. The migration policy pursued by the pro-Western ruling elite is aimed at replacing the indigenous population of Russia with migrants. It is no coincidence that the main goal of migration policy in the medium-term program was to foster tolerance of the local population towards migrants and a course was taken to create associations of migrants in the form of Western-style "chaintowns". Thus, the ruling elite took the most undesirable and dangerous migration path for the indigenous population of Russia - the path of purposefully complicating the ethnic structure of the Slavic regions with the formation of isolated communities, unwilling to integrate and potentially hostile to the indigenous population. The intention of the elite was that these ethnic communities would be active conductors of planting in Russia a Western worldview and a spirit of profit alien to Russians. At the same time, a policy of slowing down the development of Russian resettlement communities and their actual liquidation was pursued. As well as the policy of creating legal obstacles to the return of compatriots of Slavic nationality to Russia. All this was done with the aim of turning Russia into a part of Western civilization and eradicating the original Russian spirit from the indigenous peoples of Russia.

… It must be admitted that, within the framework of today's migration policy, the country is being flooded with waste labor. 40% of labor migrants do not have a professional education, and 20% do not have any special skills at all. And such people work today in construction, transport, public catering, i.e. in those industries where the health and life of Russians often depend on the quality of the workforce. This is how, for the sake of the narrowly selfish interests of the elite, the status of Russia as a weak and poor country is consolidated.

Looking at the date of this publication, it should be noted that the issue of saving the Russian nation was raised by the communists much earlier than United Russia and Just Russia. And although it should be noted that in official rhetoric, representatives of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, like the Socialist-Revolutionaries, rarely speak out on ethnic issues, nevertheless, the party builds communications with compatriots abroad more systematically (in particular, this is clearly seen in their contacts with Crimea).

LDPR

The slogan "Russia for the Russians" became the hallmark of the Liberal Democratic Party for many years. It can be said with a certain degree of certainty that the political longevity of V. Zhirinovsky (hence, the Liberal Democratic Party) is largely determined by this particular topic. Of all the current parliamentarians, V. Zhirinovsky most loudly, clearly and distinctly uses the concepts of “Russians” and “Russians” in his speeches. As for the issue of migration, for many years he has taken a firm position, according to which immigrants have no place in Russia. Moreover, being an excellent speaker, he masterfully finds a balance in this matter. He will talk about his Kazakh roots, tell how he sympathizes with the inhuman conditions in which visitors work and live here. He succeeds in what at one time D. Rogozin failed, who, being in Rodina, failed this topic (which led to the political collapse of the party), sliding into national-chauvinist slogans. However, this circumstance did not prevent Dmitry Olegovich from making a career leap to the current position of Russia's representative to NATO.

V. Zhirinovsky, of course, understands that a convincing alternative is needed to increase his own rating. And depending on the time, context and level of elections, these can be as alternative statements (up to the resignation of the current government) to national issues. Of course, he knows that according to the classical political theory, to unite a universal tool is the presence of a common enemy. And the fact that at the moment he does not speak out on the problem of the same Cherkizovsky market, as one might expect, is rather due to the fact that there is simply an objective enemy, the leadership of Georgia, therefore, there is no need to invent anything. Although it is equally likely that he could now conduct other speculations, since at the time of the crisis, the attention of the population should be diverted to something more convincing than holding the future Olympics in Sochi and Russia's return to the external borrowing scheme.

Despite all of the above, it should be noted that quite often the leader of the LPDR appeals to noteworthy, reliable factual information. He is well versed in political solitaire games and, if he does not always offer universal solutions to problems, then, in any case, he systematically raises very reasonable questions and exposes the most acute problems that other speakers prefer to bypass. Briefly, his opinion on illegal migration (besides the above slogan) is formalized as: “The problem will not be solved until the most stringent measures are taken. Today we cannot close the borders: we don't have money for that. 7 thousand km of the border with Kazakhstan is the length of the borders of the whole of Europe. Who hinders the introduction of visas with Azerbaijan and the termination of railway communication with all countries from which migrants come?” . However, the current government traditionally leaves such proposals without comment. And the rating of V. Zhirinovsky is still stable, and no one can guarantee that there will be no social order for such a policy.

EXISTING DIFFICULTIES AND WAYS TO SOLVING MIGRATION PROBLEMS

In summary, it should be noted that at present there is no consolidated vision of ways to solve migration problems. The federal government actually does not speak out on this issue, the discussion is, as a rule, fragmentary. On July 21, 2009, Dmitry Medvedev set the FMS the task of improving the quota mechanism: “Everything should be done according to the law, not to the detriment of the interests of our citizens, and at the same time creating opportunities for people coming to the Russian Federation for work and permanent residence.” The only difficulty is that the fairway of such a strategic policy is too vague for specific departments and ministries to pursue a balanced migration policy. Confirmation of this thesis can be easily found on the same website of the Federal Migration Service: “Illegal migration is being consistently and quite successfully fought, the number of illegal immigrants has been constantly decreasing over the past seven years. Until quotas intervene.” That is, the direct executor of the functions of regulating migration questions the need to introduce quotas as such and the method of calculating their size.

Also, at present, there are even certain conflicts between the authorities on migration issues. For example, the Investigative Committee (Investigative Committee under the Prosecutor's Office) accuses K. Romodanovsky of starting the practice of mass importation of migrants to Russia. Moreover, the Deputy Chairman of the UPC V. Piskarev in an interview “ Russian newspaper” stated the following: “Numerous cases of the use of forged documents, in which FMS employees appear, have been identified. Even terrorists were given Russian citizenship for money. For example, a certain citizen of Tajikistan, having received a Russian passport, calmly crossed the border and studied military affairs in a detachment of militants in the North Caucasus.” The Public Chamber, on the contrary, is mainly concerned about the observance of the rights of migrants. For example, a sensational story about an illegally built immigrant settlement in a forest near Moscow is regarded by social activists as the exploitation of the labor of visitors and non-payment of money to them for the construction of numerous cottages. And, accordingly, the OP reproaches the UPC for not investigating such cases.

In general, the list of existing problems significantly exceeds the positive developments in this area. Until now, there is no unified statistics on migrants; the base of measures to stimulate the attraction of domestic workers to the low-skilled labor market has not yet been worked out. There is no clear position of the authorities on the issue of whether the influx of immigrants is the only way to prevent the demographic "winter" in Russia, and therefore the only way to solve the problem. The repatriation policy is also very weak, not to mention the work with diasporas abroad. Y. Buryak, Deputy Director of the Federal Migration Service of Russia: “One of our small successes is the complete closure of the problem with the return of persons to their native lands from April 1, 2009 Chechen nationality. Unfortunately, this issue is the only fully resolved one that we have inherited from conflicts and confrontations in the North Caucasus since the mid-90s. Insufficient number of agreements with other states on the deportation of illegal migrants and poor elaboration of the legal side of this issue (especially in terms of the financial burden of the sending/receiving party). Situational, targeted response to emerging problems.

However, there are a number of developments and specific proposals that could improve the situation. One option is the development of Deutsche Bank, which postulates that effective regulation of migration is achieved through economic rather than administrative means. According to this scheme, migration is closely related to foreign trade, therefore, the regulation of migration flows can be carried out through the change/management of basic norms, regulations and rules. international trade. That is, with an increase in, for example, import duties, these products can automatically become uncompetitive compared to domestically produced products. “The factory is reducing production, and its laid-off workers come to the country to which the factory previously exported goods and are hired by local factories. The value-added center moved, and the workers followed it. In this case, if the costs of additional migration are high, by lowering duties on imported goods, the government can send migrants home without any punitive measures. True, local businesses may suffer.”

It also seems appropriate: to modernize the migration legislation taking into account the interests of the indigenous Russian population (to ensure both ethnic security and the long-term development of the Russian economy); legislatively work out the issue of creating a common labor market for a number of CIS member countries; carry out civilized regulation within the framework of cross-border cooperation. It is also obvious that in order to ensure the return of compatriots, in any case, it is necessary to increase the level wages, as well as to solve the issue of providing affordable housing (at least at the level of its rental, since construction and mortgages bring too little, in percentage terms, results). Without resolving these issues, the ongoing attempts to resolve migration issues, which the same FMS now sees in the development of an analogue of American green cards, which allow attracting highly qualified specialists to work in Russia, can hardly be successful.

But the most significant part of the migration policy, which is in dire need of timely implementation and, moreover, is absolutely realizable, is perhaps the informational one. It is necessary to increase the number (and quality) of speakers who clearly articulate and aggregate the link “Russians and Russia” for the following reasons. 1. It is this position that will be the axis that will allow the population inside the country to feel more calm and confident, will allow to ensure the very identity that is the "cement" for society and civilization. 2. Such a policy will make it possible to convert the accumulating level of social depression, which worsened with the onset of the crisis, into a constructive channel. It can thus become an incentive motive for constructive activity and the development of tolerance (feeling their strength, people are more calm about the weak). A preventive measure to prevent ochlocracy should be steps to ensure the management of this chaos. People obviously need a clearer association and awareness of their own place and significance; that is why all powerful slogans should be meta-modeled, and the theme of “Russians in Russia”, without a chauvinistic component, can become a way out of the current situation of an increasingly absentee society. 3. As for the reaction of external players to such a policy (and the main mass media of other countries will perceive it destructively, since the strengthening of Russia is not beneficial to any of them), then calmly and confidently at all levels of government, from the Foreign Ministry and parliamentarians to the President, calmly refer to the same UN classification. 4. With such a clearly defined policy, the migrants themselves will better and more substantively understand the realities into which they intend to integrate, because very often people really follow the laws when they know them well.

Judicial practice and legislation - "The concept of the state migration policy of the Russian Federation for the period until 2025" (approved by the President of the Russian Federation)

Migration problems of the macroregion should be solved taking into account the activities of the Concept of the state migration policy of Russia for the period up to 2025, approved by the President of the Russian Federation on June 8, 2012. The implementation plan for the first stage of the Concept (2012-2015) provides for the development of measures to increase the attractiveness of the necessary for the resettlement of Russian citizens of the social and transport infrastructure, reducing transport isolation from the regions of central Russia. Measures are also planned to improve educational (educational) migration and academic mobility, including a system of internships and stimulating the employment of graduates educational institutions professional education in the eastern regions of Russia. At the same time, it is necessary to speed up actions aimed at stopping the migration outflow of the population of the macroregion, which, in accordance with the concept, is expected to stop only by 2021. Of particular importance will also be activities aimed at promoting the adaptation and integration of migrants, the formation of constructive interaction between migrants and the host society. The balance of migration in the territory of the macroregion should become positive already in 2014.