Suffix -sk-
In adjectives, when the suffix -sk- is added to the root, the consonant of the root is preserved in some cases, while in others it changes.
1. If -sk- is added to a root that ends in d, t, z, s, ts (if there is a consonant before ts), then they are preserved: Kyrgyz-sk-y (Kyrgyz), Canadian, Dutch, Scottish, Flemish, Kurdish, abbey, candidate, gigantic, post office, lieutenant, occupationist, amateurish, adjutant, Bolshevik, positivist, subjectivist, propaganda, pacifist, Abkhazian, Vosgesian, Polissian, Circassian, Eskimo, sailor, Palatinate, Constance.
Note. If the root ends in ts (or tss), which is preceded by a vowel, then the suffix -k- is added to the root: Yelets (Elets), Nice (Nice). Exceptions: Graz (Graz), Metz (Metz).
2. If the suffix -sk- is added to a root that ends in k, h, then they change to c, and the letter from the suffix is omitted: miner (miner-4- -ote-; the final consonant of the root k changes to c, and the suffix loses from - miner -f cue), Cossack, poor, tramp "burlatsky, tavern, fisherman, Slovak, kulak, stupid, bursatsky, walnut, Turkish, peasant, Kalmyk, Permyak, middle peasant, weaver.
3. If the root ends in s, preceded by a consonant, and then the suffix -sk- follows, then one s in the word is omitted: Ems (Ems), Reims (Reims), Worms (Worms), Welsh (Wales), etc. Exceptions: Gelsingfors (Helsingfors), Daugavpils (Daugavpils), Tammerfors (Tammerfors).
Note. In adjectives Odessa (Odessa), Cherkasy (Cherkassy) two s are written, since it is not customary to write three s.
4. If the root ends in sk, and then the suffix -sk- follows, then one k in the word drops out (in the word -ssky is written, not “-sksky”): Damascus (Damascus), San Francisco (San Francisco) , Etruscan (Etruscan). Exceptions: Oscan, Basque.
5. If the root ends in l, and then the suffix -sk- follows, then b is written before the suffix: Ural (Ural), rural (village), embassy (ambassador), Portuguese (Portugal), general (general), angelic (angel ), bibliophile (bibliophile), consular (consul), Mongolian (Mongolia).
If the root ends in н or р, and then the suffix -sk- follows, then b is not written before it: Astrakhan (Astrakhan), Siberian (Siberia), Havana (harbour), horse (horse), heroic (hero), brutal ( beast), clerk's (clerk), secretary's (secretary), rebellious (rebel), healer (healer), plowman (plowman), royal (king), knightly (knight), huntsman (huntsman), monastic (monastery).
Exceptions: month names: June, September. Noyabrsky and others (except for January)", as well as adjectives formed from Chinese and Vietnamese names that are written with ь: Yun'an, Taiwanese. The expression day-to-day is written with ь.
Suffixes -ev-, -iv-
The suffix -ev-, which is included in many adjectives, is unstressed: enamel; the suffix -iv- is always stressed: truthful.
The suffix -ev- is included in the following adjectives: aluminum, sodium, potassium, nickel, flannel, slot, style, pain, share, salt, zero, bullet, shadow, armor, rod, root, guest, drinking, mirabel, tissue, gauze, astrakhan, tulle, ermine, soybean, etc. (For the spelling of suffixes -ev-, -ov- after hissing, see § 7.)
In adjectives truthful, arrogant, playful, beautiful, courteous, flattering, etc., the suffix -iv- is written. Exceptions: merciful, gentle, holy fool.
Please note: brown, buckwheat are written with -ev-.
Suffixes -liv-, -chiv-
Suffixes -liv-, -chiv- (there are no suffixes “-lee-”, €-chev-u in Russian) are written in adjectives: fastidious, restless, bizarre, gluttonous, flirtatious, prudent, sympathetic, envious, compassionate, conscientious , accommodating, forgetful, sympathetic, touchy, resourceful, obsessive, enterprising, talkative, arrogant, picky, reckless.
It is necessary to distinguish between adjectives formed with the suffixes -liv-, -chiv-, and adjectives in which the stem ends in l, h, and then comes the suffix -ev-. For example, in gutta-percha the letter h belongs to the root, not the suffix, in enamel the letter l also belongs to the suffix.
Suffix -y
If the stem of the noun includes the suffixes -nick, -chik, -ikі', then the adjective is formed with the help of the suffix -y (a variant of the suffix -/-): hunting (hunter), gardener (gardener), colonel (colonel), bureaucratic (official) , shoemaker (shoemaker), gardener (gardener), robber (robber), carpenter (carpenter), carrier (carrier), cabman (cabman), landlord (landlord).
The adjectives turkey, cat, frog are obsolete, in modern language turkey, cat, frog forms are used.
Pay attention to the spelling of the words old woman and boy.
Suffixes -dvat-, -evat-
If the root ends in a hard consonant (except for hissing and [c]), then after it the suffix -ovat- is written: whitish, angular, hooked, dirty, rather poor, sweetish.
If the root ends in a soft consonant, hissing or [c], then the suffix -evat- is written after it: bluish, spongy, acne, reddish, youthful.
Suffixes -onk-, -enk-
If the root ends in g, k, x, then the suffix -onk- is written after it: deep, tall, soft, small, pathetic, inferior, dry, quiet, light, piebald, wretched.
Note. In the Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language (M., 1982), parallel forms are given with the suffix - little, poor, dry, quiet, light, pegenky.
If the root ends in any consonant other than g, k, x, then the suffix -enk- is written after it: blue, pretty, ve-
8* At the same time, [k] alternates with [h], "... ..,. L., little girl, cheap, pretty, young, thin, mean, warm, sour, nice, crappy, unhappy, drunk, short.
Suffixes -insk-, -in + sk-
The suffix -insk- is written in adjectives formed from nouns ending in -а(-я), -и(-s): Yalta (Yalta), pyiiminsky (Pyshma), Zhizdrinsky (Zhizdra), Gagrinsky (Gagra), Karaganda ( Karaganda), Okhtinsky (Okhta), Elninsky (Yelnya); Mytishchi (Mytishchi), Khimki (Khimki), Sochi (Sochi), Taborinsky (Tabory), Saatly (Saatly).
The suffix -in + sk-is written: 1) if the adjective is formed from a possessive adjective with the suffix -in: Olginsky (Olga - Olgin), Elizabethan (Elizabeth - Elizabeth), Nastasinsky (Nastasya - Nastasin), Anninsky (Anna - Annin), Mariinsky (Maria - Mariin), sisterly (sister - sister); 2) if the adjective is formed from a noun in -in: Hellenic (Hellene); military (warrior).
In all other cases, the suffix -ensk- is written: cemetery (cemetery), beggarly (beggar), gorodishchensky (fortified settlement), Zarechensky (Zarechye), Frunze (Frunze), Grozny (Grozny), Kerch (Kerch).
Note. Adjectives Livensky, Krapivensky, Kolomna, Pesochensky, Rovno, etc. are formed from nouns with the help of the suffix -sk- (“fluent”, e is included in the root): Livn (s) -livensky (y), Krapiv (on) - Krapi-Viennese (s). Sometimes the choice of a suffix is determined by tradition: Penza (although Penza), Presnensky (Presnya), Lopasiensky (Lopasnya), Inzensky (Inza), Svobodinsky (in Kursk), but Svobddensky (on the Amur), etc.
Task Formulation - 2019
Indicate the answer options in which the same letter is missing in both words of the same row. Write down the answer numbers.
1) dangerous..out, prigr..vat
2) weathered .. wat, glow .. wat
3) legible .. out, commanded .. wat
4) sticky .. out, stuck .. wat
5) sharp ..nky, bush ..vat
Formulation of the task of previous years:
Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap.
sharp..nky
rod..howl
extend
armchair..tse
overnight..wasted
Correct answer: armchair.
Task 11 (former task 10) changed in 2019: to complete it, you need to determine the spelling of 10 words and select those lines in which both words are written with the same unstressed vowel.
In response, we write out not words, but line numbers.
An important feature of the 2019 task is that there can be more than two answers (from 2x to 4x). This is how the principle of indefinite multiplicity of answers is implemented. According to the compilers of the examination options, this principle excludes the use of the guessing method when completing the task and helps to more accurately determine the level of knowledge of the graduate.
If not all numbers are written down in the answer or at least one extra one is written out, the task is estimated at 0 points. For the correct performance of the task, 1 point is given.
What students should know in order to complete the task correctly: in what cases are suffixes -LIV-, -CHIV- written in adjectives; -IV-, -EV-; what determines the spelling of verbal suffixes -IVA-, -EVA-; what vowels are written before the stressed verbal suffix -BA-; when vowels E, I should be written in the suffixes of nouns.
Task execution algorithm:
1. Determine which part of speech (verb, adjective, noun) the word with the missing letter in the suffix belongs to.
2. Remember that in verbs
The suffix -IVA- is written if the verb in the form of the 1st person ends in -IVAYU (SMOOTHING - I SMOOTHING):
The suffix -EVA- is written if the verb in the form of 1 person ends in -UYU, -YUYU (FOOD - I FOOD):
Before the stressed suffix -VA-, the same vowel is written as in an indefinite form, if this suffix -VA- is discarded in it (COMMAND - COMMAND);
The letters E are written in the words STAP, OBSERVE, EXTEND.
3. In adjectives
The suffix -IV- is written under stress; without stress - suffix -EB- (LAZY - under stress, GAUGE - without stress);
GRATIOUS, YURODIVE, the letter I is written;
The suffixes -LIV-, -CHIV- are always written with the letter AND, since the adjective suffixes -LEV-, -CHEV- do not exist (CARING, assiduous):
The suffix -IST- is always written with the letter AND, since the names of adjectives do not have the suffix -EST- (ANOTHER):
The suffix -CHAT- is always written with the letter A (STEP):
The suffixes -EVAT-, -OVAT- are written without change in all words, since the names of adjectives do not have the suffixes -IVAT-, -AVAT- (BLUE, GUILT):
Suffixes -ENK-, -ONK- are written without change in all words, since adjective names do not have suffixes -INK-, -ANK- (BLACK, DRY):
The suffix -INSK- is written if the adjective is formed from a stem ending in -IN, as well as -I (S), -A (I) (MYTISHCHINSKY - from MYTISHCHI; EKATERININSKY - from EKATERINA);
The suffix -ENSK- is written in the rest of the adjectives (BEGINNER - from BEGGAR);
In the words PENZA, PRESNENSKY, KOLOMENSKY, the letter E is written.
4. In nouns
The suffix -EC- (KOREAN) is written in the masculine gender:
The suffix -ITS- (METELITSA) is written in the feminine gender:
The middle gender is written:
A) the suffix -EC-, if the stress falls on the ending (WRITING):
B) suffix -IC-, if the stress does not fall on the ending (ARMCHAIR):
The suffix -INK- is written in nouns formed from words ending in -ISCHA), and the suffix -ENK- is written in all the rest (PEA. CHERRY):
The suffixes of nouns -IZN-, -IN- are always written with the letter AND, since nouns do not have the suffixes -EZN-, -EN- (WHITENESS, SILENCE):
The suffix -ICHK- is written in nouns formed from words ending in -ISCHA), and the suffix -ECK is written in all the rest (SMART - from SMART, SITECHKO - from SITO).
More:
1. Spelling of suffixes of adjectives
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His spelling |
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1. -IV-, -EV- |
The suffix -IV- is written under the stress. The suffix -EB- is written without stress. Exceptions: GRACIOUS, GORGEOUS (in an unstressed position, the suffix -IV- is written) |
LAZY (accented) KEY (no accent) ELBOW (no accent) |
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2. -LIV-, -CHIV- |
Adjective suffixes -LIV-, -CHIV- are always written with the letter I. Adjective names do not have suffixes -LEV-, -CHEV-. |
FANCY \u003d FUNNY + LIV (adjectives do not have the suffix -LEV-) SENSITIVE \u003d OFFENSE + CHIV (adjective names do not have the suffix -CHEV-) |
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The suffix of adjectives -IST- is always written with the letter I. Adjectives do not have the suffix -EST-. |
ATTRACTIVE \u003d ANOTHER + IST (adjectives do not have the suffix -EST-) |
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The suffix of adjectives -CHAT- is always written with the letter A. Remember: BOARD (derived from the word BOARD with the suffix -AT-) |
FOLDING STEPED LATTICE |
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5. -EVAT-, -OVAT- |
Suffixes -EVAT-, -OVAT- are written without change in all words. Adjective names do not have suffixes -IVAT-, -AVAT-. |
YOUNG BLUISH GUILTY YELLOWISH |
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6. -ENK-, -ONK- |
Suffixes -ENK-, -ONK- are written without change in all words. |
BLACK SUKHONY |
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Adjective names do not have suffixes -INK-, -ANK-. |
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7. -ENSK-, -INSK- |
The suffix -INSK- is written in the names of adjectives formed from stems ending in -IN, as well as -I (S), -A (I). |
Mytishchi (from MYTISHCHI) EKATERININSKY (from EKATERINA) |
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The suffix -ENSK- is written in other adjectives. |
BEGGAR (from BEGGAR) |
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Exceptions: PENZA. PRESNENSKY, KOLOMENSKY |
2. Spelling of verbal suffixes
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Suffixes |
Their spelling |
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1) -IVA-, (-YVA-) |
For verbs in the initial form and in the past tense, the suffix -IVA-, (-YVA-) is written, if in the form of 1 person (I) of the present or future tense the verb ends in -IVAYU, (-YVAYU) |
DIFFERENT (the suffix -IVA- is written, since I (what do I do?) SCATTER) SMOOTHING, SMOOTHING (the suffix -IVA- is written, since I (what do I do?) SMOOTHING) FOLD, FOLD (the suffix -YVA- is written, so how I (what do I do?) FOLD) |
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2) -EVA-, (-OVA-) |
For verbs in the initial form and in the past tense, the suffix -EVA-, (-OVA-) is written, if in the form of 1 person (I) of the present or future tense the verb ends in -УУ, (-УУ) |
Spend the night - Spend the night (written suffix -EVA-, since I (what do I do?) SLEEP) |
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SERVE SERVED (the suffix -EVA- is written, since I (what am I doing?) SERVE) - |
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TRY TRIED (the suffix -OVA- is written, since I (what am I doing?) TRY) |
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3) The letters I, E before the stressed suffix -BA- |
Verbs with suffixes -IVA-, (-YVA-), -EVA-, (-OVA-) should be distinguished from verbs with always stressed suffix -VA-. To find out which vowel is written before the always stressed suffix -BA-, you need to discard this suffix. Before the stressed suffix -BA-, the same vowel is written as in an indefinite form, if this suffix -BA- is discarded in it. |
COMMAND (drop the stress suffix -VA-, get COMMAND) TO SUFFER (we drop the stressed suffix -BA-, we get TO SUFFER)- |
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Remember words are exceptions in which "hid" woman's name"EVE": SHUT UP, SHUT OUT. PROLONG |
3. Spelling of noun suffixes
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Suffixes |
Their spelling |
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1) -EC-, -IC- |
In masculine nouns, the suffix -EC- is written. The suffix -IC- is written in feminine nouns. In neuter nouns, it is written: A) the suffix -EC-, if the stress falls on the ending; B) the suffix -IC-, if the stress does not fall on the ending. |
GUARDSMAN (masculine) KOREAN (masculine) HOTEL (feminine) METELITSA (feminine) LETTER, COAT (neuter, stress falls on the ending) ARMCHAIR, PLANT (neuter, stress does not fall on the ending) |
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2) -INK-, -ENK- |
INK- is written in nouns formed from words ending in -ISCHA). |
PEA ZAVLINKA (formed from nouns ending in -ISCHA): PEA, ZAVALINA) |
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ENK - is written in other nouns. |
CHERRY, SONG, FRENCH WOMAN |
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Exception: GORLINKA |
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3) -IZN-, -IN- |
The suffixes of nouns -IZN-, -IN- are always written with the letter I. |
YELLOWNESS |
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Nouns have no suffixes -EZN-, -EN-. |
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4) -ICC-, -ECC- |
ICHK- is written in nouns formed from words ending in -ISCHA). |
SMART (formed from the noun SMART, ending in -IC(A)) |
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ЕЧК - is written in other nouns. |
MORNING, STRAINER, TIME |
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5) -IR-, -EK- |
IK- is written if the vowel does not drop out when changing the word. |
SHALASHIK (SHALASHIKA, the vowel does not drop out) KEY (KEY, the vowel does not drop out) |
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EK- is written if the vowel drops out when changing the word. |
DRUZHOCHEK (DRUZHOCHKA, the vowel drops out) (LOCK, vowel drops out) |
Remember the spelling of the following words:
POVERTY, BEGIVERING, BREW, LACE, SMOKE, MASH, FUEL.
Literacy is an essential need for many people. In our country, a total dictation is held annually. Important officials and people of other professions in dozens of cities are diligently thinking about how to write this or that word correctly, where to put a comma, dash, etc. There is something to think about, because Russian is not such a simple language. And it is impossible to write accurately on it without knowing the rules.
The issue of spelling is especially acute for schoolchildren. After all, dictations for them are not held once a year. They write test papers almost weekly in various subjects. Therefore, they should know not only the rules given in this article, but also others. For example, to be able to write correctly the English suffixes of adjectives. Or to know when some famous figure was born and died ...
Suffixes -chiv, -liv, -iv, -ev. Exception words
They say that you have to climb into the water to learn how to swim, and to learn how to write without mistakes, you need to train, develop the skill of competent writing.
The choice of vowels in a given morpheme depends on several factors: stress, hardness or softness of the preceding sound, meaning. And even the origin Stress and literate writing are related to each other due to the fact that only stressed vowels are clearly audible in the flow of our speech, but it is more difficult with unstressed letters. And if you don't know the rules, mistakes will appear.
Remember! If you are in doubt which adjective suffixes to write, put the stress: -iv-- if and shock, and -ev-- if e is unstressed (playful, false, but key); -chiv-, -liv- are derived from -iv, so that they are written and (assiduous, noisy). Exception: holy fool, merciful.
Now check yourself: zero ... howl, caring ... howl, play ... howl, merciful ... howl, howl ... howl, arrogant ... howl, trusting ... howl. (Answers: e, and, and, and, e, and, and).
Suffixes -ov, -ovat and -ev, -evat
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov did not like ugly discordant sounds and in every possible way avoided the use of hissing and whistling. Our spelling cannot do without them.
Over the spelling of suffixes - ov -, - ev- after the unloved classic w, w, ts are often thought. The letters o and ё that sound the same are confusing. And everything is simple: about- shock, and without stress - e(kumachovy, penny, plush).
And if the stress falls on the root or prefix? In this case, adjective suffixes become dangerous for an illiterate person. Here you need to remember the rules! The last letter of the stem Suffixes should be written -ov-, -ovat-, -ovit-(rough). And if a soft consonant, hissing or c, then -ev-, -evat-, -evit- (key, glossy, apple-tree, blind-sighted).
And now let's check the knowledge gained: gift ... twisted, demanding ... watchman ... howl, floor ... howl, blue ... wadded, canvas ... vyy, young ... wadded. (Answers: o, o, e, e, e, o, e).
Suffixes -onk and -enk
It is impossible not to be surprised by the possibilities of the Russian language. To change the meaning of a word, it is enough to replace the suffix in it. And now the fat one turns into a plump one, and the thin one into a thin one. Expresses a completely different attitude to the subject of speech. Shades of sympathy, flattery, irony, neglect, as well as a real reduction give words the adjective suffixes -onk- and -enk-. Only have the ability to use these shaping tools.
Diminutive adjectives are formed with the suffix -enko and -onk(blue, plump).
After the letters g, k, x, and -onk and -enk(light and light).
Check yourself! Bad ... cue, round ... cue, beautiful ... cue, good ... cue (oh, e, e, e).
Show attitude to what they say, help and -okhonk, -yohonk, -usenk, -yusenk(squishy, tiny, thin).
Suffixes -ensk, -insk. Exceptions
Adjectives are formed not only from common nouns, but also from proper nouns and place names. Morphemes -insk- and - ensk- used to form such words. Unstressed adjective suffixes sound indistinct. There are such speech situations when it is necessary to write and use the word in oral speech. An improperly formed shape cuts the ear. Do not want to make mistakes - remember the rule.
Suffix -insk- serves to form nouns with final -a, -я, -и. (Yalta - Yalta, Mytishchi - Mytishchi, Ekaterina - Ekaterininsky). In other cases, the suffix is used -ensk-(Grozny - Grozny, Grodno - Grodno).
The Russian language is beautiful. And he does not tolerate cacophony, so there are exceptions to the rules that are worth learning. These are Presnensky (from Presnya), Penza (from Penza), Kolomna (from Kolomna), etc.
It is impossible to remember exceptions to all rules, and it is not necessary. In case of difficulty, you should refer to dictionaries and reference books.
Spelling of adjectives formed from nouns with -shka, the words "wind" and "oil"
Nouns with final -shka(frog, cat) form adjectives, the spelling of which you need to know the following: both “frog” and “frog”, feline - feline are written. Both spellings are correct. Only the accent is different.
The spelling of some adjectives is related to their lexical meaning. From the word "wind" and "oil" you can form word forms that have different adjective suffixes. Examples of such words: anemone - windmill, oily - oily. There are no errors here.
Worth remembering! 1. Windy (with the meaning “wind” in direct and figurative meaning. Wind on the street (direct) and wind in the head (trans.) 2. Windy (with the meaning “sets in motion by the power of the wind”) 3. Chicken pox ( from the colloquial word "windmill") 4. Oily (consists of any oil) 5. Oiled (oiled, soaked, stained with oil) 6. Oily eyes (figurative meaning) 7. Maslenitsa - Maslenitsa week.
Suffixes -sk and -k. Exceptions
“It’s not a shame not to know, it’s a shame not to learn,” says folk wisdom. And it is worth constantly replenishing knowledge. Often the spelling of adjective suffixes is difficult. In the words "sharp" and "sailor" the end of the word sounds the same. How to choose the correct spelling? We reason like this. Since adjectives are formed from the basis of the noun, then we select this basis and see which letter is the last (weaver - weaver). If a k, h, c- feel free to substitute a suffix -to. Alternation may occur. This is normal. Are there no such letters? Form from the form. Happened? Then boldly write the suffix -to.
At the end of the base k, h, c(giant - giant), and it is impossible to form a short form - feel free to write the suffix -sk.
Remember: b before -sk- only written after l, and also in the words: day-day, the names of the months, but we write “January” without a soft sign.
Adjectives in -aty: suffixes -chat, -chat
Mikhail Sholokhov said that the language of the people has been accumulating treasures of thought and experience for thousands of years. Formed from nouns with the suffix - chat-, -chat- words, as if from the depths of centuries, brought mystery and charm (iridescent, log, patterned). They indicate the presence in large quantities of what is expressed by the basis (clumpy).
The spelling of adjective suffixes depends on the letters in front. There is an alternation, this changes the composition of the morpheme, the sound.
An error may appear while writing.
Dosch-at-th (from the board sk / w).
Smoke-chat-th (from the smoke).
Bar-chat-k-a (from bar).
Tiles-chat-th (tiles-a c / t).
Adjectives with such suffixes are widely used in professional and terminological vocabulary.
not formed from verbs
“The old abandoned garden was beautiful in its picturesque desolation,” we read from the classic. But in order to excel in literacy in dictation, you need to remember the rule of how to choose suffixes for adjectives and participles. The difficulty is that it is impossible to determine by ear, "n" or "nn" choose.
Remember the rule! If you forgot, take a look at the manual. Next, we analyze how this word was formed (picture n th - based on -n, but a suffix was added -n- here is the double "n").
"Nn" it is also written when the adjective appeared with the help of the suffix -onn-, -enn- (excursion-onn-th, craft-enn-th).
The letter "n" in adjective suffixes is written if in the word -in-, -an-, -yan-(os-in-th, skin-an-th).
Exceptions:
1) glass, tin, wood;
2) young, green, pig, spicy, drunken, windy, crimson.
Spelling "n", "nn" in adjective suffixes, it makes you break your head if you don’t know the rules. Therefore, they are worth learning.
Spelling "n" and "nn" in nouns and adverbs in -o, formed from non-verbal adjectives. Words to remember the spelling
The vocabulary of our language is constantly growing. One of the ways of replenishment is the formation of new names of objects and phenomena from adjectives. "n", "nn" in adjective suffixes determines the number of letters in formed nouns. Examples: living room - hotel, related - relative, wood - woodcutter, equestrian - cavalry.
Adverbs can also be formed from adjectives with a final -about. Interestingly, the suffixes of adverbs and adjectives are the same. The number of "n" is also the same. You can check the spelling of "n", "nn" in adverbs by choosing the full adjective from which the adverb is formed. Write as many of these letters as in the original adjective. Examples: courageous - courageous, magnificent - magnificent, excited - excited.
Remember the spelling of the following words: welcome, smart, uninvited guest, named brother, unseen, unheard, etc.
Adjective suffixes
Adjectives complete vocabulary of the Russian language as actively as nouns, due to a variety of ways morphological education: from noun stems ( kind, plastic, bearish), adjectives ( red-brown, sweet and sour), verbs ( deceitful, deceitful, deceitful). The most productive way of formation is suffixal. At the same time, suffixes, as a rule, are used depending on the part-of-speech basis. So, adjectives are formed from nominal stems with the help of suffixes -enn-, -onn-, -an-(-yan-), -m-, -iy-, -ov-(-ev-), -iy- and etc.; from verbs - -chiv-, -nn-, -em-, -im-, -ist- and etc.
The spelling of suffixes in denominative and verbal adjectives is regulated by special rules
Suffixes of adjectives formed from nouns and adjectives
1. The suffix -iv- is written under stress on adjectives, the suffix
-ev- - without accent : playful, beautiful, whiny, courteous, but: aluminum, ermine, guest, mud, share, yeast, potassium, astrakhan, glue, bullet, steering, soy, rod.
Exceptions: gracious, holy fool.
2. Suffixes -liv-, -chiv- are written only with a vowel and (there are no suffixes "-lev-", "-chev-" in Russian): bizarre, sympathetic, conscientious, reckless.
In adjectives gutta-percha, enamel suffix -ev-, and the consonants h, l are included in the root (gutta-percha, enamel).
3.Suffix -y (suffix variant -j-) written for adjectives formed from nouns with suffixes -ik-, -nik-, -chik-, while k alternates with h : cab driver(cab), hunting(hunter), carpentry(a carpenter), colonel(Colonel) landlord(landlord). In indirect cases, these adjectives have the letter ь ( landowner's, landlord etc.).
In adjectives like frog-like and frog-like in an unstressed position, only e is written: turkey - turkey, old lady, boyish, feline(writing feline obsolete).
4. Suffixes -ov-, -ovat-, -ovit- are written after solid consonants (except for c); -ev-, -evat-, -evit- are written after soft consonants, after hissing and c : whitish, business, angular, house-like, speech, spongy, reddish, glossy, scarred.
5. The suffix -onk- is written after the back-lingual r, k, zh; after other consonants, the suffix -enk- is written: tall, light, dry; blue, cheap, cheesy (from cheesy), warm.
6. In adjectives before the suffix -с-, the final consonants of the stems of the noun from which the adjective is derived, in some cases remain unchanged, while in others they alternate or disappear :
1) consonants d, t, z, s are preserved: abbot-sky, adjutant, Abkhaz, Vosges, Volgograd, Dutch, gigantic, amateurish, decadent, Canadian, Kronstadt, Kurdish, occupying, post office, positivist, Polissian.
If the stem of a noun ends in ц (or цц) preceded by a vowel, then the adjective uses the suffix -к-: Cherepovets (Cherepovets), Nice (Nice), German;
2) consonants k and h of the stems of nouns alternate with c, while in adjectives it is written - to-: laborer-to-y (farm laborer), burlatsky (burlak), miner (miner), tavern (tavern), Kalmyk (Kalmyk), Permyak (Permyak), fisherman (fisherman), Slovak (Slovak), weaver (weaver).
For some adjectives, the final consonant of the stem does not change and the suffix is written -sk -: Uzbek-sk-iy (Uzbek), Tajik (Tajik), Uglich (Uglich);
3) if the stem of the noun ends in c, which is preceded by a consonant, then the final c in the stem of the noun disappears: Reims (Reims), Welsh (Wales), Odessa (Odessa), Cherkasy (Cherkassy).
Exception: Helsingfors (Helsingfors), Daugavpils (Daugavpils), Tammerfors (Tammerfors).
In adjectives Abosky(Abo is the Swedish name for the Finnish city of Turku) Bordeaux(Bordeaux), Tartu(Tartu) is written one with (suffix -sk-);
4) in adjectives formed from Russian geographical names ending in sk, one s is written, since the suffix -sk- is superimposed on the base sk: Amur(Amursk), Omsk(Omsk), Volga(Privolzhsk). Foreign-language names of this type lose the final k in the base, so ss is written in adjectives: Damascus(Damascus), san francisco(San Francisco), Etruscan(Etruscan).
Exception: Basque(Basque), oskian(axes).
7. In adjectives, the letter b is not written before the suffix -sk-, if the stem of the noun ends in н or р: Amgun-sky (Amgun), Kuban (Kuban), Ryazan (Ryazan), Jaeger (huntsman), healer (healer), monastery (monastery), clerk (clerk).
Exceptions: a) adjectives formed from the names of the months: June, September, October, November, December (but: January), as well as a combination of day-day; b) adjectives formed from foreign names: Sichuan, Taiwanese, Tien Shan.
8. The spelling of consonants before suffixes is different - at-, -an- in adjectives like boardwalk, cobbled: u is written in cases where the sounds denoted by it belong to the same morpheme (significant part of the word): board-at-th- board-a (u alternates with sk within the same morpheme - root), wax-en oh, wax.
9. Before the suffix -chat- the final ts of the stem of the noun ogso alternates with t: croup-chat-th(grain), ciliated(eyelash), tiled(tile).
10. Adjectives end in -inskiy:
1) if they are formed from nouns ending in -a, -ы (-и): elninsky(Yelnya), Okhta(Ohta), Mytishchi(Mytishchi), Taborinsky(Tabory);
2) if it is possible to form possessive adjectives on in from the corresponding nouns: Elizabethan(Elizabeth - Elizabeth), mariinsky(Maria - Mariin), olginsky(Olga - Olgin), sister(sister - sisters);
3) if the adjective is formed from a noun ending in: military(warrior), Hellenic(Hellene).
Otherwise, adjectives end in -hensky: Grozny(Grozny), Zarechensky(District), Kerch(Kerch), cemetery(cemetery), beggarly(beggar).
adjectives Kolomna(Kolomna), krapivensky(Krapivna), Lebanese (Livny) and some like them are formed from nouns with the suffix -sk-, and the vowel e (denoting a fluent sound) is part of the root.
adjectives Inzen, lopasnensky, Penza, Presnensky are written with e according to tradition (although Inza, Lopasnya, Penza, Presnya).
13. In adjectives formed from bases on k, c, h, before the suffix -n- write h (although it can be pronounced [w]): mustard(mustard), peppery(pepper), fisted(fist), starling n th (starling), lactic(milk), bakery(bun), boring(boredom).
In adjectives formed from bases on x, w is written before the suffix -n- : buckwheat(buckwheat), amusing(fun), bustling(turmoil).
Variants of spelling everyday and everyday are equally valid, although the former is preferred.
Suffixes of adjectives formed from verbs
1. Suffixes -iv-, -liv- verbal adjectives are written only with a vowel and regardless of whether they are stressed or unstressed: flattering, honey-sucking, envious, talkative, hardy.
2. Suffixes -em-, -im- are used in the formation of adjectives with the prefix non- and without it from intransitive verbs, as well as from transitive perfective verbs: -em- is written without stress, -im- - under stress: indescribable, indisputable, waterproof, unscathed, irresistible, irrefutable, invincible, inextinguishable.
3. Suffix -ist- written only with a vowel and: flooded, sparkling, quirky, hysterical, rolling. Wed also for adjectives formed from nouns: clayey, broad-shouldered, glib.
Adjective endings
Adjectives are characterized by the fact that they do not have independent morphological features of gender, number and case. These signs are determined by the name of the noun with which the adjective is combined, i.e. is in agreement. In other words, the meanings of gender, number and case of an adjective are expressed syntactically.
1. Adjectives have endings similar to the endings of the question word what , which is given on behalf of a noun: with oars th(how them?) character, o cheerful ohm(how ohm?) character etc.
It should be distinguished:
a) masculine and neuter singular adjectives have endings -th(s) in the instrumental case ( by the wind how them ? fresh them, abroad how them ? far them ) and endings -om (-em) in the prepositional case ( about the wind how ohm ? fresh eat, about abroad how ohm ? far eat );
b) feminine singular adjectives have endings -th (-th) in the accusative case ( road how wow ? exactly wow, dawn how wow ? spring yuyu ) and endings -oy (-ey) in the instrumental case ( way how oyu ? exactly oyu, dawn how oyu ? spring her ).
2. In the genitive case of the singular masculine and neuter adjectives in the ending -wow(-his) traditionally written G , although pronounced in, for example: kind, good, big, blue.
3. Possessive adjectives on the -y, -y, -y, -y (hare, hare, hare, hare) in all cases, except for the nominative and the accusative case of the masculine singular, similar to it, are written with ь: bearish, bearish, bearish, bearish, about bearish; bearish, bearish, bearish, bearish, bearish, oh bearish.
Such adjectives are formed from nouns with the suffix -j- (yot), therefore, before the ending, a separating ь is written as an indicator of this suffix.
4. Adjectives suburban, intercity, suburban change according to the solid variety of declension and are written with endings
-th, -th, -th, -th / e; adjectives out-of-town, boundless change according to a soft variety of declension and are written with endings -y, -ya, -her, -oh(forms out-of-town and boundless- obsolete). Adjective intercity has an option intercity.
5. Adjectives ending in -yny, have a short form in the nominative singular masculine -en: sultry - sultry, calm - calm, slender - slender. Exception: worthy - worthy.
§ 46. -Ev-, -iv-, -liv-, -chiv- (in adjectives). It is necessary to distinguish between adjectives with suffixes -ev-, on the one hand, and -iv-, -liv-, -chiv, on the other.
Words starting with -ev - for example, soybean, queen, flannel, match, suede - contain the suffix -ev- (an orthographic variation of the suffix -ov-), which is checked under stress in words such as oak, ruble. These adjectives are relative, they do not have short forms.
Words in -ivy are qualitative adjectives (having short forms) with suffixes -iv-: gracious; -liv-: caring, envious, restless, whimsical; -chiv-: forgetful, resourceful, changeable; cf. suffixes -iv- and -liv- under stress: lazy, joking, whimsical.
Note. The suffix -iv- is also present in the word holy fool, formed from the obsolete fool.
§ 47. -enk-, -onk- (in nouns). In nouns with the suffix -enk- (-onk-), the initial vowel of the suffix, always unstressed, is written in letters e (after paired soft consonants and hissing, as well as after vowels) and o (after paired hard consonants): papa, daughter, little leg, darling, Petenka, Varenka, Seryozhenka, Mashenka, Zoenka; birch, detonka, kitty, little teeth, Veronka.
Exceptions: in the words hare and good luck, as well as in the word good, the letter i is written in the suffix.
Note 1. Writers of the XIX century. spellings of proper names such as Marfinka, Polinka, Fedinka (with the letter i), as well as Lizanka, fox (with the letter a; the latter - in folklore texts) are widely found. Such spellings, although deviating from the modern orthographic norm, are preserved in reprints of the corresponding texts.
Note 2. In texts oriented to the folklore tradition, there is also a spelling of this suffix deviating from the modern norm with the letter y after a solid consonant, for example: You hear the cry of the neighboring strip, / Baba there - the scarves are disheveled, / We need to rock the child! (Nekr.); For Nadenka the bride-to-be, there is a dowry in the closet (Birth); Here it will roll, it will roll - that's it, I think my death has come! (Shuksh.). Writing -ynk- at the end of the stems (not under stress) is normal for words formed with the help of the suffix -k (a) from nouns in -ynya: alms - alms, mistress - mistress.
§ 48. -points-, -echk-. In nouns with the suffix -ochk- (-echk-), the initial unstressed vowel of the suffix is transmitted by the letters o (after paired solid consonants) and e (in other cases): light bulb (from lamp), bath, vase, blouse, mommy, Ninochka, Allochka , Little Johnny; aunt, Vanechka, Olechka, Raechka; temporarily (from time to time), name (from name), seed, morning. The stress on the suffix is in a single word place.
Nouns with a diminutive suffix -k- formed from nouns ending in -ka, -ko, -ki have the same orthographic appearance: baby (from baby), spinning wheel, papilla, fence, sleigh (from sledge); crumb, watering can, window (from the window), etc. (in them, a fluent vowel is transmitted with the letters o and e, see § 64).
Note. They deviate from the modern norm of writing such as tetychka, Volodichka, Raichka (as well as the stylized spelling of Venichka Erofeev, traditional in modern texts). Writing -ichk- at the end of the stems (not under stress) is normal for words formed with the suffix -k- from nouns with a stem in -its-, -ik-, for example: ladder - ladder, mill - mill, button - button , scissors - scissors, factory - factory, Edik - Edichka.
§ 49 It is necessary to distinguish between adjectives with a stressed suffix -achy (-yachy) such as cat?chiy, frog?chiy, turkey?chiy, duck?chiy, pig?chiy and adjectives in -echy with the suffix -iy, where an unstressed fluent vowel is transmitted by the letter e ( see § 64), for example: boyish (from a boy), old?
In the words belichiy, not? rpichiy and parrot? ich unstressed vowel at the beginning of the suffix -ichi is transmitted by the letter and.
§ 50. -ek, -ik. It is necessary to distinguish between diminutive suffixes of masculine nouns -ek (in an unstressed position) and -ik, -chik (always unstressed). In the suffix -ek, the vowel (checked under stress in words like stump, cottage cheese) is fluent, and in the suffixes -ik and -chik, the vowel is preserved during declension. Thus, a fluent vowel is conveyed here by the letter e (see § 64), and a non-fluent one by the letter and, for example: a ravine is a ravine, a piece is a piece, a knife is a knife, a lamb is a lamb, but a table is a table, a kalachik is a kalachik, glass - glass.
According to the same rule, formations characteristic of colloquial speech and vernacular are written in -ik with a non-fluent vowel of the suffix and a truncated stem of the generating word like great (bicycle), telly (TV), video recorder (video recorder), schizik (schizophrenic), as well as truncated diminutive personal names like Alik, Vladik.
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