slide 1
Slide text:
Ernest Rutherford
slide 2
Slide text:
slide 3
Slide text:
Ernest Rutherford
Born in the family of the wheelwright James Rutherford and his wife, teacher Martha Thompson. In addition to Ernest, the family had 6 more sons and 5 daughters.
slide 4
Slide text:
slide 5
Slide text:
One of Rutherford's first discoveries was that the radioactive radiation from uranium consists of two different components, which the scientist called alpha and beta rays. Later, he demonstrated the nature of each component (they are composed of fast moving particles) and showed that there is more
and the third component, which
called gamma rays.
slide 6
Slide text:
But Rutherford found that some alpha particles passing through gold foil were deflected very strongly. In fact, some even fly back! Feeling that there was something important behind this, the scientist carefully counted the number of particles that flew in each direction. Then, through a complex but quite convincing mathematical analysis, he showed the only way in which the results of the experiments could be explained: the gold atom consisted almost entirely of empty space, and almost all atomic mass was concentrated in the center, in the small "nucleus" of the atom!
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide text:
Rutherford's personality constantly amazed everyone who met him. He was a big man with a loud voice, boundless energy, and a marked lack of modesty. When colleagues noted Rutherford's supernatural ability to always be "on the crest of a wave" scientific research, he immediately answered: "Why not? After all, it was I who caused the wave, wasn't it?" Few scientists would
object to it
statements.
Sitnikov Arseniy
This presentation tells about the life of Rutherford, his contribution to the scientific and public life England.
Download:
Preview:
To use the preview of presentations, create an account for yourself ( account) Google and sign in: https://accounts.google.com
Slides captions:
Life in science research project students of the Municipal Educational Institution "Secondary School No. 103" of the 8th grade of Saratov Sitnikov Arkady, Smirnova Egor
“All science is either physics or stamp collecting” This work is dedicated to the English physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1908, the founder of nuclear physics, the scientist who did a lot to establish the physical picture of the world - Ernest Rutherford.
Stages of life of an English physicist - E. Rutherford, E. Rutherford was born on 30.08. 1871 in New Zealand, in a large family; Studied excellently at Canterbury College of the Humanities, University of New Zealand; 1892 - received a bachelor's degree humanities; 1894 - received a bachelor's degree in natural sciences; 1895 - Master of Arts, having passed the exams in mathematics and physics best of all .; 1895 - as the best student, he was sent to England to the Cavendish Laboratory of Cambridge under the direction of J. Thompson; Library in Cambridge
Stages of life - the "father" of nuclear physics E. Rutherford 1897 - Professor at McGill University in Montreal (Canada) 1903 - Member of the Royal Society of London; 1907 - England, Victoria University of Manchester; 1919 - professor at the University of Cambridge and director of the Cavendish Laboratory; 1921 Professor of Natural Sciences at the Royal Institution in London; 1930 - Chairman of the Government Advisory Board of the Office of Scientific and Industrial Research; On October 19, 1937, he died in Cambridge and was buried in Westminster Abbey and the Arch at the entrance to the Cavendish Laboratory
Models of atoms Thomson's model of the atom - "Pudding with raisins". Rutherford's model of the atom is planetary At the center of the atom, like the Sun in solar system- the nucleus, in which, despite its relatively small size, the entire mass of the atom is concentrated. And around it, like planets moving around the Sun, electrons revolve.
Rutherford's main experiment Bombardment of a thin plate of gold with α-particles K - lead container with a radioactive substance, E - screen coated with zinc sulfide, F - gold foil, M - microscope 1-atom of gold 2-α-particles
The results of Rutherford's experiments 1. Most of the particles pass through the atoms of matter. not dissipating (as through "emptiness"); 2. with an increase in the scattering angle, the number of particles deviated from the original direction decreases sharply; 3. there are separate particles thrown back by atoms against their initial motion (like a ball from a wall).
Colleagues and students of E. Rutherford In his work and life, E. Rutherford met with many scientists, physicists, chemists, future Nobel Prize winners: Joseph John Thomson Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa Maria Sklodowska-Curie Henry Moseley James Chadwick Enrico Fermi
Colleagues and students of Rutherford Niels Bohr Otto Hahn Henri Becquerel Hans Geiger Ernest Marsden Georgy Antonovich Gamov
Society recognition 1914 Nobility 1923 President of the British Association 1925 President of the Royal Society 1931 Baron Lord Rutherford of Nelson 1931 Peerage 1933 President of the Academic Council for Relief for German Fugitives
Recognition of the scientific merits of E. Rutherford 1904 - Rumford Medal of the Royal Society of London; 1908 - Nobel Prize in chemistry "for his research in the field of the decay of elements in the chemistry of radioactive substances"; 1922 - Copley Medal of the Royal Society of London; 1926 - British Order of Merit; Corresponding Member of the Canadian Royal Society, American Physical Society, British Association for the Advancement of Progress, Royal Society of Göttingen, New Zealand Philosophical Institute, American Philosophical Society. St. Louis Academy of Sciences, Royal Society of London
The Meaning of Ernest Rutherford's Life "Rutherford never made an enemy or lost a friend in his whole life." (Friend's statement) "That I am Lord Rutherford is more your merit than mine. Your son Ernest." (From a letter to my mother) “I have dealt with many different transformations with different periods, but the fastest of all was my own transformation in one moment from a physicist to a chemist” (from a speech at the Nobel Prize) All the sciences of Nature are divided into physics and stamp collecting (from E. Rutherford's speech)
Significance of the scientific life of Ernest Rutherford Three stages of recognition of scientific truth: the first - "this is absurd", the second - "there is something in this", the third - "it is well known" (E. Rutherford's aphorism) ... each outstanding researcher contributes his name in the history of science not only by his own discoveries, but also by those discoveries to which he encourages others. (M. Planck) "Rutherford's life is an almost continuous chain of brilliant discoveries. (Academician Yu.B. Khariton) Nuclear physics "was actually his area scientific activity” (Patrick Blackett)
Conclusions: 1. Studying the biographies of scientists is an interesting business; 2.Create a video library about great physicists in the physics classroom; 3. Make up a conversation-excursion about E. Rutherford, conduct a conversation in the lower and middle grades; 4. Write to the "School newspaper" about E. Rutherford under the heading "They write about them, they say ..."; 5. Speak at the NPC at the school in plenary session. Thank you for your attention
References and Internet resources Internet resources http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C0%F2%EE%EC http://www.edu.delfa.net/Interest/biography/biblio.htm http:// textik.ru/citations/topic/science/? fiz.1september.ru›2006/21/12.htm http:// class-izika.narod.ru/9_35.htm http:// fizika.ayp.ru/9/9_1.html http://www.newreferat .com/ref-12715-1.html Literary sources Large encyclopedic Dictionary. Physics / ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov. - M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 1998. Chemical Encyclopedic Dictionary / ch. ed. I.L. Knunyants. - M.: Sov. encyclopedia, 1983. F. Fedorov. "The Chain Reaction of an Idea", ed. "Knowledge", M., 1975 T.I. Trofimova. "Course of Physics", ed. "Higher School", M., 1999 "Course of General Physics", G.A. Zisman, O.M.Todes, ed. "Edelweiss", Kyiv, 1994
2 slide
Ernest Rutherford (Rutherford Ernst) 08/30/1871-10/19/1937 English physicist, native of New Zealand, founder of nuclear physics, author of the planetary model of the atom, member (in 1925-30 president) of the Royal Society of London, member of all academies of sciences in the world, including (since 1925) foreign member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1908), founder of a large scientific school. Research is devoted to radioactivity, atomic and nuclear physics. With his fundamental discoveries in these areas, he laid the foundations of the modern theory of radioactivity and the theory of the structure of the atom. From the collection of www.eduspb.com From the collection of www.eduspb.com
3 slide
4 slide
5 slide
In the Cavendish Laboratory From the collection of www.eduspb.com From the collection of www.eduspb.com
6 slide
7 slide
8 slide
9 slide
short biography 1876 - 1888 - years of initial apprenticeship - school at Foxhill to Havelock. Nelson College for Boys. 1889 - Ernest Rutherford enters Canterbury College, New Zealand University (Christchurch, South Island). - Bachelor of Arts degree. - Master of Arts degree. 1884 - Beginning of work on the creation of a magnetic detector of electromagnetic waves. 1895 - Bachelor of Science degree. Scholarship named after the World Exhibition of 1851. Rutherford enters the Cavendish Laboratory of the University of Cambridge (England). The first doctoral student (research-student) J. J. Thomson. 1896-1887 - Together with J. J. Thomson, Rutherford studies the process of ionization of gases under the action of X-rays. Termination of work on the magnetic detector. 1898 - Rutherford's first steps In the study of radioactivity. Discovery of the heterogeneity of Becquerel radiation - alpha and beta rays. Professor at McGill University in Montreal. 1899 - Discovery of thorium emanation. 1901 - 1902 - Joint research with Frederick Soddy. Open natural transformation of elements and the creation of a theory of radioactive decay of atoms. - Election to the Royal Society of London. - Rutherford's first book - Radio Activity. First Baker Lecture - "Sequence of transformations in radioactive families" From the collection of www.eduspb.com From the collection of www.eduspb.com
10 slide
1905 - Rutherford's second book - "Radioactive Transformations" (a series of Silliman lectures at Yale University, USA). 1906 - The first experiments on the scattering of alpha particles in matter. 1907 - Moving to England. Beginning of professorship at the University of Victoria (Manchester). 1908 - Development, together with Hans Geiger, of a method for counting alpha particles. The final establishment, together with Thomas Royds, of the helium nature of alpha rays. Nobel Prize in Chemistry. 1909 - 1910 - Construction of a planetary model of the atom and maturation of the idea of the existence of an atomic nucleus. 1911 -- Rutherford's "The Scattering of Alpha and Beta Radiation in Matter and the Structure of the Atom" appears in Philosophical magazine. 1912 - Beginning of friendship and cooperation with Niels Bohr. 1913 Rutherford submits Niels Bohr's "On the Structure of Atoms and Molecules" for publication. - Rutherford submits Henry Moseley's High-Frequency Spectra of the Elements for publication. 1914 - Rutherford receives the nobility and becomes Sir Ernst. 1915-1917 - Work on the detection of German submarines. Rutherford is the "liaison officer" of the British Committee for Inventions and Research. 1917 - Beginning of experiments culminating in the discovery of the artificial transformation of elements. 1919- Appearance in Philosophical magazine of Rutherford's work - "Anomalous effect in nitrogen" (fourth article from the cycle "Collision of alpha particles with light nuclei"). Discovery of artificial fission of the atomic nucleus. - Second Bakerian Lecture - "Nuclear Structure of Atoms". Prediction of the possible existence of the neutron, deuterium, tritium and helium-3. From the collection of www.eduspb.com From the collection of www.eduspb.com
11 slide
1921 - Beginning of cooperation and friendship with P. L. Kapitsa. 1923 - President of the British Association, congress in Liverpool. 1925 -1930 - President of the Royal Society. 1930 - The appearance of Rutherford's third book, co-authored with J. Chadwick and C. Ellis - "Emissions of Radioactive Substances". 1931 - Rutherford is made a baron and becomes Lord Rutherford of Nelson. 1932 - Rutherford presents to the Royal Society J. Cockcroft and E. Walton, who carried out the first nuclear reaction with accelerated protons. At the same meeting, J. Chadwick reported on the discovery of the neutron. 1933 - Opening of the Mond laboratory. - Rutherford - President of the Academic Council to help exiles from Nazi Germany and other European countries. 1934 - Together with Markus Oliphant and P. Harteck, Rutherford conducts the first nuclear reactions with heavy hydrogen. 1937- Rutherford's last book is the popular Modern Alchemy. October 19 - Rutherford dies. From the collection of www.eduspb.com From the collection of www.eduspb.com
He was one of 12 children of James Rutherford, a wheelwright and construction worker, of Scottish descent, and Martha (Thompson) Rutherford, an English schoolteacher. First R. attended primary and secondary local schools, and then became a fellow of Nelson College, a private high school, where he proved himself a talented student, especially in mathematics. Due to academic excellence R. received another scholarship, which allowed him to enroll in Canterbury College in Christchurch, one of the largest cities in New Zealand.
In college, R. was greatly influenced by his teachers: who taught physics and chemistry, E.U. Bickerton and mathematician J. Cook. After in 1892, Mr.. R. was awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree, he remained at Canterbury College and continued his studies thanks to a scholarship in mathematics.
The following year, he became a master of arts, having passed the exams in mathematics and physics with the best of all. His master's work concerned the detection of high-frequency radio waves. In order to study this phenomenon, he built a wireless radio receiver and used it to receive signals transmitted by colleagues from a distance of half a mile.
In 1894, Mr.. R. was awarded a bachelor's degree in natural sciences. There was a tradition at Canterbury College that any student who completed an M.A. and remained at the college was required to undertake further research and earn a B.Sc.
In Cambridge, R. worked under the guidance of the English physicist J.J. Thomson. Their collaboration was crowned with significant results, including Thomson's discovery of the electron, an atomic particle that carries a negative electrical charge. Based on their research, Thomson and R. suggested that when X-rays pass through a gas, they destroy the atoms of this gas, releasing the same number positively and negatively charged particles. They called these particles ions.
In 1911 he proposed a new model of the atom. According to his theory, which has become generally accepted today, positively charged particles are concentrated in the heavy center of the atom, and negatively charged particles (electrons) are in the orbit of the nucleus, at a fairly large distance from it.
In 1919, Mr.. R. moved to the University of Cambridge, becoming Thomson's successor as professor of experimental physics and director of the Cavendish Laboratory, and in 1921 took up the position of professor of natural sciences at the Royal Institution in London. In 1930, Mr.. R. was appointed chairman of the government advisory board of the Office of Scientific and Industrial Research. Being at the top of his career, the scientist attracted many talented young physicists to work in his laboratory in Cambridge.
In 1900, during a brief trip to New Zealand, R. married Mary Newton, who bore him a daughter. Almost to the end of his life, he was distinguished by good health and died in Cambridge in 1937 after a short illness. R. buried in Westminster Abbey near the graves of Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin.
"The structure of the atom" - Molecules. Henri Becquerel. He proved that the atom has a dense nucleus. J. Joseph Thomson. William Crooks. Substance. Atoms. Ernest Rutherford. In 1879 he discovered cathode rays. The number of protons in an atom is equal to the serial number. Basic information about the structure of atoms. The charge of the nucleus coincides with the number of the chemical element in the periodic table.
"Atom in physics" - Contents. When moving from orbit to orbit, an electron emits quanta. Bohr's postulates. Head: Sargsyan A.V. Second postulate. In a stationary state, an atom does not radiate. Rutherford is known as the "father" of nuclear physics, created the planetary model of the atom. hv= IEn- EmI. Based on classical ideas about the motion of microparticles, Rutherford proposed a planetary model of the atom.
"The structure of the nucleus of the atom" - Denoted -, has a mass? 1a.u.m. and the charge is equal to the charge of the electron. - Particles core. 10-12. Glass screen covered with a special substance Radioactive substance that emits - particles. 2 - 4. 17. Rutherford's model of the atom. The structure of the atom. Radioactive transformation of atomic nuclei. 16. 13 - 15.
"Atomic nucleus" - The neutron is now known to be 0.1% heavier than the proton. Nuclear forces. Chadwick's experiments. However, inside a stable nucleus, neutrons are bound to protons and do not spontaneously decay. kernel model. Discovery of the structure of the nucleus. J. Chadwick repeated the experiment. 1932 Ivanenko and Heisenberg proposed the proton-neutron model of the atomic nucleus.
"Application of the photoelectric effect" - The use of vacuum photocells in sound films. Electronic manual on physics. Exit work. The history of the discovery and study of the photoelectric effect. Difficulties of the wave theory in explaining the photoelectric effect. PRESENTATION
