Boris Pasternak graduated from high school with honors. From 1908 to 1913 he studied at Moscow University; moved from the Faculty of Law to the Faculty of History and Philology. In 1912 he spent one semester at the University of Marburg in Germany, where he attended lectures by the famous philosopher Hermann Cohen. There he got the opportunity to continue his career as a professional philosopher, but he stopped studying philosophy and returned to his homeland.

The first steps of Boris Pasternak in literature were marked by an orientation towards the symbolist poets - Andrei Bely, Alexander Blok, Vyacheslav Ivanov and Innokenty Annensky, participation in Moscow symbolist literary and philosophical circles. In 1914, the poet joined the futuristic group Centrifuge. The influence of the poetry of Russian modernism was clearly visible in Pasternak's first two books of poems, Twin in the Clouds (1913) and Over the Barriers (1917).

In 1914, when the First World War began, Pasternak was not taken into the army due to a leg injury received in childhood. He got a job as a clerk at the Ural military plant, which he later described in his famous novel Doctor Zhivago.

The revolutionary changes in Russia were reflected in the book of poems "Sister is my life", published in 1922, as well as in the collection "Themes and Variations", published a year later. These two collections of poetry made Pasternak one of the most prominent figures in Russian poetry.

Pasternak worked for some time in the library of the People's Commissariat of Education. In 1921, his parents and their daughters emigrated to Germany, and after Hitler came to power, they moved to England. Boris and his brother Alexander remained in Moscow.

Trying to comprehend the course of history from the point of view of the socialist revolution, Pasternak turned to the epic. In the 1920s, he created the poems "High Illness" (1923-1928), "The Nine Hundred and Fifth Year" (1925-1926), "Lieutenant Schmidt" (1926-1927), the novel in verse "Spektorsky" (1925-1931) .

During these years, Pasternak was a member of the LEF ("Left Front of the Arts"), which proclaimed the creation of a new revolutionary art.

Details of the writer's life after the revolution are described by him in his memoir prose "Protective Letter" (1931) and "People and Positions. An Autobiographical Essay" (1956-1957).

In 1934, at the First Congress of Writers, Pasternak was already spoken of as the leading contemporary poet. However, commendable reviews were soon replaced by harsh criticism due to the poet's unwillingness to confine himself to proletarian themes in his work. As a result, from 1936 to 1943 he failed to publish a single book.

During this period, not being able to publish, Pasternak earned money by translations, translated into Russian the classics of English, German and French poetry. His translations of Shakespeare's tragedies and Goethe's Faust entered the literature on an equal footing with his original work.

When the Great Patriotic War began, the writer graduated from military courses and in 1943 went to the front line as a correspondent.

During the war years, in addition to translations, Pasternak created the cycle Poems about the War, included in the book On Early Trains (1943). After the war, he published two more books of poetry - "Earthly Expanse" (1945) and "Selected Poems and Poems" (1945).

From 1945 to 1955, Boris Pasternak worked on Doctor Zhivago, a largely autobiographical story about the fate of the Russian intelligentsia in the first half of the 20th century. The hero of the novel, the doctor and poet Yuri Zhivago, had nothing in common with the orthodox hero of Soviet literature. The novel, initially approved for publication, was later considered unsuitable "because of the author's negative attitude towards the revolution and lack of faith in social transformations."

The book was published in Milan in 1957 on Italian, and by the end of 1958 translated into 18 languages.

In 1958, the Swedish Academy awarded Boris Pasternak the Nobel Prize in Literature "for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel," which was perceived in the USSR as a purely political action. A campaign of persecution of the poet unfolded on the pages of the press, Boris Pasternak was expelled from the Writers' Union, he was threatened with expulsion from the country, a criminal case was opened on charges of treason. All this forced the writer to abandon Nobel Prize(the diploma and medal were presented to his son Evgeny in 1989).

All the last years of his life, Boris Pasternak did not go anywhere from his house in Peredelkino. Lung cancer caused the writer's imminent death on May 30, 1960.

In 1987, the decision to expel Pasternak from the Writers' Union was canceled, in 1988 "Doctor Zhivago" was first published in the Motherland (the magazine "New World").

In Peredelkino, in the house where the writer spent the last years of his life, there is a museum. In Moscow - in Lavrushinsky Lane, in the house where Pasternak lived for a long time, a memorial plaque to his memory was installed.

The novel "Doctor Zhivago" was filmed in the USA in 1965 by director David Lean and in 2002 by director Giacomo Capriotti, in Russia in 2005 by Alexander Proshkin.

From his first marriage with the artist Evgenia Lurie, Pasternak had a son, Evgeny (1923-2012), a literary critic, a specialist in the work of Boris Pasternak.

In the second marriage of the writer with Zinaida Neuhaus, a son, Leonid (1938-1976), was born.

Pasternak's last love was Olga Ivinskaya, who became the poet's "muse". He dedicated many poems to her. Until the death of Pasternak, they had a close relationship.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources

Born and raised Boris Leonidovich Pasternak in Moscow. His father was an artist and his mother was a pianist. Vivid impressions of childhood and adolescence determined his ability to compose from life, later he called this skill subjective biographical realism.

A creative and active atmosphere dominated the poet's parental home, and none of Pasternak's youthful activities disappeared in vain. Evidence of a thorough poetic education is found in early poetry and prose: professional mastery of musical composition and discipline of thought were successfully combined with innate impressionability and receptivity.

During his university years, Pasternak formed his own views and beliefs, which helped him to endure the years of war and hardship in the future. “Losing in life is more necessary than gaining,” he wrote, “the grain will not sprout unless it dies.

In the spring of 1913, Pasternak brilliantly graduated from the university. At the same time, the publishing house "Lyrika" created by several young people published an almanac on a joint basis, in which five of his poems were printed. During this summer he wrote his first independent book, and by the new year 1914 it appeared in the same edition under the title "Twin in the Clouds." By the end of 1916, Pasternak's second book of poems, Over the Barriers, was published.

In the summer of 1917, the book of lyrics "My Sister - Life" put Pasternak into the ranks of the first literary names of his time. The general creative upsurge of 1917-1918 made it possible in one breath to write the next book of poems "Themes and Variations", but this book, having approved the name of the poet, marked for him an inner spiritual decline, became an object of dissatisfaction with himself.

Poems dedicated to people whose fates were not indifferent to the poet (Bryusov, Akhmatova, Tsvetaeva, Meyerhold), like some others written in the same decade, Pasternak combined with previously published ones and compiled the collection Over the Barriers. The final works of this time were the poems Spektorsky and Safeguards, in which Pasternak outlined his views on the inner content of art and its significance in the history of human society.

Pasternak's early poems are complex in form, densely saturated with metaphors. But already in them one feels a huge freshness of perception, sincerity and depth, the primordial pure colors of nature shine, the voices of rains and snowstorms sound. Over the years, Pasternak freed himself from the excessive subjectivity of his images and associations. Remaining philosophically deep and intense as before, his verse is gaining more and more transparency, classical clarity. However, Pasternak's social isolation, his intellectual isolation from the world of social storms, to a large extent, fettered the poet's strength. Nevertheless, Pasternak took the place in Russian poetry of a significant and original lyricist, a wonderful singer of Russian nature. His rhythms, images and metaphors influenced the work of many Soviet poets.

Pasternak is an outstanding master of translation. He translated works of Georgian poets, Shakespeare's tragedies, Goethe's Faust.

Many of Pasternak's poems are devoted to nature. The poet is not indifferent to the expanses of the earth, to springs and winters, to the sun, to snow, to rain. Perhaps the main theme of all his work is reverence for the miracle of life, a feeling of gratitude for it. For almost a quarter of a century he lived in the village of Peredelkino near Moscow. The poet sang of his winters and snowfalls, spring streams and early trains. Here he is sensitively listening to the coming spring in the poem "Everything came true."

I enter the forest. And I'm not in a hurry.

The crust settles in layers.

Like a bird, an echo will answer me,

The whole world will give me the way.

Most often it is, as in the poem "Pines" - a landscape-reflection. Thinking about time, about truth, about life and death, about the nature of art, about the mystery of its birth. About the miracle of human existence. About the female share, about love. About faith in life, in the future. And how much light, heartfelt passion for the Motherland, for modest people of labor is in these verses! Colloquial vernacular, so-called prosaisms, the most ordinary, everyday landscape, haystacks and arable land, students and locksmiths in a crowded morning Peredelkino train - all this is inspired by a sincere artist.

The name of Boris Pasternak - a peculiar and inimitable Russian lyricist - is inscribed in the history of literature forever. People will always need his soulful, wonderful and full of life poetry, telling not only about the common good, but, above all, calling to do good. individual people no matter how small it may be.

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (1890-1960) - Honored Russian poet and writer, whose works were awarded the honorary title of "Russian and foreign literary fund". His famous novel "Doctor Zhivago" made its author Nobel laureate, and his translations are still in great demand among readers. The life and work of this man is the pride of all our compatriots.

Boris Pasternak was born on January 29, 1890 in Moscow. We mention that, in addition to Boris, there were 3 more children in the family.

The Pasternak family moved to Moscow from Odessa, which, by the way, did not hit hard on the old acquaintances of creative parents. My father was an artist whose paintings were bought by the Tretyakov Gallery. It is worth saying that Leo Tolstoy, Mr. Rachmaninov and, of course, the family of the composer Scriabin were frequent guests in Pasternak's house - it is from this acquaintance that the literary path of the future writer begins.

Youth and education

Pasternak dreamed of becoming a great musician, so he begins to take lessons from Scriabin. In 1901, Boris entered the second grade of the gymnasium, while simultaneously studying at the Conservatory. In 1909, Pasternak graduated from the gymnasium with a gold medal and entered the Faculty of History and Philology at Moscow State University (it was then that Pasternak wrote his first poems), and already in 1912 he entered Margburg University in Germany, where he left with his mother.

He decides to give up philosophy and dedicate himself to literature, referring to the complete lack of an ear for music. As a result, his musical career ended.

Creative way: collections, mugs, success story

The first poems fall on the period 1910-1912, it was then that his lyrical hero was inspired by high feelings. The lines are shrouded in love, but not everything in the poet's personal life was so "smooth". He transfers the impressions of the break with his beloved in Venice into his poems. It was then that he began to be interested in such trends in literature as futurism and symbolism. He understands that in order to expand his path, he needs new acquaintances: he joins the Moscow circle "Lyric".

"Twin in the Clouds" (1914) - the first collection of poems by Pasternak, followed by "Over the Barriers" (1916). However, it was the book My Sister (1922) that made him famous; after its release, he became engaged to Evgenia Lurie.

The books “Themes and Variations”, “Lieutenant Schmidt”, “The Nine Hundred and Fifth Year” were published next - this was an echo of Pasternak’s acquaintance with Mayakovsky and his entry into the literary association “Lef” in 1920-1927. Boris Pasternak is beginning to be deservedly considered the best Soviet poet, but because of his friendship with Akhmatova and Mandelstam, he, just like them, falls under the "sharp Soviet eye."

In 1931, Pasternak left for Georgia, where he wrote poems included in the Waves cycle; in the same year he began to translate foreign books, including the literature of Goethe and other famous foreign writers. Immediately after the Great Patriotic War Pasternak wrote the famous novel "Doctor Zhivago", which became the main work in his work. In 1955 Doctor Zhivago was finished after 10 long years.

Personal life

In personal relationships, the poet had a real confusion. Even in his youth, he gave his heart to the artist Evgenia Lurie, she also gave birth to his first child. However, the woman was distinguished by a strong and independent disposition, often jealous of her husband for numerous acquaintances. The bone of contention was the correspondence from Marina Tsvetaeva. The couple divorced.

Then a long relationship began with Zinaida Neuhaus, a calm and balanced woman who forgave her husband a lot. It was she who gave the creator the serene atmosphere of his native hearth. However, soon the editor of Novy Mir, Olga Ivinskaya, appears in his life. She lives next door and soon becomes the author's muse. He actually lives in two families, and both women pretend that nothing is happening.

For Olga, this relationship became fatal: she gets 5 years in the camps for meeting the disgraced poet. Pasternak feels guilty and helps her family in every possible way.

Bullying and death

The authorities tried in every possible way to expel Pasternak from the country for "false coverage of facts" and "wrong worldview." He was expelled from the Writers' Union. And this played a role: the writer refused the award and expressed his bitterness in the poem "Nobel Prize".

In 1952, he survived a heart attack, and the following years passed under the yoke of the disease. In 1960, Boris Pasternak died.

Boris Pasternak was born on February 10, 1890 in Moscow, in the family of a Jewish artist and art teacher. In 1905 he entered the Moscow Conservatory. In 1909 - 1913. Boris was a student of the philosophical department of the Faculty of History and Philology of Moscow University.

In 1912, for one semester, the young man studied at the German University of Marburg. In the same year, Pasternak felt a penchant for literature, he was especially attracted to poetry. After returning to Moscow, the young man joined the Centrifuge circle of young futurist writers. In 1913, his collection Lyrica was published. A year later, the book "Twin in the Clouds" was published. However, Pasternak for some time still hesitated between writing and commercial careers. He spent the winter and spring of 1916 in the Urals, where he worked in the office of the manager of the Vsevolodo-Vilvensky chemical plants.

AT Stalinist For years, Pasternak, loyal to the authorities, managed to bypass the vent of repression. Sometimes he timidly tried to stand up for the repressed intellectuals, but mostly without success. His own poems have almost ceased to be published. Since 1936, Pasternak lived in a dacha in the literary village of Peredelkino, doing not his own work, but almost exclusively translations. His translations of Goethe and Shakespeare are considered exemplary.

Geniuses and villains. Boris Pasternak

During Great Patriotic War Pasternak and his family were evacuated to the city of Chistopol. During this period, Pasternak was still able to publish new collections of his poems - "On Early Trains" (1943) and "Earthly Space" (1945). After the war, he harbored a shaky hope for a humanistic degeneration of the Stalinist regime.

The writer considered the novel Doctor Zhivago, on which he worked from 1946 to 1955, to be the result of his work. In the USSR, this book was not published, but with the beginning Khrushchev thaw Pasternak gave it to an Italian communist publisher. In 1957, Doctor Zhivago was published in Italian, and then in many others. In the USSR, Doctor Zhivago was published only in 1988.

In 1958, Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel."

The awarding of the prize to Pasternak was perceived in the USSR as a political action. dedicated to events civil war novel "Doctor Zhivago" was recognized as anti-Soviet. After the Nobel Prize was awarded, at the behest of the Kremlin leaders, the persecution of Pasternak began. He was expelled from the Writers' Union, wanted to be expelled from the country, accused of treason. As a result, the writer refused the prize.

Boris Leonidovich
Parsnip

Born January 29, 1890 in Moscow. His parents are noble in their own way. Mom - Rosalia Pasternak, musician, native Odessa, arrived in Moscow exactly one year before the birth of her son. Father - Leonid Osipovich Pasternak - an outstanding artist, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, and just a wonderful person. In addition to Boris, his family had two more sisters and a brother. Their apartment was always full of revered guests - here are Leo Tolstoy, and Isaac Levitan, and even the musician Sergei Rachmaninov.
The most famous work of Boris Pasternak is Doctor Zhivago, and Boris Leonidovich himself is a translator of articles, essays, stories, poems and scientific works. Multiple winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature.
1909 for Boris is the year in which he graduated from the Moscow gymnasium. In the same year, Boris enters the Faculty of History and Philology at Moscow University.
After studying there for three years, using the funds raised by his own mother, Boris goes to Germany to the University of Marburg, for the time being for summer education. But, having lost any interest in the philosophical sciences, he finishes his studies ahead of schedule, and leaves again. This time it's Italy. The country that gave Boris the opportunity to fully immerse himself in creativity. However, Boris Leonidovich Pasternak graduated from the university in 1913.
The countdown time of the beginning of his writing activity can be counted precisely from the following events. The first poems of Boris come out from under the pen in 1909, but he pretty much hides his talent for writing. The year 1903 becomes significant for Boris Leonidovich - here he meets the relatives of the outstanding composer Scriabin. At the age of thirteen, Boris begins to write his own musical works. However, the fact of a complete lack of musical ear makes one abandon the idea of ​​teaching musical art already in the sixth year of study.
In 1921, the entire Pasternak family migrated from Russian Empire. Boris, without losing touch with his family and other emigrants, and Marina Tsvetaeva.
A year later, (in 1922), Pasternak marries Evgenia Lurie, with whom he lives in Germany for 22-23 years. And already in 1923 they saw their first son Eugene.
However, the first marriage was not successful. And after the break, Boris marries for the second time Zinaida Neuhaus. Together with her son and herself, they traveled to Georgia. Boris also has a son from his second marriage.
After the death of Zinaida from cancer, Boris meets Olga Ivinskaya, to whom he devoted many of his creative ideas long before they met. It was Olga who was his muse throughout his life.
The last years of Boris Leonidovich Pasternak passed quite calmly and painfully. 1952 brought Boris a myocardial infarction, however, despite the severe tolerance of the disease, he continued his creative activity. In this state, the writer even began a new cycle of his works, published as "When he clears up." It was this collection that became the last during his lifetime. But, the cause of death lies not in the heart. His true diagnosis, lung cancer, was never correctly diagnosed. Boris Leonidovich Pasternak died on May 30, 1960 in Peredelkino, Moscow Region. He was buried on June 2, 1960 at the Peredelkino cemetery.