13. Synthetic pyrethroids
The use of pyrethroids in the form of powdered flowers of Persian, Dalmatian and Caucasian chamomile of the genus Pyrethrum is known even before our era, but the chemical structure was established only in the 50s of the last century. The active insecticidal substances in the powder are derivatives of cyclopropanecarboxylic acid - cinerin 1 and 2, pyrethrin 1 and 2, and in small quantities dehydro derivatives - jasmolin 1 and 2. These substances are liquids with a low odor, quickly inactivated due to oxidation and hydrolysis. Due to the fact that the synthesis of cynerins and pyrethrins is difficult, their analogues, synthetic pyrethroids, are obtained for practical use.
Synthesized and studied pyrethroids are derivatives of cyclopropanecarboxylic acids, in particular, chrysanthemum and monocarboxylic acids. Most drugs used in practice are based on permethrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenvalerate and other synthetic pyrethroids.
Almost a quarter of all insecticides and acaricides (40 out of 185) included in the list of pesticides approved for use in 2000 are synthetic pyrethroids. The main advantage of the substances of this group is their high insecticidal and acaricidal activity with a pronounced selectivity of action, which is many times greater than the selectivity of FOS. Therefore, pyrethroids are used in very small quantities - hundreds of grams per hectare. These compounds are not stable, but when used in agriculture and veterinary medicine can enter the environment and cause poisoning of people and animals.
The toxicity of pyrethroids to warm-blooded animals varies. Among them there are high-, medium- and low-toxic drugs. For warm-blooded animals, pesticides containing a cyan group (decis, sumicidin, etc.) are more toxic.
The cumulative properties of most pyrethroids are not pronounced, so the likelihood of chronic intoxication is low.
Rovikurt. Light oily liquid with a slight odor, slightly soluble in water (10 mg / l), well - in most organic solvents. Contains the active ingredient permethrin. Used in agriculture. In veterinary medicine, permethrin (Ambush, Corsair) is used. Released in the form of an emulsion concentrate with a content of up to 25% of the active substance. Preparative forms - stomazan (Hungarian drug), kreopyr, anometrin and pirvol.
Plants protect against insects and mites with 0.01-0.02% aqueous emulsions at the rate of 0.1-0.2 kg/ha (according to the active ingredient). It is used for spraying during the growing season of industrial, grain, vegetable crops, as well as for processing fruit bushes, grapes, medicinal plants, deciduous and coniferous trees. Animals are treated by spraying or bathing in swimming baths with a 0.05-0.1% aqueous emulsion of the drug. It is not allowed to handle lactating animals.
Data on the toxicity of permethrin are contradictory. LD50 for white mice and rats vary from 455 to 4000 mg/kg, which is apparently due to the different content of isomers in the technical product.
The pesticide is highly toxic to bees and fish.
In sheep treated by bathing in a 0.05% aqueous emulsion of pirvol, after 3 days, 0.051 mg/kg is found in the muscle tissue, 0.045 in the liver, and 0.043 mg/kg in the kidneys. Through Shsut, pesticide residues are found only in muscle tissue in trace amounts (EK Rakhmatullin, 1997).
Arrivo, inta-vir, cymbush, cyperkil, cyrax, sherpa, citcor, ci-perstance. Contains the active ingredient cypermethrin. Most preparations are colorless liquids with a slight odor, slightly soluble in water (Umg / l), well - in most organic solvents.
Produced in the form of ke and tablets. Used for spraying during the growing season of grain, industrial, vegetable and melon crops, grapes, deciduous and coniferous trees, urban green spaces, granary areas and in other cases to control insects and mites.
To protect animals from insects and ticks, aqueous emulsions of creoquine and cypec are used in 0.005-0.01% concentrations. Preparations containing cypermethrin are moderately hazardous pesticides with LD50 for white rats 250-300 mg/kg. Highly toxic to bees, CK5o to fish 0.0012 mg/l.
When sheep are treated by bathing in aqueous emulsions containing 0.005% concentration of cypermethrin, the residues in fat, liver, kidneys and heart after 5 days are 100, 89, 72 and 62 µg/kg, respectively. After 10 days, traces of the drug are found only in fat. No pesticide excretion with sheep milk has been established.
After treatment of calves with an aqueous emulsion of the Intavir preparation containing cypermethrin at a 0.05% concentration (according to the active ingredient), the pesticide residues are found in the largest amounts in fat: after 5 days - 0.033 mg / kg, after 10 - only traces. After 15 days, there are no pesticide residues in organs and tissues (A. N. Mitasov, 1994). ",
Decis, biorin, deltacid, K-edema, K-obiol, Fas. Contains the active ingredient deltamethrin. Combined npena^S rats bifetrin (deltamethrin + fenthion) and decis-quick (delta * [methrin + heptenofos), as well as the above pesticides^ are used mainly for spraying plants during the growing season, sometimes in the phase of the beginning of flowering on the same crops as q> other peritroids, as well as for the treatment of pastures (for the destruction of locust larvae), fodder and medicinal plants, fruit, many deciduous and coniferous trees.
According to the preparative form, these can be emulsion concentrates, briquettes and wettable powders. These drugs are effective in cases where pests are resistant to FOS, COS and carbamates. Practically insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents. For plant protection, they are used in the form of water emulsions at the rate of 0.01-0.05 kg/ha.
Animals are treated by spraying or bathing in baths containing an aqueous emulsion of drugs in a 0.005% concentration. LD50 for rats when administered orally 128-139 mg/kg, with skin application of aqueous emulsions LD5o 2500 mg/kg. Highly toxic to bees, beneficial insects and fish; SC5o for fish 0.1 mg/l. Unsustainable in the environment. Residual amounts are not found in the soil, and are not determined in plant foods. According to E. K. Rakhmatullin (1997), they are retained in animal tissues for a longer time than permethrin and cypermethrin.
In samples of muscle tissue, liver and kidneys of sheep treated by bathing in an aqueous emulsion of butox containing 0.005% decamethrin (active substance), the amount of residues after 7 days after treatment was 0.3, 0.044 and 0.042 mg/kg, and after 10 days -0.014, 0.019 and 0.02 mg/kg, respectively. 35 days after treatment, pesticide residues were not detected.
Other synthetic pyrethroids - danitol (fenpropatrin), zeta and fury (zeta-cypermethrin), karate (lambda-cyhalothrin), kinmiks (beta-cypermethrin), mavrik (tau-fluvalinate), sumi-al-fa (esfenvalerate), sumicidin, fenaksin and phoenix (fenvalerate), talstar (bifentrin), fastak (alpha-cypermethrin) and others are used in field crops, horticulture and forestry.
The disadvantage of pyrethroids is that insects and mites get used to them. A multiple increase in the concentration of solutions and the frequency of treatments is ineffective. In such cases, a change in the preparation or its replacement with pesticides from other chemical groups is required. All drugs in this group have a high selective toxicity against insects and mites.
Toxicodynamics. E. K. Rakhmatullin (1997), in experiments with puron containing cypermethrin, proposed for application to the skin of the back of animals, found that the insecticide in therapeutic and 10 times higher doses did not cause clinical symptoms of intoxication in animals, but significantly increased in the first 5 days after application to the skin, blood cholinesterase activity, especially when using large doses.
In the following days, cholinesterase activity decreased by 30-40% compared with the control.
S. Cosida (1973) observed the inhibition of the activity of microsomal oxidases under the action of natural pyrethroids.
In laboratory animals (white rats), pyrethroids (decis, sumicidin, cymbush) in toxic doses act on the central nervous system. In animals, inhibition is observed, then excitation, tremor, convulsions, cholinesterase activity decreases in all studied substrates, including in the brain. This leads to the accumulation of the mediator of cholinergic synapses - acetylcholine, and therefore its cholinomimetic effect is manifested. Pyrethroids in rats act hepatotoxically, which leads to a decrease in transamination enzymes, alkaline phosphatase, liver and serum cholinesterase, total protein and urea.
In the body of warm-blooded animals, pyrethroids are rapidly metabolized and excreted from the body in the urine, some of the drugs are excreted in the faeces. The rate of metabolism of pesticides depends on their chemical structure.
Long-term effects in pyrethroids have not been identified.
Clinic. There were no cases of poisoning of cattle, sheep, deer, pigs and other animals during their treatment with preparations containing permethrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin and fenvalerate.
Pyrethroids have a therapeutic index greater than 10, so poisoning of animals is unlikely even with a 5-fold overestimation of doses.
An increase in the recommended concentration (0.005%) by 10 times (0.05%) when using preparations based on cypermethrin and deltamethrin for the treatment of sheep, cattle, pigs against psoroptosis, sarcoptic mange and other diseases caused by ticks and insects is not accompanied by the appearance of clinical symptoms of intoxication.
When laboratory animals are poisoned with deltamethrins, salivation, chewing movements, tremors, hyperactivity, muscle contraction, and convulsions are noted. Skin sensitivity and neuro-reflex excitability are reduced.
In farm animals, the symptoms are non-specific.
When drugs are taken orally, excitement is first noted, and then depression, appetite is reduced, skin sensitivity and neuro-reflex excitability are reduced.
Treatment. Means of antidote therapy are absent. If pyrethroids are ingested in large quantities with treated plants, activated charcoal with water should be administered.1 Pigs can be induced to vomit. Subsequently, the animals are prescribed saline laxatives; oil laxatives should not be given. Symptomatic treatment is carried out depending on the time; knowledge.
pathological changes. They were established on laboratory animals that were injected with synthetic pyrethroids in the most toxic and lethal doses. Characterized by hemodynamic disturbances in the internal organs and brain, petechial hemorrhages under the epicardium and endocardium, degenerative changes under the epicardium and endocardium, degenerative changes in the liver, catarrhal inflammation of the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract (E. K. Rakhmatullin, 1997). ),
Vetsanekspertiza. Residues of pyrethroids are determined by the method | GLC. Establishing the presence of synthetic pyrethroids in tissues! bees and fish provides a basis for diagnosing poisoning.
When treating the skin by spraying or bathing, synthetic pyrethroids are retained in the body for an average of 10-14 days. According to E. K. Rakhmatullin (1997), the remains of pyrethroids containing deltamethrin are retained for up to 30 days in case of poisoning. Therefore, depending on the type of insecticide, treated animals should be killed after 20-35 days. MRLs for residues in animal tissues have not been established in our country. In fish, the MRL for pyrethroids is 0.0015 mg/kg. In case of forced slaughter, products are examined for the presence of drug residues, and if they are present, meat and offal should not be allowed to be eaten. MRLs for vegetables, fruits and grains are given in the appendices.
Prevention. Synthetic pyrethroid preparations are used only in accordance with the instructions. It is forbidden to graze animals near the treated plantations before the end of the waiting period.
HELLELLEBORE POISONING
Poisoning of animals with hellebore (Veratrum L.) continues to be a significant problem. In Bulgaria, hellebore is a widespread meadow plant in the foothills and mountainous regions. White hellebore (Veratrum var. lobeliana) and black hellebore are especially represented in the country, which in some areas account for 15- 20% of the total herbage.It is known that hellebore contains several alkaloids, of which protoveratrin, protoveratridine, zhervin, etc. have a toxic effect. 5%.During drying and ensiling, the content of alkaloids does not decrease.Due to the solubility of protoveratrin in water, it passes into a liquid mass in the lower layers of the silage.
Cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, poultry are sensitive to hellebore. Young animals are more sensitive than adult animals. There is also a breed predisposition. Animals of improved breeds are more easily poisoned. The toxic dose of the aerial part of hellebore for cattle is 400-800 g, for pigs - 50-100 g, for lambs - 20-50 g, for adult sheep and goats - 50-80 g. The toxic dose of seeds and rhizomes for poultry is 2-5 G.
toxic action. Hellebore, which has entered the digestive apparatus, is digested under the influence of various enzymes and releases the alkaloids contained in it, which have a local irritating effect on the mucous membrane and motor endings. After resorption, alkaloids exhibit a strong toxic effect on the central nervous system. Inflammation develops in the digestive tract, and in ruminants, the compression of the proventriculus increases and their motility slows down, and then atony occurs. In the central nervous system, some motor centers of the subcortical layer are excited, which may result in a spasm. After the resorption of protoverin, disturbances in the functions of the central nervous system occur, as a result of which the eyelids of the eyes in animals are closed. In the medulla oblongata, the nuclei of N. vagus, the respiratory center and vasomotor nerves are excited, which causes, respectively, respiratory, circulatory and cardiac disorders.
Clinical signs. In cattle, intoxication is manifested by increased salivation, attempts to rotate in place, spasms of the esophagus, intensification, and then slowing down.
scar motility until it stops completely, increased sweating, spasms of striated muscles and muscle tremors. Animals are disheveled, restless and have a frightened look. The general condition is also broken. Cardiac activity is slowed down at first, and later accelerated. Blood pressure is high, blood vessels pulsate distinctly, breathing is difficult due to spasm of the respiratory intercostal muscles and diaphragm. The death of animals occurs due to respiratory paralysis and vasomotor collapse.
In pigs, the first typical sign of poisoning is attempts to spin in place. In addition, they constantly move and dig in the litter, often lie down and get up. They have muscle tremors all over their body. At the same time, heart activity and respiration are accelerated. Death occurs due to respiratory paralysis.
For a bird, a characteristic sign of poisoning is the inability to stand on its feet due to muscle weakness. They also note rotational movements of the head and gradually increasing diarrhea. Cardiac activity and respiration are speeded up. Birds die due to respiratory paralysis a few hours after poisoning.
pathological changes. Autopsy reveals a pronounced hemorrhagic inflammation of the stomach and intestines. Sometimes ulcers can be seen on the mucous membrane of the abomasum and scar. The liver is filled with blood, enlarged and has rounded edges; the gallbladder is also enlarged and filled with bile. In the kidneys, subcapsularly and in the cortical part, strongly pronounced hyperemia and petechial hemorrhages are observed.
The prognosis for poisoning animals with hellebore is negative.
The diagnosis is based on the determination of an excessive amount of hellebore leaves and stems in the feed and their residues in the contents of the stomach. Of decisive importance for the diagnosis is a laboratory chemical study of food and stomach contents, which determines a positive reaction to alkaloids (protoveratrin).
Treatment. Muscle relaxants or antipsychotics are used. The research results of the authors of the book show that a good effect can be achieved from the use of chlorazine (ampoules of 25 ml), as well as glucose (3 ampoules of 250 ml of 20% glucose solution for large animals and one ampule of 50 ml of 20% glucose for small ruminants). Chlorazine is applied intravenously (1-2 times a day). An even better effect can be achieved by the combined use of magnesium sulfate with chlorazine or the use of magnesium sulfate alone.
For gastroenteritis, enveloping agents are used - a decoction of flaxseed or a 1.5% solution of pectin in water at a dose of 250 ml for large and 20-30 ml for small animals, alone or in combination with magnesium sulfate - a saline laxative.
To maintain cardiac and pulmonary activity, therapy with cardiotonin and ephedrine is prescribed. For liver damage, methionine is used (intravenously).
Prevention. It is necessary to control the botanical composition of feed mixtures. Hay should not contain more than 2% hellebore leaves.
STYLAB offers test kits for the analysis of pyrethroids in water samples and food swabs.
|
||||||||||
Pyrethroids (sometimes erroneously spelled "perythroids" or "perethroids") are synthetic analogues of pyrethrins, natural insecticides found in some plants of the Compositae family. Representatives of the genera Pyrethrum (it includes various types of daisies), Chrisanthemum (chrysanthemums) and Tanacetum (tansy) contain especially a lot of these substances. These plants have been used by humans as insecticides, repellents, and to scent clothes and rooms, eventually serving the same purpose since ancient times.
Pyrethrins act very quickly: they affect the nervous system of insects when they eat or come into contact with leaves, stems or flowers. This allows plants to effectively resist pests and receive as little damage as possible. For plants, pyrethrins are not dangerous.
However, many insects have developed resistance to pyrethrins. In addition, the synthesis of these substances is costly, and the pyrethrins themselves are rapidly destroyed by sunlight. Thus, using them to protect crops is expensive and difficult. Currently, pyrethrins are used in some mosquito coils.
Obtaining substances comparable to pyrethrins in terms of efficiency, speed of action, and safety for plants and humans, but more stable and cheaper, has been of interest to researchers since the beginning of the 20th century. These compounds were pyrethroids. Their properties are very similar to those of pyrethrins, but pyrethroids are more stable and cheaper. The first of them - allethrin - was obtained from the chlorine-containing compound of chrysanthemic acid in 1949 in the USA. Other pyrethroids of the 1st generation were synthesized on its basis. However, these insecticides were destroyed in the light as quickly as pyrethrins.
In the 1960s, more light-stable 2nd generation pyrethroids were developed. The power of action of these substances is hundreds of times greater than that of pitrethrins. The effectiveness of 3rd generation pyrethroids is even higher, and these substances allow you to fight a wide range of insects.
Pyrethroids are divided into two types, depending on whether their molecule contains a cyano group (the same as in hydrocyanic acid). Cyanopyrethroids, or type II pyrethroids, are more toxic than type I pyrethroids precisely due to this group. These include, for example, cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin and its isomers, cypermethrin and its isomers, deltamethrin and others.
All pyrethroids are fat-soluble and are stored in the leaf cuticle for a long time, which provides effective plant protection. The same property allows them to remain in the skin and fatty tissues of mammals, including humans, and be excreted in milk. Pyrethroids can cross the blood-brain barrier into the brain and cross the placental barrier. The latter means that they can harm the embryos.
Pyrethroids are toxic to mammals. However, the minimum toxic doses of these substances for insects are much lower than for mammals, which allows these insecticides to be widely used. In addition, pyrethroids are excreted from the body of mammals fairly quickly.
The mechanism of action of pyrethroids is based on overexcitation of the nervous system. This is expressed in muscle spasms, convulsions and subsequent paralysis and death. Cyanopyrethroids, in addition, prevent its inhibition (i.e., recovery normal state nervous system), which enhances the effect. From such exposure, insects quickly die. In mammals, including cats that are especially sensitive to pyrethroids, fatal poisonings occur much less frequently, but such cases are known.
Acute pyrethroid poisoning is characterized by fever, which can last for several days, headache and dizziness, weakness, itching sensation, incoordination. There may be tremor, hyperactivity, agitation, involuntary muscle contractions. Type II pyrethroid poisoning, such as cypermethrin, is more severe, with convulsions and seizures, and increased salivation.
Chronic exposure to pyrethroids, such as permethrin, causes incoordination in rats or skin irritation (when applied to it) in rabbits. Some studies have linked chronic exposure to pyrethroids with serious pathologies of the nervous system, decreased immunity, and the onset of allergies. However, such conclusions are questionable due to the sampling methods (in particular, in some cases, a vacuum cleaner was used for this) or the statistical uncertainty of the results.
Some pyrethroids, for example, are recognized as possible carcinogens. Permethrin at high levels promotes the formation of non-cancerous tumors, in particular liver tumors, in mice. But in general, the effect of chronic exposure to pyrethroids in humans has not been studied. However, these substances are unstable and are rapidly excreted from the body, which reduces the likelihood of chronic effects.
Pyrethroids are rapidly destroyed by exposure to sunlight and air. They are unstable in the soil and practically do not penetrate into ground water. These substances are poorly soluble in water. Therefore, pyrethroids are among the most environmentally friendly pesticides. However, these substances should not be allowed to enter water bodies, as they are very dangerous for fish and aquatic invertebrates. For birds, these substances are of low toxicity.
Pyrethroids are dangerous not only for harmful, but also for beneficial insects, including bees. Therefore, these preparations, like other pesticides, should be used with caution. Agricultural pests are able to develop resistance (resistance) and cross-resistance (resistance to several similar drugs at once) to these insecticides. Therefore, insecticides containing several active substances, including pyrethroids, are often used in agriculture. Drugs based on cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin (cis-isomers of cypermethrin), permethrin, bifenthrin, beta-cyfluthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin (cyhalothrin, cihalothrin), tefluthrin, promethrin, gamma-cyhalothrin (cyhalothrin), deltamethrin, zeta-cypermethrin, cyfluthrin , esfenvalerate are approved for use in the Russian Federation.
The content of pyrethroids in water, soil, air and food products regulated by the "Uniform sanitary-epidemiological and hygienic requirements for goods subject to sanitary-epidemiological supervision (control)", as well as TR TS 015/2011 "On safety of grain". The current legal regulations can be found on the website compact24.com.
The history of pyrethroid insecticides may well be called floral, since natural pyrethroids are found in Dalmatian chamomile flowers. But progress, in the form of chemical synthesis, has made pyrethroid-based insecticides a completely affordable means of controlling harmful insects in crops. various kinds. At one time, more than 70 years ago, it was an incredible breakthrough in the segment of insecticides, the prevailing number of which were organophosphorus compounds, which have a number of disadvantages and limitations. , as a rule, act on the central nervous system of insects. At the same time, drugs of contact and insecticides of systemic action are distinguished. The mechanism of attack of synthetic pyrethroids is also associated with an effect on the nervous system, it is implemented systemically, causing paralysis and then death of the insect a few hours after the use. These contact-intestinal preparations have selective toxicity, high insecticidal activity and minimal ecotoxicity. It was the last property of pyrethroids that made it possible to move on to the creation of soil insecticides and effective fumigants. Of the technological advantages in the context of "insecticide characteristics", it is important that synthetic pyrethroids act at low positive temperatures from + 5-8 C, which suggests their use in the early spring.
Synthetic pyrethroids are effective against chewing and sucking pests, especially against Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Diptera, Homoptera and Coleoptera. Most often they are used against leaf-eating insects.
However, as for any group of plant protection chemicals for pyrethroids, there are properties that must be treated with understanding (first understand, and then apply). 1) Unlike organophosphate insecticides (FOS) and carbamates, pyrethroids do not kill secretive pests. But this is solved by using their tank mixtures with FOS, neonicotinoids. For example, against sucking pests (cereal aphids, bedbugs and thrips), mixtures of synthetic pyrethroids with FOS are the most effective, since they provide high initial toxicity and duration of protective action. 2) The limiting factor for pyrethroids is the air temperature during processing - up to 25 C. What if the temperature is higher? Assess the risks (it is not difficult for an experienced agronomist) and calculate the loss of biological efficiency, which is at the level of 15% (in the heat, the evaporation of the drug is higher and the insects hide deeper), comparing them with the probable yield losses (of course, in product prices). Insecticides of the new generation easily overcome the temperature barrier up to 28 C and ensure the reliability of the effect.
The classic representative of synthetic pyrethroids is the insecticide Zepellin, which contains alpha-cypermethrin. Effective in the fight against the main types of harmful insects on cereals, sugar beet, sunflower and other crops (bug bug, fleas, aphids, thrips, leafhoppers, leopards, flies, etc.), is characterized by a rapid development of the effect, the so-called "knockdown - effect", high efficiency at the larval stage of insect development, strong deterrent (repellant) effect, which together prolongs the protective effect of the drug. Zeppelin is used at low consumption rates, the drug is compatible with many pesticides and agrochemicals, which increases the attractiveness of the choice of this insecticide by many farmers.
Combined insecticide Dexter contains the synthetic pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin and acetamiprid, belonging to the class of neonicotinoids, due to which the effect is extended up to three weeks. Dexter infects pests (including secretive ones) directly when spraying, as well as when feeding on the treated plant and inside it: the contact-systemic properties of the drug provide exceptional activity against a wide range of pests at all stages of their development.
Synthetic pyrethroids or preparations containing substances of this chemical class provide effective plant protection both during scheduled treatments of crops with a wide range of insect pests, and in case of force majeure (if there is a danger of epizootics, regional and local treatments ). In a word, pyrethroids are always an instant "hit" on the pest and a guarantee of the success of insecticidal treatments in difficult weather conditions.
Acaricides are biological or chemical agents that kill mites. They are widely used for processing premises, park and forest areas, cottages, vegetable gardens, cultivated and indoor plants.
The name uses the words acari (tick) and cide (cut). Meaning translation: "Means that reduce the number of ticks."
Also, acaricidal preparations are used to kill ticks on food, poultry, agricultural plants, and animals. With the onset of spring, acaricides are used to treat recreation areas and parks to prevent infection of people with encephalitis and Lyme disease. These drugs include:
- sulfur;
- mineral oils;
- phosphorus compounds;
- chlorine.
At first, acaricides containing chlorine were used:
- hexachlorane;
- trichloromethylmethane;
- dichlorobiphenyl.
Once in the body of an insect, the agent began to accumulate in its nervous system. Normal coordination was disturbed. This was followed by overexcitation of the nervous system. Over time, paralysis of the body occurs, and the tick dies.
Insectoacaricides - destroy insects and mites. These include drugs containing inorganic sulfur, some types of pyrethroids, as well as organophosphorus compounds.
Specific acaricides - these drugs have negative impact exclusively on ticks. As a rule, these include substances that contain:
- heterocycles with nitrogen;
- bromopropylate (bromine);
- propargite (sulphur).
Acarofungicides - these substances are used to destroy pathogenic fungi and mites. Some experts classify these drugs as a separate group.
Insectoacaricides
This is a fairly large group of drugs that have a biological or chemical nature. Their classification is based on mechanical action:
Advantages of organophosphates:
Insectoacaricides have a significant drawback - they are very toxic to both humans and animals.
pyrethroids
This is a group of synthetic substances that have a detrimental effect on leaf-eating pests. The main advantage is that they have selective toxicity and kill only ticks and some types of insects. These substances belong to the drugs of the third generation.
Sulfur preparations do not affect people, bees, mammals and fish. Their acaricidal and fungicidal effects are detrimental to ticks. After treatment with these substances, pathogens of fungal diseases are destroyed.
Specific acaricides
Specific acaricides - drugs of contact action. They are produced in various consistencies, for example, as:
- suspension concentrate;
- emulsion concentrate;
- wettable powder.
Specific acaricides are not dangerous for mammals, humans, fish and birds.
Bromine preparations
Sulfur preparations (propargite)
It does not harm plants, but it has a strong toxic effect on fish and bees, killing them.
Heterocycles with nitrogen
These drugs stand out among others, great efficiency and functionality. They destroy insect eggs.
Adults after treatment with these substances become infertile, which significantly reduces the population. This group of drugs includes the following chemicals:
- phenazakhine;
- clofentensine;
- pyridaben.
How to use acaricides correctly
When using drugs, it is necessary to strictly follow the instructions and apply appropriate safety measures so as not to harm yourself, other people and animals.
Avoid mixing two different drugs. Many of them are completely incompatible. Also, the combination of their chemicals can block the harmful effects on pests.
Indoor processing
Processing in enclosed spaces must be carried out in compliance with all necessary safety measures.
- Be sure to use individual means protection, such as rubber gloves and a special respirator.
- Household utensils, as well as furniture, carpets, etc., are cleaned or carefully covered. This is especially true for food products.
- "Extraneous" persons and pets are removed from the premises.
- Particular care is taken in the processing of hard-to-reach places, such as baseboards, places behind furniture, vents, crevices.
- After processing, you should wait about two hours. This time is necessary for the drug for its active action. During this period, the room is not ventilated and not cleaned.
After the required time has elapsed, the room must be ventilated for an hour. Then proceed to wet cleaning. Soda ash or baking soda is added to the water for washing floors and other surfaces.
The most popular acaricides
Masai - it is classified as a new generation of acaricides. Kills ticks at all mobile stages of development. It has a good ovicidal effect. Contains tebufenpyrad. This is its base material. The action of the drug "Masai" lasts for two weeks after application.
It is used against herbivorous mites. It has a high degree of toxicity to bees, fish, mammals and moderate to humans.
Sunmite
Refers to contact specific acaricides. Has an ovicidal effect. It contains pyridaben. This wetting powder has been successfully used against many types of mites.
It has moderate toxicity to bees. Not dangerous to humans and animals.
Apollo
Specific acaricidal drug with contact action. Sterilizes adults, and kills larvae and eggs of ticks. The main active ingredient is clofentensine. It is a selective preparation that does not harm other insects and bees.
Oberon
Oberon is a contact insecticide. Thanks to the active substance spiromesifen, lipid synthesis is blocked and their metabolism is disturbed. Adults are sterilized, larvae do not develop. Poorly compatible with alkaline products.
pyrethrin(of natural origin) - a plant insecticide, is a potent contact poison for insects. It easily penetrates the body of insects, causing paralysis and subsequent death. Flaws pyrethrin:
in the body of an insect it can be quickly metabolized: paralyzed individuals can “recover” and restore normal vital activity, therefore, after treating the premises with pyrethrum, it is recommended that paralyzed insects be swept away and destroyed;
low photochemical stability: under the influence of light and with an increase in air temperature, insecticidal activity decreases.
Modern pyrethroids- Synthetic analogues of pyrethrins. The most widely used at present. Low and moderately toxic to warm-blooded animals, these compounds have a strong insecticidal effect and a rapid paralyzing effect. They do not accumulate in the soil and living organisms, decomposing in the external environment in the light.
pyrethroidsIgenerations: allethrin (pinamine) and its isomers, neopinamin (tetramethrin) and others. They are characterized by a rapid insecticidal action, a low degree of photo- and thermal stability, and a short-term residual action on the treated surfaces. The impact of this type of pyrethroids leads to increased activity of insects, tremor, impaired coordination of movements, knockdown. Due to their volatility, they are introduced into the composition of aerosols, smoldering spirals, plates and liquids for electric fumigators used to kill flying insects.
pyrethroidsIIgenerations: resmethrin, tetramethrin, etc. A negative property of II generation pyrethroids is their low photostability.
ConnectionsIIIgenerations: permethrin, cypermethrin and its isomers (alphamethrin and zeta - cypermethrin, beta - cypermethrin), sumicidin (fenvalerate and its isomer esfenvalerate), bifenthrin, cyhalothrin and its lambda isomer - cyhalothrin, cyfluthrin, etc.
pyrethroidsIIandIIIgenerations have high insecticidal activity. Compounds of this type also cause hyperactivity, loss of coordination, tremors, and paralysis in insects. They act somewhat slower than the first generation pyrethroids, but have a long residual effect on the treated surfaces.
By mechanism of action on the body of arthropods, pyrethroids are potent neurotropic poisons with a wide spectrum of action, and their effect is more pronounced at low temperatures. They act on the sheaths of nerves: they cause a delay in the closure of Na - channels in the membranes of nerve cells, which leads to a delay in the passage of a nerve impulse. This can lead to instant introduction of the insect into a state of rapid and deep paralysis "knockdown - effect", as well as to exciting actions (hyperactivity), stimulating the flight of flying insects and motor activity in crawling ones. They are predominantly contact poisons. Some synthetic pyrethroids retain a residual effect on treated surfaces for over a month, and are more effective at low temperatures. With an increase in temperature, the high activity of metabolic processes in the insect body contributes to a more rapid breakdown of pyrethroids, which weakens their insecticidal effect.
According to the manifestation of symptoms of poisoning, pyrethroids are divided into two types. Impact pyrethroids of the first type(alletrin, neopamine) leads to increased activity of insects, tremors, impaired coordination, knockdown. Type II drugs(deltamethrin, cypermethrin and others) cause a slow depolarization of the nerve membrane and nerve endings and subsequent blockade of nerve conduction, accompanied by paralysis. Type II drugs act somewhat more slowly compared to type I pyrethroids, but the phenomenon of reversibility of paralysis in insects has not been identified.
Today, this group accounts for up to 50% of drugs used in the world.
Pyrethrum- a vegetable insecticide made from dried flowers of Persian, Dalmatian and Caucasian chamomile. A greenish powder that decomposes relatively quickly under the influence of light, moisture and high temperatures. Used to kill fleas, head and body lice and other insects. At low doses, paralysis in insects can be reversible.
Flicid is a solution of pyrethrins in white spirit or a light grade of kerosene. Obtained by infusing chamomile flowers in the indicated solvents.
neopamine(alletrin, tetramethrin) - a white crystalline substance, slightly toxic, does not irritate the skin. Let's well dissolve in organic solvents, it is insoluble in water. It is effective against many types of insects and ticks, providing them with an acute paralyzing effect. Residual insecticidal activity on surfaces lasts 7-10 days.
Available as 1% neopin dust; is part of the dust of sulfopin (0.3%), in the fillers of aerosol cans neosol-2 (10%); neofos-2 (0.7%), neofos-3 (5%); Susol (0.45%); neorepellent (1%); pyretrol L (1.1%), pyretrol P (0.07%).
Permethrin(ambush, vismetrin) is a viscous, odorless, yellow-brown liquid. It is readily soluble in organic solvents, insoluble in water. Low toxicity for warm-blooded animals and humans, irritates the skin and conjunctiva.
Most effective insecticide currently used against all insects and mites different types. Residual activity during surface treatment - up to 6 months. A churning effect, recommended for initial treatment on highly populated areas.
Available in the form of 0.5% dust riapan. It is included in the composition of aerosol cans fillers: perfos L (0.12%), perfos P (0.34%) and pergesol (1.1%). Promising in the form of pyrotechnics.
Cypermethrin - slow-acting drug. Toxic, has an irritating odor. Most actively used in recent years, due to which the development of sustainability is possible. Requires a mandatory change after 1-2 treatments. Available in the form of concentrated emulsions, dusts, pencils, traps.
Deltamethrin(decamethrin, decis) - toxic, allergen, addictive. Available in the form of liquids, powders, concentrated emulsions, traps, flow, briquettes.
Fenvalerate(sumicidin) - Toxic, has cumulative properties, hazard class 2, low toxicity for animals. It has a long residual effect. Resilience develops rather slowly. They are produced in the form of dusts (Raptor, Sumitar), crayons (Mashenka, Raptor).
Cyfluthrin(solfak baytroyd) – insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents. Medium toxic. It has an acute and residual effect (2-3 months) against flies, fleas, cockroaches, bedbugs and mosquitoes at all stages of their development.
Available as a 5% water-oil emulsion and 10% wetting powder. A 0.1% working suspension is prepared from the concentrate. To destroy winged forms of insects, aerosols can be created using generators, using diesel oil or kerosene to dilute the concentrate, while the consumption of the drug is reduced several times.
Bifentrin - has a wide spectrum of action, odorless, does not cause irritation. It is produced in the form of an aqueous suspension and a concentrated emulsion for use in everyday life, offices, hotels, restaurants.
Currently, insecticides from different countries based on the listed pyrethroids are entering the market. Before using them, you must carefully study the instructions of the manufacturer of the drug. For example:
Oradelt- cream-colored powder, which includes pyrethroid deltamethrin (0.05%), boric acid and filler (talc). Used to kill cockroaches and bedbugs. Residual action - 3-4 weeks. Thanks to the oil, it is securely held on the surface, after the expiration date it is removed with warm water and soap.
Insorbcid-MP- free-flowing powder of white or cream color, it contains permethrin (0.5%), boric acid (5%), machine oil (1.8%) and filler (talc).
Produced in plastic bags of 10-15 kg. It is used to destroy cockroaches, bedbugs, fleas. The residual effect is up to 2 months, after which the drug is washed off with warm water and soap.
Geletrin- the drug is available in the form of a concentrated gel. The active substance is alphamethrin. It is used to destroy bedbugs, cockroaches, fleas, flies in the form of a liquid food bait; Why diluted with warm water. A thin layer of cotton wool or bread crumbs is impregnated with the finished preparation in a container. Residual effect - up to 6 months.
BAF- dust in a package of 100, 200, 300 g and 15-20 kg each. The composition of the dust includes pyrethroids alphacypermethrin (0.05%), fenthion (0.25%), boric acid (5%) and a filler. It is used to destroy cockroaches, bedbugs, fleas and flies. Residual effect - up to 6 weeks.
Veda - comes in the form of a shampoo. Contains 0.4% permethrin. Used to kill head and pubic lice.
Nition - lotion containing 0.02% permethrin. Used to kill head lice.
Nittifor - lotion containing 0.5% permethrin. Used to kill lice.
We advise you to read
Urogenital chlamydia - description, causes, symptoms (signs), diagnosis, treatment Treatment of urogenital chlamydia
The benefits and significance of hydroamino acid threonine for the human body L threonine what
To wait or not to wait for a guy from the army For what reason can they be commissioned from the army
Baked apples with cottage cheese Baked apples with cottage cheese
