Presentation "the state is the main object of the political map". The political system of the countries of the world is the main object of the political map of the world.

The main objects of the political map are sovereign states And non-self-governing territories.

sovereign states These are sovereign states. The number of such states is growing. Thus, in 1900 there were only 55 sovereign states on the globe. On the eve of World War II, there were 71 of them, in 1947 - 81, and by 2000 more than 190 countries already had sovereignty.

State sovereignty means the fullness of the legislative, executive and judicial power of the state in its territory, excluding any foreign power. It also implies disobedience to the authorities of foreign states in the field of international communication with the exception of cases of express and voluntary consent on the part of the state to limit its sovereignty.

In principle, the sovereignty of a state is always complete and exclusive. The concept of sovereignty underlies such universally recognized principles of international law as the principle of sovereign equality of states, the principle of mutual respect for state sovereignty, the principle of non-interference of states in each other's internal affairs, etc.

Along with sovereign states in the modern world, there are also about 30 non-self-governing territories. They can be roughly divided into two groups:

colonies officially included in the UN list (a list of territories specifically subject to the UN requirement for independence);

territories not included in the UN list, because, according to the states administering them, they are "overseas departments", "overseas territories" or "freely associated" states with them, etc.

Some Non-Self-Governing Territories on the modern political map of the world:

1. UK dominions: Gibraltar (disputed territory with Spain); Virgin (British) Islands and Cayman Islands (Caribbean); Falkland (Malvinas) Islands (disputed territory of Great Britain and Argentina) and Bermuda ( Atlantic Ocean) and etc.
2. French possessions: ( the "overseas departments" are administered by a commissioner or prefect of the French Republic appointed by the government): French Guiana ( South America); Guadeloupe and Martinique (Caribbean); Reunion Island ( Indian Ocean, near Madagascar); "overseas territories" in Oceania: Fr. New Caledonia; French polynesia: Society Islands, Tuamotu, Marquesas Islands, Tubuai, Bass, etc.
3. Dominions of the Netherlands: Antilles (Netherlands) Islands: Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, etc. (Caribbean Sea); O. Aruba (sovereignty is possible in the near future).
4. US dominions: Virgin (US) Islands (in the northern part of the Lesser Antilles, Caribbean Sea); Puerto Rico since 1952 the state "freely joined" to the USA (Caribbean Sea); Eastern Samoa - "unincorporated (unattached) territory" of the United States (Oceania); military bases in the Pacific Islands: Guam, Midway Johnston "and Send, Palmyra, Jarvis, Kingman Reef, Howland and Baker (Oceania); Federated States of Micronesia, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands and the Republic of the Marshall Islands, the Republic of Palau (Oceania) -" associated states with the USA.

The formation and development of states is the most complex historical process, determined by many internal and external factors: political, social, economic, ethnic. Specialists in international problems currently count more than 200 objects on the globe on which there are disputes: territorial, ethnic, religious, border, including several dozen of those where there is an acute conflict situation. Many sovereign states have pockets of separatism. Currently, experts note the presence of about 50 such conflicts.

The most acute conflicts of our time:

In Europe

Northern Ireland;

Basque Country, Galicia and Catalonia in Spain;

Corsica and Wallonia in France, etc.

Balkan conflict.

In Asia:

Kurdistan (the territory of this mountainous region in Southwest Asia, which has no fixed borders, is part of Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria);

Gorny Badakhshan in Tajikistan;

Pakistani province of Balochistan;

South Yemen;

Chittagong region in Bangladesh;

Indian states of Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir;

Northern regions of Sri Lanka;

Tibet and Xinjiang (Uiguristan) in China, etc.

Conflict between Israel and the Palestinian Authority.

Afghanistan.

The conflict in the Persian Gulf (Iraq, Kuwait).

Taiwan Strait.

On the American continent:

Canadian province of Quebec.

Mexican state of Chiapas;

self-governing territory of Denmark is the island of Greenland.

On the African continent:

West Sahara.

The dispute between Spain and the UK over the sovereignty of Gibraltar.

In South America:

There was an armed conflict (1982) between Great Britain and Argentina over possession of the Falkland (Malvinas) Islands off the coast of Argentina.

Military operations took place on the border between Peru and Ecuador.

1. A. What part of the world has the most monarchies?

B. How can one explain the fact that almost all absolute monarchies are located in Asia, while constitutional monarchies are in Europe?

Asian countries are very conservative, therefore they are reluctant to try to limit the sole power of the monarch, while European states are more dynamic in development, including in terms of the form of government.

2. How are maritime boundaries drawn?

The maritime boundaries of a state are the outer limits of its territorial sea or the line of delimitation of the territorial seas of adjacent or opposite states. The outer limits of the territorial sea are established by the legislation of the coastal state in accordance with generally accepted principles and norms of international law. The 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea established that each state has the right to set the width of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles. The boundary of the territorial sea in the course of delimitation between opposite or adjacent states is established by agreement between them.

3. What forms of government exist in modern states?

On present stage The development of society and the state distinguishes between two types of monarchies - dualistic and parliamentary. characteristic feature dualistic monarchy is a formal-legal division state power meischu monarch and parliament. The executive power is directly in the hands of the monarch, the legislative power is in the hands of the parliament. The latter, however, is actually subordinate to the monarch.

The parliamentary monarchy is distinguished by the fact that the status of the monarch is formally and actually limited in all areas of the exercise of state power. Legislative power is wholly vested in Parliament, executive power is vested in the government, which is responsible for its activities to Parliament. England, Holland, Sweden, etc. can serve as examples of a parliamentary monarchy. Parliamentary monarchies in the scientific literature are often called constitutional monarchies.

In parliamentary monarchies, which are the most common form of monarchy at present, the government is formed by the party that receives a majority of votes in parliament during a general election, or by parties that have a majority in it. The leader of the party with the majority of seats becomes the head of government. The power of the monarch is very limited in all areas public life and activities, and above all in the legislative and executive. Moreover, this restriction has not a formal legal, but an actual character. The ruling strata consider the constitutional monarchy as a kind of reserve means of influencing the rest of the population, as additional remedy protection of their interests in the event of extreme aggravation of social class conflicts.

Under a constitutional monarchy, laws are passed by parliament and approved by the monarch. However, this prerogative of the monarch, like most of his other powers, is of a formal nature. Due to established political practice and constitutional customs, the monarch, as a rule, does not refuse to sign bills adopted by parliament.

With regard to the republican form of government, the grounds for subdividing it into subspecies may be differences in the level of their development, the unequal degree of involvement of the entire population or part of it in the process of exercising state power, the dominant position in the system of higher bodies of state power of certain institutions, in particular institute of presidency or parliament, etc.

Depending on the named and other features of republican forms, modern republics are divided into two types: parliamentary and presidential.

The distinctive features of a parliamentary republic are the following: the supremacy of the parliament; the responsibility of the government for its activities to the parliament, and not to the president; formation of a government on a parliamentary basis from among the leaders of political parties with a majority of votes in parliament; the election of the head of state either directly by the parliament or by a special collegium formed by the parliament. In a parliamentary republic, the head of state does not play any significant role among other state bodies. The government is formed and headed by the prime minister. Parliamentary republics currently exist in Austria, Germany, Italy, Switzerland and other countries.

The presidential republic is characterized by such features as the combination in the hands of the president of the powers of the head of state and government; the absence of the institution of parliamentary responsibility of the government; extra-parliamentary method of electing a president and forming a government; the government's responsibility to the president; concentration in the hands of the President of enormous political, military and socio-economic power; not infrequently the parliament lacks the right to declare a vote of no confidence in the government. The most typical examples of a presidential republic are the United States and France. The presidential republic is sometimes called a dualistic republic, thereby emphasizing the fact that strong executive power is concentrated in the hands of the president, and legislative power is in the hands of the parliament.

4. What forms state structure do you know? Why are they directly related to the territorial organization of the state?

Because they are formed on the basis of the territorial ratio of parts to the whole. Unitary states are single states consisting only of administrative-territorial units (regions, provinces, provinces, etc.). Unitary states include: France, Finland, Norway, Romania, Sweden. Federal states are allied states, consisting of a series state formations(states, cantons, lands, republics). A confederation is a temporary union of states created to jointly solve political or economic problems.

5. Which countries are most often characterized by a federal form of government and why?

The federal form of the state-territorial structure assumes that such - local - subjects transfer part of their own sovereignty in favor of the central government bodies. Thus, there are actually two levels of the state apparatus here: the highest - federal, whose power extends to the entire country, and the power of the territorial subjects of the federation - it extends only within the lands of each subject. Similarly, laws can be divided into those that are subject to mandatory implementation only within the limited territories of the subjects (as in the American states), and into universal - federal. The federal form of state-territorial structure prevails, as a rule, in countries that are ethnically heterogeneous (Belgium), countries that arose by combining previously independent territories (like Switzerland, Germany, the USA), as well as those with a very large territory or a large population (for example, for this reason, Russia also has a federal form of state territorial-political structure).

6. What countries are unitary? a) Japan b) India c) Finland d) USA

Japan, Finland

7. The federal states are: a) Brazil b) Hungary c) Russia d) France

Brazil, Russia

8. Set the correspondence: 1) monarchy 2) republic a) USA, Argentina b) Spain, Denmark c) France, Brazil d) Bahrain, Qatar

2-a, c, 1-b, d.

9. Give examples of two or three European countries whose state borders and territories in the 20th century have undergone great changes. What explains this?

Yugoslavia - Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia, Croatia, etc. were formed in the 90s. Czechoslovakia - the Czech Republic and Slovakia Austria-Hungary - as a result of WWI, ceased to exist, was divided into two states.

10. Why do you think there are more republics than monarchies on the political map?

The republican form of government is more flexible than monarchies, in which power does not depend on democratic will.

The collapse of the colonial system of imperialism after the Second World War, the rapid growth of national liberation movements (the struggle of peoples for independence) radically changed the political map of the world. Thus, on the eve of World War II there were 71 sovereign states in the world, in 1947 there were 81 of them, and by 1995 about 190 had sovereignty.

State sovereignty- the completeness of the legislative, executive and judicial power of the state on its territory, excluding any foreign power; non-subordination of the state to the authorities of foreign states in the field of international communication, with the exception of cases of explicit and voluntary consent on the part of the state to limit its sovereignty.

In principle, the sovereignty of a state is always complete and exclusive. This is one of the inalienable properties of the state.

The concept of state sovereignty underlies such generally recognized principles of international law as the principle of sovereign equality of states, the principle of mutual respect for state sovereignty, the principle of non-interference of states in each other's internal affairs, etc.

Along with sovereign states, there are more than 30 Non-Self-Governing Territories in the modern world. They can be roughly divided into two groups:

Colonies officially included in the list (a list of territories that are specifically subject to the UN requirement to grant them independence);

Territories, in fact colonies, however, are not included in the UN list, since, according to the states administering them, they are: “overseas departments”, “overseas territories”, “freely associated states”, etc.

The status of Western Sahara (which until 1976 was a colony of Spain in Western) has not yet been determined. After many years of armed struggle between various political groups for power in the West, since 1989, a truce has practically been established. Here, under the auspices of the UN and the OAU, a peaceful referendum is to be held on the question of self-determination of the people of Western Sahara (independence or integration with).

The issue of granting independence to all modern colonies is complicated: many of them are important for the mother countries as military-strategic objects or are of other interest. For example, dozens of US military and naval bases are located on the islands in the Pacific and. So, (Caroline, Mariana) are of great military-strategic importance in. Many American military installations are located on the islands. On a number of atolls, tests of atomic and hydrogen bombs, intercontinental missiles, etc. were carried out.

The formation and development of states is the most complex historical process, determined by many internal and external factors: political, social, economic, and ethnic.

Specialists in international problems currently count about 300 objects on the globe on which there are disputes: territorial, ethnic, border; including more than 100 such, where there is an acute conflict situation.

The dispute between Spain and sovereignty over Gibraltar continues. There was an armed conflict (1982) between Great Britain and because of the Falkland (Malvinas) Islands. Since 1947, the question of the borders of the state and the creation of a Palestinian state has been raised, only in 1993 was autonomy granted to the Palestinian lands occupied by Israel in 1967. We are talking about the transfer of broad administrative powers to Palestinian self-government bodies. At the intermediate stage of the settlement, the treaty does not provide for the proclamation of a Palestinian state, but the first ever elections to Palestinian self-government bodies were held. The list of examples of this kind could be continued. This is the struggle of the people for self-determination and the formation of the state of Kurdistan; border conflicts between and (especially in the states of Jammu and Kashmir); conflicts on the territory of the republics of the former SFRY (Yugoslavia), in (Ulster); on the territory of the republics (); in African states, etc.

Reference materials (terms):

The colony- (from lat. colonia - settlement) a country or territory under the rule of a foreign state (metropolis), deprived of political and economic independence and governed on the basis of a special regime.

Protectorate- one of the forms of colonial dependence, in which the protected state retains only some independence in internal affairs, and its external relations, defense, etc., are carried out at its own discretion by the metropolitan state.

Dominion- (English dominion - possession, power), states within the British Empire that recognized the head of the English king (since 1867, since 1901, since 1907, the Union of South Africa since 1910). After the formation of the Commonwealth (Commonwealth), the term "dominion" fell into disuse.

Mandatory (mandatory) territories- the general name of the former colonies and some possessions of the Ottoman Empire, transferred after the 1st World War by the League of Nations under the control of the victorious countries on the basis of a mandate. After the 2nd World War, the mandate system was replaced by the UN trusteeship system.

Trust Territories- dependent territories, the management of which was transferred by the UN to any state ("international trusteeship" - a management system carried out on behalf and under the leadership of the UN). Examples: before these territories gained independence - the Caroline, Marshall Islands - were under the tutelage of the United States, part of the Caroline Islands - were under the tutelage of the UN.

Condominium- co-ownership, joint exercise of supreme power over the same territory by two or more states (from 1899 to 1956 - Anglo-Egyptian co-ownership was).

Colonial possessions, non-self-governing territories in the modern political

(Colonies, condominiums, trust territories):

Great Britain:

Gibraltar (disputed territory with Spain)
Saint Helena (Atlantic Ocean)
Anguilla ()
Virgin (British) Islands (Caribbean)
Cayman Islands (Caribbean)

Montserrat (Caribbean)
Terke and Caicos (Caribbean)
Pitcairn (Oceania)
Bermuda (Atlantic Ocean)

10. Falkland (Malvinas) Islands (disputed territory of Great Britain and)

Note: The "Overseas departments" are administered by a Commissioner or Prefect of the French Republic appointed by the government.

French Guiana - "overseas department" (South America)
Guadeloupe - "overseas department" (Caribbean)
Martinique - "overseas department" (Caribbean)
Maore island - "special territorial entity" (, in a group, off Madagascar)
island of China) USA:
1. Virgin Islands (Caribbean)
2. Puerto Rico - since 1952, the status of a state "freely joined" to the United States (Caribbean)
3. Eastern Samoa - "unincorporated" territory (Oceania)
4. Guam (Pacific Ocean, in the Mariana Islands group)
1. Cocos (Killing) Islands (Oceania) - "free association" with

1. Tokelau Islands (Oceania) - "Non-Self-Governing Territory of New Zealand"

2. the islands and Niue - "internal self-government within the framework of free association with" (Oceania).

Subject.Objects of the political map of the world. independent states.

Purpose: to form the concept of the objects of the political map of the world.

Tasks:

To acquaint with the concept of a political map of the world, objects of a political map of the world, independent states.

To develop the skills of working with reference literature, the ability to isolate the main thing, to analyze.

Foster a culture of learning.

Forms of work: frontal, individual, in pairs.

Methods:

Conversation

Explanatory-illustrative

Partial search

Teaching tools: scientific literature, multimedia presentation, Internet resources.

Organizational moment.

Entry into the lesson.

The parable of the pebbles

Three nomads settled down for the night in the desert, when suddenly the sky was lit up with a magical light, and the voice of God was heard:

Go to the desert. Collect as many pebbles and pebbles as you can. And tomorrow you will be raptured.

And that's all. The light dimmed and there was complete silence. The nomads were furious.

What is this God? they said. "He's asking us to pick up trash?" The real God would tell us how to destroy poverty and suffering. He would give us the key to success and teach us how to prevent wars. He would reveal great secrets to us.

But still, the nomads went to the desert and collected a few pebbles. I casually tossed them into the bottom of my travel bags. And then they went to sleep. In the morning they set off. It didn't take long for one of them to notice something strange in his bag. He put his hand in there, and in his palm turned out to be - no, not a useless stone! - a magnificent diamond. The nomads began to get other stones and found them. That they all turned into diamonds. They were delighted - until they realized how few stones they had collected the previous evening.

Exploring a new topic.

Introductory conversation.

What is a political map of the world?

What objects, in your opinion, are depicted on the political map of the world? (states, territories, countries)

What states do you know?

Conclusion: The political map is geographic map, which depicts states, their borders and capitals.On a political map, like on any other, states, their borders, administrative-territorial division, and largest cities are depicted. It is understood by all this that something much more is understood - the patterns of placement of forms of state structure of the countries of the world, the relationship between states, territorial conflicts associated with the drawing of state borders.The political map of the world is in the process of constant changes occurring as a result of wars, treaties, the collapse and unification of states, the formation of new independent states, changes in the forms of government, loss of statehood / political sovereignty /, changes in the area of states / countries / - territories and water areas, their borders, replacement of capitals, changes in the names of states / countries / and their capitals, changes in the forms of government, if they are shown on this map.

Glossary:

Independent states

Self-proclaimed territories

Colonies

Dominions

Protectorates

Mandate territories

Associated States

overseas territories

Departments

193 independent states

1. Australia - Commonwealth of Australia
2. Austria - Republic of Austria
3. Azerbaijan - Republic of Azerbaijan
4. Albania - Republic of Albania
5. Algiers - Algerian People's Democratic Republic
6. Angola - Republic of Angola
7. Andorra - Principality of Andorra
8. Antigua and Barbuda - Antigua and Barbuda
9. Argentina - Argentine Republic
10. Armenia - Republic of Armenia
11. Afghanistan - Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
12. Bahamas - Commonwealth of the Bahamas
13. Bangladesh - People's Republic of Bangladesh
14. Barbados - Barbados
15. Bahrain - Kingdom of Bahrain
16. Belarus - Republic of Belarus
17. Belize - Belize
18. Belgium - Kingdom of Belgium
19. Benin - Republic of Benin
20. Bulgaria - Republic of Bulgaria
21. Bolivia - Republic of Bolivia
22. Bosnia and Herzegovina - Bosnia and Herzegovina
23. Botswana - Republic of Botswana
24. Brazil - Federative Republic of Brazil
25. Brunei - Brunei Darussalam
26. Burkina Faso - Democratic Republic of Burkina Faso
27. Burundi - Republic of Burundi
28. Bhutan - Kingdom of Bhutan
29. Vanuatu - Republic of Vanuatu
30. Vatican - Vatican City State
31. United Kingdom - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
32. Hungary - Republic of Hungary
33. Venezuela - Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
34. East Timor) - Democratic Republic of East Timor
35. Vietnam - Socialist Republic of Vietnam
36. Gabon - Gabonese Republic
37. Haiti - Republic of Haiti
38. Guyana - Cooperative Republic of Guyana
39. Gambia - Republic of the Gambia
40. Ghana - Republic of Ghana
41. Guatemala - Republic of Guatemala
42. Guinea - Republic of Guinea
43. Guinea-Bissau - Republic of Guinea-Bissau
44. Germany - Federal Republic of Germany
45. Honduras - Republic of Honduras
46. Grenada - Grenada
47. Greece - Hellenic Republic
48. Georgia - Republic of Georgia
49. Denmark - Kingdom of Denmark
50. Djibouti - Republic of Djibouti
51. Dominica - Commonwealth of Dominica
52. Dominican Republic - Dominican Republic
53. Egypt - Arab Republic of Egypt
54. Zambia - Republic of Zambia
55. Zimbabwe - Republic of Zimbabwe
56. Israel - State of Israel
57. India - Republic of India
58. Indonesia - Republic of Indonesia
59. Jordan - Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
60. Iraq - Republic of Iraq
61. Iran - Islamic Republic of Iran
62. Ireland - Republic of Ireland
63. Iceland - Republic of Iceland
64. Spain - Kingdom of Spain
65. Italy - Italian Republic
66. Yemen - Republic of Yemen
67. Cape Verde - Republic of Cape Verde
68. Kazakhstan - Republic of Kazakhstan
69. Cambodia - Kingdom of Cambodia
70. Cameroon - Republic of Cameroon
71. Canada - Canada
72. Qatar - State of Qatar
73. Kenya - Republic of Kenya
74. Cyprus - Republic of Cyprus
75. Kyrgyzstan - Kyrgyz Republic
76. Kiribati - Republic of Kiribati
77. China - People's Republic of China
78. Comoros - Islamic Federal Republic of Comoros
79. Congo - Republic of the Congo
80. DR Congo) - Democratic Republic of the Congo
81. Colombia - Republic of Colombia
82. North Korea
83. Republic of Korea
84. Costa Rica - Republic of Costa Rica
85. Cote d'Ivoire - Republic of Cote d'Ivoire
86. Cuba - Republic of Cuba
87. Kuwait - State of Kuwait
88. Laos - Lao People's Democratic Republic
89. Latvia - Republic of Latvia
90. Lesotho - Kingdom of Lesotho
91. Liberia - Republic of Liberia
92. Lebanon - Lebanese Republic
93. Libya - Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
94. Lithuania - Republic of Lithuania
95. Liechtenstein - Principality of Liechtenstein
96. Luxembourg - Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
97. Mauritius - Republic of Mauritius
98. Mauritania - Islamic Republic of Mauritania
99. Madagascar - Republic of Madagascar
100. Macedonia - Republic of Macedonia
101. Malawi - Republic of Malawi
102. Malaysia - Federation of Malaya
103. Mali - Republic of Mali
104. Maldives - Republic of Maldives
105. Malta - Republic of Malta
106. Morocco - Kingdom of Morocco
107. Marshall Islands - Republic of the Marshall Islands
108. Mexico - United Mexican States
109. Mozambique - Republic of Mozambique
110. Moldova - Republic of Moldova
111. Monaco - Principality of Monaco
112. Mongolia - Republic of Mongolia
113. Myanmar - Union of Myanmar
114. Namibia - Republic of Namibia
115. Nauru - Republic of Nauru
116. Nepal - Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal
117. Niger - Republic of Niger
118. Nigeria - Federal Republic of Nigeria
119. Netherlands - Kingdom of the Netherlands
120. Nicaragua - Republic of Nicaragua
121. New Zealand - New Zealand
122. Norway - Kingdom of Norway
123. UAE - United Arab Emirates
124. Oman - Sultanate of Oman
125. Pakistan - Islamic Republic of Pakistan
126. Palau - Republic of Palau
127. Panama - Republic of Panama
128. Papua New Guinea - Independent State of Papua New Guinea
129. Paraguay - Republic of Paraguay
130. Peru - Republic of Peru
131. Poland - Republic of Poland
132. Portugal - Portuguese Republic
133. Russia - Russian Federation
134. Rwanda - Republic of Rwanda
135. Romania - Romania
136. El Salvador - Republic of Salvador
137. Samoa - Independent State of Samoa
138. San Marino - Republic of San Marino
139. Sao Tome and Principe - Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe
140. Saudi Arabia - Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
141. Swaziland - Kingdom of Swaziland
142. Seychelles- Republic of Seychelles
143. Senegal - Republic of Senegal
144. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
145. Saint Kitts and Nevis - Saint Kitts and Nevis
146. Saint Lucia - Saint Lucia
147. Serbia - Republic of Serbia
148. Singapore - Republic of Singapore
149. Syria - Syrian Arab Republic
150. Slovakia - Slovak Republic
151. Slovenia - Republic of Slovenia
152. USA - United States of America
153. Solomon Islands - Solomon Islands
154. Somalia - Somalia
155. Sudan - Sudanese Republic
156. Suriname - Republic of Suriname
157. Sierra Leone - Republic of Sierra Leone
158. Tajikistan - Republic of Tajikistan
159. Thailand - Kingdom of Thailand
160. Tanzania - United Republic of Tanzania
161. Togo - Togolese Republic
162. Tonga - Kingdom of Tonga
163. Trinidad and Tobago - Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
164. Tuvalu - Tuvalu
165. Tunisia - Tunisian Republic
166. Turkmenistan - Turkmenistan
167. Türkiye - Republic of Turkey
168. Uganda - Republic of Uganda
169. Ukraine - Ukraine
170. Uzbekistan - Republic of Uzbekistan
171. Uruguay - Oriental Republic of Uruguay
172. Federated States of Micronesia - Federated States of Micronesia
173. Fiji - Republic of the Fiji Islands
174. Philippines - Republic of the Philippines
175. Finland - Republic of Finland
176. France - French Republic
177. Croatia - Republic of Croatia
178. CAR - Central African Republic
179. Chad - Republic of Chad
180. Montenegro - Republic of Montenegro
181. Czech Republic - Czech Republic
182. Chile - Republic of Chile
183. Switzerland - Swiss Confederation
184. Sweden - Kingdom of Sweden
185. Sri Lanka - Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
186. Ecuador - Republic of Ecuador
187. Equatorial Guinea - Republic of Equatorial Guinea
188. Eritrea - State of Eritrea
189. Estonia - Republic of Estonia
190. Ethiopia - Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
191. Republic of South Africa - Republic of South Africa
192. Jamaica - Jamaica
193. Japan - Japan

3.5. Conversation on the results of independent work.

4. Summing up the lesson. d / z- Know the objects of the political map, records.

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