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UNIVERSE
Earth. View from space. The blue spaces of the seas and oceans are clearly distinguished. That is why astronomers have called the Earth the Blue Planet.
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun. Huge temperature drops occur on its surface - from + 350 ° С on the side illuminated by the Sun to - 170 ° С on the unlit side.
The second planet from the Sun, Venus, among many peoples, was associated with the deities of love, beauty and marriage.
Mars, the fourth planet from the Sun, is named after the ancient Roman god of war. Two of its satellites have no less formidable names - Phobos and Deimos, translated from Greek meaning "fear" and "horror".
The fifth planet from the Sun, Jupiter, is the largest planet in the solar system. Jupiter does not have a solid surface and consists of clumps of gas with a presumably liquid core.
The sixth planet from the Sun, Saturn, has flat rings formed by many ice fragments ranging in size from a grain of sand to 20-30 m. Saturn has as many as 30 more satellites!
Recently discovered rings around the seventh planet from the Sun, Uranus, demonstrate the complexity of movement in the family of the planet (Uranus itself and 17 of its satellites). These ring-shaped systems of small particles and bodies around Uranus are invisible to ordinary observations from Earth. Small satellites were found moving along the inner and outer edges of one of the rings, as if guarding the ring from the inside and outside. They were called "shepherds".
The story of the discovery of Neptune, the eighth planet of the solar system, is interesting. It was discovered in 1846 according to theoretical calculations by astronomers Le Verrier and Adams. These scientists predicted the existence of a hitherto unknown planet. Shortly thereafter, astronomer Johann Galle discovered Neptune at the indicated location.
Pluto is the ninth and farthest planet from the Sun. solar system. In 1978, Pluto's satellite, Charon, was discovered, located at a distance of 19,640 km from the planet and having such a large relative size and mass that it is considered together with Pluto as a single system ("double planet").
On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
The lesson of the surrounding world on the topic "Solar System" is compiled according to the textbook by O.T.
Integrated lesson: Acquaintance with the outside world and mathematics (Grade 4) Topic. Journey through the solar system.
Integrated lesson: familiarization with the outside world and mathematics (Grade 4) Topic. Journey through the solar system. Goals: -expand your horizons about the planets of the solar system; - Practice written and...
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"Planets of the solar system"
ABOVE SPACE
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Solar system planets Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
Content:
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The solar system is made up of planets that revolve around our sun. The solar system also consists of satellites, comets, asteroids, minor planets, dust and gas. Everything in the solar system revolves around the sun. The sun is so huge that its powerful gravity pulls all other objects in the solar system towards it. But there are also satellites - these are celestial bodies that revolve around their planet. There are 9 planets in the solar system (including Pluto). The solar system includes four inner planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars and four outer planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
"Planets of the solar system"
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The sun is the largest object in the solar system and is a million times larger than the earth. This bright Star, like others that we see in the night sky, located in the center of the solar system. The surface of the Sun is terribly hot - 6 thousand degrees, almost everything will melt here. The sun, like a hot fireball, distributes heat to its nearest planets. True, those planets that are very close to the Sun are very hot, and those that are further away are very cold, because the warm rays almost do not reach them. But on planet Earth, the temperature turned out to be neither low nor high, very convenient for the appearance and development of life on it.
"SUN"
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This smallest planet is closest to the Sun. At the same time, almost all the time it turns to the Sun on one side. Therefore, it is very hot on one side of Mercury and very cold on the other. Mercury is 2 times smaller than Earth. Nearly all of Mercury is iron. Mercury is sometimes visible from the earth, especially in the morning or after sunset. The planet is named after the ancient Roman god of trade, Mercury. Its surface is mountainous, covered with craters, but there are also smooth plains on it. The temperature on the planet ranges from −180 to +430°C. Mercury has no natural satellites.
"Mercury"
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Second planet from the Sun. It is almost the same size, weight and composition as the Earth. On it, like on Earth, there is an atmosphere, it is such an air shell. Only unlike our earthly one, it does not consist of oxygen, but mostly of carbon dioxide. Therefore, it is impossible to breathe on Venus, and it is very, very hot on its surface. There are no plants, no animals, no bacteria. The planet got its name in honor of Venus, the ancient Roman goddess of love. It is the hottest planet, its surface temperature exceeds 400 °C. Venus has no natural satellites.
"Venus"
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The blue planet, third from the Sun, is our common home. 30% of the Earth is covered by land, 70% by oceans and seas. Here we live, animals, people, fish, birds - all under one roof. And the roof of the planet Earth consists of an atmosphere in which there is a huge amount of oxygen necessary for life. Here we build our world, write history, and from here we observe other planets and stars. Temperature from -89% to +63%. And the planet Earth also has a little girlfriend - the Moon, which is the only satellite Earth.
"Earth"
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"Mars"
Red small planet, fourth in a row. There is very little oxygen on it, almost none. There is also almost no water, although scientists are always looking for it, because once there may have been a lot of it on Mars. Then, many, many years ago, there could have been rivers, seas and oceans on the planet, but then something happened, and the water disappeared. This mystery is yet to be unraveled. Mars has very high mountains, deep depressions and volcanoes. The planet is named after Mars, the ancient Roman god of war. The temperature on the planet is from -153 to +20 °C. Mars has two natural satellites - Phobos and Deimos.
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"Jupiter"
The largest, fifth planet in the solar system. Jupiter is made up of gas and is called a gas giant. Jupiter is so big that it can hold 1,000 planets like Earth. Storms and whirlwinds of winds, storms, lightning, polar lights constantly occur on its surface, and the planet itself rotates very quickly around its axis, like a top. The name Jupiter comes from the name of the ancient Roman supreme god of thunder. Jupiter has 67 moons.
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"Saturn"
A beautiful and unusual planet, the sixth from the Sun. Saturn - similar to Jupiter, but much smaller, the lightest planet. Its amazing feature, which can be seen from Earth through a telescope, is the rings around the planet. The rings look like a disk, only in fact it is not a solid disk, but thousands and thousands of small stones, fragments of asteroids and dust. The planet is named after the Roman god of agriculture, Saturn. The surface temperature is low from −150 °C to -120 °C. There are 62 satellites around the planet. Titan is the largest of them.
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"Uranus"
A mysterious planet, the seventh in a row, which, for unknown reasons, lies on its side and rotates in a completely different way than other planets, it rotates in the opposite direction. Uranus is called an ice giant because it is very cold and consists of ice and rocks. It does not have a hard surface. Uranus has an unusual Blue colour and it looks like a round ball with a flat surface. The planet is named after the Greek sky god Uranus. The temperature on the planet is −220 °C. 27 satellites revolve around the planet.
Preparations for the launch of our spacecraft.
Yes
No
- Earth is one of the planets in the solar system.
- The sun is the nearest star to us, a hot ball.
- The mass of the Earth is 330 times the mass of the Sun.
- The people who study astronomy are called astronauts.
- The earth moves around the sun.
- You can observe the Sun even during the day, looking through binoculars or a telescope.
The planets around the Sun dance like children:
We meet the Earth next to the Moon
And the fiery Mars that circles the Earth.
Behind them is Jupiter, of all the giants,
The last three are barely visible
Gloomy and cold, but we distinguish them:
Uranus and Neptune and baby Pluto.
- The planets near the Sun dance like children: Mercury starts their round dance, A little further Venus floats in space. We meet the Earth next to the Moon And the fiery Mars that circles behind the Earth. Behind them is Jupiter, the giant of all, And then we see Saturn in rings. The last three are barely distinguishable, Gloomy and cold, but we distinguish them: Uranus and Neptune, and little Pluto.
- The planets near the Sun dance like children: Mercury starts their round dance, A little further Venus floats in space. We meet the Earth next to the Moon And the fiery Mars that circles behind the Earth. Behind them is Jupiter, the giant of all, And then we see Saturn in rings. The last three are barely distinguishable, Gloomy and cold, but we distinguish them: Uranus and Neptune, and little Pluto.
- The planets near the Sun dance like children: Mercury starts their round dance, A little further Venus floats in space. We meet the Earth next to the Moon And the fiery Mars that circles behind the Earth. Behind them is Jupiter, the giant of all, And then we see Saturn in rings. The last three are barely distinguishable, Gloomy and cold, but we distinguish them: Uranus and Neptune, and little Pluto.
Earth is the third planet from the Sun. It is called the "blue planet" because there is a lot of water on Earth and it has an air shell - the atmosphere, which gives the planet a blue tint. The Earth has a natural satellite - Moon .
Mars is named after the Roman god of war for its red color, reminiscent of the color of blood. There is a lot of iron on the surface of the planet, which, when oxidized, gives a red color. Around the Red Planet, as Mars is also called, two small satellites fly: Phobos And Deimos(which in translation means Fear and Horror - that was the name of the sons of the god of war). At night, the temperature on Mars drops to minus 85 degrees.
Saturn, the sixth planet from the Sun, is named after the Roman god of agriculture. It is surrounded by many bright rings, consisting of fragments of ice and stones.
Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun. This is the first planet to be discovered using a telescope, which greatly pushed the boundaries of the solar system. Uranus is not visible to the naked eye.
The planet Neptune is named after the Roman god of the seas. It shimmers with a bluish color, reminiscent of the glitter of water. The distant and cold planet became the first planet discovered as a result of theoretical calculations based on perturbations in the observed motion of the planet Uranus.
Pluto is so far from the Sun that an incredible cold reigns on its surface - up to minus 230 degrees. It is the smallest planet and consists mainly of rock and ice. It is named after the Roman god - the ruler of the underworld,
kingdoms of the dead.
Minor planets
Asteroids are small planets of the solar system, differing from other planets in small size (diameter from about 1 to 1000 km).
Meteorites are sometimes called "shooting stars" because many have seen a bright line cut through the night sky.
Meteorites are the smallest space bodies that can be observed from Earth.
Unlike other celestial bodies, comets have a very unusual appearance and other than the planets, orbits. They are often called "tailed guests", because some comets can be observed only once in a millennium.
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Planets of the solar system
From history In ancient times, people knew only five planets: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn, only they can be seen with the naked eye. Uranus, Neptune and Pluto were discovered with telescopes in 1781, 1846 and 1930. For a long time, astronomers studied the planets by observing them from Earth. They determined that all the planets, except Pluto, move in circular orbits in the same plane and in the same direction, calculated the size of the planets and their distances from the Sun, formed their own idea of the structure of the planets, even suggested that Venus and Mars could be similar to Earth, and there may be life on them. The launch of automatic space stations to the planets made it possible to significantly expand, and in many respects to revise, ideas about the planets: it became possible to see photographs of the surface, to explore the soil and atmosphere of the planets.
Pluto There are 8 planets in the solar system. It used to be that 9, but on August 24, 2006, the International Astronomical Union removed Pluto from the composition of the planets of the solar system, and declared it a dwarf planet. The decision to consider Pluto a dwarf planet was made after astronomers discovered about 50 more planets in the solar system, whose size was comparable to the size of Pluto.
The ratio of the sizes of the planets
Earth compared to other planets
Mercury The smallest planet is Mercury, its diameter is 4879 km. Mercury is smaller than Jupiter's moon Ganymede and Saturn's moon Titan.
Mercury Mercury is a small planet, slightly larger than the Moon. Its surface is also littered with meteorite impact craters. No geological processes have erased these dents from his face. Inside Mercury is cold. Around the Sun, it moves faster than other planets, and around its axis very slowly. Having circled the Sun twice, Mercury only has time to turn around its axis three times. Because of this, the temperature on the sunny side of the planet exceeds 300 degrees, and on the unlit side, darkness and severe cold reign. Mercury has almost no atmosphere.
Venus The brightest planet is Venus. As you know, the planets themselves do not glow, but only reflect sunlight. Special clouds in the atmosphere of Venus reflect up to 76% of the incoming sunlight. Venus is the third brightest object visible from Earth. The first object is, of course, the Sun, and the second is the Moon. But the Moon is not brighter than Venus, just closer to the Earth.
Exploring Venus is not easy. It is enveloped in a thick layer of clouds, under which the pressure exceeds the earth's by a hundred times, the temperature on the surface is about 500 degrees, which is caused by the "greenhouse effect". The Soviet automatic station "Venera - 9" for the first time managed to transmit to Earth images of a surface filled with lava and covered with stones. Under the conditions of Venus, the apparatus lowered to the surface of the planet quickly fails, so American scientists decided to obtain data on the relief of the planet in a different way. The automatic station "Magellan", flying around Venus many times, probed the planet with a radar, as a result, a comprehensive picture of the surface was obtained. In some places, the relief of Venus is similar to the earth, but, in general, the landscapes are strange: high mountainous circular areas surrounded by mountain ranges 250 - 300 km across, the entire area of \u200b\u200bwhich is occupied by volcanoes; other volcanic formations resemble cakes with steep edges and a flat crown. The surface of the planet is carved with channels that have been carved by lava. Traces of active volcanic activity are visible everywhere. Meteor craters on the surface of Venus are distributed evenly, which means that its surface took shape at the same time. Scientists cannot explain how this could happen, Venus seemed to boil and was flooded with lava. Now volcanic activity on the planet is not detected.
The atmosphere of Venus is not at all similar to the earth's, it mainly consists of carbon dioxide. The thickness of the gaseous shell of Venus, in comparison with the earth, is monstrously large. The layer of clouds reaches 20 km. They found the presence of concentrated aqueous solution sulfuric acid. Sunlight does not reach the surface of Venus, twilight reigns there, it is raining sulfur, the landscape is constantly illuminated by flashes of lightning. High in the atmosphere of the planet, constant winds rage that drive clouds at great speed, the upper layer of the Venusian atmosphere makes a complete revolution around the planet within four Earth days. Solid Venus, on the contrary, rotates around its axis very slowly and in a different direction than all the other planets. Venus has no satellites.
Mars In the 20th century, the planet Mars was chosen by science fiction writers; in their novels, the Martian civilization was incomparably higher than the earthly one. The mysterious inaccessible Mars began to reveal its secrets when Soviet and American automatic spacecraft began to be sent to study it. Station "Mariner - 9", revolving around Mars, took pictures of all parts of the planet, which made it possible to create detailed map surface topography. Researchers have discovered traces of active geological processes on the planet: huge volcanoes, the largest of them, Olympus, 25 km high, and a huge fault in the Martian crust, called the Mariner Valley, which crosses an eighth of the planet. Gigantic structures grew in the same place for billions of years, unlike the Earth with its drifting continents, the surface of Mars did not move. The geological structures of the Earth, in comparison with the Martian ones, are dwarfs. Are volcanoes active on Mars now? Scientists believe that geological activity on the planet is obviously a thing of the past.
Among the Martian landscapes, reddish rocky deserts predominate. Light transparent clouds float above them in the pink sky. The sky turns blue at sunset. The atmosphere of Mars is very rarefied. Every few years there are dust storms that capture almost the entire surface of the planet. A day on Mars lasts 24 hours and 37 minutes, the inclination of the axis of rotation of Mars to the plane of the orbit is almost the same as that of the Earth, so the change of seasons on Mars is quite consistent with the change of seasons on Earth. The planet is poorly heated by the Sun, so the temperature of its surface, even on a summer day, does not exceed 0 degrees, and in winter time from a fierce cold, frozen carbon dioxide settles on the stones, and the Polar caps also mainly consist of it. No traces of life have yet been found. From Earth, Mars is seen as a reddish star, which is probably why it bears the name of the god of war, Mars. Two of his satellites were named Phobos and Deimos, which in ancient Greek means "fear" and "horror". The satellites of Mars are space "rocks" of irregular shape. Phobos is 18km x 22km and Deimos is 10km x 16km.
Jupiter The largest planet is Jupiter, the fifth planet from the Sun. This gas giant is 2.5 times heavier than all the other planets combined. The equatorial diameter of Jupiter is 143884 km, which is about 11 times the diameter of the Earth. The planet with the most moons is Jupiter. Until 2001, it was believed that Saturn, but in recent years more than 20 satellites of Jupiter have been discovered - today it has 63 satellites, and Saturn has 60.
Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system. It has no solid surface and consists mainly of hydrogen and helium. Due to the high speed of rotation around its axis, it is noticeably compressed at the poles. Jupiter has a huge magnetic field, if it became visible, then from the Earth it would look the size of the solar disk. In the photographs, scientists were able to see only clouds in the planet's atmosphere, which create stripes parallel to the equator. But they moved with great speed, whimsically changing their outlines. Numerous whirlwinds, auroras and flashes of lightning have been recorded in Jupiter's cloud cover. On the planet, the wind speed reaches one hundred kilometers per hour. The most amazing formation in the atmosphere of Jupiter is a large red spot 3 times the size of the Earth. Astronomers have been observing it since the 17th century. It is possible that this is the tip of a gigantic tornado. Jupiter releases more energy than it receives from the Sun. Scientists believe that in the center of the planet, gases are compressed to the state of a metallic liquid. This hot core is the power plant that generates winds and a monstrous magnetic field.
Moons of Jupiter
Satellites of Jupiter There are 16 known moons of Jupiter. The largest of them, Io, Europa, Callisto and Ganymede, were discovered by Galileo, they are visible even with strong binoculars. It was believed that the satellites of all planets are like the moon - they are cold and lifeless. But Jupiter's moons surprised researchers. Io is the size of the moon, but it is the first celestial body other than Earth to have active volcanoes. Io is covered in volcanoes. Its surface is washed by multi-colored lava flows, volcanoes emit sulfur. But what is the reason for the active volcanic activity of such a small cosmic body? Rotating around the huge Jupiter, Io either approaches it or moves away. Under the influence of either increasing or decreasing gravitational force, Io either contracts or expands. Friction forces heated its inner layers to an enormous temperature. Io's volcanic activity is incredible, its surface is changing before our eyes. Io moves in Jupiter's powerful magnetic field, so it builds up a huge electrical charge that discharges onto Jupiter in a continuous stream of lightning, causing storms on the planet.
Jupiter's moons Europa has a relatively smooth surface, with virtually no relief. It is covered with a layer of ice, it is likely that the ocean is hiding under it. Instead of molten rocks, water oozes from cracks here. This is a completely new kind of geological activity. Ganymede is the largest moon in the solar system. Its dimensions are almost the same as those of Mercury. Callisto is dark and cold, its surface pitted with meteorite craters has not changed for billions of years.
Saturn Saturn, like Jupiter, does not have a solid surface - it is a gas giant planet. It also consists of hydrogen and helium, but it is colder, since it produces less heat itself and receives less from the Sun. But on Saturn the winds are faster than on Jupiter. Stripes, vortices and other formations are observed in the atmosphere of Saturn, but they are short-lived and irregular.
Naturally, the attention of scientists was directed to the rings that surround the planet's equator. They were discovered by astronomers in the 17th century, since then scientists have been trying to understand what they are. Photographs of the rings transmitted to the ground by automatic space station surprised the researchers. They managed to identify several hundred rings nested one inside the other, some intertwined with each other, dark stripes were found on the rings that appeared and disappeared, they were called knitting needles. Scientists were able to see the rings of Saturn from a fairly close distance, but they had more questions than answers. In addition to the rings, 15 satellites move around Saturn. The largest of them - Titan is slightly smaller than Mercury. The dense atmosphere of Titan is much thicker than Earth's and almost entirely composed of nitrogen, it did not allow to see the surface of the satellite, but scientists suggest that internal structure Titanium is similar to the structure of the Earth. The temperature at its surface is below minus 200 degrees.
Uranus Uranus differs from all other planets in that its axis of rotation lies almost in the plane of its orbit, all the planets look like a top toy, and Uranus rotates as if "lying on its side". Voyager managed to "see" little in the atmosphere of Uranus, the planet outwardly turned out to be very monotonous. There are 5 moons around Uranus
Neptune It took Voyager 12 years to reach Neptune. How surprised scientists were when they saw a planet very similar to Earth on the outskirts of the solar system. It was deep blue in color, in the atmosphere in different sides moving white clouds. Winds on Neptune blow much stronger than on other planets. There is so little energy on Neptune that the wind, having risen, can no longer stop. Scientists have discovered a system of rings around Neptune, but they are incomplete and are arcs, there is no explanation for this yet. Neptune and Uranus are also giant planets, but not gas ones, but ice ones.
Moons of Neptune
Neptune's Moons Neptune has 3 satellites. One of them - Triton rotates in the opposite direction to the rotation of Neptune itself. Perhaps it did not form in Neptune's gravity zone, but was attracted to the planet when it came close to it and fell into its zone of attraction. Triton is the coldest body in the solar system, with a surface temperature slightly above absolute zero (minus 273 degrees). But nitrogen geysers have been discovered on Triton, which indicates its geological activity.
Rum-book M - Marina V- cooked Z - strawberries M - raspberries Yu-Yulya S - ate U-at N-her P- half
Topic: Planets of the solar system. Subject: The world around. Completed by: Kazakova E.S. primary school teacher
The purpose of the project: To tell about the planets of the solar system. Tasks: Show the relationship of all the planets of the solar system.
The SOLAR SYSTEM consists of the central luminary - the Sun and 9 large planets revolving around it.
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Sun
The sun is an ordinary star - a hot ball of gas that shines on its own due to the high surface temperature.
Mercury. - the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest of all the planets, not counting Pluto. It completes its entire orbit around the Sun in just 88 days. Mercury's surface is hot enough to melt tin and lead. Mercury has no atmosphere, so heat is not stored there.
Venus is the second planet from the sun. It is surrounded by a fairly dense atmosphere, and the surface is constantly covered with dense layers of clouds. The atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide The surface of Venus is covered with hundreds of thousands of volcanoes. There are several very large ones: 3 km high. and 500 km wide. Venus can be observed an hour after sunset or an hour before sunrise. Venus has no moons.
Earth is the third planet from the Sun. The Earth from space appears blue - this color is given by the surrounding atmosphere, containing oxygen, and the oceans. The Earth was formed about 4.7 billion years ago from a cloud of gas and dust in which the Sun was born. The Earth has a satellite - the Moon. The earth rotates around its axis and alternately exposes the star to different sides. Day comes on the side of the planet facing the Sun, and on the opposite side at this time night reigns.
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun. The atmosphere of Mars is made up of carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Small amounts of water vapor, oxygen and argon are present. The climate of Mars is the climate of a cold, dehydrated high-altitude desert with mountains and volcanoes. For example, the highest volcano Olympus rises up almost 30 km! The average distance from the Sun to the red planet is 228 million km.
Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest planet in the solar system. Jupiter is not a solid planet. To date, Jupiter has 28 known moons. The distance from the Sun to Jupiter is 778 million km.
Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and has an amazing system of rings. Saturn's atmosphere is mostly hydrogen and helium. The winds on Saturn are very strong. Saturn has rings made up of thousands of small, hard pieces of rock and ice that orbit the planet.
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Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun. Uranus was discovered by accident. It turns out that Uranus has been observed before, but as a star. The atmosphere on Uranus is made up of hydrogen, helium, and methane, which is why Uranus appears blue. Uranus has rings, they are very dim, but, like the rings of Saturn, they contain many fairly large particles. At the center of Uranus is a core composed of stone and iron. Uranus has 15 moons.
Neptune is the eighth planet from the Sun and the fourth largest among the planets. And just like the Earth and Uranus, blue. This planet has 8 satellites. Rocks, dark stripes of volcanic origin were found on the surface of the satellite. Neptune is the god of the seas in Roman mythology.
