Building a house on a slope has many features. How to determine the slope of the site? How to place a house on a slope? What are the advantages of such construction?

The most successful option for construction is a rectangular plot on a flat area. Features of the site dictate the conditions of construction. Do not be disappointed if you have to build a house on a slope - this can become a feature, a highlight of the project, and not a disadvantage.

Surface features (ravines, mountains, hills) are called terrain and are determined by the slope. The slope is defined as the height difference between two points projected onto a horizontal line. The slope of the surface is indicated by percentages, not degrees. For example, a rise of 20 m by 100 m horizontally is 20:100=0.2 (20%). The following types of terrain are determined by the percentage of slope:

• Flat (tilt up to 3%)
• Low slope (3 to 8%)
• Medium slope (8 to 20%)
• Steep slope (from 20%)

For the construction of a private house, flat areas of the terrain or with a slight slope from the center are preferred. Such plots allow you to implement a project of any complexity, but more often typical houses are built on them. If a slope is necessary to remove water, then it is formed with crushed stone, cement, about 50 cm high, and the width is made 1-1.5 m more than the foundation.

Sites with a low slope are suitable for buildings without foundations. Sometimes, for construction, soil is poured from the side of the slope.

Plots with an average slope can be used for buildings with a basement. In the basement, if access is possible, a garage can be placed. On such a site, soil is not poured, but, on the contrary, part of the slope is cut off. In such buildings, you need to seriously approach the waterproofing of the foundation and the basement.

In areas with a steep slope, construction will require an individual project, taking into account all the features of the surface. Of course, the layout of a house on a slope needs special preparation and additional expenses. But as a bonus, you get a lot of possibilities using the features of the surface.

Negative points

Your site may seem like a complete unresolvable misunderstanding to you. In fact, there are only a few negative points:

• complex calculations before construction - leave this task to professionals
• individual design - a standard project cannot be implemented on a slope
• a long preparatory stage - in principle, no construction can do without it
• greater than when building on a flat site, the cost of waterproofing
• there may be difficulties with the delivery of materials and special equipment

You can build housing in several tiers, thus dividing the house into zones for different purposes. You can clear several parallel terraces to the width of the buildings and build a house in a cascade. The platforms are reinforced with slabs, beams or walls.

The location of the house on such terraces allows you to create a project with outdoor areas for recreation, winter gardens and a dining area under a canopy. This option is recommended already with a surface slope of more than 12 percent. It is also desirable to strengthen the site along the perimeter.

Location on the plot

The best option is to build on the southern slope. Living quarters are best oriented to the east, southeast and south. So you will always be warm and light. In the cold season, less snow accumulates on the south side, and it melts faster. If construction on the western slope cannot be avoided, then it is better to place the house closer to the northern border of the site and, if possible, at the highest possible point.

There are two options for the location of the house on the site:

1. fit the project into the existing landscape - this option is convenient because the house will organically fit into the surroundings. It requires careful development at the planning stage of the house.
2. level the relief for construction - this option requires complex preparatory work and the cost of them. After construction, you are still waiting for work on landscaping on the site.

In relation to the house to the horizontal axes of inclination, parallel (a), diagonal (b) and perpendicular (c) placement on the site are distinguished.

In order not to create a shadow, buildings must be placed on a high point of the site (top). This solution simplifies waterproofing and drainage of water from the site. If your house is located in the middle of a slope and there are other areas above, take care of additional water drainage - a system of drainage pipes and ditches will help you.

If you plan to build on a steep rocky site, then you should use every flat site - building with terraces will be the best option and will help you make the most of the landscape. You can also decide this way: connect the individual buildings with transitions and beat it in the layout. At the bottom, place the entrance hall, wardrobe, above - the kitchen and dining room, then - the rest rooms, and at the top - the bedrooms (diagonal and perpendicular placement). Keep in mind that cold air moves downhill, so at night the temperature in the house can drop by 10 C - this is the effect of a cold pocket. To avoid cooling of the premises, a glazed conservatory or gallery can be arranged from the side of the top near the house.

For the rest, you should adhere to the current fire and sanitary construction standards.

Building a house on a slope- a responsible decision associated with many difficulties. But your reward will be a unique structure. Using the features of the site and competently planning the construction, you will build a non-standard architectural work. From a practical point of view, on such a site it is much easier to organize sewage, irrigation and water drainage, and by building, taking into account the landscape, it is much easier to save on earthworks and landscaping. Perhaps you will only benefit by building a house on a slope.

Everyone who decides to build a house knows that the first step is to choose a site. The nature of the terrain determines the upcoming construction costs and the choice of the project of the future home. The most successful place for the construction of buildings are considered flat areas. Our ancestors also advised not to build in areas open to strong winds, to avoid mountains, lowlands and ravines. But if, nevertheless, you got a site that is far from perfect, then you should not give up - a complex relief can play a good service, it is only important to use it correctly.

Building a house on a relief

The terrain refers to the structure of the surface - mountains, lowlands, hills, valleys, ravines, bulges and depressions, plateaus. The relief is determined by the slope - the fall of the surface, which is calculated by the ratio of the difference in height between two points on the terrain to the distance between these points projected onto the horizontal (see Fig.) or the tangent of the slope of the terrain line to the horizontal plane at a given point. The slope is measured as a percentage. For example, a rise of 15 m per 100 m of horizontal movement corresponds to a slope of 0.15 (15%).

Relief slope scheme

Flat terrain is considered if its slope is not more than 3%, a small terrain slope is from 3 to 8%, an average slope is up to 20%, a steep surface has more than 20% slope. The best in terms of construction are flat areas or with a minimum (up to 3%) slope towards the south, as well as those that have a minimum slope from the central part down on both sides (Fig.)

Schemes of the most successful sites for construction with a minimum slope

Here, construction is as easy as possible: with such a relief on the site, various options for the location of the house and other buildings can be implemented.

Sites with a slope up to 3% can be used in the construction of standard houses. Only small slopes are required to drain water from buildings - they are created by backfilling the soil, when with the help of stones, gravel, cement a slight slope is created from the house to the surface with a height of approximately 50 cm. The width of the backfill is on average 1-1.5 m wider than foundation.

If the slope is small - up to 7%, then it is suitable for the construction of buildings without basements. True, it is possible that at 5-7% of the slope, it will be necessary to add soil from the piedmont part (see Fig.).

A site with a small slope of 5-7% with soil filling in the piedmont part of the slope

If the slope exceeds 8%, surface roughness can be used to build a basement. In such cases, they do not make a flat area, but create a lower floor by cutting out part of the slope array. This option is good for building an underground garage, if an entrance is possible from the side of the slope (see fig.).

A site with a cut-out part of the slope for the construction of an underground part (garage, etc.) with a slope above 8%

When the slope is steep and exceeds 15-20%, it is worth considering developing a special design for a house that uses all the possibilities of a steep slope. The inconvenience of the slope can be turned into undeniable advantages if it is used to build a multi-tiered dwelling, which will make it possible to create separate blocks in the building: for example, guest rooms with their own entrance, workshop, summer kitchen, garage, pantry. If you have to build on difficult terrain, you need to turn the site into several leveled, flat surfaces. All buildings are placed on horizontal platforms, and their width determines the size of the buildings.

To do this, terraces are created, which are fixed with retaining walls, and connected by steps. Already with a 12% slope, buildings are best erected on terraces (see fig.).

A site with a steep slope (more than 15%) equipped with terraces with retaining walls

A house built on terraces can be multi-level, have verandas on different tiers, balconies, patios. On the terraces there are also platforms, paths, recreation areas, gazebos and so on.

In the case of a significant difference in relief, more than 15%, it is recommended to install retaining walls so that the vertical seams in adjacent rows of stones do not match. Retaining walls are made of concrete slabs, boulders, bricks, timber, stones (see Fig.).

Terrace made with retaining walls of boulders with a slope of more than 15%

With a high wall height, the stones are fastened with mortar. The largest stones are located in the bottom row. To increase the strength of the retaining wall, all rows of stones are laid with a slope inward. The slope along the boundaries of the site is also fixed with stones, and granite, sandstone, limestone will serve as the best material for this.

Location of a private house. Location selection

There are two main ways to fit a house into the area, to make it one with the landscape - without changing or with changing the existing relief. If the first option is chosen, the house will organically fit into the surrounding landscape. However, in this case, it will be necessary to adapt its basement and underground parts to the relief conditions. When choosing the option of building a house on a flat area, the natural relief is disturbed, and planning work and a large amount of earthwork will be required to create harmony on the site.

In relation to the longitudinal axis of the house to the horizontal lines of the slope distinguish between parallel, perpendicular or diagonal placement (see fig.).

The layout of houses in relation to the longitudinal axis of the house to the horizontal lines of the slope:

Scheme of parallel, diagonal and perpendicular arrangement of the house relative to the slope

Note: A residential building and other buildings on the terrain should not obscure the territory, so the general principle of the location of buildings on the terrain can be formulated as follows: buildings should be built on the highest and driest places on the site (see fig.).

The layout of the house at the very top of the slope

With this solution, the foundation is not so susceptible to moisture; easier to carry out earthworks; it is easier to design a basement floor, lay a sewer. When building buildings on a relief, it should be borne in mind that when the house is located at the highest place, all surface water can be effortlessly directed down the slope and used for watering plants. In the event that there are areas located higher up the slope than your house, it is important to ensure that water is drained using pipes or drainage grooves.

Buildings are best oriented to the south. It is good if the facade opens onto an open space, and a beautiful view opens from the windows. In the case when the house has to be installed on a steep slope, there are options when it is placed literally in a mountain - the walls of the building are in close contact with the walls of a recess cut in the mountain, and only the facade is open and goes towards the slope (see photo).

A house built in a rock on a relief with a slope of more than 15%

If the house has to be built on a small plot close to a steep slope, then they use all the possibilities - the maximum approximation of one of the walls of the house to the mountain, the use of each flat area, the creation of terraces (see photo).

Other non-standard solutions are also possible: for example, a road along a horizontal terrace leads to the upper floor, which serves as an entrance hall or hall, there is a garage on the lower terrace, and the upper floor, which coincides with the entrance, is residential (see photo).

Non-standard solution for building a house on the slopes

The direction of the slope of the terrain is also important.. More heat is received, of course, southern slopes.It is desirable that the main living quarters be oriented to the south, southeast or east. If you place a house on the southern slope, this will save energy for heating it. The slopes of the southeast and east directions are also favorable for building a house - there is enough heat here (see fig.). These directions are good for placing houses in cold climates. They are also suitable for warm climates, as coolness comes here earlier. If the entrance to the house is located on the south side of the slope, then in winter there will be less snow, and in spring it will melt more quickly. The winds from the south side are weaker, and the sun will shine on the terrace during the day and illuminate the premises. A house on the southern slope should be located closer to the eastern border of the site (see fig.).

The layout of the house on the southern slope

Unfavorable for the placement of houses are considered north slopes, the only exception is the hot climate. The best place for a house on the northern slope is closer to its western border, in the middle of the slope (see fig.).

The layout of the house on the northern slope

Regardless of climatic conditions, it is better to avoid building on western slopes, since in the afternoon they always get very hot from the afternoon sun. If the site is located on the eastern or western slopes, then the house is located at the northern border at the highest point, and all outbuildings should be placed below (see fig.).

The layout of the house on the western slope

When placing a house on uneven terrain, it must be taken into account that at night the cold air sinks down, and when an obstacle gets in its way, a so-called “cold pocket” may form, or in another way it is also called a “frost pocket”. If the obstacle in the way of cold air is a house, then the temperature there at night can drop 9 degrees lower than that of the environment (see fig.).

Scheme of the formation of a "frost pocket" when building a house on a slope

If the plans include the creation of a winter garden, then it can be placed on the north side of the house. In this case, in addition to its main function, it will play the role of a kind of thermal buffer, in addition, it will not be necessary to install sun protection devices that protect indoor plants from direct sunlight. It is also good if the open part of the winter garden faces the slope. You can read more about the arrangement of the winter garden in the article.

General provisions for the placement of houses on the terrain

• If possible, it is best to locate buildings that will house animals, compost pits, or outdoor toilets at a distance of 15 meters from the house. Of course, it will be better if they are located down the slope.
• It is also not bad if the distance from the living quarters of the house to the buildings on the neighboring site is at least 6 meters.
• The displacement of the house to the border of the territory frees up space for passage to the site.

The layout of the house on the terrain relative to other buildings and objects

The preparatory period for building a house on a relief

• Each project must be individual and tied to a specific area.
• It is necessary to take into account the slope of the site, its location relative to the cardinal points.
• The development of the project is preceded by complex calculations.
• It is necessary to take care of the selection of waterproofing materials that keep the premises adjacent to the ground from moisture; You can read more about the types of waterproofing in the article. .

All of the above will incur additional costs. But uneven terrain can be a source of inspiration. Proper location of the house and other buildings, taking into account the characteristics of the area, will make the site unique. Houses built on relief can become real works of architecture.

In addition, there are objective positive aspects of building on an uneven site: slopes contribute to a non-forced, natural outflow of surface water that can be used for irrigation; you can save on earthworks when creating basement and basement floors, as well as a garage. So do not be upset if your site is located on uneven terrain - it is he who can contribute to the creation of a unique architecture of the house.

A plot of land with a difficult terrain is considered by many owners as a punishment. But any disadvantage can be easily turned into a virtue. To do this, you do not need to call the grader for alignment. A well-played height difference will demonstrate all the charm of a non-standard landscape. Of course, construction on a relief site, as well as its arrangement, will be fraught with difficulties. But the end result will give satisfaction with the work done and envy the neighbors. The article will focus on the proper arrangement of a site with a slope.

Attaching a house to a plot with a slope

There are 2 ways to link a building to a sloping site - without changing and with changing the existing landscape. A typical project is being developed based on the fact that the construction will be carried out on a flat site.

A house under construction in an area with natural conditions requires processing of the underground and basement parts. Thus, housing will have characteristic features that correspond to the site.

The slopes of the site are divided into:

• on the plains, where the slope is up to 3%;
• with a small slope (up to 8%);
• with an average slope (up to 20%);
• steep (over 20%).

On the slopes, not only the construction of buildings is difficult, but also the construction of access roads. Retaining walls, embankments and other reinforcing structures are installed on slopes with a height difference of 1:2.

slope project

Vertical layout of the site with a slope

Work on landscaping with a complex "character" includes:

• the maximum possible leveling of the relief, by removing the soil in one place and adding it in another;
• organization of storm drains, which can be both hidden and open;
• determination of the optimal location of the main house, gazebo, summer shower, vegetable garden, garden trees;
• correction of small irregularities, using the terracing method, with steep drops - arrangement of retaining walls.

• This approach will help not only to correctly divide the territory into functional zones, but also makes it possible to design it in an original way.

Drainage system on a site with a slope

• The organization of the drainage system should be given due attention. Drainage will allow you to regulate the water balance, provide a quick drainage of water formed after precipitation or snow melt.
• Rain and melt water form gullies. And the steeper the elevation difference, the greater the likelihood of slope failure. Since even small streams can create large ravines, lead to landslides of soil masses.
• The arrangement of the drain is started after all the main earthworks and the laying of communications. Knowing at least the approximate location of the main buildings, green plantings will help to properly stretch the drainage system.
• The laying method can be open or closed. The main advantage of the hidden drainage system is space saving. Since the channels run underground, access roads and paths can be arranged on top of them.
• Trenches are dug along the slope of the entire territory of the site to the receiving collector. Efficiency is distinguished by laying drainage in the form of a "Christmas tree", where additional outlets at an acute angle adjoin the main line. With this method, the central trench should be just below the auxiliary channels.

• The depth of the trenches can be from 30 cm to 1 meter. The slope should not be less than 2 mm per linear meter of length. This parameter is important even in areas with a slope, because part of the system can also pass through a flat area.
• At the bottom of the trench, a 10 cm layer of sand is filled up and rammed. Geotextile is laid on top of it, the edges of which should cover the walls of the channel with a margin. Next, crushed stone is poured, with a layer thickness of 10-20 cm.
• Perforated polymer pipes are laid on the gravel pad, and they are connected. The pipes are covered with a layer of crushed stone, and the finished system is covered with geotextile. The entire "pie" is covered with sand and soil.

slope design

The development of a complex landscape is associated with certain difficulties. But this should not be an obstacle. A competent approach to landscaping will lead to an enchanting result.

Plot with a slope photo

• Height differences make it possible to embody the most daring, original ideas. Alpine design is best suited for these purposes. The highlight of this style is the use of roughly hewn stones and a large number of delicate and bright colors. With the help of these 2 elements, the maximum tasks are solved:
  • zoning of the site is carried out;
  • boulders and plants serve as slope reinforcement;
  • contribute to snow retention;
  • beautifully decorate the whole space.
• Planting green spaces should be carried out on the basis of the rule - the lower the point, the higher the plants. That is, low-growing varieties are planted on the upper part of the slope, shrubs and trees in the lowlands. This placement will help to visually align the relief.

• The entire area of ​​the site must be planted. Between the beds and fruit trees, a lawn or ground cover plants (ivy, barberry, Japanese quince) are planted in empty areas. In addition to the aesthetic component, they will protect the soil from leaching.
• In hilly terrain, it is impossible to do without paths and stairs. They should be as comfortable as possible, since you will have to move around them more than once during the day. It is recommended to make the width of the paths and the height of the steps of the stairs the same throughout the territory, this approach will help to avoid injuries.
• Paths are arranged on a conditionally flat surface. To visually smooth out the difference in heights, they are made sinuous.
• Stairs, steps are necessary on steep slopes. If the slope is very large, then at least one side is equipped with railings. The optimal width of the tread is 25-30 cm, the height of the riser is 15 cm. The slope of the entire structure should not exceed 45 °.
• If the flight of stairs is large, then rest areas are built, from which you can change the direction of the ascent. The presence of more than 10 steps suggests a concrete base, which will provide stability and prevent the entire staircase from “slipping”.
• Terracing will help to properly equip a site with slopes. The size and shape of the sites is based on their purpose, for example, one width is needed for a vegetable garden, and another for a gazebo with a barbecue.
• Zoning of the site is carried out taking into account its location relative to the cardinal points. Shading is also taken into account, shade-loving plants are planted in such places, you can install a bench for reading.
• When planning, it should be remembered that the more terraces are organized on the territory, the lower the height of the reinforcing walls. Accordingly, their construction is easier. Each deck should ideally have its own drainage system.

Slope strengthening

Prevention of slipping of the loose mass of rocks is carried out by carrying out various fortifications. The method of fixing the soil depends on the steepness of the relief.

• Natural strengthening. For relatively gentle slopes (up to 30°), creeping plants are used to form a decorative cover. Branched roots will create a natural frame. Willow, lilac, dog rose are planted in the lowlands. Over time, the developing roots of shrubs will also securely hold the soil together.
• Geomaterial. An excellent solution is geotextile or geogrid. The material is spread on the site and covered with soil. Over time, the soil twitches and turns green. Such a strengthening does not imply a change in the relief. The protective layer covering the material is resistant to adverse weather conditions and chemical influences. The service life of the product is 50 years.

• mound. Fixing measures can be carried out by means of an embankment. But when implementing them, it should be remembered that the embankment occupies a usable area, so it is rational to use it in spacious areas. Another disadvantage is regular sprinkling, that is, after a certain period of time, the soil is selected at the sole and sprinkled on top of the slope.
• Retaining walls. Walls made of natural materials (stone, wood) look advantageous and practical. The fortification will protect the slope from destruction and delimit the space due to terracing. They can be installed on hilly terrain with any elevation changes.
• Low walls (up to 80 cm), which play a more decorative role than a functional one, are equipped on their own. The construction of a massive structure, designed to prevent the landslide of soil masses to a greater extent, should be entrusted to professionals.
• Gabions. Modular designs are widely used by landscape designers. Gabions are easy to install, they are filled with pebbles, coarse gravel, rubble stone. In the voids between the material, you can lay the ground, and then in the spring, the unaesthetic mesh with cobblestones will hide behind the green growth. Modules are purchased from the manufacturer or made from wire yourself. Stone walls, with penetrating sprouts, give the territory a nobility, a visual aged look.

• When designing reinforcing structures, the forces acting on overturning and shearing are calculated. The strength and durability of the walls is given by means of a foundation, the thickness and depth of which depends on the height of the supporting wall, its purpose and the type of soil.
• The supporting part of the wall resists vertical loads. The presence of a drainage system during the construction of walls is mandatory. It will prevent the base of the wall from being washed away by rain and melt water.
• The most commonly used material for building walls is stone. Artificial or natural boulders are laid both on the solution and without it. With the "dry" method of laying, soil is laid in the voids, which is sown with seeds. Unfortunately, the lack of mortar makes the wall not a particularly reliable structure during prolonged rains and during spring floods.

• Brick is also very popular. Clinker masonry can be discharged or deaf. The material allows you to build walls of any configuration, winding and zigzag shapes.
• Wooden elements fit harmoniously into the surrounding landscape, but due to their special characteristics, their use as a fortification is not advisable. Of course, treatment with special preparations will extend the life of the wood, but again, this is only a temporary protection. This design requires regular maintenance.
• If, when erecting walls made of stone and brick, the height of the structure should not exceed 70 cm, then the use of concrete allows a similar indicator of 3 m. Here you can use factory-made concrete slabs or pour the concrete mixture into the prepared formwork.

In conclusion, I would like to sum up some results:

• a land plot with a difficult terrain will cost less, but at the same time, the costs of its arrangement will be noticeably higher than a flat area. Conclusion: no savings;
• voluminous work on tying a residential building to the terrain, the location of recreation areas and garden beds is fully compensated by the overall original appearance of the site. Conclusion: the difference in heights gives more opportunities for the implementation of non-standard ideas than a flat terrain.

It is not difficult to build a foundation on a flat site with modern technology. However, sometimes sites for future construction are located on steep slopes. Houses located on sloping surfaces have their own advantages: they are better protected from wind and flooding, and are more profitable in price. In addition, the view from the mountain is usually impressive. But under the influence of heavy rainfall and groundwater, the soil gradually softens.

In the future, this can lead to a shift in the upper layers of the soil. To protect yourself from unpleasant consequences, you should choose and build the foundation correctly. How to do this, this article will tell.

Peculiarities

Building a foundation for a house on a slope is a difficult process that requires a special approach and adherence to technology, because the foundation is the main component of each building. For a sloping surface, a tape, pile or stepped base is usually chosen.

First you need to calculate the angle of inclination, measured as a percentage. If the slope is near the 10 percent mark, this indicates a high slope. The steeper the slope, the more effort and materials may be needed. If the angle of inclination does not exceed eight percent, then the piedmont part can be sprinkled with soil. If the angle is more than eight percent, then you have to build a basement.

It is worth remembering that the foundation on a plot with a slope cannot be higher than four of its width. Before construction, the site must be divided into squares and anti-landslide measures should be taken on each of them.

Kinds

The strip foundation is one of the most popular designs today. However, experts advise building this type of foundation only on slopes with a minimum slope. It is also worth considering the various contraindications of surveyors.

The strip foundation is a closed contour of reinforced concrete beams and is laid both under the external and under the internal walls, if necessary. This type is ideal for structures with heavy floors, as well as if the plans include the creation of a basement. There are two types of strip base: monolithic and prefabricated.

The pile foundation is a solid structure of piles that are dug into the ground and united from above with supports. Many experts agree that the pile foundation is the best for the construction of load-bearing structures on slopes. This is an effective and practical option for arranging a foundation at any depth.

The installation process is simple, although it requires special equipment. In addition, this type is cost-effective compared to other options. Piles can be made of wood, reinforced concrete or metal. Heaving soils (clay, loam, sandy loam) have special requirements. Here the pile foundation is also appropriate.

Tape

pile

The columnar view is also suitable for building a foundation on a slope. It provides for the erection of pillars in all corners. However, some nuances must be taken into account when erecting it: each pillar must be secured by a supporting wall, which enhances the stability of the base. The columnar version is economical and reliable, does not require additional waterproofing. But it is applicable only for wooden or frame houses.

The stepped foundation has a cascading arrangement in the form of ledges. It is suitable for steep hillsides where leveling cannot be done for any reason. The general slope of this option is fully consistent with the natural slope of the site. The laying of a stepped foundation looks like a classic concrete strip, built from steps of different heights.

A slab foundation with a height difference on a site with a slope is the best solution for building houses and cottages made of brick, aerated concrete and other materials. This version of the base provides reliable support for low-rise buildings and is particularly durable.

Columnar

stepped

slab

During the construction of a slab foundation at a small depth, a solid base is created from monolithic reinforced concrete. The weight of the walls and roof is distributed evenly over the entire surface of the base. Such a design will be able to endure any movement of the soil. The disadvantage of the slab foundation is the high cost of installation and materials.

How to choose a project?

When deciding which foundation is more suitable for a basement floor on an uneven site, it is necessary to determine the level of elevation difference, as well as to study the type of soil in the area. Poorly thought out construction on a slope can eventually result in a collapse of the soil. To calculate the necessary calculations, it is better to invite specialists.

If the angle of inclination:

• less than 3% is a flat surface;
• from 3% to 8% - a small slope;
• up to 20% - medium slope;
• more than 20% - a steep slope.

In the first two options, it is possible to erect a strip foundation. If it is impossible to level the surface or increase the angle of inclination, a tape-step type is erected. For large slopes, only a columnar base is suitable. But the pile foundation is appropriate for any slopes.

As for the type of soil, it is divided into:

• cartilaginous - durable soil made of sand, clay and crushed stone;
• sandy - easily passes moisture;
• rocky - the most durable, while not allowing moisture to pass through;
• clayey - easily swells and freezes.

The more moisture in the soil, the more it swells when it freezes, pushing the foundation out of the soil. Therefore, with complex soil, the base is placed below the freezing level.

During the construction of a strip foundation, one part of the base is plunged deep into the slope. The device of such a foundation is a costly undertaking, but if you plan to build a brick or concrete house, then the tape option will be the best choice.

A pile foundation can be used for the construction of any type of building, whether it is a residential building, a garage or a bathhouse, as well as at any angle of inclination. With this option of building the base, it will be possible to use it for any purpose. The only drawback of the pile type is the impossibility of building a house with a basement.

Also, the choice of the type of foundation depends on whether you want to use the basement for arranging a basement, wine cellar, living room or garage to save space. Do not forget about the holding structures. They help prevent landslide processes when it is impossible to change the surface topography. Such structures for various types of foundations on an uneven surface can be presented in the form of base plates and beams, pile structures and pillars, buttresses and seals, belts and facing walls.

How to do?

To properly install the foundation with your own hands, you must adhere to a certain technological sequence. If you want to build a house of concrete or brick, the ideal option would be to choose a strip foundation. Monolithic strip foundation does not require large terms of arrangement. In addition, the construction of a strip base on an uneven surface is not very different from the construction of similar buildings on flat ground.

The bottom of the pit must be strictly horizontal. Before pouring, a pillow of concrete or sand is laid on the bottom. It is necessary in order to reduce the pressure on the ground. Before sheathing, a formwork is installed, rising above the ground to a height equal to the parameters of the basement. Moreover, on the sloping part of the site, the formwork will be of greater height. Next, the reinforcement is laid inside the foundation. Then you need to pour concrete.

It is necessary to pour continuously in layers of 20 cm. At the same time, it is important to correctly calculate the volume of concrete that will be needed during installation in advance.

The columnar foundation is suitable for light private houses. It can be made of monolithic reinforced concrete or factory-made concrete blocks. It is recommended to follow certain step-by-step instructions.

• To begin with, a retaining wall is erected at the top of the site.
• Further, according to the same scheme, a retaining wall is erected in the lower part.
• Soil with layer-by-layer compaction is poured between the retaining tapes. This will allow the top platform to contain the collapse of the soil.
• Along the perimeter of the house, a fragment of pits is made, the dimensions of which must correspond to the parameters of the pillars.
• The foundation is made in the pits. In this case, the cutoffs of individual pillars must be carefully aligned in height.
• Perform a grillage along the edge of the foundation of the house.

The pile foundation, which is the most economical, is suitable for steep slopes and unstable soils. Piles are screwed into the ground in such a way that their heads are on the same level. The process also consists of several stages.

• At the top point, a pile is buried, the visible part of which is equal to the height of the base in the smallest dimension.
• Next, the next corner pile is installed, the length of the visible part of which is equal to the length of the base in the larger designation.
• Then all pile elements are installed so that the top point of each is horizontal.
• It is possible to strengthen the pile foundation with the help of reinforced concrete clips, which are installed along the entire length of the piles.