In order not to make a mistake when choosing a lamp, you should familiarize yourself with the main types of bases. This is an element of the lamp that is screwed or inserted into the socket, thereby ensuring the connection of an individual lamp with a common electronic circuit. Most often, metal bases are found on sale, and a little less often - ceramic products. Inside them are the components of the lamp in the form of filaments and electrodes. The contacts are located on the outside of the light bulb. The types of incandescent lamp bases change over time.

What you need to know when choosing a lamp

It is known from practice that the types of lamp bases must be clarified in advance, because only a lamp with a base suitable for a certain type of socket can be installed in a lamp. The most important points that you need to understand before choosing a lamp:

The industry produces several types of bases, as well as a number of their subtypes. The main types of lamp bases are threaded and pin. The most common are threaded fasteners, they are common in use, they are also called screw fasteners. Pins are found in so-called halogen lamps, fixed in the plane of suspended and suspended ceilings.

The designations of the bases contain a specific letter encoding:

The marking also contains a number indicating the size of the base part and the gap between the contacts, for example - E14 or G13. Small letters indicate the number of contacts (connecting plates):

• s - one contact;
• d - two contacts;
• t - three contacts;
• q - four contacts;
• p - five contacts.

Types of incandescent lamp bases are standardized, their descriptions are traditionally contained in GOSTs.

Edison base

So, what is an Edison threaded base? This is the oldest type of lamp mount, invented by the scientist himself. This type of base is extremely easy to use; it is most often used in household electrical appliances. This type is designated by the letter Exx, where xx is the diameter size in millimeters. The dimensions of this type of base vary:

• GES - large;
• ES - average;
• MES - miniature;
• SES - minion (small base);
• LES - micro base.

Lamp base type E27 and E14

In everyday life, this common type of base is called a “minion”; it is most often used in miniature and standard incandescent lamps. The scope of application of such lamps is extremely wide. Lamps, as you know, can be pear-shaped, candle-shaped, teardrop-shaped, spherical, or mirror-shaped.

The lamp base type E27 is the most famous, widespread and popular type of product, the authorship belongs to Edison himself. However, not only the usual incandescent lamps have such a base. Modern industry also produces other types of lamps with it, including:

• compact fluorescent energy-saving lamps;
• halogen incandescent lamps;
• gas-discharge.

Types of sockets also come in threaded and pin types. Important! Fluorescent lamps with E27 and E14 sockets do not work in electrical circuits containing dimmers and electronic switches. We will consider other types of socles further.

Pin (type G)

This type of base involves a pin system at the point of contact of the lamp with the socket. In such lamps, if there are two contacts, a digital code indicates the distance between them. If the number of contacts is greater, then the digital designation refers to the diameter of the circle in which they are directly located. Capital letters here indicate that the lamps belong to one or another modification. However, the products are not interchangeable, in addition, sometimes there are combinations of several similar bases - then at the very beginning of the digital designation code there is a number, for example, “2”.

Base G4

This type of mount is designed specifically for miniature halogen lamps used to create the maximum decorative effect in rooms due to the bright spot light emanating from different places on the ceiling. Halogen lamps are most often low voltage and are suitable for voltages of 12 or 24 Volts. Such lamps are very convenient, have a flat shape on the outside and look quite good on ceilings with built-in lamps, as well as in flexible lighting systems. These practical products can last more than 2000 hours. Today, lamps with G4 sockets are widely used in crystal lamps with rhinestones.

Sockets GU1, R

This type is used in tube-shaped fluorescent lamps with a bulb diameter of 16 millimeters. The tone of the high-quality light emitted by such lamps can be either warm white or cool daylight. The luminous output of these lamps is high, but the energy consumption, on the contrary, is quite modest.

The G13 base is a very common option for household recessed lighting, as is the GU1 type. Lamps with this type of mount are characterized by thickening at the ends of the contacts, which allows for rotary connections to the sockets.

The socket with a recessed "R" contact is the best option for small and quartz halogen lamps, as well as high-intensity lighting fixtures that rely on operation in an alternating current system. In the designation of such a base, the numbers indicate the length of the lamp as a whole.

Pin base B (bayonet)

This design was the result of an improvement on the classic Edisonian design to maximize the time it takes to change a burnt-out light bulb. In addition, progress constantly “reduced” the size of the light bulbs themselves.

Base R7s

This type is equipped with a pair of round side pins for mounting in the slot of the corresponding cartridge. Fixing the lamp in this case requires turning it a quarter turn. The outer diameter is indicated in millimeters, for example - B9s.

Such sockets are often used in automobile lamps and on watercraft to create low or high beam - asymmetrical side mounting contacts hold the lamp in the socket at the desired angle, which allows focusing depending on the corresponding need.

In imported products - English, Canadian light bulbs - numbers are often not indicated; they are encrypted in the form of alphabetic abbreviations. For example, a bayonet base is BC (Bayonet Cap) = B22d = our version 2Ш22.

Soffit base S and focusing base P

Externally, the product looks like a familiar glass fuse - there are contacts on both sides of the base. The number printed on the outside will show the outer diameter of the case in millimeters. Lamps with such sockets are most often used in car interiors and for illuminating license plates on cars.

The focusing base “P” is designed to complete navigation lights, cinematic projectors and spotlights of various sizes, as well as household flashlights. The operation of this mechanism is based on the possibility of orienting the beam in different directions and the direction of the light flux through a special prefabricated lens. The code printed on the base usually indicates the diameter of the focusing flange or that part of it that helps support the lamp in a horizontal position. The P20d socket is specially designed for installing headlight lamps in cars. The “T” telephone socket is used in small backlight bulbs, remote controls and mnemonic circuits.

Sockets for LED lamps

Base types GU10, JDR E14, LED GU5.3, JDR E27, PAR30, PAR38, MR11, T5, T8 and others. LEDs hardly heat up, so they are used where other types are simply not suitable due to considerations of surface temperature.

In general, modern industry also produces non-standard types of lamp bases, for example, for projection or xenon lamps. If we talk about switch lamps, Western countries have long used smaller products with T4.5 rather than T6.8 sockets. The newest type W generally contacts the socket through current inputs located directly on the glass base of the lamp.

The types of lamp bases are constantly being improved. Today there is a tendency to replace incandescent lamps with semiconductor products of similar sizes. The advantage of such semiconductor lamps, which are also simply called LEDs, is more economical consumption of electrical energy, while in terms of brightness, such lamps are in many ways superior to their analogues. It should also be noted that the types of LED lamp bases have some differences from all other types.

"in one of the sections we talked about how to choose the right type of base and described several of their types. In this article we will dwell on this topic in more detail and consider in more detail most of the known types of bases. This knowledge will be useful if you want to install rare LED lamps for solving more subtle problems in the field of lighting a home, apartment, office, warehouse, store or industrial premises.

Base type designation system

Each lamp, in addition to other structural elements, has a so-called “socket” - simplified, this is the part of the lamp into which the lamp base is inserted or screwed into the thread. There is a generally accepted alphanumeric system for designating the type of base, which is followed by all manufacturers of lighting equipment:

XXYYz - where XX is one or two capital Latin letters indicating the type and subtype of the lamp base, YY is number indicating diameter connecting part of the base or onthe distance between the contact pins of the base, z - a lowercase letter indicates the number of contact plates, flexible connections or pins in the base.

The first capital Latin letter indicates the type of base:
- the letter B means a pin socket (bayonet mount)
- the letter E indicates a threaded base, it is also called an Edison base
- letter G - pin
- letter P - focusing
- letter R - base with recessed contact
- letter S - soffit base

The second capital letter is a subtype of socket, which is not found often, mainly in “pin sockets”.
Last lowercase Latin letter:
- s - one contact
- d - two contacts
- t - three contacts
- q - four contacts
- p - five contacts

The most common types of LED lamp bases

E27- the most common type of lamp bases. The number 27 is the diameter of the base in millimeters in the threaded part. The main area of ​​application of lamps with such a base is household, that is, in residential and less often in office premises. Most often, incandescent lamps with such a base are found in capacities of 60, 75, 100 and 150 Watts, and LED lamps, respectively, from 5 to 18 Watts. The most common type of dome for such lamps is a ball or hemisphere.

E14- the second most common type of lamp bases. The number 14 is the diameter of the base in millimeters in the threaded part. This type of base is found in less powerful lamps from 15 to 60 Watts, they are smaller in size and are often used in small wall and table lamps, as well as in ceiling chandeliers with a large number of lamps. The dome shape of such lamps is either “ball” or “candle” (they are also called “minion”).

G53 or GX53- a less common type. Typically used for ceiling and gimbal mounting. In shape, these are round lamps with a flat luminous surface with LEDs. Such lamps are installed in special lamps that have a similar flat shape. In case of installation in rooms with high humidity, for example, a bathroom, it is recommended to purchase special moisture-proof lamps. G53 has flat contacts. The GX53 has pin contacts.

B22- pin type socket with a diameter of 22 mm. There are pins on the body for connection to the cartridge. The type of connection with the luminaire socket is “bayonet”, the peculiarity of which is the quick connection of the base with the socket through axial movement and rotation of the lamp in the luminaire. This type of base is used in lamps operating in vibration conditions, most often in vehicles (auto, railway and marine).

GU10- base with pin fastening into the lamp socket. The numbers in indicate the distance between the centers of the pins, and for a larger number of pins the diameter of the circle on which the centers of the pins are located. In this case, the GU10 base has two pins and the distance between them is 10 mm. Most often, lamps with this type of base are used in ceiling and accent lighting. For lamps with GU10 base There are noticeable thickenings at the end of the contacts for rotary connection with the cartridge.

GU5.3- base with pin fastening to the lamp. The number 5.3 is the distance between the centers of the pins (contacts) in millimeters. Lamps with such a base are usually small in size and power and are used for home decorative lighting, illumination of paintings, stands or displays in stores. Lamps with this base are suitable for replacing outdated and uneconomical MR16 halogen lamps. The beam angle of these lamps fully corresponds to their halogen counterparts and ranges from 30-180 degrees.

Socles G4,GU4 And G9(not shown in the pictures) also with pin fastening. Such sockets are found in so-called microlamps. The distance between the pins is 4 and 9 millimeters, respectively. Such small lamps are used for designer spot lighting and in some cases are suitable as a replacement for halogen lamps with a similar type of base, but here you need to accurately select the supplied voltage and the type of current - direct or alternating. The shape of the LED lamp itself with such a base can be different, most often similar to a “tablet”.

Articles about LED lighting

This article is for those who have asked a similar question for the first time and do not have a technical education. LED lighting is the lighting of something using relatively new light sources - LEDs. An LED is an industrially produced crystal that, when connected to electricity, begins to emit light. To be fair, LED cannot be called a new light source, because... it was invented several decades ago, but it began to be actively developed and used in all spheres of our lives only at the beginning of 2000, thanks to new discoveries in the technological field and a significant reduction in production costs.

Modern technologies do not stand still and scientific and technological progress does not ignore such an area of ​​our lives as lighting. Development is taking place both in the direction of increasing lighting technical characteristics and in the direction of the emergence of additional related technological devices that increase the usefulness of lamps and lighting systems in general. We are talking about numerous varieties of LED lights with built-in sensors.

We decided to make a review in which the most interesting reviews about LED lamps will be collected. We collected these reviews both from our customers (and continue to collect) and from the Internet - from various forums, blogs, thematic portals and other resources. Having received a large amount of data, we systematized it, anonymized it, and we got a certain set of interesting opinions and advice from real people who use LED lamps at home, in the country, in the office, etc.

Customers of our online store often ask questions - which LED lamps are the best, from which companies? Why exactly are they better? Can you trust the characteristics of the lamps indicated on the packaging? Is it possible to buy LED lamps made in China? Can LED lamps be used in children's rooms? These are just some of the questions that buyers ask when choosing the best option for themselves. Moreover, such questions arise when the buyer already knows what type of lamps is needed and with what characteristics. In this article we will try to give answers to all these questions and avoid new puzzles for the consumer :-)

An LED is a semiconductor device that transforms electric current into light radiation. LED has a generally accepted abbreviation - LED (light-emitting diode), which literally translated into Russian means “light-emitting diode”. The LED consists of a semiconductor crystal (chip) on a substrate, a housing with contact leads and an optical system. The light emission directly comes from this crystal, and the color of the visible radiation depends on its material and various additives. As a rule, there is one crystal in the LED housing, but if it is necessary to increase the power of the LED or to emit different colors, several crystals can be installed.

This is, of course, the most important issue, since the world today is on the threshold of a new era in lighting technology and we need to be sure that LED lighting is not harmful to health. To date (2014), this issue cannot be considered thoroughly studied, since the period of introduction of LED lighting into human life is still quite short and the necessary amount of statistical data for analysis has not yet been accumulated. However, at the moment there is a huge amount of facts and opinions of professionals in this field, indicating the absence of any harm from LED lighting.

This article is for those who do not understand light bulbs, the types of their sockets and electricity in general, but already understand that using LED lamps is much more economically profitable than incandescent lamps and even than fluorescent lamps (they are often called “energy saving”). Selecting the right LED lamps is very simple and we will help you make the right choice by following the instructions below. Or you can call us right away and we will be happy to help you with your choice.

In this article we will talk about the benefits of using LED lamps compared to fluorescent (often called “energy saving”), halogen and incandescent lamps. In the second part we will provide an economic calculation of the payback when replacing lamps with LED ones. The economic efficiency of LED lamps is so obvious that you do not need any special knowledge to draw your own conclusions.

One of the challenges that is often encountered during deep renovation or construction of residential and office premises is the level of sufficient lighting. In a situation where ordinary incandescent lamps are used as light sources, from experience you can roughly determine the required number and power of light bulbs, but if you have an idea to make your home more modern and comfortable, and at the same time regularly save quite significant amounts on lighting, then It makes sense to take a closer look at LED lighting. So, how many and what kind of LED lamps do you need to install to make the room comfortable?

In one of our articles we talked about what an LED is and how it developed. Now we want to dwell in more detail on the current industry leaders - those who produce LEDs and LED lamps. This is not the same thing, since lamp manufacturers do not always make LEDs and, conversely, LED manufacturers do not always mass produce lamps based on them. According to official data from IMS Research, as of February 2013, LED production is concentrated in China (more than 50%), then Taiwan (about 20%), South Korea (about 10%), Japan, USA, Europe and other regions (total 20%) .

This article is a practical guide for those who are planning to make major renovations in an apartment or house and are thinking about how to make the lighting of their future home comfortable, cozy, unique, easy to maintain, but at the same time economical and environmentally friendly. Today, indeed, there is something to think about, since LED lighting is becoming very inexpensive. The choice of power, size and external design of light sources is very rich and you don’t have to limit your imagination. Where to start? How to approach the task correctly? To do this, you need to understand what exactly you want to do, and then find the most effective solutions from both a practical and economic point of view. It is not as difficult as it seems and we will be happy to help you with this.

In our online store you can purchase LED lamps and LED luminaires, selecting them to suit the task of illuminating any object. But our activities are limited not only to sales - our team also includes highly experienced engineers in the field of design, production, installation and further operation of lighting control systems. Our partners are many engineering and design companies, together with whom we can implement projects for lighting systems for objects of any scale and complexity. This area of ​​activity of our company is presented on the market as the WLightiT project.

Construction Materials

Peter Kravets

Reading time: 3 minutes

A A

The base is a part at the base of the lighting device, necessary for fixing it in the socket, as well as for connecting the equipment to electric current.

Usually the base is made of metal, in rare cases - of ceramics. The design of the base assumes that there are lamps inside and contacts outside.

Classifying luminaires by base type is an effective way to classify luminaires, used by lighting manufacturers around the world. LED lamps (Light Emitting Diode) relatively recently appeared on the market of lighting devices in the category of affordable ones.

At a cost per lumen supplied by an LED source, these devices exceed even the wildest expectations for inexpensive lighting, and the brightness, energy efficiency and luminous efficiency exceed those of traditional lamps used before.

Advantages of LED lighting

A unique feature of LED lamps is their base. The thing is that previously each class of lighting devices was produced with an individual base.

Manufacturers of LED equipment began to focus on direct replacement of old lamps, and, knowing the old-style base, began to produce the same ones, only using LED technology.

As a result of such a replacement, the end consumer receives a number of benefits - budget savings, energy savings and health benefits - there is no ultraviolet radiation, harmful substances and pulsation.

Classification of LED lamps by base type

According to the generally accepted international system, in all types of lamps, the types of socles are distinguished by the first letter. What are the types of bases according to the device:

E-threaded (Edison base)

The most common type of base, previously used in incandescent lamps, is now energy-saving sources. The most common are Edison sockets - a threaded type of connection with a cartridge of various diameters.

The number in the marking indicates the diameter of the base. For example, E27 indicates that the Edison base is 27mm in diameter.

G-pin

The class of socles with the designation G is equipped with a pin connection to the socket, where the numbers after the letters indicate the distance between the contacts. The second letter is the distinctive characteristics of the base. The most popular class of lighting devices used.

Used from small halogen lamps to fluorescent ceiling lighting sources. For clarity, the GU10 marking indicates thickenings at the ends of the pins; it is used in halogen or fluorescent lighting devices.

R- with recessed contact

The fastening with R at the beginning of the marking deserves special attention. This type assumes a recessed contact, and the number indicates the thickness in millimeters. As a rule, these are tubular lamps with a small size and light weight.

Applicable in networks with alternating current 220 V, 50 Hz. This base is used for halogen linear lighting devices - such as spotlights.

S-soffit

The S class mount can be located on both sides of the tubular lamp, or as a separate base on one side. Traditionally used in bathrooms, theater lighting equipment, and car lamps.

P-focusing

It is very similar in many respects to the soffit type and is equipped with additional diffusing elements. They are used in flashlights, projectors in cinema halls, navigation lights, etc. The base is equipped with a prefabricated lens that directs the flow of light in the required direction.

Telephone T-base

Most often, such lamps are used as backlight, for example, on the dashboard of a car. The numbers indicate the width of the base on the outside on which the contact pins were installed.

W-base

By design, this base is part of the lamp. All contacts, power or wire, are routed out through the surface of the light bulb. The numbers in this case indicate the thickness of the glass. Most often used in cars, in direction indicators.

B-pin (bayonet)

A type of mount in which electrical contact with the lamp is made through current inputs on the glass base of the lamp.

Letter markings for bases

The number after the letter informs about the distance between the pins (fastening diameter). Lowercase letters indicate the number of pins or different connections:

• S = 1;
• D = 2;
• T = 3;
• Q = 4;
• P=5.

In some cases, another note is added to the letter series, indicating the place where the lamp is used. So, the types of socles are:

U – energy saving light bulb;

V – conical shape of the base;

A – car lamp.

Selecting a lamp based on the base type

Before starting lighting work, you need to find out which network you will be connecting to. Different bases are designed for networks with different parameters.

The choice of the category of contacts for energy-saving and LED devices, halogen, is made taking into account the design of the device in which the lamp is installed. The marking of each lamp is indicated by design features. So, for T5 lamp elements, the G5 option is suitable.

Any of the types under consideration is used under certain conditions. Electrical networks can be with direct or alternating current; moreover, it is possible to select a lamp holder depending on the intended purpose - directional lighting, diffused light, a decorative element or a device of full functionality.

The nuances of replacing incandescent lamps with LED analogues

• The dimensions of LED light sources are often different from those of older lamps;
• Halogen lighting transformers are not suitable for LED equipment;
• LED lamps operate on the principle of pulse width modulation. In order for dimming to be of high quality, it is necessary to swap the switch with a rheostat and a special controller. Dimmers from halogen appliances and traditional incandescent lamps are not suitable in most cases. After replacement, it will be possible to control the light flux, including from a distance. There are dimmable LED lamps on sale that have a built-in circuit for changing brightness when the input voltage changes;
• Before dismantling the fluorescent lamp, first remove the ballast from the device, and then connect the LED lighting device to the terminals.

For all lighting devices, the base in the light bulb serves as the foundation in a residential building - durability and reliability of operation depend on its strength and installation.

The base of a lighting lamp is the part of the lamp that provides a mechanical connection between the lamp and the electrical socket and an electrical connection between the lamp and the power wires.

Base and socket

Despite the difference in the principle of the transition of electrical energy into light energy, electrical voltage must be applied to any lighting lamps. Electrical voltage is supplied to the lamp using electrical wires, and the lamp is connected to these electrical wires using the “inseparable couple” of the electric socket and the lamp base.

Two types of electric lamp bases

Based on appearance, lighting lamp sockets can be divided into:

• Threaded;
• Contact.

Threaded base, familiar to everyone by the type of incandescent lamps. The threaded base is connected to the electric socket by screwing the lamp into the socket.

Contact base, with contact pins located on the edge of the lamp. Previously, this type of base was familiar from fluorescent lighting lamps.

Today, LED lamps are available with both threaded sockets and pin contactors.

Plinth designation

I have somewhat simplified the types of plinths. At the industrial level, much more diverse types of plinths are available. I will show them using the example of base designations.

Lamps are designated according to the following diagram:

A00bC

• A. Base type;
• 00- Number, dimensions of the base (mm);
• Small b-letter indicating the number of contacts;
• C. Additional designation.

Regulatory types of LED lamp bases

LED lamps are available with both threaded and contact sockets.

LED lamp screw sockets

This list contains four lamp labels based on base type.

• E14 – LED minion lamp;
• E24 LED lamp for a standard socket.
• Less known paws: E10 (refrigerator) and E42 (for streets).

Pin sockets

• G13. LED lamps with T8 and T10 tubes.
• GU10. LED bulbs. Pins with thickening at the ends.
• GU5.3. LED and halogen lamps.
• G53. Halogen lamps
• G4, GU4 and G9 LED lamps for design lighting.
• B22 - pin base diameter 22 mm

We understand that the numbers after the letter are the distance between the pins.

conclusions

In this article, we looked at LED lamp bases that can replace incandescent or halogen lamps. There are LED lamps that replace fluorescent lamps. Also, you need to take into account that there are lamps in which there are no lamps, as such. Lighting is provided by rows of LEDs covered with lenses.

The type of base and the shape of the bulb play a key role when choosing LED lamps, because it is these parameters that determine the fundamental possibility of installing the product in an existing lamp. This material discusses the most common options for LED devices, their features and symbols.

Types of LED lamp bases

The socket serves to fix the lamp in the socket and supply electric current to it. Its configuration largely depends on the functional purpose of the lamp and the conditions under which it will be used. Among the variety of bases, it is necessary to distinguish three main types: threaded, bayonet and two-pin. Let's look at the distinctive features of each of them.

The most common type of connection, proposed by Thomas Edison back in 1894. Lamps with a threaded base are marked as Exx, where xx is the outer diameter of the base in millimeters. In Russia, the CIS countries and the European Union, the modifications listed in the table below are most widespread.

North American countries have slightly different standards due to the use of English units instead of international decimal units. In the USA and Canada, the analogue of E27 is E26 inch sockets, and E17 light bulbs are commonly called minions.

The term comes from the French word "baïonnette", which literally translates as "bayonet". The LED lamp is fixed by moving the base along the axis and then rotating it inside the cartridge, while the side pins fit into grooves specially provided for them (the mechanism is reminiscent of attaching a bayonet to a rifle barrel).

This type of connection is highly resistant to vibration, and therefore is widely used in the automotive industry, marine and railway transport, as well as in lighting devices used in industrial facilities. The only country where bayonet sockets are used in everyday life is Great Britain.

There are three types of bayonet sockets, differing in the location of the pins relative to each other:

• BA is the most common option, the pins are located symmetrically;
• BAY - one of the pins is offset in height;
• BAZ - one of the pins is offset not only in height, but also in radius.

The asymmetrical arrangement of the pins helps to fix the lamp in the socket at a certain angle and focus the light flux in the desired direction. This type of connection is used, for example, in car headlights for low and high beams, position lights and signal lights.

This type of socket was originally developed for halogen lamps with a built-in reflector (MR and PAR) and energy-saving fluorescent models. Connection to the electrical network is carried out through a pair of metal pins, which also act as fixing elements. The standard marking begins with the Latin G (indicates the type of base), which may be followed by the letter U, X, Y, Z (modification) and numbers that indicate the distance between the contacts in millimeters. The diameter of the contacts themselves varies between 0.65–1.75 mm.

Classification of lamps by bulb shape

An important parameter when choosing LED lamps is the shape of the bulb, which determines not only their optical properties, but also compatibility with a particular lamp model. As in the case of bases, various lamp form factors have a well-established name and alphanumeric marking, in which Latin letters indicate the type of bulb, and numbers indicate its overall dimensions. Let's take a closer look at the most common options.

In Russia and the CIS countries it also has an alternative name - LON (general purpose lamps). The most common modifications are A55, A60 and A67 (the number indicates the maximum diameter of the flask in millimeters). As a rule, it is supplied with a standard E27 base.

LED lamps of this type have an oblong flask, reminiscent of a candle flame in shape. Available in versions for base E27 or E14 (minion). In addition to the basic one, there are two additional modifications:

• CA (Candle Angular - “Candle in the wind”) - the curved top imitates an oscillating flame. Such light bulbs are ideal for chandeliers and sconces made in the form of candelabra;
• CW (Candle Twisted - “Twisted candle”) - the bulb seems to be twisted around its axis clockwise. Such products are used mainly for organizing decorative lighting in classic interiors.

The flask is a perfect sphere. Such LED lamps are available with E14 and E27 sockets and are used in many models of household lamps. The most common sizes are G45, G60, G80.

They differ from products of category G by an elongated neck, giving the flask a pear-shaped shape. Otherwise, they are almost identical to spherical lamps.

LED directional lamps for E14/E27 sockets. They have a mushroom shape, their name was inherited from halogen lamps equipped with a built-in reflector that focuses the light flux. Used in table lamps, built-in and overhead spots.

Designed specifically to replace fluorescent lamps in old-style linear luminaires (before installing them, it is necessary to exclude electronic ballasts from the electrical circuit or completely dismantle the ballast unit). Equipped with a pin base, they are used mainly in office and industrial premises. Information about the most common modifications is given in the table below.

Miniature capsule LED lamps have found wide application in the field of interior decoration. Available in two versions:

• JC - low-voltage models with G4 socket (oriented for use in 12-volt lamps);
• JCD - received a G9 base, designed for power from a standard household alternating current network with a frequency of 50 Hz and a voltage of 220V.

Designed to replace halogen lamps with a built-in multifaceted or parabolic reflector. They have a conical shape and are available with a pin (GU5.3) or rotary pin (GU10) base. There is also a special modification of LED lamps of this type, labeled JDR. They are identical in dimensions to the MR/PAR models, but are equipped with standard E14 and E27 threaded bases.