Variety of cultivated plants

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"Varieties and Origins of Cultivated Plants". Human life without plants is impossible. Many plants used by man live in nature in a wild state. wild plant plants that live in nature in a "wild" state. The selection that humans have made is called artificial selection. Thus was the beginning of crop production. Weeds are a special group of plants. Many cultivated plants are cultivated in all countries, on different continents. Thousands of seed samples were brought from the trips. Seven most important centers (foci) of plant origin are known. - Variety of cultivated plants.ppt

Origin of cultivated plants

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Topic: "Plant breeding". Genetics and selection. Selection as a science. Selection is based on methods such as hybridization and selection. Theoretical basis breeding is genetics. By 1940, the All-Union Institute of Plant Growing had 300,000 specimens. N.I.Vavilov, (1887-1943). Centers of origin of cultivated plants. 20th century dozens of expeditions around the world. Let's summarize: Two plants from the Near East center: Rye, barley, rose, fig. 1. Mass selection for cross-pollinated plants (rye, corn, sunflower). The offspring from one individual is homozygous and is called a pure line. - Origin of cultivated plants.ppt

Centers of origin of cultivated plants

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Centers of origin of cultivated plants (according to N. I. Vavilov). N. I. Vavilov identified 7 centers of origin of cultivated plants. Vavilov Nikolay. Centers of origin of cultivated plants. Cultivated plants belonging to the centers. South Asian tropical. Tropical India, Indochina, South China, islands South-East Asia. File:Unhulled rice.jpg. Rice. Cucumber. File:Cucumis sativus1.jpg. East Asian. Central and Eastern China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan. Plum fruits. File:Rettich.jpg. Radish. Southwest Asian. Asia Minor, Central Asia, Afghanistan, Southwest India. - Centers of origin of cultivated plants.ppt

plant cultures

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Plant growing. Now in the world, various varieties of cultivated plants have been bred. Bulb onion - 1000 varieties. Drain - 2000. Pears - 5000. Apple trees - more than 10,000 varieties. Field farming. Vegetable growing. Fruit growing. Floriculture. - It is divided into several main branches. Wheat. Sunflower. Potato. Linen. Plants. They feed us. Do you know how many vegetables are in a bowl of soup? Field crops. Vegetable crops. Fruit crops. Wheat, rye, carrots, barley. Tomato, cabbage, onion, plum. Apple, corn, cherry, pear. Cucumber, peony, lily, narcissus. Underline the extra word in each row. - Plant cultures.ppt

Crop culture

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Plant growing. Cereal crops. Wheat. Asia Minor is the birthplace of soft wheat varieties. The Mediterranean is the birthplace of durum wheat. Rice is the most important food for half of humanity. Corn is the queen of the fields. Barley is the most important fodder crop. Raw materials for the production of beer, barley and pearl barley. Rye is the most important strategic product of the state. oats! "Oatmeal talker" - 100% getting rid of stomach ulcers! Oat culture is very common and mainly in Russia and the North American States. Sorghum. Buckwheat. It came to Rus' from Greece - hence the name "buckwheat" (Greek groats). - Crop culture.ppt

Cereal crops

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Agriculture. Plant growing. Grain farming. Practical work. Wheat. Rye. Corn. In the Non-Chernozem zone - for silage. Barley. Barley is the most common grain crop in Russia. Buckwheat. Russia is the largest producer of buckwheat in the world. Rice. Soy. a legume high in protein. It is used to produce soybean oil and as a substitute for animal proteins. The main area for growing soybeans is the south Far East. Mustard. Everyone knows mustard. Seasonings and sauces are prepared from it, used in the pharmaceutical industry (mustard plasters). - Cereals.ppt

Growing plants

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The topic of the lesson is "Crop production". Plant growing. Cultivation of cultivated plants. 1. Name the sectors of the economy that you know. 2. Try to answer the questions. Branches of the economy: agriculture, industry, construction, transport, trade. Agriculture includes several large components. One of such components (branches) of agriculture is crop production. Why do people grow plants? 3. Into what groups can all the plants necessary for a person be divided? Let's go back a few centuries, to our ancestors. - Growing plants.ppt

crop production

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The world. Plant growing. For example, to always have bread on our table, crop growers grow crops, wheat, rye and others. What is agriculture. Take any cultivated plant and describe it. There are also grain growers, vegetable growers, cotton growers. - Crop.pptx

Crop lesson

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Crop production of the world. Wheat rice corn sorghum soybean cotton sah.Tr. Potatoes Rye sah. World sown areas of the main agricultural crops, mln ha. Plant growing. Food crops: Cereal crops, oilseeds, tuberous, sugar-bearing, tonic. Cereal crops are the basis of world agriculture. Wheat rice corn. Wheat. Gross harvest of wheat. Rice. World harvest of rice. Corn. Oil crops. Soy. Tuberous. Sugar. tonic cultures. Tea coffee (arabica, robusta) cocoa (chocolate). Cocoa fruits. The first 10 countries for the collection of tea, coffee, cocoa. - Plant growing lesson.ppt

Crop production in Russia

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Grade 9 Economic geography of Russia topic: Crop production in Russia. Agriculture. Industries processing agricultural raw materials. Industries serving agriculture. Apk. Livestock. Plant growing. Farming is the oldest kind of activity? What does agriculture depend on? Factors affecting agriculture. Climatic conditions. Biological features of agricultural crops. P a t e n i e a d s t o. Cereal crops. Vegetable crops. Industrial crops. Bread. Cereals. Legumes. Oilseeds. Fibrous. Sugar. Fruit and berry. Potato. Roots. Indicators of agricultural development per capita in some countries of the world. - Crop production in Russia.ppt

Crop production in Chuvashia

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Plant growing in our region. Determine what branches crop production is divided into. To expand knowledge about cultivated plants of our region. Fresh water life. Plant growing. Field farming. Vegetable growing. Fruit growing. Floriculture. Think about what each industry does? Vegetables play a huge role in human nutrition! Plant growing in Chuvashia. Orchards and berry fields: occupy 1200 hectares. sown areas of the republic. The game "Understand, do not make a mistake!". On the site are the fruits of various branches of crop production. -

Sign pictures

field

Plants that man himself

planting, caring for seedlings,

harvests, uses for food

called cultural

fruit

vegetable

cereals

spinning

decorative

fruit

These are plants grown in gardens.

round, ruddy,

I grow on a branch

adults love me

And little kids

In the summer in a green dress.

And in autumn - in purple.

Fragrant and beautiful.

Do you recognize? This…

Three sisters, born in spring,

Very similar, as long as green,

But they differ, since each is ripe,

Look: red, black, white.

The red berry attracts everyone, Conquers with its taste and benefits, Alina collects in the garden in summer, Delicate delicacy, miracle - ...

Longleg boasts -

Am I not a beauty

And she herself is a bone

Yes, a red shirt.

Vegetable

These are the plants that man

grows in the garden or in the fields

I grow in the garden. And when I mature They cook a tomato out of me, They put in cabbage soup And so they eat.

In the garden - a yellow ball, Only he does not run galloping, He's like a full moon Delicious seeds.

Vegetable

In summer, in the garden fresh, green, And in winter - in a barrel, Strong, salty.

For a curly tuft Dragged a fox from a mink. Feels very smooth to the touch Tastes like sweet sugar.

Broken cramped house For two halves. And poured out from there Pellet beads.

Cereals

These are the plants that man grows

in the fields, and eats seeds

(grains)

They are also called cereal plants or cereals. Grains include wheat and rye, barley and millet, oats, rice and corn.

The field is shaking

Give us some bread...

wheat

Black bread is good

He will give us...

rye

For various cereals

Looks and tastes are different.

I'm not wheat, I'm not millet

Not buckwheat and not rye,

You will just be young

When you call me.

But isn't it clear as day

What is my name...

barley

little baby,

Golden goblet.

Millet

I grow up wonderfully for everyone -

Tall, slender, beautiful,

Hiding in bright gloves

golden ears,

May I not be sweeter than a watermelon,

But better, I...

corn

spinning

These are the plants from which fiber is obtained.

Cups turn white on the bushes,

They have threads and shirts.

Cotton

From what the boy

Pants made?

Of what girl

Sewn undershirts?

Who is attentive, smart,

Say it right away...

Decorative

These are the plants that grow

flowerbeds and flower beds for beauty

They call me the queen of flowers

For the color and the smell of their petals,

Though my green bush is ready to hurt you,

But who will not forgive me prickly thorns.

This flower is fragrant, fragrant,

The stem is green and narrow sheet,

The bud opens six petals,

What is the name of the flower, please?

I am a herbaceous plant

With purple flowers.

But change the accent

And I turn into candy.

Everyone is familiar with us:

Bright as a flame.

We are cousins

With small nails.

He looks like a guard

As if the flowerbed began to guard,

Very bright and cheerful

It means "sword" in Latin.

• Feeding a man
• Dress up a person
• Treat a person
• To decorate houses and cities

cultivated plants These are the plants that people grow. If a gardener transplants wild raspberries to his site, takes care of her and collects fruits, then such raspberries will be called cultivated. If clover grows in natural meadows, it is a wild grass. But it can also become cultural if it is sown and nurtured by a person. So it is with every plant.

Man cultivates plants for food, animal feed, medicine, industrial raw materials, or ornamental purposes.

Scientists say that man began to cultivate plants many thousands of years ago. Accumulating knowledge, he passed on his observations to the next generation, gradually improving the properties of plants, classifying them and creating new species. So, about 15 thousand years ago, the science of growing cultivated plants by man appeared - plant growing.

Later, selection arose - a science with the help of which new varieties of cultivated plants are created by selection on the basis of resistance to diseases and pests, frost and drought resistance, productivity, and taste of fruits. As a result of selection, many varieties of cultivated plants have been created. For example, there are about 2 thousand varieties of apples.

There are several types of classification of cultivated plants. A popular classification is by industry:

cereals (wheat, barley, oats);

cereals (rice, millet, buckwheat);

legumes (beans, soybeans, peas);

oilseeds (sunflower, mustard);

spinning (kenaf, fiber flax, cotton);

fodder (Sudanese, clover);

gourds (pumpkin, melon, watermelon)

root crops (carrots, beets) and tubers (potatoes);

leafy (cabbage, arugula, spinach);

stem (rhubarb, sorrel);

fruit (cucumber, tomatoes);

bulbous (garlic, onion);

spicy aromatic (parsley, cilantro, dill);

fruit and berry:

pome (apple, quince, pear);

stone fruit (cherry, cherry, apricot, peach, plum);

nuts (hazelnuts, almonds, Walnut);

citrus fruits (tangerine, lemon, orange);

berry (raspberries, currants, strawberries, grapes);

decorative (floriculture).

More than 400 species of cultivated plants originated from South Asia, from North and South America, Europe - about 200 species, from Africa - about 50.

Homeland of cultivated plants:

Central Europe - wheat, peas, beans and lentils, flax;

Mediterranean - carrots, cabbage, beets, radishes, turnips, onions;

India and Indochina - rice, citrus fruits, tea;

South and Central America - corn, potatoes, tomato, pumpkin, beans and Bell pepper, tobacco, sweet potato, pineapple, peanut, cocoa;

North America - sunflower;

Africa - coffee, barley.

The migration of cultivated plants from continent to continent began especially actively during the period of the Great Geographical Discoveries (since the 15th century).

cultivated plants -essential part of the plant kingdom. They originated from wild species. The varietal richness of cultivated plants is due to the needs of people and the biological diversity in nature, from which a person selected useful plant species for himself in order to cultivate them. Man contributed to the spread of cultivated plants in different regions of the planet (often very far from their centers of origin).

GIFTS OF THE OLD WORLD

The gifts of the Old World are not only cereals and vegetables, but also fruit plants, as well as those from which people received numerous spices and seasonings (black pepper, nutmeg, bay leaf, cloves, mustard, parsley, dill, mint, anise, etc.). .d.)

WHEAT

WHEAT - native to the Mediterranean.

Wheat is grown in two varieties - durum and soft. They differ in the protein and carbohydrate composition of the grain. From durum wheat flour - bread, pasta. The dough made from soft wheat flour is friable, easily torn, but unusually tasty pies and wheat porridge are obtained from it.

RYE.

RYE first came into cultivation as a wheat weed. It was very difficult to separate weed rye seeds from sowing wheat. In the northern regions, wheat often died in the fields, while its companion, rye, survived. People fed on its grain and eventually recognized it as a valuable crop.

GRAPE

Grape

GRAPES - the second crop after wheat in antiquity and distribution. His homeland is Transcaucasia and Asia Minor. Wild grapes grow around tall trees. Cultivated grapes are cultivated in the form of bushes, cutting off its branches - vines.

BANANA - GIANT GRASS.

BANANA is a tall, sometimes gigantic (up to 15 m) herbaceous plant with a powerful rhizome, a hardened thick stem and a false trunk formed by huge sheaths of large leaves.

GIFTS OF THE NEW WORLD

Such valuable plants were brought to Eurasia and Africa: potatoes, corn, pumpkin, sweet potato, beans, cocoa and tomatoes (or tomatoes).

POTATO

It is hard to imagine, but only 250 years ago in Russia no one was eating potatoes. The ancestors of the American Indians many centuries ago on the plateau

cultivated plants-

plants grown by humans for food products, feed in agriculture, drugs, industrial and other raw materials and other purposes.

Classification of cultivated plants according to Kuptsov

• 1. Cereal crops.

These are the three main cereal plants: rice, wheat, corn and secondary breads - barley, oats, rye, millet, sorghum.

• 2. Starch plants : potatoes in countries temperate climate, sweet potato, yams, taro - in more southern areas.

• 3. Pulses:

beans, peas, lentils.

• 4. Sugar crops: sugar beet and sugar cane.

• 5. Fibrous Plants: cotton, flax, hemp, jute, kenaf, which provide a person with clothing and technical fabrics.

• 6. Fruit and berry crops : apple trees, pears, plums, etc.

• 7. Spicy aromatic and tonic plants, without which the modern human diet is impossible.

• 8. Industrial or industrial crops- sources of rubber, medicines, tannins, corks.

• 9. Forage plants ,

on which modern animal husbandry is based.

• 10. Oilseeds: mustard, peanuts, sunflower, etc.

Division according to branches of agriculture

Experts distinguish groups of cultivated plants according to the type of agricultural activity:

• fruit growing,
• vegetable growing,
• field cultivation.

field varieties

• This group of plants includes grain crops (cereals- rye, wheat, legumes- lentils, soybeans, peas, cereal varieties- millet, buckwheat, root crops (turnips, beets), tubers(potato), spinning(hemp, flax, cotton), oilseeds(mustard, peanuts, sunflower), fodder grasses(alfalfa, clover).

fruit varieties

• This group includes crops that produce juicy fruits. They, in turn, are divided into stone fruits(apricot, plum, cherry) pome e (quince, pear, apple tree), berry(currant, strawberry, raspberry, strawberry). In the same group, in some cases, include citrus(orange, lemon) nut-bearing(hazelnut, almond, walnut). In fruit and berry, a subgroup is sometimes distinguished subtropical varieties. These include, in particular, medlar, pomegranate, figs. Crops such as wild rose, sea buckthorn and others are considered close to fruit and berry crops. vitamin-bearing.

vegetable varieties

• Vegetable crops are herbaceous plants grown for heads, root crops, bulbs, leaves, fruits. Cultivated 120 species vegetable plants. The most common of them belong to 10 families: cruciferous - cabbage, swede, turnip, radish, radish, horseradish, watercress; umbrella - carrots, parsley, parsnips, celery, dill; pumpkin - cucumber, pumpkin, melon, watermelon; nightshade - tomato, pepper, eggplant, physalis; legumes - peas, beans, beans; lily - onion, garlic, asparagus; Compositae - lettuce, chicory, artichoke, tarragon; haze - beets, spinach; buckwheat - rhubarb, sorrel; cereals - corn.