Speaking about the scribes of books in ancient Russia, we should also mention our chroniclers

Almost every monastery had its own chronicler, who, in brief notes, enters information about the most important events of his time. It is believed that the chronicles were preceded by calendar notes, which are considered the founder of any chronicle. According to their content, the annals can be divided into 1) state annals, 2) family or tribal annals, 3) monastery or church annals.

Family chronicles are compiled in the clans of service people in order to see the public service of all ancestors.

The sequence observed in the annals is chronological: the years are described one after another.

If in some year nothing remarkable happened, then nothing is recorded against this year in the annals.

For example, in the chronicle of Nestor:

“In the summer of 6368 (860). In the summer of 6369. In the summer of 6370. Expelling the Varangians across the sea, and not giving them tribute, and more often in their own hands; and there is no truth in them ....

In the summer of 6371. In the summer of 6372. In the summer of 6373. In the summer of 6374, Askold and Dir went to the Greeks ... "

If a “sign from heaven” happened, the chronicler noted it as well; if it was solar eclipse, the chronicler innocently wrote down that such and such a year and date "the sun died."

The Monk Nestor, a monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, is considered the father of the Russian chronicle. According to the studies of Tatishchev, Miller and Schlozer, he was born in 1056, entered the monastery at the age of 17 and died in 1115. His chronicle has not been preserved, but a list from this chronicle has come down to us. This list is called the Laurentian List, or the Laurentian Chronicle, because it was written off by the Suzdal monk Lavrenty in 1377.

In the Paterik of Pechersk it is said about Nestor: “that he is contented with the summer, laboring in the affairs of chronicle writing and remembering the eternal summer.”

The Laurentian Chronicle is written on parchment, on 173 sheets; up to the fortieth page it is written in an ancient charter, and from page 41 to the end - in a semi-charter. The manuscript of the Laurentian Chronicle, which belonged to Count Musin-Pushkin, was presented by him to Emperor Alexander I, who presented it to the Imperial Public Library.

Of the punctuation marks in the annals, only a period is used, which, however, rarely stands in its place.

This chronicle included events up to 1305 (6813).

The Lavrentiev chronicle begins with the following words:

“Here are the stories of bygone years, where did the Russian land come from, who in Kyiv began to reign first and where did the Russian land come from.

Let's start this story. After the flood, the first sons of Noah divided the earth .... ”, etc.

In addition to the Laurentian Chronicle, the “Novgorod Chronicle”, “Pskov Chronicle”, “Nikon Chronicle” are known, so named because the “sheets have a signature (staple) of Patriarch Nikon, and many others. friend.

In total, there are up to 150 variants or lists of annals.

Our ancient princes ordered that everything that happened under them, good and bad, be entered into the annals, without any concealment or embellishment: “our first sovereigns without anger commanded to describe all the good and bad who happened to be described, and other images of the phenomenon will be based on them.”

During the period of civil strife, in case of any misunderstanding, the Russian princes sometimes turned to the annals as written evidence.

1339 In the summer of 6847, the Great Prince Ivan Danilovich went to the Horde. That same summer, Prince Alexander Mikhailovich of Tverskoy went to the Horde, and sent his son Theodore ahead of the ambassador. toe In the winter, the Totar army Tuvlub went to Smolenesk, with Prince Ivan Korotopolii with him. And the great prince Ivan Danilovich sent many, according to the tsar's word, to Smolensk. And they stood a lot under the city. And, without taking the city, they moved away and the volosts fought.

1340 toe In the spring, Prince Semyon Ivanovich and his brother went to the Horde. toe In the fall, Prince Semyon Ivanovich came out and sat on the Grand Duchy in Volodimer and Moscow.

1341 In the summer of 6849. Tsar Azhbyak died and Tsar Zhenibek sat on the Horde, and beat his brethren.

1342 In the summer of 6850, Metropolitan Theognast went to the Horde to the new king Zhenibek for theforged.

1353 In the summer of 6861. The same summer, Ivan Ivanovich and Prince Konstyatin Suzdaskoi went to the Horde, about the great reign.

1358 In the summer of 6866, Prince Ivan Ivanovich left the Horde for a great reign.

1359 In the summer of 6867. Tsar Zhenibek died, and his son Berdebek sat on the kingdom with his servant Tuvlubiy and killed his brethren. That same year, there was a metropolitan in the Horde with Murat Tsar Alexei and a lot of languor from the filthy Totars; and by the grace of God, the most pure Mother of God came in good health to Russia. toe the same winter, the princes of Rust came to the Horde to Tsar Berdebuk: Prince Andrey Kostyantinovich and all the princes of Rust with him.

1361 In the summer of 6869, the princes of Rusti went to the Horde to King Kidar. And kill King Kidar, his son Temir Khozya, and sweep away the whole Horde. And Prince Andrei Kostyantinovich fled from the Horde. And the princes of the Orda hit him. And God help Prince Andrei. And Tsar Temir Khozya ran across the Volga, and with Mamai the whole Horde. Then the robbery of the princes of Rostov in the Horde and let go of the naked to Russia.

1362 In the summer of 6870, Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich and Prince Dmitry Kostyantinovich of Suzdal, quarreling about the great princedom of Moscow, sending their boyars to the Horde. And Tsar Murat received a letter to the Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich of the great reign. And Prince Dmitry Kostyantinovich was in Pereslavl at that time. The great prince went to war against him. He will flow away to Suzzhdal, to his fiefdom in Suzzhdal.toe Well, in the winter at Epiphany, Prince Dmitry Ivanovich came to Volodimer and sat down on the great reign. The next summer, an ambassador from the Horde came to him. That same summer, Prince Dmitry Kostyantinovich came to Volodimer for the great reign, having bought with him the tsar's ambassador named Ilyak and with him thirty Totarins. The great prince Dmitri Ivanovich gathered a lot of howling and sent Prince Dmitri to Suzhdal, and from there to Nizhny Novgorod. The same summer, the great prince Dmitry Ivanovich and the reign of Prince Dmitry Galitsky and Prince Ivan Starodubsky, and those princes came to Nizhny Novgorod to Prince Dmitry Kostyantinovich.

1363 In the summer of 6871, the Great Prince Dmitry Ivanovich went with his brothers to Suzhdal.

1368 In the summer of 6876. The same summer, the great prince Dimitri Ivanovich went to Tver and otida. And Prince Mikhailo Alexandrovich of Tverskoy fled to Lithuania. toe In the winter, Prince Olgird of Lithuania went to Moscow with an army, and Prince Semyon Kropiva and Prince Ivan Starodubsky and all the voivods fought with force, and stood at the city for three days, did not take the city, burned the settlements and fought the volosts. toe the same winter, Prince Volodimer Andreevich took the city of Rzhev.

1371 In the summer of 6879, Prince Mikhailo Alexandrovich of Tverskoy left the Horde for the great reign of Moscow and wanted to sit in Volodimer. And his spring is not priyash. Prince Mikhailo of Tverskoy went to Kostroma and fought Mologa and Uglich. That same summer, the Lyapuns from Naugorod plundered Yaroslavl and Kostroma. That same summer, the great prince Dimitri Ivanovich sent his voivode, Prince Dimitri of Volyn, and with him howled a lot against Prince Olga of Ryazan. The Ryazanians, in their pride, do not want to take sabers and mines with them, they want to have belts and bribes. And rattling the wallpaper of the regiments on Skornishchev, and be slashing fiercely with them. And God help Prince Dimitry Volynsky, governor of the Grand Duke of Moscow. Oleg flow past Ryazan into the field. Grand Prince, plant Prince Volodimer Pronsky in Ryazan.

1372 In the summer of 6880, Prince Olga of Ryazan gathered many and drove Prince Volodimer Pronsky from Ryazan, and he himself sat down in Ryazan. The same summer, Prince Mikhailo Aleksandrovich of Tver brought the princes of Lithuania with many forces: Prince Kestuty, Prince Andrei of Polotsk, Prince Dmitry Vruchsky, Prince Vitoft Kestutyevich and many other princes and Poles with them, and zhomot, and Zholnyryans, and went to Pereslavl, settlements pozhgosha, and boyar, many people were led in full. And the Lithuanians of Pereslavl were beaten, and the multitude drowned in the river in Trubezh.

1373 In the summer of 6881, Prince Olgird of Lithuania gathered a lot of howls, and with him in the Duma Prince Mikhailo Tverskoi, and went to Moscow. Hearing the same, the great prince Dimitrei Ivanovich, having gathered a lot of howls and went from Moscow against Olgird, having driven off Olgird's guard regiments before, and settling down at Lubutsk. At the wallpaper there are regiments and between them the enemy is deep, cool Velma, it’s impossible to fight with a regiment, step up. And they stood for a long time, and taking Olgird peace with the Grand Duke, and dispersed.

1375 In the summer of 6883. The same summer, Prince Mikhailo Alexandrovich of Tverskoy sent an envoy to Moscow to the Grand Duke Dimitri Ivanovich, and his lieutenants sent to Torzhek, and an ambassador to Uglich. Hearing this, the great prince Dimitrei Ivanovich gathered a lot and went to Tver, and with him Prince Dimitrei Kostentinovich, his father-in-law, Suzdal, Prince Volodimer Andreevich, Prince Boris Konstantinovich Gorodetsky, Prince Semyon Dimitrievich, brother-in-law of the Grand Duke, Prince Andrei Fedorovich of Moscow, Prince Vasilei Konstantinovich of Rostov, Prince Ivan Vasilyevich and his brother Prince Alexander of Smolensky, Prince Vasilei Vasilyevich and his son Prince Roman of Yaroslavsky, Prince Fyodor Mikhailovich Belozerskoy, Prince Vasilei Romanovich Kashinskoy, Prince Fyodor Mikhailovich Mozhayskaya, Prince Andrei Fedorovich Starodubskoy, Prince Ivan Mikhailovich Belozerskaya , Prince Vasilei Mikhailovich Kashinskaya, Prince Roman Semenovich Novoselskoi, Prince Semyon Konstantinovich Obolenskoi and his brother Prince Ivan Turavskoi. And all those princes with their regiments serve the Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich. And the prince went to Tver in the month of Maya on the 29th day, fighting from all sides. On foot, they took up arms against robbery and took the city of Mikulin, and led the Mikulinites in full. And all the power came to Tver and set fire to the settlements. At the same time, the inhabitants of Naugorod came with great strength to Tver, according to the word of the Grand Duke, and on the Volga they dressed up two bridges, creating for their old resentment tormenting. And Prince Mikhail shut himself up in the city. Prikatisha to the city of tours, and a sign, and igniting the archer. And the tverichi quenched and the tours razsekosha, but they themselves bish enough. Here Prince Semyon of Bryansk was killed. And the great prince stood for a month, bishing every day. And ripened the whole empty land. And Prince Mikhailo, while waiting for the Totar and the Litva, did a lot of harm to himself. And, seeing his inexhaustibility, he sent Vladyka Euphemia and his boyars to beat the brow of the Grand Duke. And the great prince, not even though the bloodshed and ruin of the city, and taking peace with Prince Michael with all his will, as he wanted, and depart fromTver September on the 8th day. That same summer, the boyar of Naugorodsk Prokopeya went 70 planted by the river, was peace in Ustyug, and plundered Kostroma and Lower Novgrad.

1378 In the summer of 6886. From the Horde of Arpash, the saltan went to Novugrad to the Lower in the power of greatness. Hearing that, Prince Dmitry Kostyantinovich Suzzhdalsky, father-in-law of the Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich, and sent a message to Moscow, calling for help. And the great prince Dmitry Ivanovich went with many forces. And do not lead to Arpasha Saltana. And Prince Dmitry Kostyantinovich sent his children, Prince Ivan and Prince Semyon, with many forces against the Totars in the field. And go across the river for Pyan, “Arpasha,” they said, “is standing on Volchei Voda.” They made a mistake and started drinking mead, and fishing for work, and playing in the wasteland. And the proverb is still nicknamed - "stand drunk behind the Drunken River." And at that time, the prince of Mordovian Alabuga came unknown from the Mamaev hordes to the Russian princes and killed Prince Mikhail, and Prince Semyon and Ivan Danilovichi drowned on the river. Prince Dmitry, having made a mistake, did not besiege the siege, for a small leak to Suzhdal with the princess. That same summer, the Totarians took Pereslavl Ryazan.

1379 In the summer of 6887, Prince Mamai of the Horde sent an army of his prince Bichig against Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich. The great prince gathered many howls and went against them. And sretoshasya by the river at the Vozha. Totarov, on the other hand, crossed the river and rushed to the regiments of the Russians. The prince of the Russians hit them in the face, and from the right country Timofei Vasilyevich okolnichei, and from the left country Prince Danilo Pronskoi. And that hour Totar ran away, and the great prince chase them across the river for the Vozha, and the totar stomp in the river countless. And the great prince overtook the carts and the Totar tents in the field, and poimash that a lot of good, they did not see other carts, the darkness was then great. And then they caught a lot of wealth and returned to Moscow.

And so, maybe there was silence for many years, but not very big. Still goes to Russia Civil War. According to custom, the princes wet each other, attracting both Tatars and Lithuanians. Novgorodians, Tver, Vladimir, Ryazan ... All the arcs of a friend are burned, robbed, taken away in full. And the Horde? It's similar there: Tsar Zhenibek, and beat your brethren.Tsar Zhenibek died, and his son Berdebek sat on the kingdom with his servant Tuvlubiy and killed his 12 brethren. And kill King Kidar, his son Temir Khozya, and sweep away the whole Horde. And Tsar Temir Khozya ran across the Volga, and with Mamai the whole Horde. In general, a complete mess, or ZAMYATNYA:

1361 PSRL. T-34. MOSCOW CHRONICLE In the summer of 6869 Prince Dmitry Ivanovich of Moscow went to the Horde to Tsar Khydyr, and left the Horde until the fall. That same summer, Grand Prince Dmitry Kostyantinovich and his brother, the oldest Prince Andrei, and Prince Kostyantin of Rostov, and Prince Mikhailo of Yaroslavl came to the Horde, and there were great jams in the Horde with them. King Khydyr was killed by his son Temir-Khozhin and seized the kingdom on the 4th day, and on the 7th day of the kingdom his temnik Mamai was hushed up by his whole kingdom, and there was a great rebellion in the Horde. And Prince Ondrey Kostyantinovich at that time went from the Horde to Russia, and on the way the prince hit him with a ryatizkoy, God help Prince Andrei, come healthy to Russia. And Temir-Khozha ran across the Volga and was killed there quickly. And Prince Mamai will come beyond the Volga to a mountainous country, and the whole Horde with him, and the king with him be named Avdul, and the 3rd king of the East Kildebek, the son of Tsar Chanibek. That one beat many, see that he himself was killed quickly. And other [e] princes shut themselves up in Sarai, the king who calls himself Amurat. And Bulak-[Te]mir, the prince of the Horde and Bulgarian, took all the cities along the Volza and Ulysy, and took away the entire Volga route. And the prince of Ardyn Tagai, having taken away the country of Naruchyad, that one remained. I am stroking great things in them and there is a lot of confusion, and I will not stop between myself, ratyashasya and being killed by God's allowance for them. Then in the Horde they robbed the princes of Rostov.

D and this is not the Horde that was under Batu. Everyone there has converted to Islam. Instead of the election of the king, there was a forceful seizure of power by different parties, attempts to establish hereditary power. Separate parts of the Horde begin to show separatism. In addition to the title tsar, soltan, prince, begins to sound in the annals. That is, the soltans and princes themselves begin to create everything that comes to their mind. The Russian component disappears completely, dissolving in the Kipchak environment, except for those who left for Russia.

T Nevertheless, the Horde Chancellery is still working, and the princes regularly visit there according to custom. Naturally with gifts and for military reinforcements, receiving letters and letters. It is no longer clear what the Horde actually is. Already every soltan -prince and his own horde. So the horde of Mamai also loomed on the horizon. So the patronage of the Horde in relation to Russia is replaced by the usual relations of vassalage. And trying to prove it.

T how they attack Russia:

1378 In the summer of 6886. From the Horde of Arpash, the saltan went to Novugrad to the Lower in the power of greatness.There were opportunities to repulse this attack if the Russian army had not drunk too much.Nothing is said about the fate of Novgorod. Apparently Arpasha Saltan drank with the princes.

D further: And at that time, the prince of Mordovian Alabuga came unknown from the Mamaev hordes to the Russian princes and killed Prince Mikhail, and Prince Semyon and Ivan Danilovichi drowned on the river. Prince Dmitry, having made a mistake, did not besiege the siege, for a small leak to Suzhdal with the princess. That same summer, the Totarians took Pereslavl Ryazan.And here is the prologue of the Mamaev battle.

1379 In the summer of 6887. Prince Mamai of the Horde sent an army of his prince Bichig against Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich. And here is the battle on the Vozha, where Dmitry Ivanovich defeated the army of Mamai, commanded by Bichig. And Dmitry Ivanovich defeated the army of Mamai without any doubt that he did not defeat the army of the king of the Horde. That is, the king of the Horde is a sovereign, in respect of which Dmitry Ivanovich is a vassal. And in relation to Mamai, there is no vassalage. It's just an enemy and nothing more. Mamai is not a king. This is a renegade. He fled from the king of the Horde to the Black Sea steppes and to the Crimea. There, this separatist created his horde.

T Thus, the impending battle on the Kulikovo field is not a battle with the Tatars at all -Mughal yoke for the liberation of Russia. No way! This is a battle against a certain army, which has nothing to do with the Horde. This is just an aggressor from the south and the war is not at all liberating. Now let's see what the battle was like.

1380 In the summer of 6888.The filthy prince of the Horde Mamai went to the Russian land against the Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich, and with him all the dark princes of the Horde and with all the forces of the Totar, and besides, the hired army Besermeni, Armeni, Fryazi, Cherkasy, Brutas, Mordovians, Cheremis and many other powers. And the Lithuanian prince Yagailo, with all the power of Lithuania and his misery, went to his adviser Mamai to help the Grand Duke, and with him alone Prince Oleg Ryazansky, Mamai to help.

The accursed Mamai became proud in a lot of strength, imagining himself, like a tsar, and saying: “We are going to Russia, and we will consume the Russian land, and we will destroy the faith, we will burn the churches, we will cut the Christians and let them go in full. And there will be no Christian faith, just as under Batu there was Christianity of the Yster. And combine your strength and gain strength ten hundred thousand.

Hearing that word and praise to Mamaev, the great prince Dmitry Ivanovich sent letters to all the cities of his reign, to all the prince and the boyar, and the governors, and the boyar children, and ordered them to quickly take to Moscow. And he himself went to the cathedral church to the Most Pure Mother of God and to the tomb of the great, St. Peter the Metropolitan and pray with weeping to the all-merciful Savior and his most pure mother and St. Peter, asking for help on the bastard Mamai. And bless him Metropolitan Cyprian.

And go to the Monk Sergius hegumen, and he blessed him to go to Mamai and gave him two brothers of blacks to help: Peresvet and Oslyabya. And the great prince went with all his strength to Kolomna, and bless him, lord Euphemia Kolomensky, to go against the filthy for the Christian faith, and all the princes, and the governor, and bless him with all his strength, and let him go, and see him off. And Vladyka Euphemia ordered prayers to be sung in all churches for the Grand Duke and for all his howling.

The great prince, howl your own one hundred thousand and the princes who serve him, those 2000 . And the great prince Dmitry Ivanovich went with all his strength to the river to the Don.

Hearing this, Prince Andrei Olgirdovich of Polotsk sent a message to his brother, Prince Dmitry Olgirdovich of Bryansky, saying: “Let's go, brother, to the aid of the Grand Duke Dmitry of Moscow. The filthy Mamai goes to the Russian land, he wants to capture Christianity, like Batu. And, having heard, Prince Dmitry Olgirdovich Bryansky was glad to be. And both brothers Olgirdovichi came to the Grand Duke for help, and the forces were with them 40 000 , and reached the Grand Duke at the Don. The great prince Dmitry Ivanovich with his brother with Prince Volodimer Andreevich and all transported to the river Oka and came to the river to the Don. Immediately reached Olgirdovichi. And the great prince was and the princes of Lithuania were whole.

The filthy Mamai sent to the Grand Duke to ask for a way out, and while waiting for her Grand Duke Yagail of Lithuania and Prince Olga of Ryazan, the opponent of the Christians. At the same time, the blessing of the blessed great miracle-worker Sergius, abbot of the Trinity servant, sent an elder with the Mother of God bread to the Grand Duke, saying: “Great Prince, fight with the filthy Mamai, God help you, the Holy Trinity and the Holy Martyrs of the Russian Princes Boris and Gleb . And don't expect strength."

At the same time, a Volyn voivode named Dmitry Bobrok came with the Lithuanian princes, the husband was sensible and full of reason. And the speech to the Grand Duke: "If you want to fight hard, then we will move beyond the Don to the Totar." And praise the great prince his word. And they crossed the Don of September on the 7th day. The Grand Duke ordered Dmitry Bobrokov to put the regiments in order and put them in order, he also put the regiments in order.

And Mamai filthy go to the Don with all his might. On the feast of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin of September on the 8th day at the second hour of the day, the Russian regiments with filthy soldiers set off on the Nepryadve River near the Don. And the battle was great. The blood flows more and more along the haul, but a horse can jump from a human corpse. Great forces attacked the Russian regiments on ninety versts, and a human corpse at 40 versts. And there was a battle from the second hour of the day until the ninth. And the fall of the great prince of strength two hundred fifty thousand and the Totars have no number. The accursed Mamai ran away, and the Grand Duke's strength chased him to the Sword River. And many Totarovs drowned in the river, and Mamai himself chased the leak through the forest. The strength of the Grand Duke will return.

The great prince fought with the Totars and you will not be found alive. And the princes started crying over him. Prince Volodimer Andreevich said: “Brothers, princes and boyars and boyar children! We will look for the body of our sovereign, Prince Dmitry Ivanovich, and whoever finds the body of the Grand Duke, we will have him in the big ones. And squandering through the oak forest, many princes and boyars and children of the boyar skatizh of the sovereign. And two sons of the Kostroma boyars jumped a mile away, and the name of one was Sobur, and the other was Grigory Kholpishchev, and the sovereign came, sitting under a cut-off birch, wounded, bloody, in a single gray-haired asshole. And knowing him, recosta to him: "Rejoice, sovereign Prince Dmitry Ivanovich." He roared at them: “Oh, dear squad! Whose victory? They rekosha: "Yours, the Grand Duke, a hundred on the bones of the Totar are your princes and boyars and governors." Grigorei Kholpishchev ran with the news to Prince Volodimer Andreevichi and to all the princes and boyars and told them: “The great prince is in good health!”.

We are happy, saddshe on horseback, riding the sovereign, sitting on the oak forest, bloody, and Sabur is standing over him. And bowing to him all the princes and boyars and the whole army. And washed him with warm water and clothed him in ports. And a gray-haired horse, and a hundred on the bones of the Totar under a black sign, and a lot of wealth of the Totar poimash: horses and armor, and returning with victory to Moscow.

Then the Lithuanian prince Yagailo did not hasten to help Mamai and ran back, not hearing God's help to Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich in the wrong way. And he did not reach 30 miles to Mamai. At the same time, the murdered princes, and the governor, and the boyar, and the boyar children: Prince Fyodor Romanovich and his son Prince Ivan Belozersky, Prince Fyodor and brother Ivo Mstislav Turovsky, Prince Dmitry Manastyrev, elders Alexander Peresvet, his brother Oslebya and others many princes and boyars Orthodox and all kinds of people. And the great prince stood over the Russian people and bones for eight days and ordered the boyars to be put in logs, and many people to be buried. And the people of Ryazan, acting dirty tricks, swept the bridges on the rivers to the Grand Duke. Then the great prince wanted to send an army against Olgird of Ryazan. He ran away to a distant place with the princess and from the Bolars, leaving his patrimony, and the Ryazan people finished off the brow of the Grand Duke, and the Grand Duke planted his governors in Ryazan.

1381 In the summer of 6889. The cursed Mamai still accumulated many strengths and went to Russia. And out of the eastern country from the Blue Horde, a certain king named Takhtamysh with many powers. And byst him right with Momai. And beat him off the king Tokhtamysh, and Mamai run and run to Kafu. And there you are a certain Fryazin guest, and telling many that you will do a lot of evil to Christianity. And there I killed him. And Tsar Tokhtamysh is sitting on the Horde.

Russian chronicles are a unique historiographic phenomenon, a written source of the early period of our history. Until now, researchers cannot come to a consensus either about their authorship or about their objectivity.

Main riddles

"The Tale of Bygone Years" is a series of intricate riddles to which hundreds of scientific treatises are devoted. Four questions have been on the agenda for at least two centuries: “Who is the author?”, “Where is the Primary Chronicle?”, “Who is to blame for the factual confusion?” and "Is the ancient vault subject to restoration?".

What is a chronicle?

It is curious that the chronicle is an exclusively Russian phenomenon. There are no world analogues in the literature. The word comes from the old Russian "summer", which means "year". In other words, the chronicle is what was created "from year to year". It was formed not by one person and not even by one generation. Ancient tales, legends, legends and frank conjectures were woven into the fabric of events contemporary to the authors. The monks worked on the annals.

Who is the author?

The most common name of the "Tale" was formed from the initial phrase: "Behold the tales of bygone years." In the scientific community, two more names are in use: "The Primary Chronicle" or "Nestor's Chronicle".

However, some historians seriously doubt that the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra has anything to do with the chronicle of the lullaby period of the Russian nation. Academician A. A. Shakhmatov assigns him the role of a processor of the Initial Code.

What is known about Nestor? The name is hardly generic. He was a monk, which means he wore something else in the world. Nestor was sheltered by the Pechersk monastery, within the walls of which the industrious hagiographer of the late 11th - early 12th centuries performed his spiritual feat. For this he was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church in the guise of saints (i.e., one who pleased God with a monastic feat). He lived for about 58 years and was considered a deep old man at that time.

Historian Yevgeny Demin notes that there is no exact information about the year and place of birth of the “father of Russian history”, and the exact date of his death is not recorded anywhere. Although the dates appear in the Brockhaus-Efron dictionary: 1056-1114. But already in the 3rd edition of the "Great Soviet Encyclopedia" they disappear.

"The Tale" is considered one of the earliest ancient Russian annals of the beginning of the XII century. Nestor begins the narrative immediately after the Flood and follows the historical outline until the second decade of the 12th century (until the end of his own years). However, on the pages of the versions of the Tale that have come down to us, there is no name of Nestor. Perhaps he was not. Or it didn't survive.

Authorship was established indirectly. Based on fragments of its text in the composition of the Ipatiev Chronicle, which begins with an unnamed mention of its author, a Chernorytsian of the Pechersky Monastery. Polycarp, another monk from the Caves, directly points to Nestor in a letter to Archimandrite Akindin dated back to the 13th century.

Modern science notes not quite the usual author's position, and bold and generalized assumptions. The manner of Nestor's presentation is known to historians, since the authorship of his "Reading on the Life and the Destruction of Boris and Gleb" and "The Life of St. Theodosius, Abbot of Pechersk" is authentic.

Comparisons

The latter gives specialists the opportunity to compare the author's approaches. In the "Life" we are talking about the legendary associate and one of the first students of Anthony from Lubech, who founded the ancient Orthodox monastery in Russia - the Pechersk monastery - even under Yaroslavl the Wise in 1051. Nestor himself lived in the monastery of Theodosius. And his “Life” is so overflowing with the smallest nuances of everyday monastic existence that it becomes obvious that it was written by a person who “knew” this world from the inside.

The event first mentioned in the "Tale" (the calling of the Varangian Rurik, as he came with his brothers Sineus and Truvor and founded the state in which we live) was written 200 years after its implementation.

Where is the original chronicle?

She is not. Nobody. This cornerstone of our Russian statehood is some kind of phantom. Everyone has heard about him, all Russian history is repelled from him, but no one in the last 400 years has held him in his hands or even seen him.

Even V. O. Klyuchevsky wrote: “In libraries, do not ask for the Primary Chronicle - they will probably not understand you and will ask again:“ What list of the chronicle do you need? Until now, not a single manuscript has been found in which the Primary Chronicle would be placed separately in the form in which it came out from the pen of the ancient compiler. In all known lists, it merges with the story of its successors.

Who is to blame for the confusion?

What we call The Tale of Bygone Years exists today exclusively within other sources, and in three editions: the Laurentian Chronicle (from 1377), the Ipatiev Chronicle (XV century) and the Khlebnikov List (XVI century).

But all these lists are, by and large, only copies in which the Primary Chronicle appears in a completely different options. The initial arch in them simply sinks. Scientists attribute this blurring of the primary source to its repeated and somewhat incorrect use and editing.

In other words, each of the future “co-authors” of Nestor (or some other Pechersk monk) considered this work in the context of his era: he pulled out from the chronicle only what attracted his attention and inserted it into his text. And what I didn’t like, at best, I didn’t touch (and the historical texture was lost), at worst, I twisted the information so that the compiler himself would not recognize it.

Can the Primary Chronicle be restored?

No. From the long-brewed porridge of falsifications, experts are forced, literally bit by bit, to fish out the initial knowledge about "where the Russian land came from." Therefore, even Chess, an indisputable authority in the identification of ancient Russian literary rarities, a little less than a century ago, was forced to state that the original textual basis of the chronicle - "in the current state of our knowledge" - cannot be restored.

Scientists assess the reason for such barbaric "editing" as an attempt to hide from posterity the truth about events and personalities, which was done by almost every copyist, whitewashing it or denigrating it.

Chronicles are the focus of the history of Ancient Russia, its ideology, understanding of its place in world history - they are one of the most important monuments of both writing, and literature, and history, and culture in general. Only the most literate, knowledgeable, wise people undertook to compile chronicles, i.e., weather reports of events, able not only to state different things year after year, but also to give them an appropriate explanation, to leave to posterity a vision of the era as it was understood by the chroniclers.

The chronicle was a matter of state, a matter of princes. Therefore, the commission to compile a chronicle was given not only to the most literate and intelligent person, but also to someone who could carry out ideas close to one or another princely branch, one or another princely house. Thus, the objectivity and honesty of the chronicler came into conflict with what we call "social order". If the chronicler did not satisfy the tastes of his customer, they parted with him and transferred the compilation of the chronicle to another, more reliable, more obedient author. Alas, work for the needs of the authorities was born already at the dawn of writing, and not only in Russia, but also in other countries.

Chronicle writing, according to the observations of domestic scientists, appeared in Russia shortly after the introduction of Christianity. The first chronicle may have been compiled at the end of the 10th century. It was intended to reflect the history of Russia since the emergence of a new dynasty there, the Rurikovich, and until the reign of Vladimir with his impressive victories, with the introduction of Christianity in Russia. Since that time, the right and duty to keep chronicles were given to the leaders of the Church. It was in churches and monasteries that the most literate, well-prepared and trained people were found - priests, monks. They had a rich book heritage, translated literature, Russian records of old tales, legends, epics, legends; they also had the grand ducal archives at their disposal. It was most convenient for them to fulfill this responsible and important work: to create a written historical monument of the era in which they lived and worked, linking it with past times, with deep historical sources.

Scientists believe that before the chronicles appeared - large-scale historical works covering several centuries of Russian history, there were separate records, including church, oral stories, which at first served as the basis for the first generalizing works. These were stories about Kiev and the founding of Kyiv, about the campaigns of Russian troops against Byzantium, about the journey of Princess Olga to Constantinople, about the wars of Svyatoslav, the legend of the murder of Boris and Gleb, as well as epics, lives of saints, sermons, traditions, songs, all kinds of legends .

Later, already at the time of the existence of the chronicles, they were joined by more and more new stories, legends about impressive events in Russia, such as the famous feud in 1097 and the blinding of the young prince Vasilko, or about the campaign of Russian princes against the Polovtsy in 1111. The chronicle also included memoirs Vladimir Monomakh about life - his Teaching to Children.

The second chronicle was created under Yaroslav the Wise at the time when he united Russia, laid the temple of Hagia Sophia. This chronicle absorbed the previous chronicle and other materials.

Already at the first stage of the creation of chronicles, it became obvious that they represent a collective work, they are a collection of previous chronicle records, documents, various kinds of oral and written historical evidence. The compiler of the next chronicle acted not only as the author of the corresponding newly written parts of the annals, but also as a compiler and editor. It was his ability to direct the idea of ​​a vault in the right direction that was highly valued by the Kievan princes.

The next chronicle was created by the famous Illarion, who wrote it, apparently under the name of the monk Nikon, in the 60-70s. XI century, after the death of Yaroslav the Wise. And then a vault appeared already in the time of Svyatopolk, in the 90s. 11th century

The vault, which the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk monastery Nestor took up and which entered our history under the name "The Tale of Bygone Years", turned out to be at least the fifth in a row and was created in the first decade of the 12th century. at the court of Prince Svyatopolk. And each collection was enriched with more and more new materials, and each author contributed his talent, his knowledge, erudition to it. The Code of Nestor was in this sense the pinnacle of early Russian chronicle writing.

In the first lines of his chronicle, Nestor posed the question "Where did the Russian land come from, who in Kyiv first began to reign and where did the Russian land come from." Thus, already in these first words of the chronicle, it is said about the large-scale goals that the author has set for himself. Indeed, the chronicle did not become an ordinary chronicle, of which there were many in the world at that time - dry, dispassionately fixing facts - but an excited story of the historian of that time, introducing philosophical and religious generalizations into the narrative, his figurative system, temperament, his own style. The origin of Russia, as we have already said, Nestor draws against the backdrop of the development of the entire world history. Russia is one of the European nations.

Using the previous sets, documentary materials, including, for example, the treaties of Russia with Byzantium, the chronicler expands a wide panorama of historical events that cover both inner history Russia - the formation of an all-Russian statehood with a center in Kyiv, and the international relations of Russia. A whole gallery of historical figures takes place on the pages of the Nestor Chronicle - princes, boyars, posadniks, thousands, merchants, church leaders. He talks about military campaigns, about the organization of monasteries, the laying of new churches and the opening of schools, about religious disputes and reforms in domestic Russian life. Constantly concerns Nestor and the life of the people as a whole, his moods, expressions of dissatisfaction with the princely policy. On the pages of the annals, we read about uprisings, the murders of princes and boyars, and cruel public fights. The author describes all this thoughtfully and calmly, trying to be objective, as much as a deeply religious person can be objective, guided in his assessments by the concepts of Christian virtue and sin. But, frankly, his religious assessments are very close to universal assessments. Murder, betrayal, deceit, perjury Nestor condemns uncompromisingly, but extols honesty, courage, fidelity, nobility, and other wonderful human qualities. The entire chronicle was imbued with a sense of the unity of Russia, a patriotic mood. All the main events in it were evaluated not only from the point of view of religious concepts, but also from the standpoint of these all-Russian state ideals. This motive sounded especially significant on the eve of the beginning of the political disintegration of Russia.

In 1116–1118 the chronicle was rewritten again. Vladimir Monomakh, who then reigned in Kyiv, and his son Mstislav were dissatisfied with the way Nestor showed the role of Svyatopolk in Russian history, by order of which the Tale of Bygone Years was written in the Kiev Caves Monastery. Monomakh took away the chronicle from the Cave monks and transferred it to his ancestral Vydubitsky monastery. His abbot Sylvester became the author of a new code. Positive assessments of Svyatopolk were moderated, and all the deeds of Vladimir Monomakh were emphasized, but the main body of The Tale of Bygone Years remained unchanged. And in the future, Nestor's work was an indispensable part of both the Kiev chronicle and the annals of individual Russian principalities, being one of the connecting threads for the entire Russian culture.

In the future, as the political collapse of Russia and the rise of individual Russian centers, the annals began to fragment. In addition to Kyiv and Novgorod, their own chronicles appeared in Smolensk, Pskov, Vladimir-on-Klyazma, Galich, Vladimir-Volynsky, Ryazan, Chernigov, Pereyaslavl-Russian. Each of them reflected the peculiarities of the history of their region, their own princes were brought to the fore. Thus, the Vladimir-Suzdal chronicles showed the history of the reign of Yuri Dolgoruky, Andrei Bogolyubsky, Vsevolod the Big Nest; Galician chronicle of the beginning of the XIII century. became, in essence, a biography of the famous warrior prince Daniel of Galicia; the Chernigov Chronicle narrated mainly about the Chernigov branch of the Rurikovich. And yet, in the local annals, all-Russian cultural sources were clearly visible. The history of each land was compared with the entire Russian history, "The Tale of Bygone Years" was an indispensable part of many local chronicles. Some of them continued the tradition of Russian chronicle writing in the 11th century. So, shortly before the Mongol-Tatar invasion, at the turn of the XII-XIII centuries. in Kyiv, a new annalistic code was created, which reflected the events that took place in Chernigov, Galich, Vladimir-Suzdal Rus, Ryazan and other Russian cities. It can be seen that the author of the collection had at his disposal the annals of various Russian principalities and used them. The chronicler also knew European history well. He mentioned, for example, the Third crusade Friedrich Barbarossa. In various Russian cities, including in Kyiv, in the Vydubytsky monastery, entire libraries of annals were created, which became sources for new historical works of the 12th-13th centuries.

The preservation of the all-Russian chronicle tradition was shown by the Vladimir-Suzdal chronicle of the beginning of the 13th century, covering the history of the country from the legendary Kyi to Vsevolod the Big Nest.

Annals of Russia

Annals- a more or less detailed account of events. Russian chronicles are the main written source on the history of Russia before Peter the Great. The beginning of Russian chronicle writing dates back to the 11th century, when historical records began to be made in Kyiv, although the chronicle period begins in them from the 9th century. Russian chronicles usually began with the words "In summer" + "date", which means today "in the year" + "date". The number of surviving chronicle monuments, according to conditional estimates, is about 5000.

Most of the chronicles in the form of originals have not been preserved, but their copies, the so-called lists, created in the XIV-XVIII centuries, have been preserved. The list means "rewriting" ("writing off") from another source. These lists, according to the place of compilation or the place of the events depicted, are exclusively or mainly divided into categories (original Kyiv, Novgorod, Pskov, etc.). Lists of the same category differ from each other not only in expressions, but even in the selection of news, as a result of which the lists are divided into editions (excerpts). So, we can say: The original chronicle of the southern version (the Ipatiev list and similar ones), the Initial chronicle of the Suzdal version (the Lavrentiev list and similar ones). Such differences in the lists suggest that the annals are collections and that their original sources have not come down to us. This idea, first expressed by P. M. Stroev, now constitutes a general opinion. The existence in a separate form of many detailed annalistic tales, as well as the ability to point out that in the same story cross-links from different sources are clearly indicated (bias is mainly manifested in sympathy for one or the other of the opposing sides) - further confirm this is an opinion.

Basic chronicles

Nestor's list

Another name is the Khlebnikov List. S. D. Poltoratsky received this list from the famous bibliophile and collector of manuscripts P. K. Khlebnikov. Where this document came from Khlebnikov is unknown. In 1809-1819, D. I. Yazykov translated it from German into Russian (the translation is dedicated to Alexander I), since the first printed edition of the Nestor Chronicle was published in German by A. L. Schletser, "a German historian in the tsarist service".

Laurentian list

There are also separate legends: “The legend of the murder of Andrei Bogolyubsky”, written by his adherent (Kuzmishch Kiyanin, probably mentioned in it). The story about the exploits of Izyaslav Mstislavich should have been the same separate legend; In one place of this story we read: “Speech the word, as if before hearing; the place does not go to the head, but the head goes to the place". From this we can conclude that the story about this prince was borrowed from the notes of his comrade-in-arms and interrupted by news from other sources; fortunately, the stitching is so unskillful that the pieces are easy to separate. The part following the death of Izyaslav is devoted mainly to the princes from the Smolensk family who reigned in Kyiv; perhaps the source, which was mainly used by the matcher, is not devoid of connection with this genus. The exposition is very close to The Tale of Igor's Campaign - as if a whole literary school had been developed then. News of Kyiv later than 1199 are found in other annalistic collections (mainly northeastern Russia), as well as in the so-called " Gustyn chronicle" (later compilation). The Suprasl Manuscript (published by Prince Obolensky) contains a brief Kievan chronicle dated to the 14th century.

Galician-Volyn chronicles

Closely connected with "Kievskaya" is "Volynskaya" (or Galician-Volynskaya), which is even more distinguished by its poetic coloring. It, as one might suppose, was written at first without years, and the years are placed later and arranged very unskillfully. So, we read: “Danilov, who came from Volodimer, in the summer of 6722 there was silence. In the summer of 6723, by God's command, the princes of Lithuania were sent. It is clear that the last sentence must be connected with the first, which is indicated both by the form of the dative independent and the absence of the sentence “be quiet” in some lists; therefore, and two years, and this sentence is inserted after. The chronology is confused and applied to the chronology of the Kyiv Chronicle. Roman was killed in the city, and the Volhynian chronicle dates his death to 1200, since the Kievan chronicle ends in 1199. These chronicles were connected by the last archer, didn’t he set the years? In some places there is a promise to tell this or that, but nothing is told; so there are gaps. The chronicle begins with vague allusions to the exploits of Roman Mstislavich - obviously, these are fragments of a poetic legend about him. It ends at the beginning of the 14th century. and is not brought to the fall of the independence of Galich. For the researcher, this chronicle, due to its inconsistency, presents serious difficulties, but in terms of the details of the presentation, it serves as precious material for studying the life of Galich. It is curious in the Volhynia annals that there is an indication of the existence of an official annals: Mstislav Danilovich, having defeated the rebellious Brest, imposed a heavy fine on the inhabitants and adds in the letter: “and the chronicler described them in the koromola”.

Chronicles of North-Eastern Russia

The chronicles of northeastern Russia probably began quite early: from the 13th century. In the "Message of Simon to Polycarp" (one of the constituent parts of the Paterik of the Caves), we have evidence of the "old chronicler of Rostov." The first set of the northeastern (Suzdal) edition that has survived to us dates back to the same time. Lists of it until the beginning of the XIII century. -Radzivillovsky, Pereyaslavsky-Suzdalsky, Lavrentevsky and Trinity. At the beginning of the XIII century. the first two stop, the rest differ from each other. The similarity up to a certain point and the difference further testify to a common source, which, therefore, extended to the beginning of the thirteenth century. Izvestia of Suzdal is also found earlier (especially in The Tale of Bygone Years); therefore, it should be recognized that the recording of events in the land of Suzdal began early. We do not have purely Suzdal chronicles before the Tatars, just as we do not have purely Kyiv ones. The collections that have come down to us are of a mixed nature and are designated by the predominance of events in one or another locality.

Chronicles were kept in many cities of the land of Suzdal (Vladimir, Rostov, Pereyaslavl); but according to many indications, it should be recognized that most of the news was recorded in Rostov, which for a long time was the center of education in northeastern Russia. After the invasion of the Tatars, the Trinity list became almost exclusively Rostov. After the Tatars, in general, the traces of local chronicles become clearer: in the Laurentian list we find a lot of news from Tver, in the so-called Tver Chronicle - Tver and Ryazan, in the Sophia Vremennik and Voskresenskaya Chronicle - Novgorod and Tver, in Nikonovskaya - Tver, Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, etc. All these collections are of Moscow origin (or, at least, for the most part); original sources - local chronicles - have not been preserved. Regarding the transfer of news in the Tatar era from one locality to another, I. I. Sreznevsky made a curious find: in the manuscript of Ephraim the Sirin, he met a postscript from a scribe who tells about the attack of Arapsha (Arab Shah), which took place in the year of writing. The story is not over, but its beginning is literally similar to the beginning of the chronicle story, from which I. I. Sreznevsky correctly concludes that the scribe had the same legend that served as material for the chronicler. According to fragments partially preserved in Russian and Belarusian annals of the 15th-16th centuries, the Smolensk Chronicle is known.

Moscow chronicles

The chronicles of northeastern Russia are distinguished by the absence of poetic elements and rarely borrow from poetic tales. “The Tale of the Battle of Mamaev” is a special essay, only included in some codes. From the first half of the XIV century. in most of the northern Russian codes, Moscow news begins to predominate. According to I. A. Tikhomirov, the beginning of the actual Moscow Chronicle, which formed the basis of the vaults, should be considered the news of the construction of the Church of the Assumption in Moscow. The main vaults containing the Moscow news are the Sophia Vremyanik (in its last part), the Resurrection and Nikon Chronicles (also beginning with vaults based on ancient vaults). There is the so-called Lviv Chronicle, a chronicle published under the title: “Continuation of the Nestor Chronicle”, as well as “ Russian Time"or the Kostroma chronicle. The chronicle in the Muscovite state more and more received the value of an official document: already at the beginning of the 15th century. the chronicler, praising the times of "that great Seliverst Vydobuzhsky, not decorating the writer," says: "the first of our rulers, without anger, commanded all the good and unkind who happened to write." Prince Yuri Dimitrievich, in his search for the Grand Duke's table, relied in the Horde on old chronicles; Grand Duke John Vasilyevich sent the clerk Bradatoy to Novgorod to prove to the Novgorodians their lies by the old chroniclers; in the inventory of the tsarist archive of the times of Ivan the Terrible we read: “black lists and what to write in the chronicler of the new times”; in the negotiations between the boyars and the Poles under Tsar Mikhail it is said: “and we will write this in the chronicler for future births.” best example The news of the tonsure of Salomonia, the first wife of Grand Duke Vasily Ioanovich, preserved in one of the chronicles, can serve as a guide to how carefully one should treat the legends of the annals of that time. According to this news, Salomonia herself wished to have a haircut, but the Grand Duke did not agree; in another story, also, judging by the solemn tone, official, we read that the Grand Duke, seeing the birds in pairs, thought about the infertility of Salomon and, after consulting with the boyars, divorced her. Meanwhile, we know from Herberstein's account that the divorce was forced.

Evolution of chronicles

Not all annals, however, represent types of official annals. In many, there is occasionally a mixture of official narrative with private notes. Such a mixture is found in the story about the campaign of the Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich to the Ugra, connected with the famous letter of Vasian. Becoming more and more official, the annals finally finally turned into bit books. The same facts were entered into the annals, only with the omission of small details: for example, stories about the campaigns of the 16th century. taken from bit books; only news about miracles, signs, etc. was added, documents, speeches, letters were inserted. There were private books in which well-born people noted the service of their ancestors for the purposes of localism. Such annals also appeared, an example of which we have in the Norman Chronicles. The number of individual tales that pass into private notes has also increased. Another way of transmission is to supplement chronographs with Russian events. Such, for example, is the legend of Prince Kavtyrev-Rostovsky, placed in a chronograph; in several chronographs we find additional articles written by supporters of different parties. So, in one of the chronographs of the Rumyantsev Museum there are voices of those dissatisfied with Patriarch Filaret. In the annals of Novgorod and Pskov there are curious expressions of displeasure with Moscow. From the first years of Peter the Great there is an interesting protest against his innovations under the title "Chronicle of 1700".

power book

Ukrainian Chronicles

Ukrainian (actually Cossack) chronicles date back to the 17th and 18th centuries. V. B. Antonovich explains their late appearance by the fact that these are rather private notes or sometimes even attempts at pragmatic history, and not what we now mean by chronicle. The Cossack chronicles, according to the same scholar, have their content mainly in the affairs of Bogdan Khmelnitsky and his contemporaries. Of the chronicles, the most significant are: Lvovskaya, begun in the middle of the 16th century. , brought to 1649 and outlining the events of Chervonnaya Rus; the chronicle of the Samovitsa (from to), according to the conclusion of Professor Antonovich, is the first Cossack chronicle, distinguished by the completeness and liveliness of the story, as well as reliability; an extensive chronicle of Samuil Velichko, who, serving in the military office, could know a lot; although his work is arranged according to years, it partly has the appearance of a learned work; its disadvantage is the lack of criticism and ornate presentation. The chronicle of the Gadyach colonel Grabyanka begins in 1648 and is brought up to 1709; it is preceded by a study on the Cossacks, whom the author derives from the Khazars. The sources were part of the chronicle, and part, as is assumed, foreigners. In addition to these detailed compilations, there are many short, mainly local chronicles (Chernigov, etc.); there are attempts at pragmatic history (for example, The History of the Russes) and there are all-Russian compilations: Gustynskaya L., based on Ipatskaya and continued until the 16th century, Safonovich's Chronicle, Synopsis. All this literature ends with the "History of the Russes", the author of which is unknown. This work more clearly expressed the views of the Ukrainian intelligentsia of the 18th century.

see also

Bibliography

See Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles

Other editions of Russian chronicles

• Buganov V.I. Brief Moscow chronicler of the late 17th century. from the Ivanovo Regional Museum of Local Lore. // Chronicles and chronicles - 1976. - M .: Nauka, 1976. - S. 283.
• Zimin A. A. Brief chroniclers of the XV-XVI centuries. - Historical archive. - M., 1950. - T. 5.
• Joasaph Chronicle. - M .: ed. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1957.
• Kyiv Chronicle of the first quarter of the 17th century. // Ukrainian historical magazine, 1989. No. 2, p. 107; No. 5, p. 103.
• Koretsky V.I. Solovetsky chronicler of the end of the 16th century. // Chronicles and chronicles - 1980. - M .: Nauka, 1981. - S. 223.
• Koretsky V.I. , Morozov B. N. Chronicler with new news of the 16th - early 17th centuries. // Chronicles and chronicles - 1984. - M .: Nauka, 1984. - S. 187.
• Chronicle of a self-evident according to newly discovered lists with the application of three Little Russian chronicles: Khmelnitsky, " Brief Description Little Russia" and "Assembly of the Historical". - K., 1878.
• Lurie Ya. S. Brief Chronicle of the Pogodin Collection. // Archaeographic Yearbook - 1962. - M .: ed. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1963. - S. 431.
• Nasonov A. N. Chronicle of the XV century. // Materials on the history of the USSR. - M .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1955. - T. 2, p. 273.
• Petrushevich A. S. Consolidated Galician-Russian chronicle from 1600 to 1700. - Lvov, 1874.
• Priselkov M. D. Trinity Chronicle. - St. Petersburg. : Nauka, 2002.
• Radziwill chronicle. Facsimile reproduction of the manuscript. Text. Study. Description of miniatures. - M .: Art, 1994.
• Russian time book, that is, a chronicler containing Russian history from (6730)/(862) to (7189)/(1682) summer, divided into two parts. - M., 1820.
• Collection of chronicles relating to the history of Southern and Western Russia. - K., 1888.
• Tikhomirov M. N. Little-known chronicle monuments. // Russian chronicle. - M .: Nauka, 1979. - S. 183.
• Tikhomirov M. N. Little-known chronicle monuments of the 16th century // Russian Chronicle. - M .: Nauka, 1979. - S. 220.
• Schmidt S. O. Continuation of the chronograph edition of 1512. Historical archive. - M ., 1951. - T. 7, p. 255.
• South Russian chronicles discovered and published by N. Belozersky. - K., 1856. - T. 1.

Studies of Russian Chronicle

• Berezhkov N. G. Chronology of Russian annals. - M .: Ed. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1963.
• Ziborov V.K. Russian chronicle of the XI-XVIII centuries. - St. Petersburg. : Faculty of Philology, St. Petersburg State University, 2002.
• Kloss B. M. Nikon's code and Russian chronicles of the 16th-17th centuries. - M .: Nauka, 1980.
• Kotlyar N. F. Ideological and political credo of the Galician-Volyn code // Ancient Russia. Medieval Questions. 2005. No. 4 (22). pp. 5–13.
• Kuzmin A. G. The initial stages of ancient Russian chronicle writing. - M .: Nauka, 1977.
• Lurie Ya. S. All-Russian chronicles of the XIV-XV centuries. - M .: Nauka, 1976.
• Muravyova L. L. Moscow chronicle of the second half of the 14th - early 15th centuries / Ed. ed. acad. B. A. Rybakov. .. - M .: Nauka, 1991. - 224 p. - 2,000 copies. - ISBN 5-02-009523-0(reg.)