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Description of viburnum for children

Kalina is a lush and low shrub. With the advent of spring, she pleases the human eye with a delicate white color, like a bride's dress. Subsequently, the flowers begin to swell and turn into green clusters. It will take quite a bit of time and both people and birds will feast on them.
When it is already cool days outside the window, autumn has been on the threshold for a long time, and the wind has spread a multi-colored blanket around, the viburnum becomes especially beautiful. During this period, it glows with crimson colors, and the sun-drenched berries turn red. And although they have a somewhat tart taste, everyone loves to feast on viburnum. In winter, under a white blanket, the berries wrinkle. Now you can safely cook delicious jam with them or use them as a medicine.
People love viburnum very much, so they always plant it near the house, so that it pleases with color and helps with colds. There are many songs and legends about viburnum that are passed down from generation to generation.

Description of viburnum

Kalina is a beautiful, tall, sprawling shrub. It is especially beautiful in the spring during flowering. Its flat white inflorescences are unusual. Each of them is framed by large white flowers. Inside it are small, inconspicuous flowers. It seems that not all the flowers in the inflorescence have yet blossomed. But it is these small flowers that give fruit, and the large outer ones only attract insects for pollination.

Then, when the flowers fade, small green berries appear in their place. They gradually become large and in the fall acquire a rich red color. Ripe viburnum berries look like bright drops of blood, so in the tradition of the Ukrainian people they symbolize the power of life. Viburnum berries also come in yellow and black, and some species do not shed their leaves in autumn.

Viburnum opulus L.
Taxon: Adox family ( Adoxaceae)
Other names: common red, red viburnum, (Ukrainian) bambara, balbanezha, pride, red-hot, kalenina, karina, sviba
English: Guelder Rose, European Cranberrybusch

The Latin name of this plant is found in the works of Virgil and comes from the Latin word vimen, which in translation means a vine, a rod, or a wicker product, since thanks to its long and flexible branches, viburnum was used to weave baskets and wreaths. This plant received its Slavic name "" for the color of the fruit, similar to the color of red-hot iron. The specific scientific name of the plant comes from the word opulus, which in ancient times was called maple, and this plant for maple-like leaves.

Botanical systematics

According to the modern classification (since 2003), common viburnum belongs to the genus viburnum Viburnum L., which is a member of the Adox family ( Adoxaceae). Previously, this genus was included in the genus honeysuckle - Caprifoliaceae. However, in 1987, the Armenian taxonomist Takhtadzhyan, due to the significant difference in the perianth, separated the viburnum family from the honeysuckle.
In a systematic sense, the genus Viburnum L. divided into 9 sections, among which 3 species grow in Ukraine.
Under natural conditions, 5 forms of common viburnum grow, which are widely used in environmental landscaping and cultivated in Ukraine as ornamental shrubs.
1. Dwarf form, small size, small leaves and compact crown.
2. Fluffy shape that has original leaves. The leaves are bare, dark green above, grayish-green below due to the thick fluff.
3. Variegated form. The leaves of this form have a decorative appearance due to a whitish-bright color.
4. Sterile shape, which has the best decorative effect. The inflorescence of this form consists of sterile flowers, forming a spherical shape. This form does not set fruit and reproduces only vegetatively.
5. Yellow fruit form. A bush that differs from other forms of viburnum in the golden yellow color of the fruit (Solodukhin E. D., 1985).
Viburnum adorns the streets of cities and villages, parks and squares with leaves and fruits.

Description

Tall branched shrub or small deciduous tree 2-4 m high with grayish-brown bark. Shoots glabrous, rarely ribbed, greenish, sometimes with a reddish tinge. Leaves are opposite, up to 10 cm long. Their plate is 3-5 lobed with a heart-shaped base, dark green on the upper side, naked, on the lower side - grayish-green, slightly pubescent along the veins, with two filiform stipules and two disc-shaped sessile glands, long petioles.
Fragrant flowers are collected in flat thyroid inflorescences on the tops of young shoots. Marginal flowers are large, sterile, median - small, bisexual. Calyx with five teeth, corolla (up to 5 mm in diameter) five-parted, five stamens, one pistil, style short, lower ovary. The flowers are white or pinkish white.
The fruits are berry-like red, oval drupes (6.5-14 mm long and 4.5-12 mm wide) containing a flat hard stone stained with red juice.
Viburnum blooms from late May to July, the fruits ripen in August-September. Kalina is a fast growing tree. Its annual growth reaches 30-40 cm. Viburnum lives up to the age of fifty.

In addition to common viburnum, medicine also uses raw materials from black viburnum, or pride (Viburnum lantana L.), originally from America. This species is a deciduous tree with dark gray bark, with ovate, oblong-ovate or elliptical densely pubescent leaves and black-colored fruits. This type of viburnum is grown mainly in parks and gardens as an ornamental plant.

Spreading

Kalina has a Euro-Siberian habitat. In the wild, it grows in central and southern Europe, in Asia Minor, in North Africa, in the European part of Russia, mainly in its middle part. It is less common in the north and west of Russia. It occurs in Western and Central Siberia, as well as in the eastern and northern regions of Kazakhstan. In Central Asia and the Far East, common viburnum does not grow in the wild.
Kalina is a plant of the forest and forest-steppe zones; in the steppe regions it is found only in river valleys. Viburnum is a common plant of forest cenoses; as part of the undergrowth, it grows scattered, mainly in moist coniferous, deciduous and mixed forests, in glades, in thickets, in clearings, along the banks of rivers, lakes and swamps. Viburnum practically does not form pure thickets.

Collection and preparation of medicinal plant materials

The official (plants used in medicine) medicinal raw material of common viburnum in Ukraine, Russia and Belarus is the bark - Cortex Viburni and fruits - Fructus Viburni. In most European countries, medicinal raw materials from viburnum vulgaris are unofficial and are not used in scientific and practical medicine.
The bark is harvested from young shoots in April-May, during sap flow, before bud break, when it is easily separated from the wood. Semicircular cuts are made on the trunk and branches with a sharp knife at a distance of 20-25 cm from each other, which are then connected by longitudinal cuts. Ring cuts should not be made, this can lead to the death of the plant. The bark is dried in air, and then dried in a dryer at a temperature of 50-60 ºС or in attics, under sheds, spreading in a thin layer. When drying, the raw materials are periodically turned over and make sure that parts of the bark are not invested one into the other, otherwise the raw materials become moldy and rot. Drying is considered complete when the raw material, when bent, easily breaks with a bang.

The fruits are harvested in September-October, cut with knives or secateurs, and made up in baskets. Dry in ovens or dryers at a temperature of 50-60 °C. Then they are threshed, sorted, separating the branches and stalks. Dry fruits are packed in bags weighing 20, 30, 40 kg and stored in dry, well-ventilated areas, on racks.

In addition to the bark and fruits, viburnum seeds are also used. To obtain seeds, fruits are used, which are obtained after processing the fruits. Seeds are separated from the pulp mainly by hand, washed several times with water on a sieve, and then dried in the shade at a temperature not exceeding 40 ° C. Seed yield is 6-10% of fruit weight.

It should be noted that the reserves of viburnum fruits in the forests are insignificant, therefore, harvesting of fruits, as well as viburnum bark, is carried out mainly from cultivated forms of viburnum grown on plantations. In silvicultural practice, viburnum is mainly propagated by seeds, from which seedlings grow. Seedlings are subsequently transplanted to the prepared site. To prepare high-quality planting material, it is necessary to sow high-quality seeds from well-ripened fruits.

Biologically active substances of viburnum

For the first time, data on the study of the chemical composition of viburnum were published in 1844 by H. Kremer, who reported on the isolation of the bitter substance viburnin from the bark of viburnum plum. Later, H. van Allen in 1880 and T. Shenmann in 1897 also reported the release of a similar glycoside from the bark of viburnum plum, which had both an antispastic effect and stopped uterine bleeding. Later, a similar glycoside was isolated by E. Cowmann Donijov in 1902 from the leaves Viburnum tinus and bark Viburnum rufidulum Raf, Viburnum alnifolium Marsh. and Viburnum trilobum L. In 1976 G. Vigorova and co-authors reported the presence of viburnin in fruits Viburnum opulus L.. At the same time, the glycoside viburnin was isolated as a yellow-orange amorphous powder, which had a melting point of 65 to 72 °C. In addition, this glycoside was bitter in taste and had a specific smell, reminiscent of the smell of valeric acid. Hydrolysis of the isolated glycoside yielded glucose and mannose, as well as formic, acetic, valeric, and isovaleric acids. The aglycone (non-carbohydrate part of the glycoside molecule) of the above glycoside was obtained as a brownish oily liquid.
Currently, most phytochemists believe that the main biologically active substances of viburnum bark, which determine the specific pharmacological activity of drugs created on the basis of this raw material, are iridoids (biologically active phytochemicals, which, unlike flavonoids, are rarely found in fruits) and glycosides.
In the bark of viburnum, up to 9 compounds of the iridoid structure were identified, they were called opulusiridoids. It has been established that the quantitative content of the sum of iridoids in the bark of viburnum varies widely, from 2.73 to 5.73%.
Studies of the quantitative composition of iridoids show that during long-term storage of viburnum bark, the total content of iridoids remains quite high and ranges from 2.5 to 4.4%. Qualitative changes are not so significant that the pharmacological activity of preparations obtained from this raw material is influenced, therefore viburnum bark can be stored for up to 5 years (Ivanov V.D., Ladygina E.Ya., 1985).

In 1972, J. A. Nicholson et al. a specific substance was isolated from an aqueous extract of the bark of the common viburnum, which was given the name viopudial. Based on the results of spectroscopic and elemental analyzes, it was found that viopudial is an ester of isovaleric acid and sesquiterpene alcohol, which has two aldehyde groups and two double bonds.
R. P. Godeau et al. in 1978 from leaves Viburnum tinus Chromatography in thin layers of the sorbent identified a substance that gave a positive reaction to esters with hydroxylamine and dinitrophenylhydrazine. After acid hydrolysis of the isolated substance, an individual compound was obtained. This substance is called viburtinal. It should be noted that a similar substance with a similar structure was isolated from rhizomes a little earlier. Valeriana wallachii.

It has been established that the bark of domestic origin viburnum contains a blood coagulation factor, or vitamin K, which is considered as a compound that has a hemostatic effect. The spectrophotometric method has established that the quantitative content in the bark of viburnum is 28-31 µg/g.
In the phytochemical aspect, the fruits of viburnum were also studied.
In addition to vitamin K, viburnum fruits are a source of ascorbic acid, or vitamin C, and carotenoids.
Gentselova T.M. and Prilep V.L., when studying the effect of heat treatment on the preservation of carotene and vitamin C in viburnum fruits, it was found that ascorbic acid is less resistant to temperature conditions compared to carotene. So when drying fruits at a temperature of 65 ° C, vitamin C was preserved only by 50%. When processing fruits at a temperature of 75 ° C, only up to 12.7% of this vitamin was stored (Gentselova T. M., Prilepa V. L.).
The fruits of viburnum vulgaris contain up to 3% organic acids (acetic, formic, isovaleric, caprylic). It was studied that the ethereal fraction of viburnum vulgaris contains ursolic, chlorogenic and neochlorogenic acids. Of these, chlorogenic acid predominates, its content reaches 69 mg%.
The composition of the carotene fraction is dominated by carotene. Among the flavonoid compounds in viburnum are astragalin, amentoflavone and peonozide. Phenolic compounds of fruits are represented by leucoanthocyanins, flavonols, catechins, anthocyanins, phenolcarboxylic acids. The content of catechins in fruits is up to 96 mg%, and the amount of catechins that precipitate protein is 80% less than the amount of those that do not precipitate it, which indicates the predominance of monomeric forms of polyphenols. Also, up to 1% of tannins and coloring compounds were found in viburnum fruits. In addition to the above compounds, viburnum contains resinous substances 6.12 - 7.26%, organic acids - up to 2% (in terms of malic acid) and sugar - up to 6.5% (after inversion). The bark contains choline-like substances in an amount of up to 20 mg%
As a result of the chromatographic study of ethanol extracts from the bark of viburnum, chlorogenic, neochlorogenic and caffeic acids were isolated and identified.

Viburnum bark is a source of tannins. In commercial samples of the bark of viburnum ordinary, the content of tannins ranges from 4.48% to 8.60%, which depends on meteorological conditions. They mainly consist of pyrocatechol derivatives.

When studying the chemical composition of common viburnum, from 5 to 6.5% of triterpene saponins were found in it. Triterpene saponins in the bark of viburnum are found both in free stock and in the form of glycosides.
The fruits also contain up to 32% polysaccharides on a dry weight basis. In addition, viburnum fruits contain up to 2.5% pectin substances, which include galactose, glucose, arabinose, xylose, rhamnose in a ratio of 5.8:2.6:1.2:1.7:1.0, respectively. .
The energy value of viburnum fruits is due to the presence of protein components and lipids in them. The amino acid composition of viburnum proteins is represented by serine, glutamic and aspartic acids, alanine, arginine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, proline and threonine. Up to 21% fatty oil was found in fruit seeds. According to P. D. Berezovikov, viburnum fruit oil contains 0.25% myristic, 1.5% palmitic, 0.63% palmitooleic, 0.6% stearic, 46.71% oleic and 50.14% linolenic acids. According to V. D. Ivanov, the polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of seeds differs from viburnum fruits and contains 0.3% myristic, 4.3% palmitic, 2.3% stearic, 34.6% oleic, 56.8% linolenic and a small amount of linoleic , lignoceric, cerotinic, arachidonic and behenic acids.
The fruits also contain a high content of potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, manganese (0.2 mg%), zinc (0.6 mg%) and selenium, and the ability of viburnum fruits to accumulate selenium has been established. The fruits also contain nickel, bromine, strontium, lead and iodine.

In thermally processed fruits, in comparison with fresh ones, the chemical composition changes significantly. Thus, the amount of pectin substances decreases by 21.2%, sugars - by 6.1%, and the loss of ascorbic acid reaches 94%. When steaming viburnum fruits, a loss of P-vitamin activity occurs and the fruits acquire a light brown color.
It has been established that the pulp of viburnum fruits contains a significant amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids. When comparing the sum of saturated acids and the sum of unsaturated acids, the following ratio was obtained: in the bark - 5.7: 4.3; in leaves - 4.7: 5.3; in fruits - 0.6: 9.4 and in seeds - 0.3: 9.7. When comparing the qualitative composition and quantitative content of fatty acids in lipids of whole fruits with lipids of viburnum seeds, it was found that the oil obtained from viburnum fruits and seeds has the most unsaturated character (V. D. Ivanov, V. P. Ivanov, Bobylev et al., 1984)

The use of viburnum in medicine

Kalina has long been used in traditional and folk medicine. The fruits of viburnum have been used in medicine since the Middle Ages. The first mention of its healing properties appeared in the herbal books of Gildergard and Albert the Great in the 14th century. The mean lines of the herbalists Loniceri (1528-1580), Jerome Bosca (1498-1554) and Mattioli (1504-1577) indicate the use of viburnum fruits for nausea, diarrhea and as a cleanser. Later, in the herbalists of the 17th - 18th centuries, data are given on the use of viburnum fruits for diseases of the heart, kidneys and stomach. But only from the beginning of the first half of the twentieth century. viburnum began to be used as a medicine. Traditional medicine widely uses a warm decoction of fruits with honey for colds, coughs, prolonged hoarseness and chronic bronchitis. Fresh fruits mashed with sugar are recommended for nervous excitement and atherosclerosis. Decoctions and infusions of dried fruits are used for asthma, pulmonary tuberculosis, ascites, cholecystitis, hepatitis, colitis. In dermatology and cosmetics, fresh viburnum fruit juice is used for vasculitis, impetigo, psoriasis, childhood eczema and age spots on the face.

In Ukrainian folk medicine, viburnum fruit juice is used to prevent breast diseases, in particular for tumors. Viburnum juice is rubbed on the face for acne in young men. An infusion of viburnum flowers is used as an astringent for diarrhea, to improve the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, for coughing and hoarseness, for cholelithiasis and nephrolithiasis, atherosclerosis, pulmonary tuberculosis, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. An infusion of viburnum flowers is used for scrofula and skin rashes.

A decoction of the bark of viburnum is used to prevent miscarriages and as an anti-febrile agent instead of overseas cinchona bark.

Viburnum fruits have a tonic effect and improve heart function. Tea from fresh berries and an infusion of dried fruits are recommended for use as an anti-febrile and diaphoretic.

A decoction of the seeds of viburnum fruits is used as an astringent for dyspepsia. An aqueous decoction of the seeds is also taken orally to prevent carbuncles, eczema, rashes on the body.

In ancient Russia, viburnum juice was used to treat breast cancer. Later, traditional medicine used viburnum juice for skin cancer and fibroids. There is evidence of the treatment among the people of viburnum fruits of stomach cancer and uterine cancer. It is believed that the systematic use of viburnum fruits improves the well-being of patients and has a good effect on malignant tumors of the digestive system. Positive results of complex treatment of oncological diseases, diathesis and peptic ulcer of the stomach with preparations from viburnum fruits have been obtained.

As an official drug, for the first time the viburnum vulgaris entered the USSR in the 7th edition in 1925, together with the bark of the viburnum plum, as a substitute for the specified imported raw materials. Later, it was excluded from subsequent pharmacopoeias of the former USSR. Instead, the bark of common viburnum was independently included in the Pharmacopoeia of the USSR VIII, IX, X and XI editions.

In folk medicine, the fruits and flowers of viburnum are often used. Water decoction is drunk with cough, shortness of breath, sclerosis, diseases of the stomach. With diathesis, eczema and tuberculosis of the skin in children, they are given to drink this decoction, and they also bathe children in it. For heart diseases and hypertension, berries along with seeds are a good remedy. They are also used in case of cough, shortness of breath, in diseases of the kidneys, stomach, as a diaphoretic. Viburnum berries, brewed with honey, are used for, especially for coughs, respiratory diseases, and also as a soothing pain during menstruation.

The fruits of viburnum are considered a good diaphoretic and sedative. Used as a tea. One tablespoon of fruits is brewed with a glass of boiling water and taken 0.5 cup 3 times a day after meals.

Pharmacological properties

According to most researchers, a wide range of pharmacological activity of most viburnum preparations is due to various groups of biologically active substances.

A. S. Smirnova, T. N. Vashchenko (1969) indicate that viburnum juice at a concentration of 7% has a detrimental effect on typhoid and dysentery bacilli, as well as on the anthrax pathogen.

An infusion of flowers and leaves of viburnum vulgaris at 5% and 10% concentrations exhibit an antimicrobial effect, although this activity is significantly inferior to the antibiotics of chloramphenicol and tetracycline in dose-dependent concentrations. (D. I. Ibragimov, A. B. Kazanskaya, 1981).

The antimicrobial activity was tested in relation to the daily agar culture of 13 pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms for humans. A total of 1728 experiments were carried out. The results of the research showed that 10% and 5% infusion of flowers of viburnum ordinary have a pronounced antimicrobial effect against sarcina, lemon yellow staphylococcus and pseudo-anthrax bacillus, and the same concentrations of infusions from viburnum leaves are effective against Proteus and lemon yellow staphylococcus. Salmonella typhoid and paratyphoid A and B, Staphylococcus aureus were slightly sensitive to these drugs. A decoction of the bark of the common viburnum in relation to some of the above microorganisms showed a weak antimicrobial effect or did not possess this property at all. In the studied preparations, at a concentration below 5%, the antimicrobial effect decreased.

A parallel study of the sensitivity of microorganisms to levomycetin and tetracycline showed that viburnum preparations are inferior to the above antibiotics.

It has been experimentally established that the fruits of viburnum have a bactericidal and phytoncidal effect and exhibit a pronounced inhibitory activity on Trichomonas and Giardia. Experimental studies on animals have shown that fruit extracts have a cardiotonic effect similar to digitalis preparations. In addition to medicinal properties, fruits are a valuable dietary product.

The pharmacological activity of viburnozide was determined by studying its effect on the contractility of the isolated uterine horn and, in addition, the hemostatic effect of the drug was studied. Statistically processed results showed that viburnozide affects the contractility of the isolated uterine horn of a cat, causing an increase in the amplitude and slowing down of contractions, as well as a decrease in muscle tone.

The effect of water extracts of viburnum on the blood coagulation process was studied in studies on dogs. The drugs were given to animals orally at a dose of 0.5 ml/kg. Blood for the study was taken from a vein before the administration of the drug and 1.5 hours after administration.
The results obtained, processed by the method of variation statistics, showed that viburnozide has an accelerating effect on the blood coagulation process. Viburnozide reduces the clotting time by 46.2% and causes a significant (by 69.6%) increase in blood thromboplastic activity. The drug has a blocking effect on the anticoagulant system, causing a decrease in fibrinolytic activity by 48.6% and a decrease in heparin content by 21.1%.

In experiments on dogs, the hypotensive and sedative effects of viburnum preparations have been established. Under local anesthesia (15-20 ml of 0.25% novocaine solution), the femoral artery and femoral vein were exposed in dogs. A cannula was inserted into the femoral artery to record blood pressure with a mercury manometer, and the test substance was injected into the femoral vein. Breathing was recorded with Marey's capsule through a cuff placed on the dog's chest. First, we checked the effect on dogs of decoctions prepared from the bark of the common viburnum in a ratio of 1: 10. The studied decoctions were administered at the rate of 1 ml per kg of animal weight. Statistically reliable experiments have shown that a decoction of viburnum bark has a pronounced hypotensive effect, slows down the heart rate, and increases the respiratory amplitude. The maximum arterial pressure immediately after the introduction of the decoction decreases by 32 mm, followed by a gradual slight rise within an hour, not reaching the initial level. The greatest hypotensive effect was obtained with the introduction of novogalenovogo drug. The maximum arterial pressure immediately after administration decreases by 92 mm, with a gradual rise over an hour, without returning to the initial level.
In all cases, 3-5 minutes after the administration of the viburnum preparation or a decoction of the bark, they carried out a sedative effect on the dogs, which lasted 35-40 minutes.

Toxicology, side effects and contraindications for use

The preparations obtained from the fruits, flowers, bark and leaves of the common viburnum, as well as the obtained novogalenic agent viburnozide and its two forms, when tested for toxicity, showed that they are all non-toxic (Smirova A.S., 1967). Studies have shown that the liquid extract of viburnum bark, obtained from 50% alcohol, is non-toxic.

Clinical pharmacology

Viburnum ordinary is used quite widely. Fruits have a good tonic effect, improve heart function, increase urine output. and their infusion is recommended for colds as an antipyretic and diaphoretic.

Viburnum flowers are also used as an antipyretic. For 1 cup of boiling water, take 1 teaspoon of viburnum flowers and leave for 10 minutes. Drink 2-3 glasses a day.

With an infusion of fruits, flowers and leaves of viburnum, they gargle with sore throats and wash wounds, acne on the face is removed with juice from berries.

Of the preparations of the bark of viburnum, a liquid extract is more often used, less often a decoction. They are used as a hemostatic agent mainly for uterine bleeding. Glycoside viburnin, contained in the bark, enhances the tone of the uterus and has some vasoconstrictive effect. Externally, a decoction of the bark is used for nosebleeds.

In dentistry, the vasoconstrictive, antiseptic and hemostatic effect of viburnum fruits and bark is used.

To make an infusion of fruits, 1-2 tablespoons of berries are ground, brewed with boiling water (1 cup), insisted for 1 hour, filtered and rinsed with an oral cavity.

Freshly squeezed viburnum juice with the addition of honey at home treats cough (Grochowski W., 1986).

With catarrhal gingivitis, stomatitis, periodontal disease, an infusion of viburnum bark is used. One tablespoon of the bark is brewed with 1 cup of boiling water, insisted for 30 minutes and filtered. Used for mouthwash.

It was also noted that extractive substances are released more slowly than individual biologically active substances (tannins, glycosides and vitamin K) and the slowdown in the process of extractive substances release occurs only after 6 days, while when tannins, glycosides and vitamin K become obvious after 4 days. Thus, there is no need to continue the percolation process for more than 4 days.

It is advantageous, next to or instead of the liquid extract, to have a more purified total preparation, which would contain basically only those substances to which the specific action of viburnum bark is attributed.

It is believed that these are glycosides, the complex of which was called viburnin in 1844 by H. Kremer. After isolating the glycoside fraction from the bark of viburnum and testing it on cats, it was proved that glycosides exhibit a more active uterine effect than the official extract. This circumstance served as the basis for obtaining a new galenic preparation of the bark of the common viburnum with a focus on the content of mainly the glycoside fraction in it.

Novogalenic drug is a light yellow aqueous solution of glycosides with a bitter taste and a specific odor. It was named - "viburnozid". The resulting preparation was poured into ampoules of 3.5 and 10 ml, which were subjected to sterilization at 100°C for 30 min. Along with the manufacture of an ampouled preparation, a preparation for oral administration was also made. As a solvent for glycosides, 25° alcohol was used instead of water. The finished preparation was poured into dark glass vials with a capacity of 50, 100, 200 ml. When stored for a year at room temperature, no visible changes occurred. Depending on the content of glycosides in the bark of viburnum, their content in the preparation ranges from 0.50 to 0.80%. It is obvious that for the preparation the rate of glycoside content should be at least 0.50%.

Medications

1. Aplonne P(OB Pharma - France). Alcohol-water solution for internal use in a bottle of 150 ml, 100 ml which contains a mixture of extracts from:
Aphloia madagascariensis Clos- 500 mg;
witch hazel ( Hamamelis virginiana L.) - 500 mg;
canadian goldenseal ( Hydrastis Canadensis L.) - 250 mg;
Piscidia erythrina L.- 500 mg;
plum viburnum ( Viburnum prunifolium L.) - 400 mg;
Esculoside ( Aesculoside) - 40 mg.

It is used in the treatment of symptoms of venolymphatic insufficiency, in particular with varicose veins,. Take 2 teaspoons before meals.

2. Climaxol(Lehning - France). Solution for internal use in a dropper bottle containing a mixture of tinctures made in the ratio of raw materials to an alcohol-water solution of 1: 10. 100 ml of the solution contains:
tincture of hamamelis ( Hamamelis virginiana L.) - 28 ml;
needle tincture ( Ruscus aculeatus L.) - 28 ml;
tincture - 28 ml;
Canadian goldenseal tincture ( Hydrastis Canadensis L.) - 8 ml;
tincture of viburnum plum ( Viburnum prunifolium L.) - 8 ml;

It is used for symptoms of venolymphatic and capillary insufficiency of the legs in women in menopause. Take 35 drops 3 times a day before meals with a small amount of water.

3. Cortex Viburni - viburnum bark. (CJSC "Ivan-chai", Russia). Crushed viburnum bark in packs of 100g. Used as a decoction Decoctum cortices Viburni) 10 g (1 tablespoon) of the bark is placed in an enamel bowl, pour 200 ml (1 glass) of boiling water, cover with a lid and heat in a boiling water bath for 30 minutes, after which the contents of the vessel are cooled, filtered, the raw material is squeezed out. Add water to the finished broth up to 200 ml. The prepared broth is stored in a cool place for no more than 2 days. Take 1 - 2 tbsp. spoons 3-4 times a day after meals, as a hemostatic and antiseptic agent in the postpartum period, with uterine bleeding caused by gynecological diseases.

4. Digestodoron(Weleda SA, France). A solution in dropper bottles of 30 ml containing a polyextract made from 20% alcohol from the following raw materials in terms of 100 ml:
rhizomes of male fern (Dryopteris filix mas) - 4 g;
Polypodium- 1 g;
pteridium- 4 g;
Scolopendrium- 1 g;
Salix alba- 2 g;
Salix purpurea- 2 g;
Salix viminalis- 4 g;
Salix villina- 2 years

It is used for digestive disorders of a recurrent nature, accompanied by heartburn, high and low acidity. Take 10-20 drops 3 times a day for 15 minutes. before meals.

5. Fluon(Rabi & Solabo, France). Solution in vials of 75 ml. 100 ml solution contains:
menthol 0.4 g;
Hamamelis extract - 15 g;
horse chestnut extract - 2 g;
ranunculus caustic extract - 24.43 g;
valerian extract - 2 g;
plum viburnum liquid extract - 2 g.

It is used to treat symptoms of venolymphatic insufficiency, in particular, with varicose veins, heaviness in the legs, and hemorrhoids. Take 40 - 60 drops a day before meals.

6. Fructus viburni. viburnum fruits, 50.0 g. (AO Adonis, Russia). Used as an infusion Infusum fructi Viburni). 10 g (1 tablespoon) of fruits are placed in an enamel bowl, pour 200 ml (1 glass) of boiling water, cover with a lid and heat in a water bath for up to 30 minutes. After that, the contents of the vessel are cooled at room temperature for 45 minutes, the infusion is filtered, the rest of the fruit is squeezed out, and water is added to 200 ml. The prepared infusion is stored in a cool place for no more than 2 days. Take 300 ml (1 / 3 cup), 3-4 times a day, as a vitamin, tonic, diaphoretic and laxative.

7. Extractum Viburni fluidum, Liquid viburnum extract(Astrakhan pharmaceutical factory GUP, Russia).

Liquid extract obtained by extracting viburnum bark powder with 50% alcohol in a ratio of 1:10. Produced in bottles of 25 ml.
Take 30-40 drops 2-3 times a day as a hemostatic agent for uterine bleeding.

8. Tisane Phlebosedol(Lehning, France). Herbal mixture in 2 g bags packed in a box of 20 pcs. 100 g of the mixture contains:
horse chestnut bark 15%;
clematis leaves - 10%;
Hamamelis leaves - 5%;
fig leaves - 5%;
bark of plum viburnum - 5%;
rhizomes of wheatgrass - 5%;
buckthorn bark - 20%;
leaves of buttercup caustic (zhovtozilla) - 15%;
cuff leaves - 15%.

Used for venous insufficiency and varicose veins. Consume in the form of tea from one bag, insisting for 15 minutes, 1 tablespoon (15 g) 3 times a day with meals. Follow your doctor's instructions as overdose of this remedy can cause diarrhea.

Other uses of viburnum

With the fruits of viburnum in Ukraine, pies and cheesecakes were baked for the holidays, they were added to the dough when bread was baked, the unique viburnum kvass and jelly "Kalinnik" were prepared from fresh fruits. The fruits of viburnum were added when sauerkraut was sauerkraut. Viburnum juice was added during the preparation of marshmallows and marmalade.

In addition, wine can be made from the fruit. It should be noted that the wine made from viburnum has an original bouquet. Fruits harvested after the first frost can be used to make syrups and confectionery.

From the history

In mythology, viburnum is a symbol of happiness, love, beauty. One of the legends tells that the viburnum grew from the blood of warriors who gave their lives for the Fatherland, the seeds of viburnum fruits resemble a heart in shape. One of the ancient legends tells the following about the origin of viburnum:
“The goddess Lada brought spring to the Ukrainian land, she was exhausted and lay down to rest in the steppes of Tavria and fell asleep soundly. The goddess of death Mara saw the sleeping Lada and planted a thorny thorn around her, which instantly grew high. Lada was awakened by the desperate prayers of the farmers, who asked for warmth and moisture for the spring land. Lada woke up and hurried to bring spring to people, but the thorn wounded her. And where drops of blood fell to the ground, bushes of viburnum with red berries grew.

Literature

Govorov VP Pharmacological study of medicinal plants in Western Siberia and Altai / / Plant resources of Siberia, the Urals and the Far East. - Novosibirsk: Nauka Sib. Dep. - 1965. - S. 97-103.

Based on the materials of the works of B. M. Zuzuk, R. V. Kutsik (Ivano-Frankivsk State Medical University), M. R. Shtokalo (OOO, Lviv).

Photos and illustrations

Viburnum ordinary, or red viburnum (lat. Viburnum opulus) is a deciduous shrub of the genus Viburnum of the Adox family. Viburnum reaches a height of 1.5 m to 5 m, has a grayish-brown bark, covered with longitudinal cracks. It loves moisture, therefore it grows along the banks of rivers, lakes, swamps, in damp mixed and deciduous forests along the edges, glades, in thickets.

Viburnum blooms in May-June, its berries ripen in August-September. They have a spherical shape, up to 12 mm in diameter, bright red color and a large bone inside, ripen in abundant tassels. The taste of the berries is bitter-sour, since the viburnum contains the bitter glycoside viburnin.

Origin

Kalina is widely distributed in the temperate climate of Europe and Asia: the European part of Russia, Western and Eastern Siberia, the Caucasus, the Crimea, Kazakhstan, Central and Asia Minor, Western Europe, North Africa.

Ripe fruits are harvested in dry weather along with the stalks. The berries are usually dried in the air, in the attic, under sheds, hanging brushes tied in loose bunches. The fruits are well preserved in cool places, in attics, do not lose their nutritional and healing qualities for several months. The bark is harvested in the spring before bud break, when the sap flow begins and it is easy to separate it from the wood and air dry. The shelf life of raw materials is 4 years.

The nutritional value

The calorie content of viburnum is only 26.3 kcal per 100 g of mass. The bark of viburnum contains resins (up to 6.5%), iridoids (2.7-5.7%), saponins, coumarins, organic acids (formic, acetic, isovaleric, capric, caprylic, butyric, linoleic, cerotinic, palmetic) , phytosterol, phytosterolin, myricyl alcohol, tannins (up to 2%), flobophenes, viburnin glycoside.

Viburnum berries are a valuable source of nutrients. Thus, viburnum fruits contain invert sugar (up to 32%); tannins (up to 3%); organic acids (up to 3%) - isovaleric, acetic, citric; anthocyanins; vitamin C (more than in citrus fruits) and vitamin P, as well as trace elements: selenium, copper, zinc, chromium, boron.

Application in cooking

It is known that after frosts, the bitter taste of viburnum berries disappears and they can be eaten fresh without the addition of sugar and other ingredients. Kalina is preserved with sugar, jam and jelly are made from it, marshmallows, jelly and marmalade, pastry fillings, seasonings and sauces for meat dishes, liqueurs, tinctures, wines and even vinegar are made. The berry is good in sweet cereals, pumpkin dishes. Viburnum juice is prepared, as a rule, with the addition of honey: 1 kg of berries, 200 g of water, honey to taste. From the dried and roasted viburnum seeds, a coffee substitute is obtained.

Application in medicine and cosmetology

Liquid extract from the bark of viburnum and a decoction of viburnum are used as a hemostatic, antiseptic agent (for uterine bleeding, menstrual irregularities, threatening abortion). The berry has a calming effect on the nervous system in hysteria, epilepsy, neurosis and neurocirculatory dystonia of the cardiac type.

Viburnum berries along with honey are useful for coughing, hoarseness, suffocation, diarrhea, dropsy. A decoction of flowers and berries of viburnum is used for asthma, colds, indigestion. A solution of viburnum juice (10-20%) is used for peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, enterocolitis, edema of cardiac and renal origin, pustular skin diseases. In homeopathy, viburnum fruits are used in the treatment of gynecological diseases and for the prevention of spontaneous abortions.

Viburnum juice is also used in cosmetics to remove freckles, whiten the skin with a strong tan: a mixture of sour cream with fresh juice (1: 1) is applied to the skin and washed off with warm water after a while. Then the skin should be lubricated with ghee.

Contraindications

Kalina should not be used with increased blood clotting, a tendency to thrombosis, pregnancy.

Viburnum berries frozen for the winter and stored in the freezer are a valuable tool for the prevention of spring beriberi. Eating berries regularly for vitaminization of the body is worth starting in March. In Russia, frozen viburnum was prepared for future use as follows: the berries were poured into a barrel, filled with well water and taken out into the cold, and during the winter and spring they ate a supply of healthy berries, adding it to various dishes and drinks.

Sources:

1. Alexander RABINOVICH, Dr. farm. sciences, professor, Quality of life № 8-9_2004
2. Internet Open Sources

Viburnum vulgaris is a shrub that can reach a height of 3 m, it is distinguished by brown and red-brown bark. The leaves are large-toothed and five-lobed. In spring, viburnum blooms with white flowers. The fruits appear in late August or early September. The fruits are ovoid-spherical in shape, have a bright red color, inside there is a small bone, it is part of the fruit. The taste of common viburnum is sour, bitterness is slightly felt. What are the beneficial properties of this plant?

Description of common viburnum

A decoction with the color of viburnum helps to improve digestion, has a diaphoretic and expectorant effect.

When harvesting the bark of viburnum, it is very important to carefully remove it, while you can not expose the branch. The bark should be cut into small pieces, dried in the fresh air, while spreading out not in a thick layer. If you dried the bark properly, it should not bend, but break on its own.

It is best to collect fruits from common viburnum at the end of autumn, you need to store them in bunches, be sure to hang them. You can freeze them and save until spring. The fruits must be carefully removed from the branches, because the skin that secretes the juice can be damaged and the plant will lose its value.

The fruits of viburnum can also be used for culinary purposes, to stuff a pie, but especially tasty viburnum mixed with sugar and steamed in the oven. Thus, you can get rid of the bitterness of viburnum.

The use of viburnum vulgaris

1. Infusion from the bark of viburnum, which will help with scrofula. To prepare it, you need to take viburnum and pour 200 ml of boiling water. Insist up to 6 hours, strain and drink. You need to take 50 ml 3 times a day before meals. Also, this infusion will help stop bleeding, get rid of insomnia, convulsions and vascular spasms.

2. Infusion of honey with viburnum. This remedy is excellent for colds, bronchitis, tonsillitis, malaria, etc. To prepare it, you will need a glass of pureed viburnum, 700 ml of boiled water. Pour over and let it brew for up to 7 hours. Strain, add honey. It is recommended to take an infusion of 80 g 3 times a day before meals. The infusion is especially useful when.

3. For problems with the liver, heart, hypertension, use fresh juice from viburnum. With it, you can cure a sore throat and clear the skin of rashes and acne.

Contraindications for viburnum vulgaris

It must be used carefully, because it has a lot of glycosides in its composition. People who suffer from gout should completely abandon viburnum vulgaris.