All kinds of add-ons. Direct and indirect additions

In Russian, all words that are part of sentences are either main members or secondary ones. The main ones make up and indicate the subject in question in the statement and its action, and all other words in the construction are spreading. Among them, linguists distinguish definitions, circumstances and additions. Without the minor members of the sentence, it would be impossible to tell about any event in detail without missing a single detail, and therefore the importance of these members of the sentence cannot be overestimated. This article will focus on the role of additions in the Russian language.

Thanks to this member of the sentence, it is easy to construct a complete statement, which will indicate not only the action of the main character of the story, but also highlight the subject with which this very action is associated. So, in order not to get confused, you should start the analysis of this topic from the very beginning. After all, only by following the sequence, you can learn the great and mighty Russian language.

Definition

The addition is a minor member of the sentence, which indicates the subject that is the result of the action of the main person in the sentence or to which this action is directed. Can be expressed as follows:

A personal pronoun or noun used in indirect case forms. It can be used in a sentence with or without a preposition (I listen to music and think about it).
Any part of speech that functions as a noun (She glanced at the people who entered).
Often additions in Russian are expressed in the infinitive (Parents asked her to sing).
A free phraseological combination of a noun and a numeral, used in the genitive case (He opened six tabs.).
A connected and stable phraseological combination (He said not to hang your nose).

Function and add-on issues

In Russian, the addition responds to cases, namely: “Who?”, “To whom?”, “By whom?”, “About whom?”, “What?” “What?”, “What?”, “About what?” In a sentence, this minor member has an explanatory function and can refer to the following parts of speech:

To the verb used as a predicate (I am writing a letter).
To a noun as any member of the sentence (Hope for the father).
To the participle or adjective used as any of the members of the sentence (Weighing cereal; strict to daughter).
To the adverb as any of the members of the sentence (Imperceptibly to you).

Types of add-ons

If this member of the sentence depends on the verb, then it can be of two types:

Direct objects in Russian are used without prepositions and are expressed by transitive verbs in Such words denote an object to which, one way or another, the action of the main person refers. For example: I remember very well the day we met. If the predicate in the sentence is a transitive verb and is in the form of negation, then a direct object in the genitive case without a preposition can be used with it (But you can’t bring back the old days). In the case of impersonal predicative words in a sentence, the addition is also used in the form of the genitive case and without a preposition with the words “sorry” and “sorry” (And we are sorry for something bright).
Indirect additions in Russian are expressed in the accusative form, used with prepositions, and in others without prepositions (She jumped up and began to peer out the window with a restless look; his attempts to establish relations with classmates were crowned with success).

Values of direct additions

Direct objects in Russian, used with verbs, can denote the following objects:

The item obtained as a result of the action (I will build a house in the village).
An object or person that is exposed to the action (Father caught a fish and brought it home).
The object to which the feeling is directed (I love winter evenings and walks along a snowy street).
Object of development and knowledge (She knew foreign languages and could communicate freely; she was interested in philosophy and foreign literature).
The space that is overcome by the main person (I will go around the entire globe, cross the cosmic distances).
The object of desire or thought (Now I remember it).

Meanings of indirect objects without prepositions

An indirect addition in Russian, used without prepositions, can have the following meanings:

The relation of the objects referred to in the phrase or sentence, namely the object to which the action is directed (Harvested).
Object of achievement or touch (Today received a diploma; he will be happy when he touches only her hand).
The object with which the action is performed (Do not cut down with an ax what is written on the heart).
The subject or state that complements the action (The bear he killed was very large; he must be sorry).

Meaning of indirect objects with prepositions

Indirect additions that cannot be used in a context without prepositions can acquire the following shades of meaning in a sentence:

The material from which this or that object is made (The house is built of stone).
The subject to which the action applies (Waves splashing on a stone).
The person or object that causes the condition (Father worried about son).
An object to which thoughts and feelings are directed. (He talked about the benefits of his work.).
An object from which they are removed (He left his father's house at an early age.).
A person who participates in the main action (Upon arrival, the grandchildren surrounded the grandmother and kissed her for a long time.).

Supplement as part of turnover

In Russian, there are such concepts as real and passive turnover. In both cases, this is a special phrase, the construction of which includes the main and considered secondary member of the sentence.

A turnover is considered valid when the addition is the person to whom the action is directed, and the main member of the sentence is expressed by a transitive verb. For example: picked a bouquet, mowed the lawn.

Passive is a turnover in which the subject is the subject, which is subject to action, and the object indicates the main object of the statement. For example: the colonel was quickly picked up by privates and sent to the infirmary.

How to find an addition in a sentence?

Complement questions in Russian are very simple, and therefore, no matter what part of speech the given member of the sentence is expressed, it is not too difficult to find it in the context. To do this, follow the standard parsing scheme. First, highlight the grammatical basis, and then determine the relationship of words in the sentence through the questions posed. First, from the subject and the predicate to the secondary members, and then directly and between the secondary members. In writing, each word, depending on which category it belongs to, is indicated by a special kind of underlining. To complement this

Secondary members of the sentence - the basis of complete statements

Secondary members of the sentence - the topic is quite voluminous and contains many rules, but if you do not spend enough time studying it, you will not be able to master such a great science as the Russian language. Circumstance, addition and definition are those that will allow you to form a statement that reveals the whole meaning of the story. Without them, the language would lose all its charm. Therefore, it is very important to approach this topic with all responsibility in order to know how to use this or that word correctly in the context.

In the Russian language, all words that are part of sentences are either main members or secondary ones. The main ones make up the grammatical base and indicate the subject referred to in the expression and its action, and all other words in the construction are spreading. Among them, linguists distinguish definitions, incidents and additions. Without minor members of the sentence, it would be unrealistic to tell about any event in detail without missing a single detail, and therefore the significance of these members of the sentence cannot be overestimated. This article will discuss the role of additions in the Russian language.

Thanks to this member of the sentence, it is easy to construct a complete expression, in which not only the action of the main character of the story will be indicated, but also the subject with which this very action is associated will be highlighted. So, in order not to get confused, you should start the analysis of this topic from the very beginning. After all, only by following the sequence, you can learn the majestic and powerful Russian language.

Definition

The addition is a minor member of the sentence, which indicates the subject that is the result of the action of the head person in the sentence or to which this action is oriented. It can be expressed in the following parts of speech:

A personal pronoun or a noun used in indirect case forms. It can be used in a sentence with or without a preposition (I listen to music and think about it).
Any part of speech that performs the function of a noun (She looked at the people who entered).
Often additions in the Russian language are expressed in the infinitive (Ancestors asked her to sing).
A free phraseological combination of a noun and a numeral, used in the genitive case (He opened 6 tabs.).
A connected and stable phraseological combination (He said not to hang your nose).

Function and add-on issues

In Russian, the addition answers the questions of indirect cases, namely: “Who?”, “To whom?”, “By whom?”, “About whom?”, “What?” “What?”, “What?”, “About what?” In a sentence, this minor member has an explanatory function and can refer to subsequent parts of speech:

To the verb used as a predicate (I am writing a letter).
To a noun as any member of the sentence (Hope for the father).
To a participle or an adjective used as any of the members of the sentence (Weighing cereal; serious to his daughter).
To the adverb as any of the members of the sentence (Inconspicuous to you).

Types of add-ons

If this member of the sentence depends on the verb, then it can be of 2 types:

Direct objects in Russian are used without prepositions and are expressed by transitive verbs in the accusative case. Such words denote an object to which, in one way or another, the action of the head person refers. For example: I remember very well the day we met. If the predicate in the sentence is a transitive verb and is in the form of negation, then a direct object in the genitive case without a preposition can be used with it (But do not return the old days). In the case of impersonal predicative words in a sentence, the addition is also used in the form of the genitive case and without a preposition with the words “sorry” and “sorry” (And we feel sorry for something bright).
Indirect additions in Russian are expressed in words in the form of the accusative case, used together with prepositions, and in other indirect cases without prepositions (She jumped up and began to peer out the window with a restless look; his attempts to do business with classmates were crowned with success).

Values of direct additions

Direct objects in the Russian language, used with verbs, can denote the following objects:

An item acquired as a result of an act (I will build a house in the village).
An object or a person who is exposed to the action (Father caught a fish and brought it home).
The object to which the feeling is oriented (I love winter evenings and walks along a snowy street).
The object of development and knowledge (She knew foreign languages and could speak freely; she was interested in philosophy and foreign literature).
A place that is overcome by the main person (I will go around the entire globe, cross the galactic distances).
The object of desire or thought (Now I remembered it).

Meanings of indirect objects without prepositions

An indirect object in Russian, used without prepositions, can have the following meanings:

The ratio of the objects referred to in the phrase or sentence, and specifically the object to which the action is oriented (collected collection).
Object of merit or touch (Now received a diploma; he will be happy when he touches only her hand).
The object with which the action is performed (Do not cut down with an ax what is written on the heart).
The subject or state that complements the action (The bear he killed was very large; he must be sorry).

Meaning of indirect objects with prepositions

Indirect objects that cannot be used in a context without prepositions can receive the following colors of meanings in a sentence:

The material from which this or that object is made (The house is built of stone).
The subject to which the action applies (Waves splashing on a stone).
A person or object that is a prerequisite for the state (Father was worried about the offspring).
An object to which thoughts and feelings are oriented. (He spoke of the merits of his own work.).
An object from which they are removed (He left his father's house at an early age.).
A person who participates in the commission of the head act (Upon arrival, the grandchildren surrounded the grandmother and kissed her for a long time.).

Supplement as part of turnover

In the Russian language there are such concepts as real and passive turnover. In both cases, this is a special phrase, the construction of which includes the main and considered secondary member of the sentence.

A real turnover is considered in this case, when the addition is the person to whom the action is oriented, and the main member of the sentence is expressed by a transitive verb. For example: he picked a bouquet, mowed the lawn.

Passive is a turnover in which the base is the subject that is being acted upon, and the addition points to the main object of the expression. For example: the colonel was quickly picked up by the privates and sent to the hospital.

How to find an object in a sentence?

Complement questions in the Russian language are very ordinary, and therefore, no matter what part of speech the given member of the sentence is expressed, it is not very difficult to find it in the context. To do this, follow the standard parsing scheme. Firstly, highlight the grammatical base, and then find the connection of words in the sentence by means of the questions posed. First, from the subject and the predicate to the secondary members, and then specifically and between the secondary members. In writing, each word, depending on which category it belongs to, is indicated by a special kind of underlining. For padding, this is a dotted line.

Secondary members of the sentence - the base of complete expressions

Secondary members of the sentence - the topic is quite large and contains many rules, but if you do not spend enough time on its study, you will not be able to master such a great science as the Russian language. Event, addition and definition are those components of the sentence that will allow you to form an expression that reveals the whole meaning of the story. Without them, the language would lose all its beauty. And therefore it is very important to approach this topic with all responsibility, in order to know how to correctly use this or that word in the context.

(attributes), (adverbial modifier). We will talk about the first of the secondary members of the proposal - about the addition - in this article. In order to avoid difficulties in understanding the information presented below, I would advise before studying additions in English repeat which verbs are called transitive in English and which are intransitive.

I will just remind you that verbs can carry a direct object in both English and Russian. In other words, they can express an action that directly transfers to some person or object. Such verbs with a direct object will be called transitive ( transitive verbs). And verbs that cannot have a direct object are called intransitive ( intransitive verbs). Examples:

I received an invitation two days ago. I received an invitation two days ago. (to receive is a transitive verb, since it can have a direct object with it - to receive something. In this case, this object is the word “invitation”)

I arrived two days ago. - I arrived two days ago. (to arrive is an intransitive verb, since it does not have a direct object)

What is an addition in English? This is a sentence member that designates a subject and answers questions that in Russian correspond to indirect questions (the remaining five cases, except for the nominative: genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional). These are the questions: whom? - whom?; what? - what?; to whom? - to whom?; by whom? - by whom?; about what? - about what?. What are additions in English?

The classification of additions is as follows: the addition is direct ( direct object) and indirect ( indirect object). And the indirect, in turn, has two options - an indirect non-prepositional object ( indirect object) and indirect prepositional object ( prepositional object). It is more convenient to consider each addition separately, so let's start with the very first - direct addition.

Direct object in English

The direct object represents the object or person to whom the action passes. And the action in this case will be expressed by a transitive verb in a personal or impersonal form. We put a direct object in English after the verb. The direct object corresponds in Russian to the addition in the accusative case without a preposition, because it answers questions whom? and what?. For example:

I received a new passport two days ago. I received a new passport two days ago.

But a direct object can also correspond in Russian to an addition in the genitive case (especially if the action concerns only a part of the subject, and not the whole subject). For example:

My father gave me some wine. “My father gave me wine.

What parts of speech can be expressed by a direct object in English? Name comes first.

buy me an ice-cream, please. - Buy me ice cream, please.

The secretary gave the mail to the boss. The secretary handed over the mail to the boss.

In second place is located.

I will never forget you. - I will never forget you.

I didn't see him yesterday. - I did not see him yesterday.

The direct complement can be expressed with and .

How many tickets did you book? – I booked four. – How many tickets did you order? I ordered four.

I have watched both movies. I liked the first better than the second. - I watched two films. I liked the first one more than the second one.

She told them to follow her. She told them to follow her.

I asked them to wait a little. I asked them to wait a bit.

I remember learning it. - I remember learning it.

A direct object may have more than one definition. All of them form a complement group:

She doesn't know my new address. She doesn't know my new address.

Indirect non-prepositional object

An indirect non-prepositional object in English expresses the person to whom the action is addressed. This object is used with transitive verbs and is often accompanied by a direct object. A question that corresponds to an indirect non-prepositional object - to whom? (to whom?). In Russian, this is an indirect object in the dative case without a preposition. It should be remembered that if there are direct and indirect additions in the sentence, the first will be the indirect, and after it the direct.

show me the new computer. Show me your new computer. (me is an indirect non-prepositional object, the new computer is a direct object)

I'd like to give my friend something special on her birthday. I would like to give my friend something special for her birthday. (my friend is an indirect non-prepositional object, something special is a direct object)

As we see from the above examples, an indirect non-prepositional object can be expressed both by a noun in the general case and by a pronoun in the objective case.

The person to whom the action is addressed can be expressed by the addition with the preposition to(and for) that comes after the direct object. Such an addition is used instead of an indirect non-prepositional addition in three situations:

When the direct object is expressed by a pronoun:
I'll give them to your parents. “I will give them to your parents. (them is a direct object, to your parents is an indirect prepositional object)
If the indirect object has a long group of words in its composition, and the direct object is expressed in one word (or a small group of words):
She has sent a letter to her friend working abroad. She sent a letter to a friend who works abroad (a letter is a direct object, to her friend working abroad is an indirect prepositional object)
After some verbs, for example to announce- to announce, to translate- translate, to repeat- repeat, to declare- to announce, to explain- to explain to introduce- introduce (introduce) to write- write, to propose- offer, to prove- to prove to describe- describe, etc. After such verbs, only an indirect prepositional object is always used.
Why didn't you introduce me to your boyfriend? Why didn't you introduce me to your boyfriend? (me is a direct object, to your boyfriend is an indirect prepositional object)

They arranged a conference for the mayor. They organized a conference for the mayor of the city. (conference - direct object, for the mayor - indirect prepositional)

Indirect prepositional object

The indirect prepositional object in English differs from the non-prepositional object in that, accordingly, it is used with a preposition after many verbs and adjectives, and also answers various questions, including about whom? (about whom?) about what? (about what?), with whom? (with whom?), for whom? (for whom?), etc.

An indirect prepositional object in English can be expressed:

noun with preposition:
The secretary reminded everybody about the meeting. The secretary reminded everyone about the meeting. (everybody is an indirect non-prepositional object, about the meeting is an indirect prepositional object)

nobody objects to this schedule. - Nobody is against (does not object) to this schedule. (to this schedule is an indirect prepositional object)
pronoun:
Remember, you can always rely on her. Remember, you can rely on her. (on her - indirect prepositional object)

Austin shook hands with us. Austin greeted us. (with us - indirect prepositional object)
Gerund with preposition:

Please note that if there is an indirect prepositional and direct object in the sentence, the direct object in English will come first.

I celebrate my birthday with friends. - I celebrated my birthday with my friends. (my birthday is a direct object, with friends is an indirect prepositional object)

Formal addition it

And, finally, a few words about the formal addition it. There are several transitive verbs in English (for example, to think, to find, to consider etc.), after which the pronoun is often used it. It will be called a formal object, since it comes before the subsequent object, which is expressed by a subordinate clause or an infinitive phrase. It is not necessary to translate it into Russian. For example:

I find it strange that you have so much free time. “I find it strange that you have so much free time.

I think it necessary to have your own car. I consider it necessary to have my own car.

If you find an error, please highlight a piece of text and click Ctrl+Enter.

1. Addition- is a minor member of the sentence, which means subject:

the object to which the action applies;
Writing a letter ; listen to music .
object - the addressee of the action;
I am writing to a friend.
object - a tool or means of action;
I write with a pen.
the object to which the state applies;
I'm sad.
object of comparison, etc.
Faster than me.

2. Addendum answers questions indirect cases:

genitive case - whom? what?
Choice of profession .
dative case - to whom? what?
I am writing to a friend.
accusative case - whom? what?
Writing a letter .
instrumental case - by whom? how?
I write with a pen.
prepositional case - about whom? about what?
I'm thinking about a friend.

3. Addition may refer to:

verb-predicate;
Writing a letter .
the main or minor member expressed by the noun;
Loss of a horse; hope for happiness.
the main or minor member expressed by an adjective or participle;
Strict to children; thinking about children.
the main or minor member expressed by the adverb.
Invisible to others.

Ways of Expressing Complement

Notes.

1) Combinations are a single member of the proposal - an addition in the same cases in which combinations - subjects are a single member (see clause 1.2).

2) The infinitive with a conjugated verb is an addition, and not the main part of the predicate, if its action refers to a minor member ( I asked him to leave), and not to the subject ( I decided to leave). For a detailed analysis of such cases, see Section 1.4.

3) Since the questions and forms of the nominative and accusative cases, the accusative and genitive cases may coincide, to distinguish between the subject and the object, use the technique mentioned in paragraph 1.2: put the word instead of the checked form book(Nominative case - book; Genitive - books; accusative - book. For example: Good snow will harvest(cf.: A good book will collect a book). Consequently, snowball- Nominative case; harvest- accusative).

4. According to the form of expression, two types of additions are distinguished:

direct addition - a form of the accusative case without a preposition;

Writing(what?) letter; I erase(what?) underwear; I listen(what?) music .

indirect addition - all other forms, including the accusative form with a preposition.

Struggle(for what?) for freedom ; gave(to whom?) to me .

Notes.

1) In negative sentences, the form of the accusative case of the direct object can change to the form of the genitive case (cf.: I wrote(what?) letter . - I didn't write (what?) letters). If the genitive form of the complement is preserved both in the affirmation and in the negation, then such an addition is indirect (cf .: to me lacks (what?) of money . - I have enough(what?) of money).

2) The complement expressed by the infinitive does not have a case form ( I asked him to leave). Therefore, such additions are not characterized as either direct or indirect.

Addon parsing plan

Specify the type of addition (direct - indirect).
Indicate what morphological form the complement is expressed in.

Sample parsing

I ask you to speak on the merits(M. Gorky).

You- a direct object expressed by a pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition. Talk- addition expressed by the infinitive. Affairs- an indirect object expressed by a noun in the genitive case.

The night brought no coolness(A.N. Tolstoy).

coolness- a direct object expressed by a noun in the genitive case without a preposition (in case of negation - didn't bring ). Wed: The night has brought(what?) coolness(V. p.).

The direct object denotes the object to which the action is directed, is expressed in the form of the accusative case without a preposition, extends the transitive verb, as well as some words of the state category (the house is visible, the music is heard, the head hurts): Nature creates a person, but develops and forms his society (Belinsky ). The genitive form of the direct object is possible with transitive verbs with a negative particle no: I don't
I love spring (Pushkin); I can't imagine a situation where there would ever be nothing to do (Dostoevsky).
The preposition of the direct object often allows it to retain the form of the accusative case with transitive verbs with the negation of not. Apparently, this is due to the weakening of the connection between the substantive word and the verb. Wed: The night did not bring coolness (A. N. Tolstoy). - I could not recognize my father's house (Yesenin). But the genitive case is also possible: The sun is not visible - the sky is overcast by Burning (Gerasimov).
Note. They are not direct complements of the genitive case form in the following sentences, since they do not contain transitive verbs: I miss your tenderness, you miss my care (Schipachev); There is no beast stronger than a cat (Krylov); Gerasim was no longer in the yard (Turgenev).
The indirect object is expressed by the forms of indirect cases with and without prepositions and refers to the verb,
adjective, to words of the category of state, to a noun: So forget about your anxiety, Do not be so sad about me (Yesenin); The word "tomorrow" was invented for indecisive people and for children (Turgenev); A basket full of dew I brought from the forest (Marshak); It is impossible to live in the world without sacrifices, without efforts and hardships: life is not a garden in which only flowers grow (Goncharov).
The meaning of the object in the secondary members of the sentence is often complicated by attributive and adverbial meanings.
Definitive objects are subject to sentence members expressed by verbal nouns that preserve the action component (the categorical meaning of the verb) in semantics. This explains the correlation of a number of verbal and substantive phrases: thinking about the past - thinking about the past, dreaming about travel - dreaming about traveling, demanding quality - demanding quality, studying history - studying history, etc.
The brighter the verbal component in the semantics of verbal nouns, the clearer the meaning of the object in their distributors. When the verb component is neutralized in the dependent word, the defining meaning is stronger: the thought of you, the meaning of speech, etc.
Circumstantial additions obey verb forms: Butterflies flutter over flowers ... (Sokolov-Mikitov); For_
art is suitable only for the material that has won
place in the heart (Paustovsky).