Polygonal masonry of the ancients: fantastic walls over which time has no power. The mystery of polygonal masonry

The material outlines a simple technology for strong and tight articulation of huge stone blocks during the construction of various structures (walls, pyramids, megalith connections in foundations, etc.), used thousands of years ago by ancient builders all over the world (Asia, Africa, South America, Europe).

For hundreds, and maybe thousands of years, the mystery of dense polygonal (polygonal stones) masonry tormented the minds of many generations of researchers and scientists. - Well, tell me, how can you combine the stone blocks so that there is no gap between them?

Modern scientific thought was powerless before the creations of the ancient builders. In order to maintain some authority in the eyes of the public, in 1991 the publication “Science” of the USSR Academy of Sciences published a book by a professor and doctor of historical sciences from St. Petersburg, Yu. Berezkin, “The Incas. Historical experience of the empire." Here is what Russian science writes: “It must be said that although the cyclopean buildings of the Incas are mentioned occasionally in the “new” myths characteristic of our time (unknown highly developed technology, space aliens, etc.), the plots in this case have not received special distribution . The quarries where the Incas cut blocks and the routes along which the stones were transported to the sites are all too well known. The only persistent legend is that it is impossible to insert even a needle between the plates - they fit so tightly. Although there really are no gaps between the blocks now, the reason here lies not in careful fitting, but only in the natural deformation of the stone, which has filled all the cracks over time. Inca masonry as such is quite primitive: the blocks of the lower row were adjusted to the upper ones, using the method of trial and error.”

If this long book “scientific” text of the Academy of Sciences is compressed to the “dry residue”, then the “scientific thought” will be as follows: “the stone blocks themselves naturally compacted over time.” Well, how can one not recall the words of an ancient Chinese sage in the 6th century BC? Lao Tzu: “The intelligent are not learned; scientists are not smart."

If modern scientific thought is so insignificant, then the ancient craftsmen who manually made stone axes and flint tips for spears and arrows, made fire with a stick - so they were real academics. Ancient people, having nothing but their own hands and minds, learned to process stones very well.

Before telling how it all happened, it should be noted that the life of our ancestors was much more difficult. In those days, much knowledge had not yet been accumulated. People strained their minds more than they relied on memory. In everyday affairs they used available simple materials. And the modern one: “The pseudo-scientific nonsense of scientists in a robe and cap,” as the 17th-century French comedian Molière put it, could not overshadow the natural intelligence and ingenuity of people.

But enough jokes about modern “scientists”...

Still, how did people in ancient times achieve such perfection?

Let's remember ourselves as children.

Have you ever rolled large round lumps of wet snow and built a fortress or at least a snowman out of them? What did you do? - You put the biggest clods down, and put smaller ones on top of them, which were easier to lift. And so that the top ones do not fall, you rub them slightly against each other, moving them back and forth.

Another example. Take and make two dense snowballs that children play with, throwing them at each other - and rub them together. You will have a connection between the lumps without a gap. The same simple technology was used by ancient people when they worked with stones.

If you pick up two stones and try to grind them together like snowballs, then, of course, you won’t succeed. Because the stone is much stronger than the force applied by your hands.

But, if you apply pressure of several tons (!) on the stones, then the process of hewing and grinding will go faster. The material of the polygonal masonry stone blocks of the Incas is fine-crystalline limestone. (One cubic meter of stone weighs 2.5 - 2.9 tons).

Now let’s take a close look at the pictures of ancient stone buildings, notice their external features and think about how it was all done...

So, the first large block of stone is placed down, to which all the other blocks are sequentially nailed, stone by stone, in order from bottom to top.

We selected the stones so that they fit a little (so as not to cut too much). The work of laying the stones had to be divided into three sequences.

First, you need to prepare the stone for hewing.

To do this, small, strong hammer stones (the size of a large apple) were used to manually tap the stone block on two opposite sides.

It was the most painstaking work. With each blow, only a small piece broke off from the block. It was necessary to make protrusions on the side faces, for which (like mounting loops) the stone block could be hooked (with rope, or better yet with thick braided leather ropes) and hung on either one or two wooden consoles. To do this, it was necessary to make a large “wooden swing” over the wall under construction. Which, during construction, moved along the wall (as today a tower crane moves along the wall of a house under construction).

The second phase consisted of the most important thing - the process of cutting stone.

The phrase “stone cutters” has survived to this day (and in some places this profession still exists).

A block of stone, fixed and suspended by mounting ledges, swinging on consoles - a “swing”, was slowly lowered.

Over and over again, with each pass, a millimeter (or less) layer was removed from the rubbing (lower and upper contact) blocks.

All protruding edges of the mating stones were ground down one by one.

This is how the density of the stone blocks was achieved.

The neighboring blocks became ground in and almost “monolithic”.

It took several hours or even days to cut one stone while swinging it on a swing.

In order for the hewing process to go faster, stone weight plates (“weights”) could also be placed on top of the rocking stone.

This weight simultaneously pulled out the elastic leather slings and lowered the rocking stone a little bit at a time.

To prevent the bottom stone from “fidgeting” when cutting, it was propped up with spacer logs. When the block, fitted with a plank, sat in its “nest,” then the third operation began—finishing the block.

The third phase was a rough polishing of the exterior.

The procedure is quite labor-intensive. Again, by hand, using stones round as a ball, they removed the mounting ledges on which the block hung, and, tapping the seams between the joints of the stones, they made a “groove” along the joints. After this, the stones acquired a convex, beautiful shape.

You can see that the strict outer surface of the stones is dotted with small potholes from many impacts.

Sometimes the mounting tabs for the slings were not cut down. Perhaps so that these stones (the wall) could be lifted and moved to another place. Or they cut it down, but not all of it. For example, in the pictures of polygonal masonry it can be seen that on some blocks the mounting projections were not completely cut down.

From the remains of the projections one can understand how the stone was suspended.

They could also use flat stone slabs to hew the outer side of the wall by swinging them on a “swing”, giving it the desired slope.

At the same time, the amount of manual labor required by processors was significantly reduced.

Of course, no one swung the huge blocks that were placed in the lower rows at the base of the walls on a “swing”.

The edges of these huge megaliths were ground individually using narrow, flat stone slabs. Which, upon completion of the hewing process, put each other on top of each other between the blocks. (See the picture - three, four flat slabs stand on top of each other between huge blocks).

After sanding, the entire structure of hewn blocks and slabs was moved together.

In a similar way, large stone blocks suspended on a “swing” were hewn and polished for huge megalithic foundations in South America, Egypt, Greece, Baalbek, the Mediterranean countries and Asia.

- “The new is the well-forgotten old.” (Jacques Pesce, 1758-1830).

By the contour (radius) of the processing, for example, by the depth of the arc of the joint of stone blocks, you can determine the length of the mounting slings on which the stone swayed during cutting.

If the joint of the blocks is horizontal (when large megaliths were hewn at the base of the foundations), it means that the slings of the slabs for hewing were assembled not on one “hook” (at one point), but on two different consoles. So that the heavy stone beam for the plank works not like a pendulum, but more like a large “plane”.

Strong “cutters” stones of a special cutting configuration could also be lifted onto a swing (a pendulum with a weight) to give the hewn blocks any desired shape (in a vertical plane, and with lateral protrusions in a horizontal plane).

The mystery of dense masonry, which has troubled the minds of modern researchers for many years, I believe, has been discovered.

But the skill of the ancient builders, who built majestic labor-intensive structures with their minds and hands, will remain a subject of admiration for all times.

Garmatyuk Vladimir

Russia, Vologda

o tempora, o mores

Everything as usual. Numerous fans of alternative history are running around like bitten and shouting at all corners about the “civilizations of the gods”, the unknown technologies of “ancient civilizations” and the construction of pyramids by aliens. With bated breath they watch the films of von Däniken and Andrei Sklyarov, discussing how some Incas, who owned only copper tools, processed giant stones and joined them together with filigree precision. Meanwhile, everything is extremely simple and uncomplicated.

As many history buffs know, in many ancient buildings, the so-called megalithic ones, the builders managed to fit the stones to each other in such a way that even a piece of paper could not be inserted between them. The pairing is perfect. And not only that, as if mocking modern builders, the ancient people managed in this way to customize not standard factory-made blocks, but stones of the strongest rocks with curved surfaces, among others. They built structures in this way without any cement, standing without damage in earthquake-prone areas of the planet. Well, to top it all off, this was done with a copper tool, which is much softer than the stone they process. And they also managed to move stones weighing up to a hundred tons easily.

Meanwhile, official science has long known the methods of constructing such structures. Anyone can verify this by reading the relevant literature. For example, the publication of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the book by Yuri Evgenievich Berezkin “The Incas. The Historical Experience of the Empire,” which was published back in 1991. I’ll say right away that dear Yuri Evgenievich Berezkin is not some laboratory assistant at the history department who knows nothing about the Incas. He is a professional historian, archaeologist, ethnographer, specialist in comparative mythology, history and archeology of ancient Western and Central Asia, as well as the history and ethnography of the Indians (especially South America). Head of the Americas Department of the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS. Professor at the Faculty of Ethnology of the European University in St. Petersburg. Doctor of Historical Sciences.

Here is a quote from the above book:
It must be said that although the Cyclopean buildings of the Incas are mentioned occasionally in the “new” myths characteristic of our time (unknown highly developed technology, space aliens, etc.), these stories were not particularly widespread in this case. The quarries where the Incas cut blocks and the routes along which stones were transported to construction sites are all too well known. Only stable the legend of that It’s as if you couldn’t even insert a needle between the plates - they fit so tightly. Although There are really no gaps between the blocks now , the reason here lies not in careful fitting, but simply in natural deformation of the stone, which over time filled all the cracks . Inca masonry as such is quite primitive: the blocks of the lower row were adjusted to the upper ones, using trial and error.

Let me give you a series of photographs collected in Yandex under the tag “polygonal masonry” to illustrate the opinion of a respected scientist

As they say: “May Vitzliputzli and Quetzalcoatl save us from representatives of pseudoscience.” Amen.

Some construction technologies of the ancient inhabitants of the planet still cause surprise, admiration and ongoing debate among contemporaries. One of them is polygonal masonry, which is widespread in the ancient cities of South America. Despite the fact that official history attributes these objects to Indian civilizations, a number of researchers, not without reason, doubt this.

Example of polygonal masonry, Ollantaytambo, Peru

Polygonal masonry is a special type of masonry in which the stone blocks do not have regular geometric shapes, but arbitrary ones and at the same time ideally fit together. The stones fit together very tightly, and even today, hundreds and thousands of years after the construction of these walls, it is impossible to insert even a razor blade between them.

The shape of the blocks, the safety of these walls and the quality of the joints are simply amazing

Examples of such buildings can be found in different parts of the world, but most of them are in Peru, in the ancient cities of the Incas. Despite the fact that the Andes are an area of high seismicity, the foundations of buildings and fortress walls, made using the polygonal masonry technique, are perfectly preserved here. At the same time, no one particularly monitors their condition, protects them from precipitation and does not carry out restoration, as is often done in relation to other outstanding architectural monuments. But their edges are still perfectly adjacent to each other, and the strength of the masonry is beyond doubt. They can be seen in Ollantaytambo, Tiwanaku, Machu Picchu and, of course, Cusco.

Polygonal masonry is found at every turn in the historical part of Cusco

Cusco was the capital of the powerful Inca Empire, but even today there is a city in its place that is very popular among tourists. Cusco is very unique, largely thanks to the numerous architectural monuments that have been preserved here since the time of the Incas. In this ancient city and its surroundings there are many structures built using polygonal masonry, they are literally everywhere. In addition, in Cusco there are quite modern buildings that are built on ancient foundations, and they look simply amazing.

One of the streets in Cusco

According to the official version, the ancient Indians cut multi-ton stone blocks into the rocks and then transported them to the construction site. The blocks were of different sizes and arbitrary shapes, and already on site they were adjusted to each other so that there were tight joints between them. Well, over time, ancient builders learned to cut stone blocks of the correct geometric shape, and the labor-intensive technology of polygonal masonry gradually lost its popularity.

Ollantaytambo, Peru

But this version has quite a few critics. Skeptics point to the fact that next to high-quality polygonal masonry you can often find coarser and less precise stone masonry, which, in their opinion, was built by the Incas. The Indians simply took advantage of the high-quality foundation that was made by the previous civilization. There are a lot of examples of such buildings, and there are even those where signs of at least three different construction techniques are clearly visible.

Such buildings can be seen in the city of Cusco
The difference in wall laying technique is visible to the naked eye

Other researchers believe that such an unusual masonry could be obtained using mortars, similar to concrete technology. That is, the ancient builders constructed these free-form stones right on the spot, pouring in subsequent rows of blocks as they built the walls.

Some researchers went even further and suggested that such structures could have been built during the existence of an ancient civilization unknown to science, which had unique technologies. Despite all efforts, no other traces of this outstanding civilization could be found, and the walls with polygonal masonry are in no hurry to part with their secrets.

Examples of buildings from the times of Ancient Greece or the Middle Ages are often cited as other examples of polygonal masonry, but many of them are inferior in quality and craftsmanship to Peruvian masterpieces, which indicates the fundamentally different origins of these technologies.

Delphi, building from Ancient Greece. The polygonal masonry made by the ancient Greeks is very different in quality from the buildings in the Andes, and grass has long been growing between the joints.

But the structures with polygonal masonry, located on the mysterious Easter Island, are quite comparable to the fortresses and temples of the ancient inhabitants of Peru and Bolivia.

Example of polygonal masonry, Easter Island

Be that as it may, interest in these structures is only growing, and the number of versions of their origin is multiplying with each new expedition. The official version of historians is clearly not enough to explain such a strange building style, so more and more incredible hypotheses continue to appear - from alien intelligence and giant people to civilizations of gods with laser cutting technologies. Perhaps modern instruments or the latest analysis methods will help solve this mystery, which will finally answer the question of how ancient builders managed to build such high-quality walls from multi-ton blocks of absolutely incredible shapes.

For hundreds, and perhaps thousands of years, the mystery of dense polygonal masonry made of polygonal stones tormented the minds of many generations of scientific researchers. Well, tell me, how can you lay stone blocks so that there is no gap between them?!

“It must be said that although the Cyclopean buildings of the Incas are mentioned sporadically in the “new” myths characteristic of our time (unknown highly developed technology, space aliens, etc.), the plots in this case were not particularly widespread. The quarries where the Incas cut blocks and the routes along which the stones were transported to the sites are all too well known. The only persistent legend is that it is impossible to insert even a needle between the plates - they fit so tightly. Although there really are no gaps between the blocks now, the reason here lies not in careful fitting, but only in the natural deformation of the stone, which has filled all the cracks over time. Inca masonry as such is quite primitive: the blocks of the lower row were adjusted to the upper ones, using the method of trial and error.”

If this long book text of the Academy of Sciences is compressed to the “bottom line”, then the “scientific thought” will be as follows: “ The stone blocks themselves became compacted over time" Well, how can one not recall the words of an ancient Chinese sage in the 6th century BC? Lao Tzu: " Smart people are not learned; scientists are not smart».

Before telling how it all happened, it should be noted that the life of our ancestors was much more difficult. In those days, much knowledge had not yet been accumulated. People strained their minds more than other people's “scientific” memory. In everyday affairs, they used available simple materials, as they say, what “God sent - and we are happy about it.” And in the words of the 17th century French comedian Molière, “the pseudo-scientific nonsense of scientists in a robe and cap” could not overshadow the natural intelligence and ingenuity of people. But enough jokes about modern science...

But how did they achieve such perfection?

Let's remember ourselves. Have you ever, as a child, rolled large round lumps of wet snow and built a fortress or at least a snowman out of them? You placed the largest clods down and placed smaller ones on top of them, which were easier to lift. And to prevent the top ones from falling, you rub them slightly against each other, moving them back and forth.

Another example: take and make two dense snowballs that children play with, throwing them at each other, and rub them together. You will have a connection between the lumps without a gap. The same simple technology was used by ancient people when they worked with stones. If you pick up two stones and try to grind them together like snowballs, then, of course, you won’t succeed. Because the stone is much stronger than the pressure of your hands. But if a force of several tons is applied to the stones, then the process of hewing and grinding will proceed. The material of the blocks is finely crystalline limestone. One cubic meter of stone weighs 2.5-2.9 tons.

Now let’s take a close look at the pictures of ancient stone buildings, notice their external features and think about how it was all done.

Polygonal masonry

So, the first large block of stone is placed down, to which all the other blocks are sequentially, stone by stone, one by one, from bottom to top.

We selected the stones so that they fit a little (so as not to cut too much). The work of laying the stones had to be divided into three sequences.

First, you need to prepare the stone for hewing. To do this, small, strong hammer stones (the size of a large apple) were used to manually tap the stone block on two opposite sides. It was the most painstaking work. With each blow, only a small piece broke off from the block. It was necessary to make protrusions on the side faces, for which, like mounting loops, the stone block could be hooked with rope, or better yet, thick braided leather ropes. And hang it on either one or two wooden consoles. To do this, it was necessary to make a large “wooden swing” over the wall under construction. Which, during construction, moved along the wall, just as today a tower crane moves along the wall of a house.

The second phase consisted of the most important thing - the process of cutting stone. The phrase “stone cutters” has survived to this day, and in some places the profession still remains.

The stone block, swinging on a “swing”, was slowly lowered, over and over again with each pass removing layers of a millimeter or less from the lower and upper contact blocks. All protruding edges of the mating stones were ground down one by one. This is how the density of the stone blocks was achieved. Neighboring blocks became almost “monolithic”. It took several hours or even days to cut one stone on a swing.

To make the hewing process go faster, stone “weight” slabs (weights) could also be placed on top of the rocking stone. This weight simultaneously pulled out the slings and lowered the rocking stone a little at a time. To prevent the bottom stone from “fidgeting” when cutting, it was supported by spacer logs.

When the block, fitted with a plank, sat in its “nest,” the third operation began—finishing.

The third phase was a rough polishing of the exterior. The procedure is quite labor-intensive. Again, the mounting protrusions were removed manually with hammer stones and, by tapping on the seams between the stones, a “groove” was made along the joints of the connection. The stones acquired a convex, beautiful shape. You can see that the strict outer surface of the stones is dotted with small potholes from many impacts.

Blocks joined by hewn vertical slabs

Sometimes the mounting tabs for the slings were not cut down. Perhaps so that these stones could be lifted and moved to another place. Or they cut it down, but not everything completely. From the remains of the projections one can understand how the stone was suspended. Also, with flat stone slabs, they could swing them on a “swing” and hew the outer side of the wall, giving it the desired slope, while reducing the manual labor of the handlers.

Of course, no one swung the huge blocks at the base of the walls on a “swing”. The edges of these huge megaliths were ground individually using narrow, flat stone slabs, which were stacked on top of each other when the work was completed. After hewing and sanding, the entire structure of blocks and slabs was moved together.

Mounting tabs

In a similar way, large stone blocks suspended on a “swing” were hewn and polished for huge megalithic foundations in Egypt, Greece, the Mediterranean and Asia.

By processing (by the depth of the articulation arc) of stone blocks, you can determine the length of the slings on which the stone was swinging. If the joint was more horizontal, for example, used for polishing megaliths, it means that the slings were assembled not on one “hook”, but on two consoles, so that the heavy stone beam worked like a “plane”.

On a swing (a pendulum with a weight) they could also lift strong, special cutting configuration “cutting stones” to give the hewn stones any desired shape in a vertical plane or with lateral protrusions in a horizontal plane.

The material outlines a simple technology for strong and tight articulation of huge stone blocks during the construction of various structures (walls, pyramids, connections of megaliths in foundations, etc.), used thousands of years ago by ancient builders all over the world (South America, Asia, Africa, Europe) .

For hundreds, and maybe thousands of years, the mystery of dense polygonal (polygonal stones) masonry tormented the minds of many generations of researchers and scientists. - Well, tell me, how can you lay stone blocks so that there is no gap between them?

Modern scientific thought was powerless before the creations of the ancient builders. In order to maintain some authority in the eyes of the public, in 1991 the publication “Science” of the USSR Academy of Sciences published a book by a professor and doctor of historical sciences from St. Petersburg, Yu. Berezkin, “The Incas. Historical experience of the empire." Here is what Russian science writes: “It must be said that although the Cyclopean buildings of the Incas are mentioned sporadically in the “new” myths characteristic of our time (unknown highly developed technology, space aliens, etc.), the plots in this case were not particularly widespread. The quarries where the Incas cut blocks and the routes along which the stones were transported to the sites are all too well known. The only persistent legend is that it is impossible to insert even a needle between the plates - they fit so tightly. Although There really are no gaps between the blocks now, the reason here lies not in careful fitting, but simply in the natural deformation of the stone, which over time filled all the cracks. Inca masonry as such is quite primitive: the blocks of the lower row were adjusted to the upper ones, using the method of trial and error.”

If this long book “scientific” text of the Academy of Sciences is compressed to the “dry residue”, then the “scientific thought” will be as follows: “the stone blocks themselves compacted like this over time.” Well, how can one not recall the words of an ancient Chinese sage in the 6th century BC? Lao Tzu: “Smart people are not learned; scientists are not smart."

Before telling how it all happened, it should be noted that the life of our ancestors was much more difficult. In those days, much knowledge had not yet been accumulated. People strained their minds more than they relied on memory. In everyday affairs they used available simple materials. And modern, not uncommon: “Pseudo-scientific nonsense of scientists in a robe and cap” - 17th century, Molière- could not overshadow the natural intelligence and ingenuity of people. But enough jokes about modern “scientists”...

Still, how did people in ancient times achieve such perfection?

Let's remember ourselves as children.

Another example, take and make two dense snowballs that children play with, throwing them at each other - and rub them together. You will have a connection between the lumps without a gap. The same simple technology was used by ancient people when they worked with stones.

If you pick up two stones and try to grind them together like snowballs, then, of course, you won’t succeed. Because the stone is much stronger than the force applied by your hands. But, if you apply pressure of several tons (!) on the stones, then the process of hewing and grinding will go faster. The material of the Incas' stone blocks is fine-crystalline limestone. (One cubic meter of stone weighs 2.5 - 2.9 tons).

Now let’s take a close look at the pictures of ancient stone buildings, notice their external features and think about how it was all done...

So, the first large block of stone is placed down, to which all the other blocks are sequentially nailed, stone by stone, in order from bottom to top.

We selected the stones so that they fit a little (so as not to cut too much). The work of laying the stones had to be divided into three sequences.

First, you need to prepare the stone for hewing.

To do this, small, strong hammer stones (the size of a large apple) were used to manually tap the stone block on two opposite sides. It was the most painstaking work. With each blow, only a small piece broke off from the block. It had to be done protrusions on the side faces, for which (like mounting loops) a stone block could be hooked (with rope, or better yet with thick braided leather ropes) and hung either on one or two wooden consoles. To do this, it was necessary to make a large “wooden swing” over the wall under construction. Which, during construction, moved along the wall (as today a tower crane moves along the wall of a house under construction).

The second phase consisted of the most important thing - the process of cutting stone. The phrase “stone cutters” has survived to this day (and in some places this profession still exists).

A block of stone, fixed and suspended from the mounting lugs,

swinging on consoles - “swings”, they slowly lowered it.

Over and over again, with each pass, a millimeter (or less) layer was removed from the rubbing (lower and upper contact) blocks. All protruding edges of the mating stones were ground down one by one.

This is how the density of the stone blocks was achieved. The neighboring blocks became ground in and almost “monolithic”. It took several hours or even days to cut one stone on a swing.

In order for the hewing process to go faster, stone weight plates (“weights”) could also be placed on top of the rocking stone. This weight simultaneously pulled out the elastic leather slings and lowered the rocking stone a little bit at a time. To prevent the bottom stone from “fidgeting” when cutting, it was propped up with spacer logs. When the block, fitted with a plank, sat in its “nest,” then the third operation began—finishing the block.

The third phase was a rough polishing of the exterior.

Sometimes the mounting tabs for the slings were not cut down. Perhaps so that these stones (the wall) could be lifted and moved to another place. Or they cut it down, but not all of it. For example, in the pictures of polygonal masonry it can be seen that on other blocks the mounting projections were not completely cut down.

From the remains of the projections one can understand how the stone was suspended.

Also, with flat stone slabs, they could swing them on a “swing” and hew the outer side of the wall, giving it the desired slope, while significantly reducing the amount of manual labor of the handlers.

Of course, no one swung the huge blocks that were placed in the lower rows at the base of the walls on a “swing”.

The edges of these huge megaliths were ground individually using narrow, flat stone slabs. Some of them, upon completion of the hewing process, stacked each other on top of each other (see picture) - three, four flat slabs stand on top of each other between huge blocks. After sanding, the entire structure of hewn blocks and slabs was moved together.

In a similar way, large stone blocks suspended on a “swing” were hewn and polished for huge megalithic foundations in South America, Egypt, Greece, Baalbek, the Mediterranean countries and Asia.

- “The new is the well-forgotten old.” (Jacques Pesce, 1758-1830).

If the joint of the blocks is horizontal (when large megaliths were hewn at the base), it means that the slings of the slabs for hewing were assembled not on one “hook” (at one point), but on two different consoles. So that the heavy stone beam for the plank works not like a pendulum, but more like a large “plane”.

The mystery of dense masonry, which has troubled the minds of modern researchers for many years, I believe, has been discovered. But the skill of the ancient builders, who built majestic structures with their minds and hands, will remain a subject of admiration for all times.

Garmatyuk Vladimir