In this article, we have describeda list of recommendations for improving warehouse performance and maximizing profits.
Labour Organization
1. Appoint an effective manager. It must meet the following requirements:
- experience, knowledge of the nuances of warehouse logistics;
- confident user of PC and software for process automation;
- knowledge of all processes.
It is good if such an effective manager can "grow" himself from his employees. Is there no such possibility? Start searching on the side.
2. Keep track of your headcount. Do not exceed it without urgent need, but also do not go beyond the normalization of the working hours of employees in accordance with the current legislation.
3. When developing norms, local legal acts, be guided by the legislation: the Labor Code, SanPin Decrees, current intersectoral norms and rules, federal laws, recommendations of various departments. Conduct a workplace assessment.
4. Develop a clear organizational structure for staff. Over time, it can be upgraded and new structural units or staff units introduced.
5. Regulate the workflow so that the staff has clear instructions for action. Develop and implement:
- Regulations on the warehouse (this will be your foundation of the foundations - the Constitution of the warehouse);
- regulations describing the processes of acceptance, movement, storage, release, return, picking, write-off;
- draw up a flow chart for each process;
- official, work instructions;
- instructions on labor protection, fire and electrical safety.
Keep track of the validity of the developed documentation.
6. Keep track of the separation of labor and technology resources. They must be evenly distributed. The situation when one part of the warehouse is idle, and the second is worn out is unacceptable!
7. Transfer workers to piece-bonus pay.
8. Pay salaries based on performance indicators (KTR). Consider no more than 10 indicators, otherwise their inclusion will lead to even greater costs. You can limit yourself to taking into account such indicators:
The volume of shipped products;
- speed of shipment;
- quality indicators (lack of battle, marriage, accuracy of design).
9. Organize workplaces, equip them with everything necessary for the performance of job duties. Place the offices of immediate supervisors as close as possible to the work areas of subordinates.
10. Follow the labor market in the field of warehouse logistics, track the level of employment and changes in salaries.
Unloading and receiving
11. Before unloading the car, it is necessary to verify the seal numbers with those indicated in the accompanying documents. Check their integrity, correct sealing. Inspect the vehicle for a malfunction (torn awning, broken lacing).
12. Develop regulations that determine the procedure for unloading vehicles if they arrived at the same time. Make a decision on the priority based on the specifics of the arrived products, their quantity. First of all, it is advisable to unload items that will not be stored, but will go immediately for assembly and shipment to the customer.
13. Unloading should be carried out rationally in accordance with the developed technological schemes. It is advisable to carry out unloading with the simultaneous entry of goods into the register and control in terms of quantity and quality.
14. Only one item of goods may be placed on a pallet. Avoid mixing and sorting. You can set a rule that different items can be stored on one pallet, but at the same time, if they are sent to the same zone. Arrange packages so labels are easy to read.
15. Pallets (pallets, stacks) used for storage must be stable, serviceable, ensure the integrity of the goods when moving. For the safety of products, it is necessary to carry out its "palletization" - wrap 2-3 upper rows with several layers of stretch film.
16. Unloading should be carried out as quickly as possible by the best workers.
17. Unload and take into storage on the day of arrival.
18. Check compliance with the quantity indicated in the waybill by:
- partial or full weighing;
- recalculation of units in the package;
- recalculation of the number of packages.
Be sure to open all suspicious, damaged packages to check the safety of the attachments.
19. An effective method to increase the speed of unloading and registration is to assign certain categories to suppliers: "super reliable", "reliable", "requiring verification", etc. It is not necessary to check the cargo from an ultra-reliable supplier. A "reliable" supplier needs to check no more than 30% of the scope of supply. Shipment from a supplier that "requires verification" is checked thoroughly.
20. In case of shortage, surplus, regrading, marriage and other claims, draw up an act. You can use the unified form TORG-2, developed by the State Statistics Committee, but it is very cumbersome. The law allows you to use your own approved form of the act.
Storage
21. Each category of goods must have its own zone. And separate or so-called "virtual" warehouses should be created. For example, a warehouse "in the zone of long-term storage" or a warehouse "in the zone of waiting for shipment." Thus, you will always know how the goods move inside the "physical" (main) warehouse.
22. Inside the allocated area, a place (box, shelf, pallet, rack) should be allocated for a certain article.
23. Frequently requested items should be readily available. Such positions should be placed as close as possible to the shipping area. To determine the demand, use the ABC analysis or a special technique for the percentage of circulation.
24. Sometimes the "demand rule" has exceptions: it is better to store bulky goods, regardless of demand, near the shipping area. It is advisable to store products of great value in the back of the room.
25. Determine the categories of goods for statistical storage - in allocated places, and for dynamic storage - place in free places at the time of its receipt. Designate staff responsible for organizing accommodation.
26. Do not store goods on the floor! Use pallets of the same standard 800x1200, 1000x1200 or any other size.
27. Transfer the goods for storage with the utmost care. Inspect it daily for integrity.
28. Enter the rule "3 steps" for a quick search: 1st step - sort the product into groups. The staff will remember the storage location of this group.
29. 2nd step - address storage (the product in quantity "x" is stored in department "A", on rack "B", on shelf "1", in cell "11"). Enter the information into the accounting system. Make labels in different colors. The color will help in identification.
30. 3rd step - the introduction of an automated accounting system, the use of bar codes, bar codes, digital codes, electronic tags. This method helps to get the job done quickly and efficiently, but has disadvantages:
- high price;
- strict regulation of all actions;
- only zoned storage;
- good software;
- personnel must be trained in the use of the system.
Packing and shipment
31. Never release cargo without accompanying documents. EKAM allows you to generate waybills, invoices, TORG-12 and many other documents.
32. Develop picking routes, set deadlines for the preparation of supporting documents.
33. Set the time for receiving applications from customers: for example, applications submitted after 16:00 are processed the next day, applications submitted before 12:00 are processed on the same day after 15:00, etc. Appoint an official who will be authorized to make a decision on changing the regulations on the time of picking.
34. Determine priority items for shipment. This:
- orders that will be delivered to the customer earlier;
- orders for the last unloading point of the carrier vehicle.
35. It is wise to use a combination of two picking methods:
- individual, when the required amount of goods for one order is withdrawn from the departments;
- complex, when a product that is present in several orders is withdrawn.
Assign a worker to decide on the picking method.
36. Place the completed goods in a container, container, put on a separate pallet, wrap with foil. Label with customer name, delivery address.
37. Start a "Packing Log", where each employee responsible for order picking will put his signature.
38. Inspect the vehicle for suitability for the load being carried. Avoid shipment to inappropriate transport.
39. Do not exceed the permitted carrying capacity of the vehicle, axle load.
40. Avoid bulk loading or stacking heavy goods on top of light goods. If the product is damaged during shipment, then immediately replace it - a return from the client is inevitable, but it will cost more. Upon completion of loading, we seal the vehicle in accordance with the established regulations.
Warehouse zoning
41. Determine which premises you need based on the picture:
42. Divide the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe room into zones.
34. The area of each zone must be used with maximum benefit, then it may turn out that part of the premises can be rented out.
44. Do not allow the storage area to be extended to other departments.
45. Use a scientific approach to calculate the required space for each zone. The calculation is based on the indicators of cargo turnover and inventory turnover.
46. Create a zone of "marriage", put there products that do not meet the established requirements. It is advisable to visually fence it off.
47. Let the manager submit a monthly report on products in the "defective" zone with a proposal for decisions on its further use.
48. Take measures to reduce the number of marriages:
- price drop;
- bonuses for sales managers;
- promotions, sales;
- return to the manufacturer;
- repair, restoration;
- selling to their employees;
- charity events;
- disposal.
49. The presence of passages and passages inside the warehouse is mandatory!
50. Administrative and amenity premises should be in sufficient quantity: toilets, showers, changing rooms, rest rooms. The optimal rate is 3 square meters. meters per person.
Warehouse order
51. Even with a significant shortage of space, leave passages of at least 50 cm along the walls, this will make it possible to bypass the warehouse around the perimeter for inspection and during cleaning.
52. If there is not enough space, then consider the possibility of additional shelves on racks, extensions of mezzanines from above. Or maybe reduce the space between the shelves?
53. Do not store foreign items in the warehouse.
54. Use a modern lighting system. Paint the ceiling in a light color - this enhances the luminous flux.
55. Create a lighting system that will only illuminate the parts that need to be lit at the moment. This will significantly reduce energy costs.
56. Use the principles of ergonomics: walls, ceilings of light color will visually increase the space. Highlight traumatic areas with bright colors.
57. Mark the floor for the movement of equipment. Designate the places of its parking.
58. Equip the warehouse with warning signs, information plates. Be sure to hang up a safety information board.
59. Keep clean. Carry out systematic cleaning, deratization. Monitor the health of all systems: sewerage, ventilation, air conditioning.
60. Keep in mind that your warehouse will be known far beyond your region - carriers are willing to share information about working conditions.
Warehouse equipment
61. Loading and unloading equipment is very expensive. The calculation of its required amount is best done according to the well-known Gadzhinsky method. It is important to correctly calculate the stock indicator: when a certain number of carts during unloading can be supplemented with idle ones from the neighboring department.
62. Each piece of equipment must be assigned to a specific person - individual responsibility greatly increases its service life.
63. The technical department should have everything necessary for maintenance: brushes, rags, a vacuum cleaner, buckets. Materials for lubrication and maintenance should also be available and located in the technical department.
64. Please note that employees working with complex equipment are required to undergo training. To conduct training, it is necessary to conclude a contract with a training organization.
65. Has the warranty expired? Conduct an inspection on the basis of which make a decision on the advisability of further use, sale, purchase of new equipment.
66. Try to buy from one manufacturer. Spare parts from decommissioned equipment are suitable for repair.
67. Entry of equipment into a wagon or vehicle body - justified. Use overpasses, adjusting bridges for this.
68. When choosing a manufacturer, consider:
- cost, terms of payment;
- lifetime;
- reviews of other buyers;
- specifications;
- how service is organized.
69. On a level floor, use polyurethane coated wheels. With uneven, earthen floor, asphalt coating - rubber wheels or nylon rollers.
70. Buy 80% of pallet trucks with two rollers - for work along the entire length of the pallet. 20% of trolleys with one roller - for working with a pallet on the side, is enough.
Cost reduction, optimal budgeting
71. Manage the cost of operations, which is calculated as the dependence of handling costs on cargo turnover over a period of time. Cost data will allow you to see ways to optimize technological processes.
72. Make the cost price the main motivation of the management staff: the lower it is, the more bonuses.
73. If possible, determine the cost of each operation - this will help identify and eliminate unnecessary, non-profitable ones.
74. Introduce IT technologies and lean principles to reduce costs.
75. Reduce the number of manual operations with the movement of the load to the minimum possible. Labor productivity will increase - costs will decrease.
76. Increase the level of staff training. Create a flexible motivation system.
77. Approve standards for consumables. Review them periodically.
78. Make a budget in advance - this will allow you to spend money efficiently.
79. Give the manager some financial independence: let him decide issues with the priority of payments.
80. Remember! The warehouse does not spend money, it earns it! There are many ways:
Safety of material assets
81. Sign an agreement on liability with each employee.
82. Require personnel to strictly comply with established rules, norms, and regulations.
83. Do not allow the presence of a "peak" load on the warehouse, this leads to a different result on the fact and documentation.
84. Employees should be aware that losses are covered from the company's net income.
85. Do not punish anyone financially without establishing the causes and conditions of shortage (spoilage of products).
86. Eliminate the possibility of theft of goods, the presence of strangers.
87. Special control is required for shipping areas - 90% of thefts occur here.
88. Pay staff salaries on time.
89. Periodically check employees for alcohol intoxication, drug addiction.
90. Use modern security systems, or at least their dummies.
Inventory
91. Regulate the inventory procedure. Clearly define goals and deadlines. Inventory goals can be:
- identifying discrepancies between documentary and actual data;
- improving the efficiency of inventory management;
- improving the level of service and more.
92. The inventory is announced by order, which determines the date of the event, the composition of the commission, goals, participants.
93. Before the procedure, stop the movement of products in and out of the warehouse.
94. Have employees prepare the warehouse for the event.
95. The most competent employees of the warehouse should take part in the inventory.
96. Conduct a complete inventory once a year, periodically - monthly or weekly. Analyze data from previous checks.
97. Occasionally conduct unscheduled inventories to test the performance of the manager.
98. Use different methods: by geography, manufacturer, product group, etc.
99. Removing residues is the task of responsible people! Get it done.
100. The results of the inventory are drawn up in an act, all financially responsible employees put their signatures.
Warehouse logistics is a complex system that plays a crucial role in the supply chain. This area is multifaceted and diverse, there is always room for improvement, efficiency and profitability.
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Privacy agreement
and processing of personal data
1. General Provisions
1.1. This agreement on confidentiality and processing of personal data (hereinafter referred to as the Agreement) is accepted freely and by its own will, applies to all information that Insales Rus LLC and / or its affiliates, including all persons belonging to the same group with LLC "Insales Rus" (including "EKAM Service" LLC) can obtain about the User during the use of any of the sites, services, services, computer programs, products or services of "Insales Rus" LLC (hereinafter referred to as the "Services") and in during the execution of Insales Rus LLC of any agreements and contracts with the User. The User's consent to the Agreement, expressed by him in the framework of relations with one of the listed persons, applies to all other listed persons.
1.2. The use of the Services means the User's consent to this Agreement and the conditions specified therein; in case of disagreement with these conditions, the User must refrain from using the Services.
"Insales"- Limited Liability Company "Insales Rus", PSRN 1117746506514, TIN 7714843760, KPP 771401001, registered at the address: 125319, Moscow, Akademika Ilyushin St., 4, building 1, office 11 (hereinafter referred to as "Insales" ), on the one hand, and
"User" -
or an individual who has legal capacity and is recognized as a participant in civil legal relations in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;
or a legal entity registered in accordance with the laws of the state of which such entity is a resident;
or an individual entrepreneur registered in accordance with the legislation of the state of which such person is a resident;
which has accepted the terms of this Agreement.
1.4. For the purposes of this Agreement, the Parties have determined that confidential information is information of any nature (production, technical, economic, organizational and others), including the results of intellectual activity, as well as information about the methods of carrying out professional activities (including, but not limited to: information about products, works and services; information about technologies and research works; data on technical systems and equipment, including software elements; business forecasts and information about proposed purchases; requirements and specifications of specific partners and potential partners; information, relating to intellectual property, as well as plans and technologies related to all of the above) communicated by one party to the other party in written and / or electronic form, expressly designated by the Party as its confidential information.
1.5. The purpose of this Agreement is to protect confidential information that the Parties will exchange during negotiations, conclusion of contracts and fulfillment of obligations, as well as any other interaction (including, but not limited to, consulting, requesting and providing information, and performing other assignments).
2.Obligations of the Parties
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2.3. The obligation to keep secret confidential information is valid within the term of this Agreement, the license agreement for computer programs dated December 01, 2016, the agreement of accession to the license agreement for computer programs, agency and other agreements and for five years after termination their actions, unless otherwise agreed by the Parties.
(a) if the information provided has become publicly available without violating the obligations of one of the Parties;
(b) if the information provided became known to the Party as a result of its own research, systematic observations or other activities carried out without the use of confidential information received from the other Party;
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(d) if the information is provided at the written request of a public authority, other state authority, or local government in order to perform their functions, and its disclosure to these authorities is mandatory for the Party. In this case, the Party must immediately notify the other Party of the request received;
(e) if the information is provided to a third party with the consent of the Party about which the information is being transferred.
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2.6. The information that the User provides to Insales when registering in the Services is not personal data, as defined in the Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 152-FZ of July 27, 2006. "About personal data".
2.7. Insales has the right to make changes to this Agreement. When making changes in the current version, the date of the last update is indicated. The new version of the Agreement comes into force from the moment of its placement, unless otherwise provided by the new version of the Agreement.
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The user has the right to refuse to receive the above information by notifying in writing to the e-mail address Insales - .
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2.10. The user is aware that the equipment and software used by him to visit sites on the Internet may have the function of prohibiting operations with cookies (for any sites or for certain sites), as well as deleting previously received cookies.
Insales has the right to determine that the provision of a certain Service is possible only if the acceptance and receipt of cookies is allowed by the User.
2.11. The user is solely responsible for the security of the means chosen by him to access the account, and also independently ensures their confidentiality. The User is solely responsible for all actions (as well as their consequences) within or using the Services under the User's account, including cases of voluntary transfer by the User of data to access the User's account to third parties under any conditions (including under contracts or agreements) . At the same time, all actions within or using the Services under the User's account are considered to be performed by the User himself, except for cases when the User notified Insales of unauthorized access to the Services using the User's account and / or any violation (suspicions of violation) of the confidentiality of their account access.
2.12. The User is obliged to immediately notify Insales of any case of unauthorized (not authorized by the User) access to the Services using the User's account and / or any violation (suspicion of violation) of the confidentiality of their means of access to the account. For security purposes, the User is obliged to independently carry out a safe shutdown of work under his account at the end of each session of work with the Services. Insales is not responsible for the possible loss or corruption of data, as well as other consequences of any nature that may occur due to the violation by the User of the provisions of this part of the Agreement.
3. Responsibility of the Parties
3.1. The Party that violated the obligations stipulated by the Agreement regarding the protection of confidential information transmitted under the Agreement is obliged to compensate, at the request of the affected Party, the real damage caused by such a violation of the terms of the Agreement in accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation.
3.2. Compensation for damages does not terminate the obligations of the violating Party for the proper performance of obligations under the Agreement.
4.Other provisions
4.1. All notices, requests, demands and other correspondence under this Agreement, including those including confidential information, must be made in writing and delivered personally or through a courier, or sent by e-mail to the addresses specified in the license agreement for computer programs dated 12/01/2016, the agreement of accession to the license agreement for computer programs and in this Agreement or other addresses that may be further specified in writing by the Party.
4.2. If one or more provisions (conditions) of this Agreement are or become invalid, then this cannot serve as a reason for the termination of other provisions (conditions).
4.3. The law of the Russian Federation shall apply to this Agreement and the relationship between the User and Insales arising in connection with the application of the Agreement.
4.3. The User has the right to send all suggestions or questions regarding this Agreement to the Insales User Support Service or to the postal address: 107078, Moscow, st. Novoryazanskaya, 18, pp. 11-12 BC "Stendhal" LLC "Insales Rus".
Publication date: 01.12.2016
Full name in Russian:
Limited Liability Company "Insales Rus"
Abbreviated name in Russian:
Insales Rus LLC
Name in English:
InSales Rus Limited Liability Company (InSales Rus LLC)
Legal address:
125319, Moscow, st. Academician Ilyushin, 4, building 1, office 11
Mailing address:
107078, Moscow, st. Novoryazanskaya, 18, building 11-12, BC "Stendhal"
TIN: 7714843760 KPP: 771401001
Bank details:
The main purpose of warehouses is the accumulation, storage and transformation of cargo traffic, the assembly of goods in accordance with the requests of buyers and their release to the retail network fully prepared for sale.
To carry out the above operations with minimal labor and material costs and efficient use of warehouses, warehouse non-mechanical equipment is required. The technology of warehousing and processing goods with different physical characteristics requires the use of a wide range of warehouse equipment, which is classified according to different criteria.
Warehouse equipment is divided by purpose.
For storage of packaged goods;
For storage of bulk and bulk cargoes;
For storage of bulk cargoes;
by types of containers:
closed;
Semi-closed;
open;
by design:
Shelving;
Pallets (stack or rack storage);
Containers;
Special devices;
according to the material of manufacture:
metal;
plastic;
Wooden;
Combined.
Equipment for storing goods in warehouses should correspond to the size of the warehouse and contribute to the most complete use of the area and volume of warehouse space. The design of the warehouse must be reliable enough to withstand loads and maintain its operational properties for a long time, convenient for stacking and dispensing goods, adapted for the use of machines and mechanisms that allow maximum mechanization of warehouse operations.
Equipment for storage of packaged cargo. In modern warehouses, two methods of warehousing of packaged goods are used: shelving and stacking.
Racks and pallets are used to store goods.
Racks are the main modular equipment of general warehouses used for stacking and storing goods (Fig. 2.27).
Previously, shelving was mainly made of wood. Currently, metal racks are mainly used, as they are stronger, more durable, withstand heavy loads and are safe in terms of fire.
Racks made of bent perforated profiles are in great demand, which allow to reduce weight, reduce metal consumption, speed up the installation of structures without welding and without the use of any additional fasteners.
Special connections allow you to easily and quickly change the configuration of the shelving system, install additional shelves and, if necessary, add additional shelving to existing ones without using any tools.
Recently, both foreign and Russian firms, in order to protect the metal surfaces of racks and give them greater strength, use plasticized enamels or powder coating by heat treatment in special furnaces. These racks last much longer.
Sometimes in small warehouses combined racks are used, where the main frame is made of a metal profile, and the shelves are made of chipboard.
Depending on the purpose, racks can be universal and special.
Universal racks are designed to store a variety of food and non-food products in industrial containers, as well as goods on pallets. Universal racks are made stationary (fixed on a solid foundation) and mobile, that is, equipped with frames with wheels and capable of moving along rails specially installed for them. There are also racks with a mechanical or electric drive. Universal collapsible racks are widely used, which are divided into shelf, cellular, frame (shelfless), box.
Rice. Shelving
1 - frame; 2 - checkpoint; 3 - console;
4 - mechanical; 5 - gravity; 6-
a fragment of a roller table; 7 - paternoster; 8 - box
Shelf racks are several rows of horizontal cages with flooring, mounted on the frame of the rack. They store goods in containers and packaging or stacked on pallets.
Quick-release universal shelving racks allow you to maximize the use of storage space
They have a shelf shifting step of 25 mm, a shelf load of up to 300 kg, a rack height of up to 4 m, the shelves have a length of 750 to 1300 mm and a width of 300 to 900 mm.
Frame racks consist of a vertical frame and a horizontal crate. They are designed for storing goods exclusively on pallets or in special containers using mechanization.
For the storage of large quantities of goods of a limited range, pass-through (through) racks are used, which consist of a frame in the form of vertical racks interconnected by horizontal ties. Narrow consoles are mounted on vertical racks along the entire length at the same level, which form cells arranged in horizontal rows in several tiers. The rack is loaded from one side and unloaded from the other.
Drawer rack - stable rack with modular drawers and a dividing wall. It is widely used for warehousing and storage of small-piece goods. Withstands high loads, easy to install. Its dimensions: 1300x1030x405 mm.
Special racks are intended, as a rule, for the storage of strictly defined goods (sewing products on a coat hanger) or goods that have specific shapes and sizes (high-quality iron, pipes, carpets, linoleum, etc.) They are also used when storing the same type of container piece cargo. By design, special racks are divided into cantilever, mechanical and gravity.
Console racks are metal racks with consoles mounted on vertical frames with a base. Such racks are used for storing high-quality metal, pipes and building materials. They can be stationary and mobile.
Mechanical racks are used only for storing coats, suits, raincoats, jackets and other garments on hangers.
Gravity racks consist of metal frames, cargo shelves, the bases of which are roller tables. Cargo shelves of racks have a slope of 3-5°. These racks are designed for warehousing and storage of the same type of piece goods and goods stacked on pallets, as well as packed in boxes and barrels. The maximum weight of one pallet is 1200 kg; maximum rack height - 9m. The loads laid on such a rack move along the roller tables under the action of their own gravity due to the slope of the rack flooring. The advantages of gravity racks are the efficient use of space and volume of the warehouse.
In recent years, paternosters have appeared - mechanized racks for carpets and linoleum.
Rack storage of goods on pallets creates conditions for the widespread use of lifting and transport mechanisms and daily operational accounting of goods. Shelving systems for euro pallets make it possible to make the most of the warehouse space. Step of rearrangement of shelves - 50 mm; height of racks - up to 12 m; load per shelf - up to 450 kg. The length of the shelves, depending on the way the pallets are arranged, can be 1400, 1800, 2200, 2700 and 3600 mm.
Stacking is used when storing various food and non-food products packed in bags, bales, boxes, barrels, rack pallets.
When forming a stack, it is necessary to ensure that it is stable, meets certain standards in terms of height and number of tiers, and its size and configuration do not interfere with free access to goods. The height of the stack depends on the properties of the goods, the strength of the packaging, the possibility of mechanization, the permissible maximum load per 1 sq. m of floor, height of warehouses.
There are three ways of stacking goods: straight, cross and reverse.
With direct stacking, the container with the goods is installed exactly one above the other. This method is used when stacking boxes. To increase the stability of the stack, direct pyramidal stacking can be used, in which in each upper row the number of packed places is reduced by one and each place located in the upper row rests on the two lower ones; this way of laying is convenient when stacking barrels.
Cross stacking is used for boxes of various sizes. In this case, the boxes of the upper tier are laid across the boxes of the lower one.
Goods packed in bags are stacked backwards. With this method, each next row of bags is placed on the two previous ones, but in the opposite direction.
When stacking goods in stacks, it is necessary to ensure that intensive air circulation is provided in the warehouse and the necessary humidity is maintained. For this purpose, the stacks must be at least 0.5 m from the outer wall and 1.5 m from the heaters. Between stacks there should be passages 1.5 m wide.
The most efficient is stacked storage of goods stacked on pallets.
From the goods stacked on pallets, cargo packages are formed that are identical in shape and volume, regardless of the size of a single consumer package, which makes it possible to use electric forklifts with lifting forks, stackers and other handling machines to move them. In this case, pallets play the role of equipment not only for storing goods in warehouses, but also for transporting goods by various modes of transport: air, rail, road and water.
Depending on the design, pallets are divided into: flat, rack and box (Fig. 2.28).
Rice. Pallets:
1 - flat wooden; 2 - rack; 3 - box; 4 - box folded
Flat pallets are made with one or two decks. A single-deck pallet has only a loading platform (solid or slatted) and rests on the floor with bars across the entire width or racks at the corners, a double-deck pallet has a loading and support platform. In the manufacture of pallets, timber and metal are used. Wooden pallets are fastened with ordinary nails, wire staples, screws, bolts. Bolt fastening is the most reliable. Flat pallets are used for transportation and transportation of packaged and packaged goods.
According to the method of capture by a forklift, pallets are divided into two-way and four-way. A four-way pallet with a size of 800x1200 mm and a maximum load capacity of 1 t is adopted as a standard for all sectors of the economy.
Rack pallets differ from flat pallets in that they have racks that allow stacking of pallets and are designed for packaging and storage of easily damaged piece goods (goods in cardboard boxes, foil, paper, etc.). Pallet racks can be permanent or removable.
Rack pallets are used for mechanized movement, loading, unloading and storage of small and easily damaged goods.
Packages with cargo formed on rack pallets are stacked in a warehouse in 3-5 tiers or installed in rack cells.
Box pallets are used for small-piece and easily damaged goods that cannot be stacked on flat or rack-mounted pallets (rolls, bundles, etc.). Box pallets are made in the form of a box, the base of which is a flat bottom. The walls of such pallets can be removable and non-removable (non-separable).
In order to save storage space when storing empty pallets, as well as to effectively use the volume of the vehicle body when exporting containers, rack and box pallets are made folding.
The main types, dimensions (mm) and load capacity of pallets are as follows:
flat (800x1200x144, 1000x1200x144) - 1-2 t;
rack-mounted (800x1200x1740; 100x1200x1150) - 0.5-2 t;
box (835x1200x930; 100x1200x1150) - 0.5-2 t.
In addition to wooden and metal pallets, they also produce plastic ones.
There are two types of plastic pallets: flat, single-plated, four-way and box. The advantages of such pallets are: beautiful appearance, low weight with the same load capacity, smooth surface without sharp corners, no special painting required. Disadvantages - high cost, fragility, complexity of repair.
Currently, there are special cabinet folding pallets for transporting heavy materials (bearings, hardware). Both short sides have fold-down top halves for easy picking when stacking and stacking on shelves. For cabinet and border pallets of mesh or full-wall folding construction, the folding half is made only on one long side. Mesh pallets also have meshes only on long walls. Their short side is made of reinforced sheet metal. Pallets are designed to handle both light goods and heavy materials.
Equipment for storage of bulk and bulk cargoes. For bulk and bulk cargo, special warehouses are arranged. Most bulk cargoes (coal, sand, crushed stone) are stored in an open storage area, and cargoes that deteriorate under the influence of precipitation (cake, fertilizers, table salt, root crops) are stored indoors.
Bulk cargo also includes cereals (wheat, barley), legumes (peas, beans), oilseeds (seeds) and products of their processing, transported and stored unpackaged. Points through which a large amount of grain passes and where it is stored are called elevators. In trade, storage of grain is carried out in general and special warehouses.
The equipment of warehouses for storage of bulk and bulk cargoes includes bunkers, bins, fencing panels.
The bunker is a specially equipped stationary or mobile container for bulk and bulk cargoes. According to the material of manufacture, bunkers are wooden, metal and reinforced concrete, and in shape - rectangular, round and conical. Each bunker has loading devices at the top, and a spill hatch with a blockage at the bottom. The capacity of bunker devices is different - from 20 to 100 m and more.
A bin is a special place in a warehouse fenced off by a vertical partition for filling bulk and bulk goods. Sometimes bins are arranged with internal partitions that form separate cells.
Large receptacles in the form of boxes, which are used to load bulk and bulk cargo, are also referred to as bins. Reinforced concrete and wooden bins are most widely used in warehouses.
In order to save storage space by increasing the height of the layer of stored goods, fencing panels are used. Wooden or concrete shields are used both in open storage areas and indoors.
Liquid cargo storage equipment. Tanks, specialized containers, vats, barrels are used to store bulk cargoes (vegetable oils, petroleum products, etc.) in warehouses.
A reservoir is a container for liquid goods in the form of tanks, cans, tanks. For the storage of dark oil products (diesel fuel), concrete, stone or reinforced concrete ground and semi-underground tanks with flat or conical lids are arranged, and for light oil products - steel welded tanks of various shapes and capacities from 5 to 100 m 3. They are equipped with hatches for measuring, repair, devices for filling and draining oil products and draining water, a valve for releasing the mixture.
Reservoirs for storing petroleum products are installed in open areas of warehouses.
For the storage of vegetable oils, steel tanks are used, the filling into and discharge from them is carried out by gravity or with the help of stationary or mobile pumping stations. Tanks for storing oils are located under a canopy, in basements and semi-basements, above bottling, packaging and adjacent warehouses for storing oils in containers.
Specialized containers are used for short-term storage in warehouses of certain types of products (for example, vegetables). They can be of various systems, closed, with a hatch in the lid, bottom or in the walls. The use of such containers is economically advantageous. These containers are one of the types of special containers designed for mechanization and simplification of operations related to the storage and transportation of cargo, taking into account its specific properties. The mass of such containers is from 30 kg to 1.25 tons.
Currently, for the storage and transportation of liquid and bulk cargoes, soft elastic containers with a capacity of 0.2 to 10 m 3 are often used. They are characterized by high tensile strength, wear resistance and low weight. Empty flexible containers are transported folded.
Equipment for storage of goods.
The equipment of this group is divided into the following subgroups:
- -- for stacking and storage of packaged products;
- -- for storage of bulk and bulk products;
- - for storage of bulk products.
Racks and pallets are widely used for packing and storage of packaged goods.
Racks by appointment are divided into universal and special. Universal racks are used to store various food products in containers or on pallets. Special racks are used to store certain goods.
Pallets are devices designed for forming cargo packages, stacking and transporting products. They are universal in their use. The use of pallets in warehouses creates the necessary conditions for the complex mechanization of loading and unloading and inside warehouse operations, reducing labor costs, more efficient use of space and storage capacity.
Storage of bulk and bulk products (salt, granulated sugar, etc.) is carried out in bunker devices and bins.
Bunker devices are specially equipped receptacles for temporary storage of bulk and bulk cargoes. They can have a capacity from 20 to 100 cubic meters. m or more. Bins - places fenced off by a vertical partition for pouring bulk products. They may have cells formed by internal partitions.
Liquid cargoes (vegetable oils, milk, etc.) are stored in tanks (tanks), as well as in barrels, cans. Tanks are usually made from steel. They can have a capacity of 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100 cubic meters. m, equipped with hatches for measurements, cleaning and repair, as well as devices for draining and filling products and for air release.
For the storage and transportation of liquid cargo, specialized vehicles and containers with a gross weight of 30, 20, 10, 5 and 1.25 tons can be used. Their use is economically beneficial, as it allows the maximum mechanization and simplification of operations related to the storage and transportation of liquid cargo.
Handling equipment. The use of handling equipment in the warehouse technological process facilitates heavy and labor-intensive work, speeds up loading and unloading operations, and reduces transport downtime.
Handling equipment is classified according to the following main features:
- -- functional purpose;
- - the principle of periodicity of action;
- - the type of cargo being processed;
- -- drive types;
- - the degree of mechanization of labor.
According to the functional purpose, the equipment is divided into three groups:
- -- lifting machines and mechanisms;
- -- transporting machines and devices;
- - loading and unloading machines, autocars.
Lifting machines and mechanisms include cranes, freight elevators, winches and electric hoists.
Cranes are designed to move loads in vertical and horizontal directions.
Freight elevators are intermittent lifting devices for lifting and lowering products. Their carrying capacity is from 150 kg to 5 tons.
Winches are used for vertical (hoisting winches) and horizontal (traction winches) movement of goods, they are available with manual and electric drives. They can have pulling forces up to 1 ton.
An electric hoist is a mechanism with an electric drive for vertical and horizontal movement of a load suspended on a hook. Horizontal movement is carried out along the overhead single-rail track. It is controlled by a push-button mechanism, it has a load capacity of 0.5 and 1 t and is designed for lifting heights from 4 to 100 m.
Transport machines and devices include conveyors, gravity devices, cargo transport carts, electric tractors and electric cars.
Conveyors (conveyors) - transporting machines of continuous action. Depending on the design features, they are tape, plate and roller. Are applied to horizontal and slightly inclined movement of loose and piece cargoes.
Gravity devices include gravity conveyors and vertical descents. The load with the help of these devices moves under the influence of its own gravity.
Cargo transport trolleys are used for horizontal and slightly inclined movement of goods. They are electric and manual. Electric trolleys are used to move goods over a distance of up to 1 km. Hand trucks are produced on three four wheels, their carrying capacity is up to I tons. Cargo transport carts with a carrying capacity of up to 50 kg are used to move individual lightweight loads.
Stacker trolleys with a manual hydraulic drive for lifting cargo allow for multi-tiered storage, stacking in racks and movement of goods in industrial containers. Carts may have a lifting platform or lifting forks.
Electric tractors are used for horizontal movement of trailers and container-equipment on wheels. The total weight of transported goods is up to 1500 kg.
Loading and unloading machines - forklifts and stackers - are designed to perform loading and unloading operations, inside the warehouse movement and warehousing of goods. Forklifts are divided into electric forklifts and forklifts.
Electric forklifts are floor-mounted trackless electrified vehicles driven by an electric motor powered by batteries. Their main working body is the pitchfork, which serves to pick up the load, lift it, transport it and stack it. They are produced with a carrying capacity from 0.5 to 5 tons, the height of the load is from 2.0 to 5.6 m. Electric forklifts are highly maneuverable.
Auto-loaders are driven by an internal combustion engine, and therefore are used to perform loading and unloading operations in open areas.
Their carrying capacity is from 3.2 to 10 tons, the height of the load is up to 8.2 m.
Electric stackers also belong to floor trackless vehicles. They are used to carry out warehouse work in enclosed spaces with a hard and even floor covering. They are used to work in cramped conditions when stacking goods in high tiers of racks. Their carrying capacity is 0.8; 1.0; 1.25; 1.6 and 2 t.
When equipping warehouses with handling equipment, the following are taken into account: arrangement of warehouses; range and dimensions of products to be processed; volume of loading and unloading and storage works; mechanism performance; warehouse operation mode.
Weight-measuring and packing equipment.
Depending on the design, the scales used in warehouses are divided as follows:
- - weight-bearing;
- - scale;
- - scale-weight;
- - dial;
- - semi-automatic;
- -- automatic.
In addition, scales are divided into the following varieties:
- - wagons;
- - automobile;
- - crane;
- -- commodity (platform);
- - desktop (ordinary, dial, electronic). To equip warehouses, mobile and stationary platform scales are most often used.
For weighing loads weighing from 50 kg to 3 tons, mobile floor scales are used.
On scale-weight scales, the mass of the load is determined by summing the mass values of the overhead weights and the scale readings. They are inefficient. To determine the mass of goods, it is necessary to make a calculation. However, they are simple in design, reliable and have a relatively low cost.
Easy-to-use scale and dial scales. Scales platform stationary are intended for weighing of freights of the big weight. Their mechanism is mounted on a special foundation. At the same time, for weighing goods with a car, truck scales with the largest weighing limits of 10, 15, 30, 60, 100 and 150 tons are used.
Carriage scales are used to weigh goods together with wagons in the warehouses of wholesale depots.
New generation electronic scales are becoming more and more widespread. Currently, several hundred models of such scales are produced in the Russian Federation (from desktop to automobile and wagon). They are durable and reliable, can be made under any operating conditions. Weighing time is only 2--3 seconds. Scales have a maximum of service functions.
Wholesalers and warehouses use a variety of packaging equipment.
By purpose, it is divided into equipment for filling and packing groceries (automatic dispensers, mechanized production lines) and equipment for sorting, packing and packaging potatoes, vegetables and fruits (semi-automatic scales and lines for filling and packaging).
For packing granulated sugar and cereals in paper bags in portions of 0.5 and 1 kg, automatic scales are used. Packing of sweets, gingerbread and other food products is carried out using a packaging machine for packaging in plastic film bags. The mass of the portion is determined on electronic scales.
For the manufacture of double paper bags, packing and packaging of granulated sugar in them in portions up to 1 kg, automatic machines are used with a permissible dosing error of each portion within + 1.5%.
The industry manufactures machines for filling and packing into bags of granulated sugar, cereals, table salt and other bulk goods in portions of 0.5-1 kg.
Mechanized and automated production lines can be used for packing and packing products.
In mechanized lines, almost all technological operations are carried out with the help of machines controlled by personnel. The composition of such lines includes automatic scales and automatic stackers of packaged goods in containers equipment. The mechanized line has a capacity of up to 3000 bags per hour with a portion weight of 1 kg.
Automated production lines are equipped with a set of machines that automatically perform all technological operations. They are used for packing and packaging of granulated sugar and cereals.
Special machines are used for packaging vegetables, fruits, potatoes in a tubular cotton and polymer mesh. Their productivity is 1200 bags per hour with a portion weight of not more than 3 kg.
For automatic packaging of vegetables, fruits and potatoes in a polymer mesh, machines are used with a capacity of 780-1200 bags per hour, depending on the mass of the portion.
There are also mechanized production lines for packing and packaging potatoes in a polymer mesh, as well as carrots in plastic bags, etc. Their productivity is 600 servings per hour with a mass of a portion of potatoes of 3 kg and a mass of a portion of carrots of 1 kg.
Warehouses are intended for the reception, short-term storage and release of semi-finished products, raw materials, products delivered from suppliers. They can occupy separate areas, be located in basements, on the ground and basement floors. A key requirement for storage facilities is to provide convenient communication with other main workshops.
General information
The layout of the premises is carried out in the direction of movement of raw materials and products while ensuring the most convenient and most rational execution of operations and loading and unloading activities. In large companies that combine several smaller firms, as a rule, there are central warehouses. From there, raw materials are sent to enterprises. Warehouses of this type can be used to store goods of one company or leased to legal entities and citizens on a leasing basis. The areas can also be workshops. Such warehouses serve specific divisions of the enterprise, in which they are located.
Complex of operations
In any warehouse, 3 types of material flows flow: internal, output and input. The presence of the latter means the need to unload transport, check the quality and quantity of incoming raw materials or goods. The output stream involves loading or release into production. Internal movement - the movement of materials and goods inside the premises. The complex of operations includes:
- Unloading.
- acceptance.
- Placement for storage.
- Destination transfer.
- Internal movement.
What are the legal requirements for storage facilities?
For all areas used for the reception, placement and release of raw materials and goods, special rules apply. The requirements for storage facilities ensure the safety of objects, and are also aimed at protecting the health and life of the enterprise's personnel and their property. First of all, the areas under consideration are subject to norms, the implementation of which prevents the occurrence of fire. Fire safety requirements for warehouses provide for special measures, in accordance with which instructions are developed for each object. Each employee, when enrolled in the state or when transferring from one unit to another, must familiarize himself with them against signature.
Documentation
Fire safety requirements for warehouses include:
- In the instruction manual.
- Guidelines for actions for employees in the event of a fire.
- The procedure for working with combustible materials and substances and their disposal.
- Rules for interaction with oils and work with oiled overalls.
- The maximum allowable volumes and requirements for the storage of fuel and lubricants.
- Schemes of areas designated for smoking and other places for the use of open fire.
- Rules for inspecting objects, premises, power off at the end of work / shift.
There should be signs in conspicuous places indicating the phone numbers of the guards. 
Key provisions
Regulatory acts establish the following fire requirements for warehouses:
- Smoking within the specified areas is unacceptable.
- Places of unloading / loading, storage, release and internal movement of raw materials and goods must undergo a mandatory classification into fire and explosion safety categories. When installing electrical installations, zoning of sites is carried out.
- It is forbidden to place any objects within the fire-prevention distances.
- Locomotives are prohibited from entering sections of categories A, B, C.
- The admission of lifting equipment to hazardous materials is carried out in the presence and good condition of spark arresters.
- Firefighters must be aware of the presence of flammable materials and substances in warehouses.
- Activities related to repacking, elimination of minor malfunctions, preparation of working mixtures are carried out in isolation from storage areas.
- The placement of any materials and substances is carried out taking into account their properties, fire hazard features, the ability to combine the extinguishing agents used. Tire and rubber should be kept separate from other items.
The fire requirements for warehouses also include the obligation of responsible persons to de-energize electrical equipment at the end of the shift / day. Storage areas should not have emergency lighting, gas stoves, plug sockets, electric heaters.
Storage should be carried out in outbuildings / outbuildings isolated from farm buildings. Basic requirements for storage facilities that contain roughage:
1. Partitions / ceilings / walls must be deaf and made of non-combustible materials. Fire resistance limit - not less than 0.75 hours. Stacks / stacks, stacks and canopies are located at a distance of:
- to power lines - more than 15 m;
- to roads - more than 20 m;
- to structures and buildings - more than 50 m.
2. The areas where stacks / stacks are placed are plowed with a strip 4 m wide around the entire perimeter. Its edge should be removed at a distance of at least 15 m.
3. The area of the base of the stack cannot exceed 500 m 2, and for 1 stack / stack - 150 m 2.
4. Fire distances are at least 20 meters. In the case of pairwise placement of stacks and canopies, there should be at least six meters between them, and at least 30 meters between pairs.
5. The approach of tractor-tractors to stacks / haystacks is carried out at a distance of at least 3 meters. In this case, the machines must be equipped with spark arresters.
6. Blocks of no more than 20 stacks/stacks must be spaced one hundred meters apart.
7. In case of high humidity, temperature control is required. 
Grain storage
Before the start of harvesting, holding areas should be checked for operability and compliance with existing standards. The first requirement for grain storage facilities concerns design features. For maintenance, separate structures with gates that open outward and are not subject to clutter should be allocated. During storage, the distance from the top of the embankment to electrical appliances should be more than 0.5 m. The requirements for the equipment of warehouses for grain storage are as follows:
- It is not allowed to use mobile units with gates closed on both sides.
- It is forbidden to kindle dryers with flammable and combustible liquids, as well as with the help of torches.
- During operation, friction of the belt and conveyor structures should be excluded.
- It is not allowed to carry out operations on dryers with faulty appliances.
- Fireboxes must be designed so that the escape of sparks is completely excluded. Spark arresters are installed in chimneys, and fire-prevention sections are installed in the areas of their passage through combustible elements and structures.
- Drying units of mobile type are located at a distance of more than 10 m from the grain storage.
- Fans are removed more than 2.5 m from walls that are made of combustible materials.
If the safety requirements for grain storage facilities are not met, the sites are considered unprepared. In the course of work it is necessary:
The first requirement for storage facilities concerns their design. For the storage of more than 10 thousand m 3 of timber, the relevant technical construction standards are used. For the content of a smaller volume of materials, plans for the installation of stacks are developed and coordinated with the structures of the State Fire Supervision. The documentation states:
- The maximum amount of wood.
- Fire-prevention passages and distances. These gaps should not be cluttered under any circumstances.
Another important requirement for storage facilities is the existence of an extinguishing plan. It clearly establishes the sequence of actions of the staff. Primary extinguishing agents should be present in material storage areas. In addition, special posts should be equipped in accordance with the fire safety plan. Factory-made electric heating devices are used for heating utility areas. These rooms should be located in separate buildings. Work platforms for winches must be cleared of combustible waste and debris. They must be stored in special containers. Winches that run on internal combustion engines must be located at a distance of more than 15 m from the stacks. In closed warehouses:
- Partitions and office spaces are excluded.
- Passages in front of the doors - not less than 1 m.
- The floors are made of non-combustible materials.
- The distance from the walls to the stacks is not less than 0.8 m.
Storage of peat and coal
Storage facilities should be planned in such a way that they are not flooded with ground or flood water during the spring season. It is forbidden:
- Unload coal on old dumps that have been lying for more than a month.
- Accept for storage raw materials with identified foci of self-ignition.
- Ship and transport burning peat and coal.
- Place raw materials near electrical appliances and other heat sources.
Storage of different grades of peat and coal is carried out in separate piles. In this case, the raw materials are checked for the absence of foreign inclusions that create a risk of ignition. Loading and unloading are carried out no more than two days. The same time is allocated for laying peat and coal in piles for long-term storage.
Systematic control of the temperature regime is carried out by installing thermometers and iron pipes in the slopes. In the event of a fire, the coal is removed from the pile. After that, it is quenched with water. When the temperature rises to a level of more than 60 degrees, the stack is compacted in the corresponding foci. At the same time, the heated raw material is removed. Other safe methods of lowering the temperature may also be used. In case of ignition of sod peat in piles, the hearths are filled with wet mass or filled with the addition of a wetting agent. The affected part is then disassembled. Milling peat must be removed in case of fire. The wet mass should be placed and compacted in place of the excavation. It is not allowed to return spontaneously ignited peat or coal to piles after their extinguishing is completed. 
Industrial warehouses: SanPiN requirements
Storage of raw materials, goods, materials should be carried out in compliance with the standards established for both the objects themselves and the places of their maintenance, personnel, units and devices, structures / buildings. Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for storage facilities are divided into 3 groups. The rules have been developed:
- For perfumery and cosmetic products.
- Refrigerators.
- Food products.
Foodstuffs
The existing rules establish the requirements:
- Warehouse organization. The regulations regulate, among other things, the layout and arrangement of storage areas.
- Sanitary-technical condition.
- The content of food raw materials and goods. In particular, the requirements for shelving in warehouses are determined.
- To the conditions of storage of objects.
Food products that are accepted into the warehouse must have accompanying documents. They confirm the quality, origin and safety of objects. In addition, the products are tested for compliance with technical standards. Sanitary requirements for storage facilities include rules for the storage of frozen and perishable goods. Such products, in particular, are accepted for storage in an amount that corresponds to the volume of working refrigerators. Perishable goods, for which no more stringent regime is provided, are kept at temperatures up to +6 degrees.
It is not allowed to repack products from the supplier's packaging. The container must be intact, dry, clean, free of foreign odors. Labels and labels on the supplier's packaging are preserved until the expiration date of the products. Sanitary requirements for warehouses establish rules for maintaining temperature, light conditions and humidity in accordance with technical documentation. Indicators are monitored daily using appropriate devices. They are installed in prominent areas, away from evaporators and doors. 
Commodity Neighborhood Norms
Technical regulations establish the following requirements for storage facilities for alcoholic beverages and food products:
- Products with specific odors are kept separate from objects that absorb them.
- Joint storage of raw semi-finished products and finished goods, good-quality and spoiled products is not allowed. Household supplies, carts, containers and non-food items are kept separate from food items.
- Pallets, racks, pedestals must be disinfected, easy to clean. They must be placed at least 15 cm from the floor.
- It is not allowed to store food products near sewer, water pipes, heating devices and outside the warehouse. Bulk food products are not placed on the floor in bulk.
Separate hygienic requirements for storage facilities for storing different types of food products have also been developed. So, the content of meat, bread, fish has a number of nuances. In particular, these products cannot be stored in the same warehouse.
Refrigerators
In distribution units, perishable products are processed, chilled and frozen products are stored. Typically, refrigerators are used in catering and trade enterprises. In this regard, special sanitary and hygienic requirements apply here. Warehouses are subject to instructions developed for each type of goods, as well as regulatory and technical documents. All products, with the exception of chilled meat and cheese without containers, are stacked tightly in stable stacks, without protrusions. For each batch, a label of a special form is provided. It is retained until the completion of the batch implementation. To check the mass and quality of products, a stamp "K" is applied to them.
These products are placed separately on pallets or stacks with the printed side facing the aisle or passage. Control plots should be maintained until implementation is complete. The products are stacked on rails/pallets in stacks at a distance of at least 10-15 cm from the floor. Driveways must be installed. Their width is not less than 1.6 m, including the distance from the walls, batteries and wall columns to the stack. The height of the stack is determined in accordance with the strength of the container and the maximum permitted loads per 1 sq. m of overlap and conditions for the maximum possible use of the internal height of the refrigerating chamber.
It is not allowed to store products on the floor of the corridor, chamber or platform, dragging along the floor. In the process of loading batches of products with different shelf life, those batches that have a shorter period are placed close to the unloading point. For the maintenance of objects of inadequate quality, a special cell or other separate room is allocated. In the process of dispensing products, the quality is checked by specialists in terms of standards and specifications. A certificate must be issued for each party. The document must contain the physical and chemical parameters of the goods and quality indicators. The sanitary condition of the chambers, the storage conditions of products is controlled in accordance with departmental technological instructions. 
Perfumes and cosmetics
In the process of accepting any batches of materials, raw materials, reagents to the warehouse, the integrity of labels and packaging should be checked, and the availability of certificates. All products are registered. The incoming batches are kept in special premises, separated from the main production workshops in compliance with the conditions for storing goods for the established periods. At the same time, measures must be taken to prevent contamination and mixing of raw materials, materials and reagents, as well as to ensure ease of access. Rejected batches must be labeled to prevent them from entering production. Any container should ensure the safety of the properties of products, the convenience of their use throughout the established shelf life.
Conclusion
The capacity of any warehouse should correspond to the volume of the products that will be stored in it, as well as the principles of rational placement of products. In addition, when planning, it is necessary to take into account the need for cleaning and other mandatory technical operations. The areas for receiving and placing products should be separated. Separate rooms must be allocated for the storage of flammable and toxic compounds. The presence of unauthorized persons is not allowed in the storage areas without the appropriate permission from the administration of the enterprise. The device of any warehouse should provide:
- Absolute qualitative and quantitative preservation of valuables.
- Proper conditions of detention.
- Rational sequence of operations.
- normal working conditions.
The enterprises also provide areas for the maintenance of containers, inventory, linen, etc. The equipment of warehouses depends on the capacity and type of production, stock standards. Of no small importance is the specificity of the enterprise. There are fairly strict requirements for catering and trade organizations. This is due to the fact that such enterprises work with food products sold to the public. Control of the state of storage facilities is carried out by responsible persons of the organization, appointed by order of the head, as well as representatives of authorized supervisory services.
Designing a warehouse complex puts designers at a certain stage of development before choosing warehouse equipment. This equipment can be generally divided into three main groups:
goods storage equipment;
handling equipment;
weighing equipment
packaging equipment.
Goods storage equipment in warehouses it is represented mainly by rack equipment. Racks are divided into universal And special.
Universal racks, which are used to store the widest range of goods. The most common type are shelving racks, which are a series of shelves mounted on vertical posts. Universal racks also include checkered, box, frame and gravity racks.
Special shelving used to store certain types of goods. Special racks are subdivided into rack-mount, cantilever and mechanical racks-hung. The latter are used to store clothes.
In addition to rack equipment, certain types of products are stored in special bunker devices, bins, tanks, etc.
Handling equipment used in the warehouse to facilitate and speed up the execution of heavy and labor-intensive work. Depending on the functions, lifting and transport equipment is divided into the following three groups: lifting machines and mechanisms; transporting machines and devices; loading and unloading machines.
Lifting machines and mechanisms include cranes, freight elevators, winches and electric hoists. Cranes are machines of a special design, designed to move goods in vertical and horizontal directions. By design, cranes are divided into overhead, cantilever, gantry, truck cranes and stacker cranes. Cranes also differ in their lifting capacity, which varies from 3-5 tons to 30-45 tons. cargo. Freight elevators are used for lifting and lowering loads, their carrying capacity varies from 150 kg to 5 tons. Lifting and draft winches, and electric hoist used to move loads from 0.5 to 10 tons. Lifting height of goods from 4 to 30 m.
Transporting machines and devices include conveyors, gravity devices, cargo floor carts, electric tractors and other machines. Conveyors(or conveyors) are continuous machines and are used to transport piece and bulk cargo. They are divided into belt, plate and roller conveyors. Gravity devices used to move goods under their own weight. These include gravity conveyors and vertical descents. Manual and electric cargo floor carts are intended for transportation of piece cargo over a distance of up to 1 km. The carrying capacity of the trolleys varies from 0.25 to 2 tons. electric tags.
Loading and unloading machines are used for mechanization of loading and unloading operations, intra-warehouse movement and warehousing of goods and include electric and automobile forklifts and electric stackers. Electric forklifts are powered by rechargeable batteries and intended for indoor use. The load capacity of electric forklifts is from 0.5 to 5 tons, the lifting height is from 2 to 6 m. Forklifts Recommended for outdoor use. Their carrying capacity varies from 3 to 10 tons, the lifting height of the load is up to 8 m.
Weighing equipment used for weighing various goods. Scales are divided by design - weights, scale, scale-weights, dial, semi-automatic and automatic, as well as by type - carriage, automobile, crane, commodity (or platform), desktop (ordinary, dial, electronic). Commodity mobile scales are used for weighing loads from 50 kg to 3 tons. For weighing heavier loads, platform stationary scales, for which a special recess is formed in the foundation - a pit. The latter include automobile and wagon scales, on which the cargo is weighed together with the vehicle. The load capacity of truck scales varies from 10 to 150 tons. The weighing limits of car scales are 7.5 - 100 tons and 10 - 200 tons.
Filling equipment is divided into two groups. The first group of equipment is used for filling and packaging of groceries (automatic dispensers, mechanized production lines), the second - for filling and packaging vegetables and fruits (semi-automatic scales and lines for filling and packing). The products are packaged in paper and plastic bags, in a sleeve cotton or polymer mesh. The productivity of the lines for groceries is 2500-3500 bags per hour (when a bag weighs 0.5 or 1 kg), for vegetables and fruits 600-1200 bags per hour (weighs a bag up to 3 kg).
