CAPUCHIN, PLANT
(Tropaeolum L.), better known in horticulture under the false name nasturtium, ? a genus of beautiful herbaceous plants from the crane family, Geraniaceae, and their subfamily Pelargonium (see); However, some botanists classify this genus as an independent family? Tropaeolaceae, with a single genus Tr. In total, up to 40 species are known, all from America. These are annual and perennial herbs with succulent weak stems, sometimes creeping and spread out on the ground, sometimes climbing (but not climbing in the strict sense of the word? See Climbing plants) and clinging to foreign objects or other plants with the help of easily irritated, flexible and succulent petioles of their leaves (but not the stem). Most leaves are thyroid (i.e., the petiole is attached near the middle of the surface of the leaf blade), with long petioles, rounded or slightly angular in shape, and in some, differently dissected. Most flowers are large, located singly in the corners of the leaves, on long stalks. They are irregular, bisymmetrical (zygomorphic), and resemble the hood of Capuchin monks. The largest and brightly colored part is the calyx, or outermost, outer part, of five unequal lobes; the upper lobe is the largest and is elongated below into a long spur, at the bottom of which there are honey glands; the other 4 sepals are smaller, equal in pairs and with fimbriae at the base; 5 petals, small, and behind them 8 stamens (2 out of 10 are underdeveloped); from a three-locular ovary a tripartite fruit is formed, breaking up into single-seeded drupe-like fruits; seeds without protein, with thick cotyledons of a direct embryo. The flowers are yellow, orange and red, from 2 to 7 cm across. The honey in the spur attracts insects; the anthers of the stamens open before the stigma of the ovary of the same flower matures (this is the so-called proterandry), and the stamen is ready first, right above the entrance to the spur; the insect carries pollen on its back and transfers it to other flowers, where it can only stick to the mature sticky stigma (art. Gynoecium), and in such flowers the stamens have already poured out their pollen and bent to the side. Plants with a pungent juice (hence, by the way, the names “Spanish cress” and “Capuchin cress”), for which the flower buds and young fruits of Tr. majus are used like capers. TO. ? one of the most popular soil gardening plants, grown in a huge number of garden crosses and varieties.
Of the annual species, the common large K. is most common in gardens. Tr. majus L., with large red or orange flowers of various shades and entire, slightly angular leaves, known in more than 20 varieties, or varieties (varietates); it is a bushy species with branching rather thick stems; the squat form (va r. nana) is especially beautiful, between which stands out the “Empress of India” (Empress of India) with blackish-green foliage and dark red, extremely bright flowers; Among other varieties we will mention: spotted? orange with purple. spots (Tr. majus var. variegatum hort.), copper-red or bronze-red (Tr. m. v. aeneum hort.), Regelian purple-violet (Tr. m. v. Regelianum hort.), bluish-pink (v. coeruleo-roseum hort.), golden low-growing (v. aureum nanum hort.), fiery red (v. fulgens hort.) and pale yellow (v. albidum hort.). The closest wild species to the described one is Tr. minus L. is almost mixed with it in a number of its crosses, but is distinguished by smaller flowers, as well as leaves bearing thin points at the ends of the veins. Of other wild American species, many crosses or hybrid forms have been formed (see Hybridization), as with the main species Tr. majus L., and among themselves. This is especially true of Tr. Lobbianum Hook from Colombia? a highly climbing plant with rounded leaves and orange-red flowers, about 2 cm (? inch) across, the lower lobes of the calyx are small and serrated; its crosses with Tr. majus, generally known under the name Tr. hybridum (Tr. Lobbianum hybr.), or climbing nasturtiums, produced many beautiful climbing forms with flower colors ranging from whitish-fawn to fiery red (Hookeri, Geant des batailles, Napoleon III, Kotschyanum maltiflorum, Queen Victoria, Triomphe d'Hy è res), very common for decorating walls, terraces, gazebos, etc. For the same purpose, an independent species is very often bred? C. mexicanis, Tr. peregrinum Jacq. (= Tr. Smithii DC), from New Grenada, also climbing, but its leaves are dissected palm-shaped into 5 lobes; flowers are on very long stalks, the calyx is carmine-orange with a green spur tip, the petals are yellow, fringed, with red veins. Remarkable for the originality of its flowers is K. digitatum Karst. (= Tr. Ga rtnerianum), from Colombia, also very highly climbing; leaves are 5-fingered, their veins, as well as the stems in some places are red, a calyx with 5 pointed oval green lobes, a cinnabar-colored spur, golden, fringed petals, stamens with green anthers in in the form of pin heads. All of the above annual species are best bred by sowing seeds at the end of April in loose, nutritious soil, grow luxuriously and bloom profusely all summer.
Perennial species are equipped with root tubers, with the help of which they are propagated; These are mostly greenhouse forms, very whimsical and requiring careful care. About their special culture? see Eberwein's article ("Bulletin of Gardening.", 1866). Such is the case. e.g. Peruvian K. pallidum Tr. albiflorum Nob., with bluish thread-like stems, bluish-green calyx with a yellow spur, white petals with reddish veins. Chilean K. tricolor Tr. tricolorum Sw., with very small 5-palmated leaves, has a box-shaped cinnabar calyx with a curved spur and blue tips of its lobes, golden, short petals; K. tuberiferous, Tr. is similar to it. tuberosum Rz. et Pav., but in this species the flower stalks themselves are also bright red. Finally, in K. umbelliferum, Tr. umbellatum Hook., red-orange flowers are collected on sinuous stalks in umbrella-shaped bunches, the spur is short and has a green tip.
Brockhaus and Efron. Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron. 2012
See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what CAPUCHIN, PLANT is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- CAPUCHIN, PLANT
(Tropaeolum L.), better known in horticulture under the false name nasturtium, is a genus of beautiful herbaceous plants from the craneweed family, Geraniaceae, and... - PLANT in Miller's Dream Book, dream book and interpretation of dreams:
Seeing some green plant in a dream is a harbinger of worries, which will bring you a feeling of deep satisfaction. If in a dream you... - CAPUCHIN in the Encyclopedia Biology:
, the same as nasturtium... - CAPUCHIN in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
the same as... - CAPUCHIN in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
genus of plants of the nasturtium family; same as nasturtium... - PLANT in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
Plant: releases oxygen, absorbs carbon dioxide, binds energy, forms proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Animal: absorbs oxygen, releases carbon dioxide, releases energy, breaks down proteins, fats... - CAPUCHIN in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
(Tropaeolum L.), better known in horticulture under the false name nasturtium, is a genus of beautiful herbaceous plants from the craneweed family, Geraniaceae, and ... - CAPUCHIN in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
the same as... - CAPUCHIN
the same as... - CAPUCHIN in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
a, m. 1. shower. A Catholic monk of a mendicant order wearing a hooded cloak. 2. shower zool. American broad-nosed monkey; That … - PLANT in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
, -I, Wed. An organism that usually develops in a stationary state, receiving nutrition (unlike animals) from the air (through photosynthesis) and ... - CAPUCHIN in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
, -a,m. 1. Monk of the mendicant Catholic order. 2. A genus of American broad-nosed and long-tailed monkeys with hair growing on the head like ... - CAPUCHIN in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
CAPUZIN, same as nasturtium... - PLANT
? If we leave aside the lower R. and keep in mind only their highest representatives, having roots, stems and leaves, ... - CAPUCHIN in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
? cm. … - PLANT
plant, plants, plants, plants, plant, plants, plant, plants, plant, plants, plants, … - CAPUCHIN in the Complete Accented Paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
capuchins, capuchins, capuchins, capuchins, capuchins, well, capuchins, capuchins, capuchins, capuchins, capuchins, capuchins, capuchins, ... - PLANT in the Anagram Dictionary.
- CAPUCHIN in the New Dictionary of Foreign Words:
it. cappuccino) 1) a member of a Catholic monastic order founded in the 16th century. as a branch of the Franciscan order in Italy; Capuchins got their name... - CAPUCHIN in the Dictionary of Foreign Expressions:
[it. cappuccino] 1. member of a Catholic monastic order founded in the 16th century. as a branch of the Franciscan order in Italy; Capuchins got their name... - PLANT in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language.
- CAPUCHIN in the Russian Synonyms dictionary:
coffee, mammal, monk, nasturtium, monkey, primate, plant, … - PLANT
- CAPUCHIN in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
1. m. 1) A monk of the Roman Catholic mendicant Franciscan order, wearing a cloak with a pointed hood. 2) a) outdated. Masquerade costume in the form of... - PLANT in Lopatin’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
plant,... - PLANT in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
plant, … - PLANT in the Spelling Dictionary:
plant,... - PLANT
an organism that usually develops in a stationary state, receiving nutrition (unlike animals) from soil and air. Plant world. Higher plants... - CAPUCHIN in Ozhegov’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
A genus of American broad-nosed and long-tailed monkeys with hair growing on the head like a hood [after the name of the Capuchin monks who wear a cloak with a hood] ... - CAPUCHIN in Dahl's Dictionary:
husband. Catholic monk, Order of St. Francis, Franciscan. | A monkey whose head seems to be in a hood, in a hood; Simia capucina. ... - CAPUCHIN in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
the same as... - PLANT
plants, cf. An organism that usually develops in a stationary state and feeds on inorganic substances from the soil and air. Higher plants usually consist of... - CAPUCHIN in Ushakov’s Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
capuchin, m. (novolatin. capucinus). 1. Roman Catholic monk of the Order of St. Francis wearing a hooded robe. 2. Masquerade costume in the form of a cloak... - PLANT
plant cf. An organism that feeds on inorganic substances in the air and soil and is capable of creating organic ones from them, usually attached to the place of its ... - CAPUCHIN in Ephraim's Explanatory Dictionary:
Capuchin 1. m. 1) A monk of the Roman Catholic mendicant Franciscan order, wearing a cloak with a pointed hood. 2) a) outdated. Masquerade costume in... - PLANT
Wed An organism that feeds on inorganic substances in the air and soil and is capable of creating organic ones from them, usually attached to its habitat, ... - CAPUCHIN in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
I m. 1. A monk of the Roman Catholic mendicant Franciscan order, wearing a cloak with a pointed hood. 2. outdated Masquerade costume in the form of a cloak... - PLANT
Wed An organism that feeds on inorganic substances in the air and soil and is capable of creating organic ones from them, usually attached to its habitat, ... - CAPUCHIN in the Large Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
I m. A monk of the Roman Catholic mendicant Franciscan order, wearing a cloak with a pointed hood. II m. obsolete 1. Masquerade costume in the form of... - CAPUCHIN, MONKEY in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
The capuchin, cai, or kaya (Cebus capucinus) is a monkey of the genus Cebus. The forehead is bare and covered with transverse folds, the face of a meat...
Who doesn't love nasturtium! In our gardens, its fiery red-orange flowers look great among the greenery. Unlike us, in Europe not only familiar but also new varieties of nasturtium are already popular. I wonder what surprises the unusual nasturtium will bring us? We will definitely find a place for it in our flower garden.
This bright ornamental plant came to our gardens and balconies from South America. In Peru, Ecuador and Chile, nasturtium is still found naturally. In the 16th century, culture appeared in Europe. Now all over the world, nasturtium is widely cultivated as an annual. This plant has many names: capuchin, nasturtium, lettuce, redcress, Indian or Spanish cress and capuchin cress, colored lettuce, even spinner. These are annual and perennial herbaceous plants. The genus contains from 50 to 80 species. The most commonly grown nasturtium is Tropaeolum majus, and hybrid nasturtium varieties are also popular in gardens. This plant is from the capuchin family - Tropaeolaceae.
Of the new varieties, we can recommend such an unusual climbing plant as tricolor nasturtium - T. Tricolor. And for alpine slides, many-leaved nasturtium - T. polyphyllum - is suitable.
Nasturtium leaves are long-petiolate, and the shield-shaped leaf blade is covered with a thin waxy coating. Nowadays, a large number of varieties of nasturtium with different leaf colors are grown. They can be green, with a purple tint, and variegated - marbled, white, variegated and golden. Nasturtium flowers are single, on long stalks. In modern varieties they reach 5 cm in diameter. They are usually brightly colored. Nasturtium flowers can be yellow, orange, salmon, pink, scarlet, dark red. Two-color varieties look original, with contrasting spots or strokes. Nasturtium can also be simple, semi-double or double. Its aroma is unique and pleasant. According to the habitus, nasturtium plants can be dwarfs, forming a spherical lush bush (only 15–20 cm high). More often they are climbing or climbing forms - up to half a meter high, but there are also those whose creeping shoots reach 2-3 m over the summer.
Growing nasturtium. Growing nasturtium. The main method of propagation of nasturtium is by seed. Plants are grown from seeds either by seedlings or by direct sowing in prepared soil. Considering that nasturtium has a delicate root system, it does not tolerate transplantation well. If plants are grown through seedlings, then it is better to sow them in peat pots, so that when planting them in a permanent place in the garden, they do not disturb the root system of the plants. The soil for nasturtium should be quite loose, well seasoned with nitrogen (old rotted manure, humus), mineral (ammophos, nitrophoska, complete complex) fertilizers, as well as the addition of wood ash (1-2 cups per 1 m2). It is not worth adding fresh manure - the plants will begin to fatten and produce a lot of leaves, but the flowering will not be lush. Nasturtium responds positively to fertilizing - the number of flowers increases. This is a light- and heat-loving crop, demanding on watering. The first autumn frosts completely destroy the plants. Sometimes, in the conditions of the North-West, nasturtiums can suffer from spring return frosts, which can last until mid-June. Any light film coverings during the period of return frosts allow you to preserve plants, which promotes normal development in the spring-summer period, and in the fall - extends the flowering period. And in total, the period of active use of young nasturtium leaves and buds for flavoring salads, marinades, and pickles is extended.
Diseases and pests of nasturtium. Nasturtium is sometimes affected by mosaic, ring spot, and heterosporiosis. It is damaged by aphids and leafmining flies. To combat pests and diseases, the same drugs are used as for other crops.
Nasturtiums are the most versatile plants for garden decoration. They easily fit into any garden and park style. They are always modern, especially given the variety of nasturtium varieties. These plants are simply irreplaceable for both urban and country gardening. Nasturtium will always decorate a sunny place in the garden. Climbing varieties are also beautiful in vertical gardening; they are also good in containers and balcony boxes. Dwarf varieties look advantageous in the tree trunks of fruit trees, at the forefront along paths, or they are grown in pots or cache-pots. Or in a composition on a stump.
Nasturtium, which decorates the site all summer and pleases the eye with its active flowering, can be an additional food and medicinal species. This means another “anti-crisis” plant that helps us survive the next economic crisis. 
"adversity". Fresh nasturtium leaves, buds, flowers and immature seeds are used for food. This is an exquisite seasoning for vegetables, meat dishes and salads. Nasturtium leaves have a pungent, peculiar sweetish-spicy smell and taste; they are consumed finely chopped with vegetarian sandwiches; thinly sliced - in green salads. Leaves and flowers are added to summer vegetable soups. You can serve fresh leaves with veal, chicken, and rabbit dishes. Green, immature seeds, no more than 6 mm in diameter, soaked in vinegar, are used as capers. Flowers can be used to decorate salads and meat dishes. When preparing sweet marinades, you can add flowers and buds to the jar - they will give a beautiful look to the pickled fruits or vegetables. If, when pickling cucumbers and tomatoes, you add about 10 green nasturtium fruits to each jar, then the finished product will have an interesting taste and aroma. Leaves, flowers and unripe fruits of nasturtium can also be pickled or dried - and used in winter as a spicy additive. It must be remembered that if the plants used for food grew in bright sun, they will have a more pungent taste.
In folk medicine, fresh nasturtium leaves in the form of a decoction (freshly picked leaves are brewed with boiling water and allowed to stand for 2-3 minutes) are used for gum inflammation and acute bronchitis; A decoction of nasturtium leaves is also drunk for bladder stones as a diuretic; as an antiscorbutic; for mouth rinses. Prescribed as food for age-related metabolic disorders, atherosclerosis and high blood pressure. Fresh juice of nasturtium leaves treats skin rashes and irritations. An infusion of nasturtium seeds, ground into powder (1 teaspoon) and poured 250 ml of boiling water into a thermos in the morning, is drunk in the evening or at night as a remedy for impotence. The leaves are applied to tumors, and the wounds are washed with juice. Nasturtium is also popular in home cosmetics: a decoction of the leaves is used to cleanse oily and acne-prone facial skin, rinse hair for better growth, and also rub the juice (or alcohol tincture in a 1:1 mixture with nettle leaves) into the scalp to strengthen roots and growth hair.
But you shouldn’t get too carried away with nasturtium. You need to feel in moderation in everything. Eating too many nasturtium leaves in a salad can cause irritation to the stomach and intestines, as well as the kidneys. The use of prescription drugs does not lead to side effects, but it is noted that resistance to alcohol decreases. Be careful.
Kirill Tkachenko, Ph.D. biol. Sciences, head of the group of introduction of medicinal plants of the Botanical Garden of the Botanical Institute named after. Komarova RAS
“Garden Affairs” No. 3 (47), 2011
Capuchin, plant (Tropaeolum L.), better known in horticulture under its false name nasturtiums,- a genus of beautiful herbaceous plants from the crane family, Geraniaceae, and their subfamily Pelargonium (see); however, some botanists distinguish this genus into an independent family - Tropaeolaceae, with a single genus Tr. In total, up to 40 species are known, all from America. These are annual and perennial herbs with succulent, weak stems, sometimes creeping and spreading along the ground, sometimes climbing(but not curly in the strict sense of the word - see Climbing plants) and clinging to foreign objects or other plants with the help of easily irritated, flexible and succulent petioles their leaves(but not the stem). Most leaves thyroid(i.e., the petiole is attached near the middle of the surface of the leaf blade), with long petioles, round or slightly angular in shape, in some differently dissected. Most flowers are large, located singly in the corners of the leaves, on long stalks. They are irregular, bisymmetrical (zygomorphic), similar to hooded Capuchin monks. The largest and brightly colored part is cup, or the outermost, outer part, of five unequal lobes; the upper lobe is the largest and is elongated below into a long spur, at the bottom of which there are honey glands; the other 4 sepals are smaller, equal in pairs and with fimbriae at the base; 5 petals, small, and behind them 8 stamens (2 out of 10 are underdeveloped); from a three-locular ovary a tripartite fruit is formed, breaking up into single-seeded drupe-like fruits; seeds without protein, with thick cotyledons of a direct embryo. The flowers are yellow, orange and red, from 2 to 7 cm across. The honey in the spur attracts insects; the anthers of the stamens open before the stigma of the ovary of the same flower matures (this is the so-called proterandry), and the stamen is ready first, right above the entrance to the spur; the insect carries pollen on its back and transfers it to other flowers, where it can only stick to the mature sticky stigma (art. Gynoecium), and in such flowers the stamens have already poured out their pollen and bent to the side. Plants with a pungent juice (hence, by the way, the names “Spanish cress” and “Capuchin cress”), for which the flower buds and young fruits of Tr. majus are used like capers. K. is one of the most popular soil gardening plants, grown in a huge number of garden crosses and varieties. From annuals species more common in gardens large K. - Tr. majus L., with large red or orange flowers of various shades and entire, slightly angular leaves, known in more than 20 varieties, or varieties (varietates); it is a bushy species with branching rather thick stems; the squat form (var. nana) is especially beautiful, between which stands out the “Empress of India” (Empress of India) with blackish-green foliage and dark red, extremely bright flowers; Among other varieties we mention: spotted- orange with purple. spots (Tr. majus var. variegatum hort.), copper-red or bronze-red (Tr. m. v. aeneum hort.), Regelian purple-violet (Tr. m. v. Regelianum hort.), bluish-pink (v. coeruleo-roseum hort.), golden low-growing (v. aureum nanum hort.), fiery red (v. fulgens hort.) and pale yellow (v. albidum hort.). The closest wild species to the described one is Tr. minus L. is almost mixed with it in a number of its crosses, but is distinguished by smaller flowers, as well as leaves bearing thin points at the ends of the veins. Of other wild American species, many crosses or hybrid forms have been formed (see Hybridization), as with the main species Tr. majus L., and among themselves. This is especially true of Tr. Lobbianum Hook from Colombia is a tall climbing plant with rounded leaves and orange-red flowers, about 2 cm (¾ in) across, the lower lobes of the calyx are small and toothed; its crosses with Tr. majus, generally known under the name Tr. hybridum (Tr. Lobbianum hybr.), or climbing nasturtiums, gave many beautiful climbing forms with flower colors ranging from whitish-fawn to fiery red (Hookeri, Geant des batailles, Napoleon III, Kotschyanum maltiflorum, Queen Victoria, Triomphe d'Hyères), very common for decorating walls, terraces, gazebos, etc. For the same purpose, an independent species, K., is very often bred. Mexican, Tr. peregrinum Jacq. (= Tr. Smithii DC), from New Grenada, also climbing, but its leaves are palm-shaped into 5 lobes; flowers on very long stalks, carmine-orange calyx with a green spur tip, yellow, fringed petals with red veins. Remarkable for the originality of K’s colors. palmate Tr. digitatum Karst. (= Tr. Gärtnerianum), from Colombia, also very high climbing; the leaves are 5-fingered, their veins, as well as the stems in some places are red, a calyx with 5 pointed oval green lobes, a cinnabar-colored spur, golden, fringed petals, stamens with green anthers in the form of pinheads. All of the above annual species are best bred by sowing seeds at the end of April in loose, nutritious soil, grow luxuriously and bloom profusely all summer. Perennial the species are equipped with root tubers, with the help of which they are bred; These are mostly greenhouse forms, very whimsical and requiring careful care. About their special culture, see Eberwein’s article (“Bulletin of Gardening,” 1866). Such is the case. eg Peruvian K. pale Tr. albiflorum Nob., with bluish thread-like stems, bluish-green calyx with a yellow spur, white petals with reddish veins. Chilean K. tricolor Tr. tricolorum Sw., with very small 5-palmated leaves, has a box-shaped cinnabar calyx with a curved spur and blue tips of its lobes, golden, short petals; K looks like him. tuberous, Tr. tuberosum Rz. et Pav., but in this species the flower stalks themselves are also bright red. Finally, K. umbrella, Tr. umbellatum Hook., red-orange flowers are collected on sinuous stalks in umbrella-shaped bunches, the spur is short and has a green tip.
Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron. - S.-Pb.: Brockhaus-Efron. 1890-1907 .
See what “Capucin, plant” is in other dictionaries:
- (Tropaeolum L.), better known in gardening under the false name nasturtium, is a genus of beautiful herbaceous plants from the crane family, Geraniaceae, and their subfamily Pelargonium (see); however, this genus is distinguished by some botanists... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron
1) a beautiful plant, nasturtium; 2) a breed of monkeys. A complete dictionary of foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language. Popov M., 1907. CAPUCHIN see NASTURTIUM. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Pavlenkov F., 1907 ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
Autochorus, transplants, seedlings, plants, testes Dictionary of Russian synonyms. plant noun, number of synonyms: 4422 aa (3) abaca ... Synonym dictionary
Husband. Catholic monk, Order of St. Francis, Franciscan. | A monkey whose head seems to be in a hood, in a hood; Simia capucina. | Nasturtium plant, spinner, crassola, Indian cress, Tropaeolum. | Masquerade outfit. Capuchins, to him... ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by Efremova
I m. A monk of the Roman Catholic mendicant Franciscan order, wearing a cloak with a pointed hood. II m. obsolete 1. Masquerade costume in the form of a cloak with a hood. 2. One who is dressed in such a fancy dress. III m. obsolete Plant,… … Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by Efremova
Capuchin, plant(Tropaeolum L.), better known in horticulture under its false name nasturtiums, - a genus of beautiful herbaceous plants from the crane family, Geraniaceae, and their subfamily Pelargonium (see); however, some botanists distinguish this genus into an independent family - Tropaeolaceae, with a single genus Tr. In total, up to 40 species are known, all from America. These are annual and perennial herbs with succulent, weak stems, sometimes creeping and spreading along the ground, sometimes climbing(but not curly in the strict sense of the word - see Climbing plants) and clinging to foreign objects or other plants with the help of easily irritated, flexible and succulent petioles their leaves(but not the stem). Most leaves thyroid(i.e., the petiole is attached near the middle of the surface of the leaf blade), with long petioles, round or slightly angular in shape, in some differently dissected. Most flowers are large, located singly in the corners of the leaves, on long stalks. They are irregular, bisymmetrical (zygomorphic), similar to hooded Capuchin monks. The largest and brightly colored part is cup, or the outermost, outer part, of five unequal lobes; the upper lobe is the largest and is elongated below into a long spur, at the bottom of which there are honey glands; the other 4 sepals are smaller, equal in pairs and with fimbriae at the base; 5 petals, small, and behind them 8 stamens (2 out of 10 are underdeveloped); from a three-locular ovary a tripartite fruit is formed, breaking up into single-seeded drupe-like fruits; seeds without protein, with thick cotyledons of a direct embryo. The flowers are yellow, orange and red, from 2 to 7 cm across. The honey in the spur attracts insects; the anthers of the stamens open before the stigma of the ovary of the same flower matures (this is the so-called proterandry), and the stamen is ready first, right above the entrance to the spur; the insect carries pollen on its back and transfers it to other flowers, where it can only stick to the mature sticky stigma (art. Gynoecium), and in such flowers the stamens have already poured out their pollen and bent to the side. Plants with a pungent juice (hence, by the way, the names “Spanish cress” and “Capuchin cress”), for which the flower buds and young fruits of Tr. majus are used like capers. K. is one of the most popular soil gardening plants, grown in a huge number of garden crosses and varieties.
From annuals species more common in gardens large K. - Tr. majus L., with large red or orange flowers of various shades and entire, slightly angular leaves, known in more than 20 varieties, or varieties (varietates); it is a bushy species with branching rather thick stems; the squat form (va r. nana) is especially beautiful, between which stands out the “Empress of India” (Empress of India) with blackish-green foliage and dark red, extremely bright flowers; Among other varieties we mention: spotted- orange with purple. spots (Tr. majus var. variegatum hort.), copper-red or bronze-red (Tr. m. v. aeneum hort.), Regelian purple-violet (Tr. m. v. Regelianum hort.), bluish-pink (v. coeruleo-roseum hort.), golden low-growing (v. aureum nanum hort.), fiery red (v. fulgens hort.) and pale yellow (v. albidum hort.). The closest wild species to the described one is Tr. minus L. is almost mixed with it in a number of its crosses, but is distinguished by smaller flowers, as well as leaves bearing thin points at the ends of the veins. Of other wild American species, many crosses or hybrid forms have been formed (see Hybridization), as with the main species Tr. majus L., and among themselves. This is especially true of Tr. Lobbianum Hook from Colombia is a tall climbing plant with rounded leaves and orange-red flowers, about 2 cm (¾ in) across, the lower lobes of the calyx are small and toothed; its crosses with Tr. majus, generally known under the name Tr. hybridum (Tr. Lobbianum hybr.), or climbing nasturtiums, gave many beautiful climbing forms with flower colors ranging from whitish-fawn to fiery red (Hookeri, Geant des batailles, Napoleon III, Kotschyanum maltiflorum, Queen Victoria, Triomphe d'Hy è res), very common for decorating walls, terraces, gazebos etc. For the same purpose, an independent species, K., is very often bred. Mexican, Tr. peregrinum Jacq. (= Tr. Smithii DC), from New Grenada, also climbing, but its leaves are palm-shaped into 5 lobes; flowers on very long stalks, carmine-orange calyx with a green spur tip, yellow, fringed petals with red veins. Remarkable for the originality of K’s colors. palmate Tr. digitatum Karst. (= Tr. Gä rtnerianum), from Colombia, also very high climbing; the leaves are 5-fingered, their veins, as well as the stems in some places are red, a calyx with 5 pointed oval green lobes, a cinnabar-colored spur, golden, fringed petals, stamens with green anthers in the form of pinheads. All of the above annual species are best bred by sowing seeds at the end of April in loose, nutritious soil, grow luxuriously and bloom profusely all summer.
Perennial species are equipped with root tubers, with the help of which they are propagated; These are mostly greenhouse forms, very whimsical and requiring careful care. About their special culture, see Eberwein’s article (“Bulletin of Gardening,” 1866). Such is the case. eg Peruvian K. pale Tr. albiflorum Nob., with bluish thread-like stems, bluish-green calyx with a yellow spur, white petals with reddish veins. Chilean K. tricolor Tr. tricolorum Sw., with very small 5-palmated leaves, has a box-shaped cinnabar calyx with a curved spur and blue tips of its lobes, golden, short petals; K looks like him. tuberous, Tr. tuberosum Rz. et Pav., but in this species the flower stalks themselves are also bright red. Finally, K. umbrella, Tr. umbellatum Hook., red-orange flowers are collected on sinuous stalks in umbrella-shaped bunches, the spur is short and has a green tip.
Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron. - S.-Pb. Brockhaus-Efron.
Nasturtium can often be seen in flowerpots on balconies and walls of houses, as well as in open ground. Growing it is not a difficult matter, but there are still some peculiarities regarding planting and such related procedures as care. All this is discussed in our article.
Varieties and varieties of nasturtium
There are more than 45 types of nasturtium. The plant comes from warm regions of America, where it is mainly perennial. Our frosty winters do not leave a single chance for it to survive the winter, so in our country nasturtium is often grown as an annual. The following cultural types are popular:
Canary- is a vine with stems up to 3.5 m, where against the background of light green five- or seven-part leaves stand out bright yellow flowers, up to 20 mm in diameter, resembling a small bird in shape. Blooms from June to December.
Big- a shrub with large shield-shaped leaves, with long and thin stems, sometimes growing up to 250 cm. Flowering begins in July and continues until November. There are many varieties of this species.
The following are popular:
- "King Theodore"
- "Peach Melba";
- "Salmon Baby";
- "Ladybug".
Small– the diameter of the flowers is only about 30 mm, the stems are short – up to 0.35 m. The most common varieties are “Black corduroy” and “Cherry rose”.
Shield-bearing- a plant with 4-meter shoots, with scarlet or red flowers appearing in June. Mainly one variety of this ground covering flower is grown – “Lucifer”.
Cultural- a species obtained as a result of crossing a large and a shield-bearing one. There are 2 subspecies: creeping and dwarf. The most commonly sold seeds are the following varieties:
- "Moonlight";
- Golden Globe;
- "Glemming Mahogany."
Planting and caring for nasturtium
A flower such as nasturtium, the cultivation and care of which does not cause much trouble for flower growers, is a good decoration for the site, as confirmed by numerous photos taken by summer residents and designers. Let's consider all the stages of its cultivation.
Before planting nasturtium, you should choose the right place. Strong drafts and shade are contraindicated for her. Soil characteristics also play an important role. Regardless of the type and variety, nasturtium loves slightly acidic, fertile, light soil and good drainage. On heavy clay soils, the roots rot and the plant dies. Watering this plant should be treated with caution. Capuchins are uncomfortable in excessively wet soil, but at the moment when sprouts appear and their active development begins, watering is necessary. If you follow all the rules of care, nasturtium will bloom 45 days after germination.
When nasturtium blooms, the number of waterings is reduced; water only during prolonged drought. They also remove fading flowers, normalize the amount of ovary, get rid of weeds, and mulch the soil around the bushes. If you plan to obtain your own seeds, then the large ovary should be left to mature. In the south, seeds that fall to the ground germinate in the spring, but experienced gardeners do not recommend growing nasturtium in this way. Seeds must be collected in the fall and sown in the ground in the spring according to all the rules. If nasturtium is still blooming profusely before the onset of frost, then given that it cannot overwinter in our latitudes, it is placed in flowerpots and brought indoors. It will look good on a bright but cool window.
Nutrients for nasturtium
Fertilizers and fertilizing are also necessary for the normal development of nasturtium. True, it is not worth fertilizing the beds intended for it with fresh manure - the plant does not tolerate it. The soil is mixed with rotted manure, but if it is not available, then the store sells special preparations in the form of superphosphate and potassium sulfate. They add very little - per 1 sq. m teaspoon.
Before the plant begins to bloom, experts advise fertilizing with potassium-phosphorus fertilizers to induce abundant flowering. Sometimes nasturtium leaves turn yellow, not only on the lower ones, but also on the upper ones. One of the reasons may be a deficiency of minerals. The situation will be corrected by adding azofoska.
Attention: do not get carried away with fertilizing containing a lot of nitrogen fertilizers, otherwise the nasturtium will not bloom at all or very weakly.
Disease and pest control
Although nasturtium repels whiteflies, aphids, Colorado potato beetles and cabbageweeds, it is also associated with diseases. Affects capuchins:
- bacterial wilt, when the lower leaves first disappear and then the entire plant disappears;
- gray rot, which manifests itself as dry gray-brown spots on leaves and shoots;
- rust, indicated by small black and brown spots that turn into bumps;
- mosaic - manifests itself as a mosaic pattern on the leaves;
- ring spot, when the leaves are covered with small dots surrounded by a red-brown border.
The affected parts of the plant are removed and burned, and the rest is treated with chemical or bacteriological preparations.
Propagation of nasturtium
Nasturtium, both annual and perennial, is mainly propagated by seeds and seedlings, but sometimes gardeners, when growing new varieties, follow a more complex path - they root young cuttings.
Before planting the seeds, they are placed for a very short time in water heated to 40 degrees C, then soaked for 24 hours. Sowed only in well-warmed, dug and leveled open ground. Make holes in the garden bed at intervals of 25 cm and throw 2 seeds into them. If frequent cold snaps are observed even at the end of spring, then the bed for planting capuchins is watered with well-heated water, and after sowing the seeds, it is also covered with film.
Nasturtium grown through seedlings will bloom much faster. It is better to plant the planting material in peat cups so as not to affect the delicate roots when transplanting. Sprouts at room temperature usually appear after a week and a half. From this moment on, the best conditions for their normal development are a temperature of 18 degrees and plenty of light. Replanting to a permanent location is permissible after stable heat has been established.
Terry, expensive varieties of nasturtium require more attention; planting and caring for it are also appropriate. It is propagated by cuttings previously placed in water or wet sand. When the roots appear, they are transferred to separate peat cups filled with loose, fertile soil. Subsequently, the shoots are planted in a garden bed or in a pot.
Nasturtium in combination with other plants in landscape design
An easy way to change the design of your garden is to grow nasturtiums. Flower growers consider it one of the best crops for decorating an estate, and often photos of bright landscape fragments confirm that they are right. The main thing is to choose a place that matches the specific type of this plant. Borders and mixborders are created from bush capuchins. They look great in large tubs and hanging flowerpots. The place around trees and along walls is most suitable for large nasturtiums.
Climbing fragrant nasturtium is an excellent material for hedges, decorating gazebos and balconies. White, purple climbing capuchins are very good in combination with the bright flowers of double petunias in the foreground or other low-growing flowers.
Tip: plant a colorful capuchin in a bed with cabbage, and then the white capuchin will not destroy the crop, and use the leaves and green seeds of the capuchin to make salads.
Petunia is not only a beautiful, but also a useful plant. It is a decoration for the site, a repeller for many pests, and an exotic addition to dishes.
Useful properties of nasturtium: video
Nasturtium: photo
