Excavator operation with straight shovel equipment

The working equipment of a straight shovel is used when excavating soil above the excavator parking level. An excavator equipped with a shovel is most often used when excavating soil with loading into vehicles. Work can also be done in a dump, but in this case it is more advisable to use a dragline, since its working dimensions are larger than those of a straight shovel.

Before starting work, you should carefully prepare the face. ‘Preparing the face consists of clearing its bottom from stones, uneven surfaces, scattered soil and foreign objects. After cleaning, the axes of the excavator are laid out and roads are prepared for transport.

Rice. 1. Loading soil into dump trucks using an excavator with a straight shovel during side mining

Working with a straight shovel when loading into vehicles can be done in two main ways:
a) side face, when transport routes are located on the side of the excavation;
b) a lot face, in which transport is fed from behind the excavator along the bottom of the excavation being formed.

Rice. 2. Frontal faces: a - with a penetration width of less than 1.5 R; b- with a penetration width of 1.5-1.9 R

The first method provides higher performance than the second, so it is used more often.

The most common type of side face of an excavator with a straight shovel is one in which work is carried out with loading soil into vehicles at the excavator parking level. In this figure (and further) R is the largest cutting radius in m, and Rcm is the largest cutting radius at the excavator parking level in m. Side faces are also used, in which the soil is loaded into a vehicle located slightly above the excavator parking level. Such models (E-258, E-505, OM-202, etc.). For example, when digging pits with a width of about 2.5 R, innovating excavator operators work by moving the excavator in a zigzag.

Rice. 3. Frontal face with unloading of soil into vehicles moving along the edge

Rice. 4. Widening of the frontal face when moving the excavator in a zigzag

Rice. 5. Widened three-stage transverse frontal face

Excavations up to (3.0 3.5) R wide in some cases can be developed using a three-stage transverse face.

Techniques for working with a straight shovel

To increase the productivity of the excavator, it is recommended to use the following operating techniques.

Before starting work, the excavator should be installed strictly horizontally in order to reduce wear on the ring gear and central axle. In this case, the tracks must rest on the ground along their entire length so that the machine is stable and does not tend to roll back during operation.

Rice. 6. Formation of a visor in the face when working with a straight shovel

The development of the face must begin from the side of the bucket unloading. This allows you to start turning immediately after filling the bucket and combine it with lifting the bucket. Lowering the bucket into the face is combined with a reverse rotation. It is also necessary to take into account the location of the access roads: transport should always be supplied from the control panel so that the driver can see its position during unloading. If the soil is loose, then initially scooping should be done only half the width of the bucket so that the soil does not crumble onto the access roads. After three or four such scoops, you can move on to normal work.

First, the lower part of the face is developed using full force of pressure. In this case, the rock sheds from the upper part of the face and the filling of the bucket improves. If the face height is low, the bucket must be filled in two steps. If the face height is less than three times the height of the bucket, you can rearrange the attachment rods of the bucket and handle to increase the cutting angle.

At the beginning of digging, the angle between the handle and the vertical when throwing the bucket is set to at least 10°, since at a lower angle, cutting the bucket into the ground will be difficult. The time for filling the bucket should be reduced by cutting the soil with thick chips, and the bucket should be raised only to a height that ensures its filling.

When working in the face, it is necessary to ensure that collapse prisms, the so-called peaks, do not form (Fig. 35). In cases where they do appear, they should be brought down immediately with a bucket or a pointed log inserted into the bucket. It is necessary to strive to work with incomplete reach of the handle. It is especially not recommended to bring the bucket for unloading at the maximum reach of the handle and at the maximum unloading height, since in this case the time for emptying the bucket increases. However, when scooping loose soils, you need to work at the maximum reach of the handle in order to avoid the excavator from collapsing when the upper layers of soil collapse. In heavy soils, medium and small reach of the handle should be used, which allows you to increase the thickness of the chips and fill the bucket with a “hat”. Working at medium reach in light soils allows you to shorten the excavation cycle.

The place where vehicles stop for loading must be marked with poles or a stop bar must be laid for their rear wheels. This will allow you to work at the same reach of the handle and with the smallest angle of rotation.

Correct operation of the control levers is also of great importance. The levers must be turned on a little earlier than required for a particular working movement, since a fraction of a second passes from the movement of the lever to the activation of the mechanism. This allows you to save up to two seconds per cycle and increase excavator productivity by 10-12%. In addition, the operator must strive to combine working movements: turning with lifting or lowering and moving the handle forward or backward. For an experienced driver, all elements of the cycle smoothly transition into one another and merge with each other. There should be no pauses (breaks) between filling the bucket and the beginning of the turn to unload, between the end of unloading and the return turn to the face. The pressure on the ground to plunge the bucket into it should begin a little earlier than the bucket rests on the ground, and the lift should begin simultaneously with the start of the bucket touching the ground.

Indicators of proper operation of the excavator are the capacity of the dragline bucket usually does not exceed 1 m3.

Preparation of the face when working with a dragline is carried out in the same way as when working with a straight shovel. The excavator parking area and the lane along which vehicles will move are cleared and leveled. Pegs and milestones mark the contours of the face, as well as parking areas for excavators and vehicles (dump trucks or trailers).

Rice. 7. Widened dragline face with transverse-end movement of the excavator

Soil development using draglines can be carried out in the following two main ways: a) end faces, with the excavator moving within the strip where soil is being excavated;
b) side faces, with the excavator moving outside this strip. With end faces, you can work with a small average angle of rotation of the boom and get fairly wide, symmetrical openings with steep side slopes. The width of the side faces is small, it practically does not exceed 0.7 -0.8 R, but in this case the soil can be unloaded at a considerable distance from the excavation. The choice of development method depends on the type and size of the earthen structure (excavation, channel, pit, embankment, etc.)

To develop excavations with a width of up to 1.2-1.3 R with double-sided laying of soil in dumps and excavations with a width of up to 1.7-1.8 R with loading of soil into transport supplied on both sides of the excavation, it is advisable to use an end face with the installation of an excavator along the axis of the penetration. If the blade or transport path is one-sided, the dragline should be installed offset towards the blade or transport path to reduce the angle of rotation.

Recesses with a width of more than 1.2-1.3 R when laying soil in a dump and more than 1.7-1.8 R when loading soil into a vehicle cannot be dug in a straight line in one dragline pass, so advanced excavator workers have proposed new ways of working that allow increase the width of the passage. These methods include working with the excavator moving in a zigzag and with transverse-end movement.

Dragline techniques

To increase the productivity of an excavator equipped with a dragline bucket, the following work techniques should be used.

When installing an excavator in a face, you need to take into account the direction of the wind, especially if the area is open. It is advisable that the wind blows into the rear or side wall of the body, since in this position sand and small particles of soil will not fall into the driver’s face or fill the excavator.

Work with a dragline should begin from the side of the blade and immediately to the full depth of the excavation, and the bucket should be loaded along the shortest possible path, and the bucket should move without jerking or digging. The cutting depth is adjusted by the height of the attachment of the traction chains to the bucket. In heavy soils, the chains are attached to the lower holes of the bucket's traction eye, and in light soils - to the upper ones.

The lifting rope should not sag during scooping so that the bucket can be lifted immediately after filling. It is also not recommended to pull the bucket too close to the excavator, since the resulting roller of soil contaminates the caterpillar track and interferes with the movement of the excavator.

In the intervals between transport approaches for loading, soil should be collected at distant points of the face, increasing the radius of action of the dragline by throwing the bucket (throwing work). Throwing the bucket is achieved by pulling it up and then releasing the traction drum brake. To prevent the bucket from turning over while throwing it, the traction rope should not be released too much from the winch. It should be borne in mind that throwing the bucket increases the range of action of the excavator, but at the same time lengthens the cycle time, so it should not be used unless absolutely necessary.

The development of the face should be carried out at the smallest possible angles of rotation, and to shorten the cycle, the operations of lifting the bucket and turning the excavator for unloading must be combined in time. In this case, the bucket should be smoothly, without jerking, separated from the soil and transported to the unloading site with slightly raised teeth, which prevents soil from scattering. When turning, the bucket should not be raised too high.

Unloading the bucket is performed between two operations: turning to unload and turning to the face. Turning the excavator and lowering the bucket into the face also needs to be combined in time as much as possible. When turning into the face, you should simultaneously throw the bucket so that by the end of the turn it is in a position from which you can begin collecting soil. Unloading the bucket into transport should be done from a minimum height, so as not to damage the car body and not touch the sides with the bucket. The turning brake should be applied a little earlier than the bucket reaches the unloading point. In this case, the bucket moves by inertia towards the vehicle and is unloaded by briefly releasing the traction drum brake.

When working in a dump, unloading must be done on the move. If the angle of rotation for unloading is at least 140°, then the turn back to the face must be made in the same direction without reversing the turning mechanism. The excavator makes a 360° turn. Due to the absence of time loss on braking and acceleration of the turntable, time savings in this case amount to 10-12% of the cycle duration.

Excavator operation with backhoe equipment

Backhoe equipment is installed on excavators with a bucket capacity of only up to 0.65 m3, since excavators with a larger bucket capacity are not stable enough during operation. A backhoe is used when developing soil below the excavator parking level (digging pits, trenches, channels, etc.).

The faces for backhoe excavators, as well as for excavators equipped with a dragline bucket, are divided into two main groups - end and side. Most often, end faces are used, since in this method it is possible to tear off a narrow long trench, which in urban and industrial construction is the main purpose of a reverse excavation.

When digging narrow trenches, the excavator is installed along its axis. When working in a dump, the trench width reaches 0.7-0.8; when working in transport with one-sided unloading, it can be increased to 1.2 R, and with two-sided unloading - up to 1.5 R. To further increase the width of the trench, the excavator is moved not along the axis of the trench, but in a zigzag manner: it is placed at one edge of the trench, That's the other one. This organization of work allows the bucket to be unloaded evenly on both sides of the trench and ensures the required dimensions of the slopes.

Side faces are used in cases where, due to working conditions, unloading should be carried out only in one direction. In this case, the excavator is installed parallel to the axis of the trench, and scooping is carried out perpendicular to the axis. The angle of rotation during unloading increases slightly. Unloading must be done in the direction opposite to the movement of the excavator. When lateral facing, the trench profile turns out to be asymmetrical, since there is a shortage of soil at the opposite wall and the near wall is cut. With this method of operation, the excavator should not be installed too close to the edge of the trench to avoid shedding and collapse of the soil.

A backhoe, like a dragline, is widely used in reclamation work for cleaning and deepening old irrigation canals, as well as for digging new ones. Cleaning and deepening of channels should be done downstream to avoid the formation of a dam, since in this case the flow of water will wash the soil and negate the work of the excavator. If there is no water in the canal, then scooping should be done in the direction of the water. When digging new irrigation canals, it is necessary to take into account that during operation they will have to be cleaned frequently, so the soil should be dumped as far as possible from the edge of the canal.

TO category: - Single-bucket excavators

Technology and organization of work with an excavator

The technological scheme for excavation work using single-bucket excavators consists of four main work processes: development and excavation of soil; moving it to the place of installation; laying soil in an embankment or dump; finishing of the earthen structure, i.e. bringing the excavation and fill to the design profile. When organizing work and workplaces, carrying out work, they are guided by the requirements of SNiP 12-03-2001 “Labor safety in construction. Part 1. General requirements" and SNiP 12-04-2002 "Labor safety in construction. Part 2. Construction production." Before starting work, the excavator operator is given a technological map and a work order.

Development and excavation of soil. Using single-bucket excavators, the soil in the face is developed using several penetrations. The parameters of the penetrations and faces should ensure that the excavator can operate with the least amount of time required to complete the excavation work cycle (digging, turning the platform with a loaded bucket, unloading the bucket, turning the platform into the face and lowering the bucket to the cutting position).

Excavating cycle time is one of the main factors affecting excavator performance. At the same time, it is of particular importance
have platform rotation operations that take up to 60% of the cycle time. To reduce the time it takes to complete an excavation work cycle:

The width of the penetrations should ensure that the excavator operates at an average rotation angle within 70°;

The depth (height) of the faces must be no less than the length of the soil chips required to fill the bucket;

The length of the penetrations should ensure the smallest number of entries of the excavator into the face and exits from the face;

The digging radius should be within 0.7 - 0.9 of the largest digging radius for this type of excavator;

Digging is carried out at full engine power; combine work operations as much as possible; When developing soils of categories I - III, buckets of increased capacity are used.

When using a straight shovel, the soil is developed above the excavator parking level by frontal or lateral penetration (Fig. 7.2). With a frontal excavation of small width, the excavator moves in the center, and with a large one, it moves in a zigzag manner. Soft soils are developed so that each subsequent digging overlaps the previous one; hard soils - in a checkerboard pattern; deep excavations - with ledges, while first developing a pioneer trench with a frontal or extended face, and then with side faces. The bottom of each ledge should slope towards the development to drain storm water. With a straight shovel with a rotating bucket, the bucket is filled with a movement close to a straight line, followed by turning it towards itself. The development of the face or loading of bulk materials is carried out from the top of the face. By turning the handle and the bucket or just turning the bucket, they fill it, turn it towards themselves, raise the boom, remove the bucket from the face, turn the platform for unloading and unload the bucket.

When using a backhoe, the soil is developed mainly below the level of the excavator parking with a frontal passage (Fig. 7.3), and when cleaning canals, cleaning the slopes of pits - sideways. When developing wide pits, the soil is developed by frontal excavation, while the excavator is moved in a zigzag or parallel manner. The dimensions of the penetrations depend on the parameters of the backhoe. Fill the bucket by turning the bucket toward you or turning the handle toward you, followed by turning the bucket. The cutting thickness of the soil is adjusted by raising or lowering the boom. The filled bucket is lifted from the face by raising the boom and turning the handle away from you. After removing the bucket from the face, turn the platform towards unloading. Unload the bucket by turning it away from you. When loading soil into vehicles, the penetration width is 1.2 -

1.3 of the largest digging radius, when dumping into a dump 0.5 - 0.8 of the same radius, and the axis of the working movement of the excavator is shifted towards the approach of vehicles. Excavator and vehicles in

The time for unloading the bucket is set so that the angle between the axis of the excavator and the axis of the vehicle is no more than 40°, and the angle of rotation of the excavator for greater productivity is no more than 70°.

Dump trucks are used to remove soil from the face.

Excavation work performed by single-bucket excavators is divided into two main groups: non-transport and transport. Without transport are called works in which an excavator, developing soil, places it in a dump, cavalier or in an earthen structure. Non-transport work can be simple or complex. In simple transport-free mining, the soil is placed in a cavalier or embankment without subsequent transshipment (re-excavation). In complex non-transport mining, the soil is placed with an excavator into a temporary (primary) dump, and then partial or complete re-excavation is carried out.

Transport refers to work in which soil is loaded with an excavator and dump trucks and transported to a given location. At the same time, various traffic patterns for group transport are possible; for example, when working with a straight shovel, dead-end and through (dead-end - in which dump trucks approach the excavator and return along the same path; through - in which cars drive up to the excavator without maneuvering and leave after loading the soil on the road, which is a continuation of the entrance route).

The choice of work production system depends on the construction features. Thus, in water management, oil and gas and transport construction, non-transport construction prevails.

work, and in industrial and residential construction - transport.

Soil development is carried out by frontal or lateral penetrations. Lateral penetration is called one in which the axis of movement of the excavator coincides with the axis of the earthen structure or is located in its cross-sectional area.

There are two types of side penetrations: closed, in which the axis of movement of the excavator is located on the side of the excavation section (while moving, the excavator develops three slopes of the excavation - two side and end); open, in which the excavator, moving along the strip being developed, develops the side and end slopes.

Direct execution of work shovel. When using a straight shovel, only transport schemes are used, since due to the small linear dimensions of the working equipment, the excavator cannot provide a sufficient volume of the dump for normal operation. A straight shovel is used when constructing cutting and pioneer trenches in quarries, large pits and excavations in road and hydraulic engineering.

The soil is developed above the level of the excavator parking area with frontal excavators (Fig. 2.1, A- a) or side (Fig. 2.1, G] penetrations. If the width of the frontal penetration is small, the excavator is moved along the center of the penetration; if the width is large, zigzag.

When excavating soil with loading into vehicles, it is recommended to take the following dimensions of penetrations depending on the capacity of the bucket:

0.2 0.4. ..0.5 0.65.. .0,8 1...1.25 1,6...2,5

1,9 2,8 3 3,6 4.5

2.1. Mining with an excavator, equipped straight shovel

s - frontal driving with soil loading on both sides of the face; b- the same, with a double-sided log of soil into vehicles moving along the top of the face; “--a wide frontal passage with loading of soil and vehicles moving along the face; G- side penetration with

soil load and vehicles

2.3. Development reverse recesses shovel A- lateral closed penetration with the same steepness of slopes; b-- the same, with different slope steepnesses; V- side open penetration

Soft soils are developed so that each subsequent digging overlaps the previous one; hard soils - in a checkerboard pattern; deep excavations - with ledges, while first developing a pioneer trench with a frontal or extended face, and then with side faces. The bottom of each ledge should slope towards the development to drain storm water.

When constructing deep excavations in hydraulic engineering and road construction, the design depth of the excavations can significantly exceed the technological capabilities of the excavator. In this case, deep excavations are divided into ledges and tiers, the height of which must correspond to the parameters

excavator frames (Fig. 2.2). The upper part of the excavation is developed with bulldozers, then part of the excavation with scrapers. The remaining part of the excavation is divided into tiers and excavated using excavators equipped with a straight shovel. At the end of the work, the remaining soil and slopes are finished with draglines.

Performing work with a backhoe. When working with a backhoe, transport and non-transport development schemes are used using lateral (Fig. 2.3) and frontal (Fig. 2.4) penetrations, in which the axis of the working excavator is shifted towards the approach of vehicles. Lateral penetration when working with a backhoe can be open or closed.

2.4. Mining with an excavator equipped with a backhoe frontal tunnelingA- with loading soil into vehicles; 6 - to the dump

With open excavation, one side of the workplace remains free of soil. With closed and open side penetrations, the parameters of the structure being developed will be different. Thus, with closed excavation, the steepness of both slopes of the excavation can be set to the same, but it can also be different.

Moreover, in the second case, the possible development depth can be increased by 1.6 times. When developing an excavation using open tunneling, the development depth can be increased by another 20%. However, with this scheme, the possible volume of the dump and the distance

between the dump and the excavation decrease by about 10 times. This predetermines the need for lateral open excavation to use soil loading into vehicles.

When developing wide pits, the soil is developed by frontal penetrations, while the excavator moves in a zigzag or parallel manner. The dimensions of the penetrations depend on the parameters of the backhoe. When loading soil into transport, the width of the penetration is 1.2...1.3, and when dumping into a dump - 0.5...0.8 of the largest digging radius, and the axis of working movement of the excavator is shifted to the side

2.5. Mining with an excavator equipped with a dragline

A-frontal; b - lateral penetration with loading of soil into vehicles

approach of vehicles.

Excavator and vehicles during unloading. The bucket is installed so that the angle between the axis of the excavator and the longitudinal axis of the vehicle is no more than 40°, and the angle of rotation of the excavator is no more than 70°.

Dragline work. The soil is developed below the excavator parking level using frontal and lateral penetrations (Fig. 2.5) into the dump or into vehicles. The angle of inclination of the boom to the horizon is 30...40°. The depth of development depends on the capacity of the bucket and the length of the boom (Table 2.6). When unloading soil into a dump, the angle of rotation is 90...120°, when loading into a trans-

2.6. Depth of soil development by dragline depending on bucket capacity and lengths: booms, m

port located at the same level with an excavator - 180°. Depending on the operating conditions, the transport moves

• The excavator operator and all personnel servicing the mechanisms involved in the complex must undergo induction and workplace safety training, which should be repeated at least once every 3 months and each time these workers move to a new place of work or when conditions change. their labor.
• The excavator operator and all machine maintenance personnel must be provided with special clothing and protective equipment in accordance with current standards and must use them during operation. Excavator operating personnel are not allowed to work without appropriate protective clothing and protective equipment.
• Operators of single-bucket excavators working with equipment that is subject to the Rules for the Design and Safe Operation of Load-Lifting Cranes (with a hook or grab), in cases where the boom, as well as the hook or grab are suspended on a rope, must be trained and certified by a qualification commission with mandatory participation representative of the local body of Gosgortekhnadzor.
• All excavator drivers, their assistants, mechanics, electricians, slingers (when operating excavators with crane equipment) should be periodically checked at least once every 12 months, and also in case of violation of safety rules, their knowledge of these rules should be checked.
• All types of briefings and testing of knowledge on safety precautions should be documented with appropriate documents - training logs, protocols, etc.

1. An excavator operator can only be allowed to work on the machine for which he has been trained. The certificate issued to the excavator driver must indicate what brand of excavator he is allowed to work on.
2. The excavator operator must:

• know the safety instructions for the excavator driver, as well as the manufacturer’s instructions for the installation and operation of the machine;
• know the structure of the excavator, the design and purpose of its mechanisms and safety devices;
• possess the skills necessary to operate and care for excavator mechanisms; before moving on to independently operating an excavator, a driver who has completed a training course must work on an excavator under the guidance of an experienced driver for at least 1 month and become familiar with all the conditions in which this excavator operates, as well as the necessary precautions;
• if the excavator is working with crane or grab equipment, know the factors affecting the stability of the excavator and the reasons for loss of stability;
• know the range and purpose of fuels and lubricants used for this excavator;
• when complex mechanization of the production process, know the rules of safe operation on all machines involved in the complex. This is necessary because the excavator operator is responsible for ensuring that all workers servicing the excavator follow safety regulations.

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Complying with safety regulations before starting to work on an excavator

1. Before starting work, the excavator operator must receive:
   • precise instructions on working conditions (presence of underground communications and their location, location of overhead power lines, presence of obstacles, etc.);
   • technological map of the excavator operation;
   • safety instructions (enforced by order of the construction department).
2. Before starting work on an excavator, the driver must:
   • make sure the machine is in good condition; It is prohibited to work on a faulty excavator;
   • make sure that all rotating parts - gears, chains, belt drives, flywheels, etc. - are protected by casings or inaccessible to workers; It is prohibited to operate an excavator with guards on moving or rotating parts removed;
   • check the signal status; it is not allowed to start work with a faulty signal;
   • obtain from the driver handing over the shift information about the presence of any malfunctions on the excavator and ensure that these malfunctions are eliminated;
   • make sure you have a working tool;
   • ensure the strength of all connections (key, wedge, bolt, etc.), as well as connections of control system pipelines and, if necessary, strengthen them;
   • check the serviceability of brakes and ropes; working with faulty brakes and ropes is prohibited;
   • check the serviceability of the control levers and set them to the neutral position;
   • Lubricate the excavator in accordance with the lubrication chart given in the excavator operating instructions.
3. After making sure that the excavator is in good working order, the driver, together with other maintenance personnel, begins refueling the excavator. In this case, the following safety requirements must be met:
   • the engine and hydraulic system should be refueled with fuel and oil only in natural light; as a last resort, you can refuel at night, but under electric lighting;
   • while refueling the vehicle, smoking, using matches, kerosene lamps and other sources of open flame is prohibited;
   • after refueling the excavator, all parts doused with fuel or oil must be wiped dry, and fuel spilled near the excavator must be thoroughly covered with sand;
   • It is forbidden to open a fuel barrel by hitting the cap with a metal object;
   • Fuel that ignites near a vehicle must not be extinguished with water; To extinguish ignited fuel, you should use a fire extinguisher, which must be on the excavator, as well as sand, tarpaulin, etc.

Safety requirements when starting the engine and during its operation

1. Before starting the engine, the driver must ensure that it is in good working order, as well as that the engine starting devices are in good working order:

   The excavator operator must start the engine himself.

   • the engine, as well as the liquid-fuel starting engine, must not have leaks of fuel, oil and water, as well as leaks of exhaust gases in the connections of the suction and exhaust pipes with the engine block;
   • compressed air cylinders and their fittings for pneumatic starting devices must be in full working order; leakage of compressed air is not allowed;
   • electrical wiring and the electric starter start button must be in full working order; When you press the button, the electric starter should turn on immediately; current leakage in wires and terminals, as well as sparking are not allowed;
   • the levers of the mechanisms of the liquid fuel starting engine must switch easily and reliably; at a positive outside temperature, the starting engine should start easily.
2. When starting a liquid fuel starting engine, the following safety requirements must be met:
   • when starting the engine using the handle, it is forbidden to grasp it; all fingers of the hand should be on one side of the handle;
   • when starting the engine using a starting cord, it is prohibited to use a random cord that does not have a handle, or to wrap the cord around your hand;
   • The crankshaft ratchet for manual turning must have unworked slots, the starting handle must have a smooth, burr-free surface.

Starting the engine is permitted only after the driver gives a warning signal.

When the outside temperature is below freezing, it is prohibited to use open fire to heat the engine. When starting a cold engine, it is necessary to fill the radiator with hot water and heated oil into the crankcase. In this case, precautions should be taken against the formation of cracks in the cylinder block and “sticking” of the lower part of the radiator. Care must be taken when opening the radiator cap when the engine is hot and draining hot water from the radiator; It is not allowed to open the radiator cap without gloves, ends or rags if the engine is overheated; When removing the cap, you must turn your face away from the filler hole.

Do not start an overheated starting motor. To avoid burns to your hands, it is prohibited to touch the exhaust pipe when starting the engine and its operation.

It is prohibited to repair malfunctions while the engine is running.

Particular care must be taken when using antifreeze (a mixture of ethylene glycol and water) as a coolant in the cold season. The driver should be aware that antifreeze is a poison that can cause severe poisoning, even death. Do not allow antifreeze to come into contact with your lips or mouth. For ethylene glycol, separate containers with special markings should be used; the container must be under special supervision. Do not allow oil to get into the container, as this will cause foaming and release of liquid from the cooling system.

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Safety requirements for the workplace of a single-bucket excavator

The site on which the excavator is installed must be well planned and provide a good overview of the work area; Groundwater and storm water must be drained from it. If the base of the platform is wet, elan must be laid under the excavator. When working in the dark, the front of the excavator in the face, the place where soil is unloaded and the ground paths must be well lit.

An excavator installed on the site must be secured to prevent spontaneous movement.

A danger zone is established around the excavator, within a radius equal to its maximum digging radius plus 5 m, in which people are prohibited from being present while the excavator is operating. Warning signs and posters must be installed at the border of the zone, and signal lighting in the dark.

When operating an excavator with a straight shovel, the distance between the protruding parts of the turntable in any position and the face wall must be at least 1 m.

The formation of soil peaks in the face is not allowed. They should be brought down in a timely manner.

For backhoes and draglines, the face height should not exceed the maximum digging depth of the excavator.

Before installing the excavator, the work contractor must obtain accurate data about the underground communications running under the machine’s working platform. Warning signs must be installed in places where power line cables and gas pipelines pass.

The excavator operator must be well instructed about the underground utilities passing through the site, their route and depth, as well as the necessary precautions. When working in places where power transmission line cables and gas pipelines pass, the driver must be issued a permit for particularly dangerous work. Work on an excavator must be carried out under the supervision of gas and electrical workers.

It is prohibited to operate an excavator under the wires of existing overhead power lines. It is also prohibited to work on an excavator if power lines are within the range of the excavator boom.

You can work close to an overhead power line that is energized only if the air distance between the lifting and retractable part of the excavator and its cables in any position and at the maximum reach of the working tool and the nearest power line wire. If this condition cannot be met, installation of the excavator is allowed after removing the voltage from the power line. When working near energized power lines, the excavator driver must be issued a work permit defining safe conditions for the work, signed by the chief engineer of the construction and installation organization performing the work.

Safety requirements when operating an excavator

1. Each excavator must have tables showing the operation of control levers and diagrams of starting devices. The excavator must be equipped with an audible signal.
2. When an excavator is operating in conjunction with vehicles or auxiliary machines (motor grader, bulldozer, etc.), an alarm system must be in place between the excavator operator and the operators (drivers) of other machines.
3. While the excavator is operating, it is prohibited to change the reach of the boom when the bucket is full (with the exception of shovels that do not have a pressure mechanism), or to pull up a load located on the side using the boom or bucket. Do not adjust the brakes with the bucket raised.
4. During a break in work, regardless of its duration, the excavator boom should be moved away from the face and the bucket lowered to the ground.
5. The operator is obliged to monitor the condition of the face and, if there is a danger of collapse, immediately take the excavator to a safe place and notify the foreman or foreman about this. If underground cables, gas pipelines and pipes under pressure that are not known to the driver in advance are discovered during work, work should be immediately suspended and the administration notified.
6. It is prohibited to lift and move oversized pieces of rock, logs, boards, beams, etc. with a bucket (this rule does not apply to elan shields for moving an excavator).
7. It is prohibited to place boards, logs, wedges, stones or other objects under the tracks or track rollers to prevent the crawler excavator from moving during operation. For this purpose, proper running gear brakes must be used.
8. Soil should be loaded onto the vehicle from its rear or side. It is strictly forbidden to carry the bucket over the driver's cab or people. During loading, the driver must get out of the car if the cabin does not have an armor shield.
9. When unloading soil into the vehicle, the bucket should be lowered as low as possible so as not to damage the vehicle. Oversized loading of the car body and uneven distribution of soil in it are not allowed.
10. When operating an excavator to dismantle destroyed buildings, the following safety requirements must be met:
    • It is prohibited to install an excavator and start working with it until the mechanism destroying the building has completely stopped;
    • The excavator operator must wear dust-proof goggles;
    • all windows and doors of the excavator cabin must be closed during work to avoid dust in the cabin;
    • The work site should be periodically watered with water to settle dust;
    • you should beware of overhanging beams, blocks and other parts of a destroyed building;
    • The excavator driver must be issued a work order for particularly dangerous work.
11. Cleaning, lubricating and repairing the excavator can only be done after it has come to a complete stop. The engine must be turned off and all moving parts of the excavator must be stopped,
12. The bucket may be cleaned of adhering soil or objects stuck in its teeth with the knowledge of the operator when the excavator is stopped when the bucket is lowered to the ground.
13. Inspection of the boom head blocks is allowed only while the excavator is stopped and with the permission of the operator.
14. While the excavator is operating, it is prohibited for anyone (including the driver’s assistant) to be on the turntable, as well as for anyone (including the driver) to cross to the other side of the excavator through operating mechanisms.
15. To avoid an accident, all foreign objects must be removed from the turntable before starting the excavator. All equipment and tools necessary for work should be stored in a place specially designed for this purpose.
16. When working with a straight shovel, the following additional safety requirements must be observed:
    • When filling the bucket, do not allow it to cut into the ground excessively;
    • braking at the end of a turn of an excavator with a filled bucket should be done smoothly, without sudden shocks;
    • when lifting the bucket, you must not allow its block to rest on the boom block, and when lowering the bucket, you must not impart a pressure movement to the handle;
    • The lowered bucket must not hit the frame or track, or the ground;
    • when digging in heavy soils, do not extend the handle all the way;
    • obstacles in the face that could cause significant overloading of the bucket or its damage should be avoided;
    • when a pioneer trench is being developed to lower an excavator into a pit, it is necessary to ensure that when turning the excavator for unloading, its tail does not touch the side walls of the trench (the bucket must be raised above the walls).
17. When operating an excavator with a dragline or backhoe, the following additional safety requirements must be met:
    • Avoid excessive penetration of the bucket into the ground;
    • braking of the excavator when turning it with a loaded bucket should be done smoothly, without sudden jerks;
    • in the event of a temporary suspension of work on excavating a pit or trench or when repairing an excavator, the latter must be moved to a distance of at least 2 m from the edge of the open pit (trench). Under the tracks or wheels of the excavator, pads must be placed on both sides of it.
18. During excavation, it is necessary to ensure that the ropes are wound on the winch drums. The ropes must not be allowed to cross on the drums. It is strictly forbidden to guide the ropes wound around the drums with your hands.
19. Upon completion of work on the excavator, the operator is obliged to:
    • rotate the turntable so that the bucket is moved away from the face wall;
    • rotate the boom along the axis of the excavator and lower the bucket to the ground;
    • stop the engine and put all levers in neutral;
    • clean the excavator from dirt and dust;
    • inspect the engine, all mechanisms and ropes and, if possible, eliminate any detected faults.
    • hand over the excavator to the replacement driver or lock the cab;
    • make proper entries in the excavator's logbook.
20. When working with an excavator to demolish old buildings and dismantle ruins with a wedge or ball, the following safety rules must be followed:
    • Only service personnel who have undergone special safety training when loosening soil with the specified equipment are allowed to work on an excavator;
    • the operating area of ​​an excavator equipped with a wedge (ball) must be fenced with warning signs or signal lighting within a radius of at least 40 m;
    • before starting work, it is necessary to carefully check the fastenings of the ropes; the rope must be of such a length that after the wedge (ball) hits the bottom of the face, at least two turns of the rope remain on the winch drum;
    • work is permitted when the boom is tilted at least 60° to the horizontal;
    • the front window of the cab must have an armored fence;
    • during inspection and repair, as well as when replacing the rope, the wedge-baba (ball-baba) must be on the ground.
21. When carrying out work on an excavator to destroy old buildings with an excavator with a ball-bagger, in addition to the safety rules specified in clause 20, the following requirements must also be met:
    • The driver is required to wear dust glasses while working;
    • the excavator must be positioned outside the possible collapse of walls or ceilings, i.e., approximately at a distance no less than the height of the building being destroyed; accordingly, the outreach of the boom and the length of the rope for the suspension of the ball should be;
    • the work area must be periodically watered;
    • the work site should be well illuminated by floodlights; the installation of floodlights must exclude the possibility of blinding the excavator driver;
    • It is permitted to begin work on cleaning up destroyed structures and construction waste only after work on the destruction of the building has stopped.

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Safety precautions when moving an excavator

1. The path along which the excavator will move must be leveled and planned in advance, and on soft soils reinforced with shields or flooring made of boards, beams or sleepers. As a rule, within the city and over long distances, the excavator must be moved on heavy trucks (trailers) or railway platforms.
2. The descent and ascent of the excavator when moving it under its own power can be carried out on a road slope that does not exceed the maximum surmountable elevation angle of the excavator according to its technical passport.
3. Lowering and lifting the excavator under its own power on a road slope exceeding that specified in paragraph 2 must be done with the additional help of a tractor or winch in the presence of a mechanic, workman or foreman.
4. To cross bridges, pipelines, embankments and railway tracks, it is necessary to construct a crossing made of plates, sleepers or beams. The passage of an excavator through structures is permitted only after obtaining permission from the relevant organizations operating these structures. The transition should be carried out under the supervision of an engineer and technical worker.
5. While the excavator is moving, its boom must be installed strictly in the direction of the excavator’s path, and the bucket must be raised above the ground to a height of 0.5-0.7 m, counting from the ground to the lower edge of the bucket. Moving an excavator with a loaded bucket is not permitted. The turntable must be braked.
6. When an excavator passes under power line wires, the distance between the top point of the excavator in the transport position to the bottom wire of the active power line.
7. If in fact the distance between the top point of the excavator and the bottom wire of the power line is less than specified in paragraph 6, then it is necessary to temporarily remove the voltage from this line. Any movement of an excavator near or under power line wires should be carried out in the presence of a representative of the organization operating this line.

Safety precautions when installing and dismantling excavators

1. The area intended for installation or dismantling of excavators must be of sufficient size, well planned and free of foreign objects.
2. At the installation (dismantling) site, cages made of wooden sleepers or beams must be prepared in advance for laying the excavator elements (handle, boom, bucket, etc.). The cages must be carefully laid out, and in the appropriate places the sleepers (beams) must be fastened together with staples.
3. As a rule, an excavator is mounted and dismantled using cranes and other lifting mechanisms and equipment, the serviceability of which must first be checked.
4. While retrieving the excavator ropes, no operation of its mechanisms is allowed. It is forbidden to guide the ropes wound onto the drum with your hands.
5. When lifting and lowering excavator components, workers must remain at a safe distance from the components. It is prohibited to stand on a raised or lowered unit to balance it.
6. When dismantling, the excavator components are placed on pre-prepared supports, and gaskets are placed between the components. It is prohibited to lay gaskets and linings while lowering the excavator components.
7. It is forbidden to adjust the raised and lowered parts of the excavator by hand. For this purpose, guy ropes are used. It is strictly forbidden to check the coincidence of the holes of the mounted units with your fingers.

For excavators equipped with a straight shovel, frontal or lateral penetration is used. In this case, mining is carried out from the bottom of the excavation, and the bottom wall is located above the excavator parking level (Fig. 5).

For excavators equipped with a backhoe or a dragline type bucket, end or side penetrations are used (Fig. 6).

An excavator face is the site where the excavator is located, part of the excavator, part of the site where soil is unloaded for backfilling, and a site for parking vehicles where excess soil is removed. Excavator faces, respectively, can be frontal, end, or side.

In end and frontal driving, the axis of movement of the excavator coincides with the axis of the excavation. The excavator, moving from parking lot to parking lot, develops either the left or the right part of the tunnel. The angle between the extreme positions of the boom when cutting should not be more than 90 (optimally about 70). An increase in the angle between the extreme positions of the boom leads to a sharp decrease in the productivity of the machine, since a significant amount of excavation cycle time is spent on unproductive movement of the boom and bucket. The smaller the angle between the extreme positions of the boom, the higher the productivity, but also the smaller the penetration width.

The width of the normal frontal penetration at the top is determined from the expression:

Where
- working cutting radius of the excavator, m

- length of movement (or movement) of the excavator from parking lot to parking lot, m

The length of the advance is defined as the difference between the maximum and minimum cutting radii at the digging depth of the excavator:

In preliminary calculations, you can use the approximate values ​​of the travel length from the following table.

Note: the movement length of an excavator equipped with a dragline bucket is assumed to be equal to 1/5 of the boom length.

A side face (lateral penetration) is formed when the excavator is displaced relative to the development axis. The magnitude of the displacement can be dictated, for example, by the need to unload soil directly into the cavalier, as shown in Figure 6a. Here, the volume of soil from the adopted side excavation is equal to the volume of backfill. Therefore, the soil from the rest of the pit, excavated by zigzag end excavation, is removed. The maximum width of the side penetration on one side of the axis is determined by the formula:

The width of each subsequent side penetration after the first is found from the expression:

,

Where
- largest cutting radius at the excavator parking level, m.

With lateral penetrations you can develop fairly wide pits, performing them sequentially, one after the other.

Frontal (and end) faces can be made of different widths: normal, with zigzag movement of the excavator (Fig. 6a) and with transverse movement of the excavator.

In general, when developing pits there may be several types of penetrations; their combination can be rationally assigned by the designer and depends on the size of the excavation and the layout of the excavated soil.