What is the best foundation for a barn. Choosing the type of foundation for the barn Installing the hozblok on concrete blocks

Do-it-yourself foundation for a barn is built in several ways. If you want this outbuilding to serve you for many years, you should treat the issue of building a foundation for it responsibly.

In private courtyards, there are often many outbuildings designed for various purposes. The most common of these is the barn. Usually it is a multifunctional structure that can be used to store a variety of working tools and household equipment, breeding domestic animals. Some owners equip a workshop in the barn.

Regardless of the specific purpose for which the described economic structure is used, it needs a qualitative foundation.

High-quality foundation of an economic structure

Of course, you can build a barn without a foundation. But such a structure will not last long. The guarantee of long-term operation of any outbuilding will be a solid and reliable foundation for it. It can be:

tape;
screw;
columnar.

Any of these foundations for an outbuilding is made as simple and economical as possible. As a rule, the foundations for a barn or utility block go deep into the ground by no more than 0.6 m. They are built according to simplified construction methods. Therefore, such structures cannot perceive truly serious loads. But in any case, buildings even on a very light foundation are much stronger and more durable than sheds built without a foundation. Always remember this.

The bases of the tape type are most popular among summer residents and owners of private dwellings. Such foundations are allowed to be built on any soil, they can withstand fairly large loads. True, the cost of their construction in comparison with other grounds for a utility block is either higher.

The base of the shed tape type

If you plan to spend a minimum of finance on construction activities, it is better to build not a tape, but a different type of foundation. Thankfully they have a large selection. For the rest, we will briefly describe how to properly build such a structure. You can make a strip foundation yourself, based on the following work algorithm:

You dig a ditch about 0.7 m wide. You determine its depth based on how much the earth freezes in winter. The bottom of the base for the outbuilding should be slightly below the freezing level of the soil.
Next, you need to make a pillow of two layers in the ditch - a 10-cm layer of rubble plus 5-8 cm of building sand. Then this cake should be well compacted.
You are making . It is desirable to provide additional reinforcement of this structure. You need to make a simple mesh with cells measuring about 0.3x0.3 m from reinforcing bars of a small section (up to 1 cm). The formwork should protrude 0.25–0.3 m above the ground.
Prepare the concrete solution and pour it into the prepared structure. The formwork filling mixture, without which the strip foundation cannot be built, can be made according to the classic recipe. Mix crushed stone with sand in a ratio of 5 to 3, add cement (1 part). Then fill this composition with water and stir it until the composition becomes homogeneous and thick enough.

You just have to wait for the concrete mixture to solidify, dismantle the formwork structure and fill the gaps left after the removal of the wood frame with earth. The strip foundation is ready. Such a base is recommended for loaded buildings, for example, for a utility block or a full-fledged home workshop.

Much less labor and financial costs require the arrangement of a columnar structure. We note right away that it is impossible to build such a structure on moving soils. It is very easy to make a columnar foundation for a light utility block or similar building:

Clean up the shed area. On clay soils, it is required to additionally equip a gravel pillow on the ground (thickness - around 10 cm).
Mark the site by determining the mounting points of the columnar supports.
Dig holes in the marked places. The depth of the wells is taken in the range of 50–100 cm. The softer the soil on the land, the deeper the supports should be deepened.
Pour a mixture of gravel and sand at the bottom of the pits (the total thickness of the layer should be about 15 cm), compact the cake made.
Install the posts in the wells prepared for them. You can make supports from bricks, asbestos-cement pipes or from concrete blocks. The choice is yours. Experts advise placing an additional reinforcing bar inside the pillars. Then their bearing potential increases significantly. Of course, if you are building a foundation for a very light shed, an additional rod is not needed.
You make a simple formwork, fill it with a concrete solution.

Arrangement of a columnar structure

After 5-7 days, the concrete will harden and you can build a barn on a prepared base.

Please note: if it was decided to make the pillars from bricks, the finished support must be treated with mastic with waterproof properties.

Relatively recently, outbuildings began to be installed on screw bases. Special supports that are used for these purposes have a special design with blades at the ends. Due to these elements, the screw rods are screwed into the ground without problems by two adult men. There are no real difficulties in performing such work.

Piles are screwed not by hand, but by means of a piece of an ordinary pipe or an iron crowbar, which are attached to the support through a special hole made in its upper part. Installation of screw products must be carried out strictly vertically. It is desirable that two people screw in the supports, and a third from the side observes the correct installation.

Installation of screw products

When a structure is erected on the site from foam blocks - a popular modern material for construction, the foundation for such a building is made according to the algorithm described for the strip base:

Dig a 0.6-meter deep trench. Fill its bottom with gravel and sand (it is optimal to use fine fraction materials) with a layer of 15–20 cm.
You make a reinforcing skeleton from rods with a section of 0.9–1 cm and a simple formwork from boards.
Pour concrete, wait for it to harden, mount light and durable foam blocks on the resulting base.

Choose the technology for building the foundation for the hozblok that suits you and do all the work yourself, saving the family budget!

Shed on a strip foundation

A barn is a classic outbuilding that can be found in almost any rural area. Such a structure is small in size, often built from light improvised materials, but it must be strong and durable.

Indeed, given the small mass and large dimensions of the walls, it must stand on a solid foundation that can withstand wind, rain and groundwater. Often sheds are made on heaving soils or those where the groundwater level is high and the terrain is uneven.

Therefore, in order to build this building with your own hands correctly, you need to choose the foundation that is optimal for such purposes.

What is the best foundation for a barn

Criterias of choice:

Mass of the structure. As a rule, outbuildings can be built with your own hands from brick, foam blocks, wood or steel. Concrete blocks are not used due to their large mass and difficulty in installation. Therefore, the largest mass will be of a brick structure, and the wooden one will be the lightest.
Soil type. Sheds are often erected on soils not suitable for residential buildings. Therefore, in most cases, these are heaving soils with a high level of groundwater. Under this type of soil, the optimal base design is selected.
Terrain relief. No one spends extra money on leveling a construction site or digging deep pits.

Therefore, taking into account the relief and features of the building, you can make a barn with your own hands with the following types of bases:

Monolithic concrete or reinforced concrete slab of a shallow type.
Pile-grillage foundations with a small depth of laying. The grillage is made shallow or hanging.
Tape shallow-depth bases from concrete blocks, bricks or foam blocks.
Columnar (foundation of tires, etc.)

How to build a tape monolithic foundation for a barn

An example of a finished trench filled with sand as a pillow

Given that the overall dimensions of such structures are small, earthworks here are minimal. As a rule, the construction of a monolithic foundation consists of several stages:

Development of a sketch drawing of the future building;
Marking the construction site, taking into account the dimensions of the foundation slab, its thickness and dimensions;
Digging a pit to a depth of 60 cm, it makes no sense to do more due to the high strength of the plate and the uniform distribution of the mass of the structure;
The bottom of the trench must be carefully leveled, compacted and covered with a sand and gravel cushion. It also needs to be tamped so that the thickness of the pillow is no more than 15-20 cm. To facilitate tamping, the pillow can be pre-moistened with water.
On the sides of the finished pit, formwork must be installed in which the internal dimensions correspond to the specified foundation parameters. Align the finished formwork horizontally and vertically.
Now you need to make high-quality reinforcement of the pit. For this, a metal mesh with dimensions of 8 mm is used, you can use a smaller one, only then you need to reduce the interval between the bars. It is recommended to connect it with the formwork, but this is often not practiced in order to build the foundation in a much shorter time.
Now you need to fill the pit with liquid concrete, carefully level and compact. If necessary, the upper edge must be leveled with liquid concrete using a hydraulic level.

The monolithic strip foundation for the barn is ready. Now it remains to wait approximately 3-4 weeks until the concrete gains brand strength and you can begin to build load-bearing walls from foam blocks or other heavy building materials.

Tape shallow foundation

By design, it practically does not differ from a monolithic slab, only in such cases, bricks and foam blocks are used as building materials. You can also use ready-made concrete blocks, but their installation is costly and block foundations are not practiced for building sheds.

Therefore, it is worth considering the stages of building a base from natural stone, which is always on construction sites. This technology will be almost identical to brickwork or installation of foam blocks.

It is necessary to mark the future base, taking into account the thickness of the bearing walls.
Dig trenches around the perimeter of the building. If the project also provides for intermediate walls, then a trench must be made under them.
The depth of the trench for heaving soils should be no more than 1 meter, sometimes they do less if a layer of hard rock is found under loose soil.
Pour a sand and gravel cushion at the bottom of the trench, compact it and fill it with liquid concrete. Leave the pillow to dry for a few days.
During this time, it is worth making wooden formwork along the outer and inner sides of the trench, connecting the walls to each other in the upper part, and covering the outer surface with waterproofing, for example, roofing material.
Lay broken stone in layers on the finished concrete surface, fill the space between the stones with fine gravel and pour concrete evenly over the layers. As a rule, reinforcement is not practiced here, although it is possible to make strapping in several horizontal layers.
Raise the stone in layers to the surface, then cover with plastic wrap and leave to dry for a week.

In cases where it is possible to build a strip base from concrete blocks or foam blocks, then the width of the trench should correspond to the thickness of the blocks, and a reinforcing mesh should be provided between the rows.

The construction of strip foundations from concrete blocks is costly, but also reliable, because you do not need to use several layers of waterproofing.

But it is difficult to build a structure from concrete blocks with your own hands, but tapes from foam blocks are lighter and can be quickly installed on a concrete solution.

Video of the construction of a frame shed on tires (columnar foundation)

In some cases, there is a difficult terrain on the construction site, and it is difficult to level it, then a columnar structure with grillages justifies itself.

In such cases, it is possible to build a foundation from ready-made screw piles, but this is expensive. Or you can make asbestos piles with your own hands right on the site and install them in the wells. The advantages of such a foundation are obvious:

A barn can be erected even on difficult terrain;
No need to use complex waterproofing of the basement, because it does not touch the ground surface;
Wells and piles can be made by hand;
The technology is simple and accessible to everyone, it uses a minimum of mechanized equipment;
The cost of building foundations of this type is small.

The grillages, on which the barn will then be built, can be made from foam blocks, wood or metal sheets. It is necessary to immediately provide for thermal insulation of the space under the grillage, and it is better to pour piles into asbestos pipes or pipes twisted from roofing material. This design will be more durable.

Thus, it is not difficult to build almost any type of base for a barn on heaving soils with your own hands. Even pile-grillage foundations are made in a matter of days, and immediately after pouring the piles with concrete, a grillage can be erected.

It is clear that the monolithic slab will be the most time-consuming, and it must be poured from several concrete mixers at once. And the tape design will be optimal, you can make it yourself with any improvised building materials.

Building a barn with your own hands is not such a difficult task, but one cannot do without such a building on a personal plot, especially if the site is new and the construction of the house is still planned. During this time, the barn will become a shelter for the craftsmen, a storage for their tools, and later it will be a workshop or a good warehouse for firewood and garden utensils. Therefore, it is necessary to start equipping a fenced area with the installation of this economic structure.

You can’t install a barn where you have to - first you need to carry out zoning, since you need to remember that the building will serve for more than one year and can become an obstacle to other buildings, or spoil the planned landscape design of the territory. Therefore, it is necessary to allocate a place for it that will not be suitable for agricultural or decorative plantings, gazebos, garages, baths, toilets and other buildings. If you install a barn in the far corner of the site, it will not only not interfere with the work process, but will also become protection from prying eyes.

But if in the future it is planned to arrange a woodcutter in it, then the shed should not be too far from the main building, since in winter it will be difficult to get to it, and firewood should always be at hand.

block foundation

Installation of blocks in this design takes place on a monolithic base. If we are talking about the budget version of the basement, then it is allowed to use concrete blocks on a specially prepared pillow. In this case, a hole is dug according to the size of the hozblok, a layer of sand is poured, spilled with water and compacted.

Then a layer of rubble, and also carefully compacted. Concrete blocks of the required size are installed on the constructed site along the perimeter, horizontally aligned with a level.

Construction of a strip foundation

Before pouring the supporting structure, it is necessary to prepare a solid tenacious mortar from a mixture of cement, water, sand and gravel. The following rules will help you do this correctly:

When buying dry cement or building mix, be sure to pay attention to the production date. Ordinary Portland cement will do here.
To save cement, you should choose gravel of different diameters with large and small pebbles. In this case, fine gravel will serve as a link for coarse gravel and less cement will be needed.
Crushed stone should not contain garbage and various impurities.
Water should also be used clean, best drinking.
Sand should be free of clay and silt impurities.
Classic mortar recipe: 3 parts sand, 5 parts crushed stone, 1 part cement - pour everything with water, mix until a thick homogeneous mass is obtained.

barn without foundation

Some lightweight buildings will not require a plinth at all. This includes sheds such as a chest or a combined greenhouse. They mainly store inventory, tools, garden supplies, germinate plants, root cuttings and other household needs.

Due to the small area and limited size, such structures have low pressure on the ground, and, accordingly, they can do without a foundation.

Another modern innovation is the prefabricated plastic shed. Such a structure can be built by every summer resident. The assembly is made according to the type of children's designer, without the use of special skills and complex fasteners.

This building is a metal frame, the walls, roof and floor of which are made of durable frost-resistant plastic. Thanks to the built-in floor, the structure of the barn is protected from groundwater. It will always be comfortable to work in it, especially with well-designed ventilation. Even harsh winters and a heavy mass of snow, this design will withstand perfectly.

The undoubted advantages of this type of hozblok are:

assembly time - in the absence of experience, everything will take about three hours;
such a structure can be moved from place to place;
does not require maintenance - with careful operation it will last up to thirty years;
easy to clean with running water from a hose.

A reliable foundation for a barn is half the way to a functional structure that can last for decades. Doing it yourself will not be a big deal. It is only important to conduct a soil study to correctly determine the type of foundation, as well as to decide in advance on the project, design and purpose of the future building.

The device of the foundation is one of the most important construction stages. The carrier platform largely determines the durability of both large-scale capital facilities and small outbuildings. The barn cannot be attributed to demanding objects in terms of the characteristics of the foundation, however, there are many important nuances in the technique of its construction. Moreover, this operation is in most cases implemented with a modest set of materials and technical means, which in itself forces the performers to look for ways to optimize work activities. To arrange a high-quality foundation for a barn, it will not be superfluous to use proven technologies for solving such problems at minimal cost.

Preparation for work activities

Before starting the construction of the foundation, it is necessary to carefully calculate the work plan. It is important to determine the place of construction of the object, the area and orientation of technological points. An approximate layout of the shed will allow you to perform the correct positioning of the carrier platform, regardless of what technology it will be performed on. In order to last longer and not be damaged due to defects in the ground surface at the very first stages of operation, it is important to clear the soil. The layer of vegetation must be eliminated and, if possible, the rough coating should be made not only even, but also rigid. This may also require the removal of a loose layer of soil or the use of a tamping tool. How to achieve the desired characteristics of the base surface will depend on the quality of the soil itself.

Solution preparation

Almost all barn foundation methods require the use of concrete. To prepare the mortar, you will need a basic set of water, sand and cement, but with the addition of gravel. The fraction of its elements can be any, but it is desirable to correlate it with the volume of the planned mass - the larger the pouring area, the larger the fraction. For example, gravel for a columnar foundation will have a minimum size, and for a strip foundation, it is desirable to select a large fraction. It is also important to observe the proportions for the solution from which the foundation will be made for in a small container, mix sand with gravel in a ratio of 3: 5, and then add 1 part of Portland cement. Water is added with the expectation of obtaining a thick but tenacious mass.

The device of a monolithic foundation

This is a simple technique, but a fairly voluminous way to make a foundation. Its use is justified when it comes to the construction of a brick outbuilding. The essence of the technology lies in the construction of a solid sand cushion with the inclusion of the same gravel. Approximately 10-15 cm, a foundation should be laid, on which a cement screed will be organized in the future. But before that, a continuous formwork is formed around the perimeter of the working area, on which it is planned to install the foundation for the barn. Do-it-yourself restrictive barriers are made, within which the cement mortar will be poured. They can be made from plastic or wooden slats with panels - the main thing is that they can hold the poured mass. After that, you can proceed to the installation of reinforcing bars and the direct screed device. It should be borne in mind that the full acquisition of the strength of such a foundation may take about 2-3 weeks, depending on the working area.

for a barn of a columnar type?

The columnar foundation requires less materials in terms of volume, but its implementation implies a more thorough calculation. Usually, a carrier base is formed, fixed on racks fixed in the ground. If we are talking about a small barn, then four pillars with a diameter of about 15 cm are quite enough. For each of them, a hole is initially dug into which a pillow of gravel and sand is poured. Next, the column rod is installed and poured with cement. If necessary, you can use special equipment for driving piles. After that, the columnar foundation for the barn is covered with logs. The basis for the flooring will be formed by fastening structures, including grillage trim, channel and profile elements.

Strip Foundation Device Technique

This type of foundation is one of the most common in the construction of residential private houses, but for outbuildings it is considered too troublesome and unreasonably expensive. To implement this technique, it is necessary to make excavation lines around the perimeter of the working site. You will get trenches that are covered with sand and gravel. For greater reliability, a reinforcing base is also carried out in earthen niches. If a strip foundation is planned for a large barn, then trenches should be made in the central part. Further, the prepared niches with reinforcement are filled with the same solution. After the concrete has hardened, you can begin work on the flooring device, which can simultaneously act as the floor covering of the future barn.

How to make a foundation for a barn from foam blocks?

There are two common ways to build a platform for a foam block barn. In the first case, it is supposed to create contour bearing lines according to the type of strip foundation. That is, a trench is made around the perimeter, which is filled with a combination of sand and gravel, after which blocks are laid on the cement mortar. Next, a connecting structure is formed for metal flooring or durable logs. The second method is used when working with objects that are demanding in terms of resistance to high loads. In this scheme, the contractor lays the foundation in blocks all over the site. The foam block itself is distinguished by low thermal conductivity, insulating qualities, ease of processing and low price. Therefore, from the point of view of obtaining high performance qualities of the barn as a storage of materials that are demanding on the content, this foundation option may be the best.

How to choose the best foundation option?

Before analyzing possible options for a suitable foundation, you should decide on the tasks that the barn will perform and the conditions for its operation. For a small building in a warm region, a pile foundation with several supporting rods will suffice. It is desirable to build objects of a large area on a monolithic basis - for example, from a solid or in the form of a block platform. These techniques will allow you to build a durable and well-protected foundation for the barn at the bottom. Do-it-yourself monolith is implemented with a standard set of tools, but requires more physical effort. For example, laying a block may require the help of at least one partner.

Can you build a barn without a foundation?

Of course, it will not be possible to do without a supporting base, but the optimization of this structural part of the barn in some cases justifies itself. So, if there are no strict requirements for thermal insulation, then it is quite possible to confine ourselves to installing the frame on four concrete blocks dispersed in the corners of the future building. You can make a barn without a foundation and on cleared soil. Such projects are usually implemented using prefabricated structures, which provide a rigid wood or metal platform that replaces the foundation. But it is important not to forget that the classic foundation also guarantees the horizontalness of the surface. Therefore, it is important to initially adjust the rough coating so that it does not have serious deviations in heights over the entire area.

Conclusion

It would be wrong to consider the foundation as a part separate from the main frame of the barn. Even the high-quality implementation of the base without taking into account the nuances of the further construction device can cause many problems during operation. The main thing to pay attention to when pairing the foundation for the barn and its structural basis is the technique of forming a hermetic bundle. The transition is usually made from concrete or wooden logs to a metal profile. Next, the main skin is made, which can have several layers. Docking zones can be additionally treated with sealants, mineral wool and mounting foam.

Building a solid barn is far from being such an easy taskas it might seem at first glance. If you want the building to serve you for more than a dozen years, approach the issue with all seriousness! We will consider which do-it-yourself foundation for a barn is best suited for such structures.

1 Foundation for a barn - savings and practicality

Lightweight wooden structures, which will be designed to store light gardening utensils, or will be reserved for poultry, for example, or small livestock, do not need a monolithic foundation. For such structures, a columnar foundation made of different materials is quite suitable. The most important advantage of such a foundation is its low cost compared to a monolithic version, and even a beginner in construction can build it! At the same time, such a foundation retains high performance characteristics.

The foundation on pillars can be arranged on any landscape, even on moving soils. Carrying out hydro- and thermal insulation work when arranging such a foundation is not a necessary measure, installation is carried out even without outside help. As a bearing base, pillars of concrete, brick, natural stone, foam blocks are most often created, sometimes wooden pillars are also used. True, in the latter case, the posts must be burned and treated with special solutions that will reduce the degree of decay, otherwise the structure on such a foundation will not stand idle for a long time.

2 How to make a foundation from pillars - a step by step process

The process of building a foundation on pillars should be carried out in a few simple steps. The first stage is the preparation of the territory, which includes clearing the area of debris, leveling irregularities and pouring a pillow of gravel if the soil is clayey. Then you need to make a markup, noting where which column will be located. Depending on how soft and mobile the soil in your area is, it is recommended to dig the posts from half a meter to a meter deep.

On hard soils, the recesses may not be strengthened, but on soft soils, a layer of reinforced concrete should be made at the bottom of each pit to protect the structure from possible subsidence. After that, we proceed to the second step - we make the formwork. For this purpose, boards 15 cm wide and 4 cm thick are best suited. If you do not want to fiddle with the formwork for a long time, make it from asbestos-cement or iron pipes, but these options will not be removed after pouring. After installing the formwork, reinforce with iron bars installed longitudinally.

When the fuss with the reinforcement is completed, fill the future columns with concrete mortar with fine gravel. Try to pack the solution as tightly as possible.

Then we proceed to the construction of the grillage - that part of the foundation on the pillars, which distributes the load evenly between all parts. Again, with the help of wire and reinforcement we connect the jumpers, we make a frame from the same reinforcement and mount the formwork. We fill everything with concrete and wait until it hardens completely. If you do everything neatly and evenly, then on the resulting foundation you can build a structure for a barn.

3 Do-it-yourself foundation for a barn made of foam blocks - features

It is much easier and cheaper to build a strong and insulated utility block right away than to strengthen and insulate the building during operation. In this regard, foam blocks are the most successful option, since the foam blocks themselves are an excellent insulation, while being solid enough to act as masonry material. Although foam blocks are lightweight material, however, a solid foundation is also needed for it, and you can do it yourself, without involving specialists. It is best to make a strip foundation, under which trenches are dug with a depth of no more than half a meter - it makes no sense to make the foundation deeper, the structure will have a fairly light weight.

After the trenches are dug, sand and fine gravel are poured onto their bottom, with a layer no thicker than 20 cm. The reinforcement cage can be made from fairly thin rods with a cross section of 10 mm. After the frame is installed, formwork is made from boards and concrete is poured. It is extremely important to pour the entire foundation in one go, so if you are doing the work without special equipment, then you will need at least 3 assistants to quickly mix the mortar and feed it to the trenches. It will take several days for the concrete to fully harden - do not forget to water it in hot weather with plenty of water so that it does not crack.

The barn is a multifunctional outbuilding, found in summer cottages, in private households. The barn is adapted for storing summer equipment, construction tools, many people use the building for storing coal, firewood and much more that can be useful in the household.

A properly created foundation (foundation) is a guarantee of the durability of the building, a guarantee that it will not lead after a few years under the influence of high soil moisture, harsh climatic conditions. There is a columnar foundation, from foam blocks or a tape type, so the question of which foundation will be suitable for a barn should be thoroughly studied.

Varieties of barns and soil features

Barn "temporary"

There are several types of foundation for a barn, which are advisable to fill, given the nature and structure of the soil. It is customary to distinguish the following types of buildings:

Construction of the type "chest". It is a light and low structure, where it is convenient to store garden tools. The area of \u200b\u200bthe "chest" is small, so pouring the foundation does not require a serious organization of labor.
Barn with double pitched roof. One of the preferred types of economic facilities in the country. The floor of the building is made of a grooved floorboard, the door structure is attached to three hinges. Construction involves pouring the foundation of any kind. Also suitable here and pile.
Shed with single pitched roof. The roof of such a building has a holistic flat appearance with a slight slope on one side. The area during the construction of a barn building with a pitched roof is somewhat limited. The building may have windows, several doors. For the construction of a barn, it is preferable to pour a foundation of a tape type.
Greenhouse combined structure. It is used when places in the allotted territory are in short supply. The barn is ideal for growing indoor potted plants, germinating seeds during the season of their planting in the country. The foundation for a combined greenhouse is suitable for both tape and columnar.
Temporary type. It is a full-fledged living space without amenities. The structure is used in holiday villages for seasonal use: in summer - living quarters, in winter - a place to store tools, equipment for cultivating the land. To create amenities, electricity and other engineering communications are supplied to the temporary hut. As a base, it is better to use a strip foundation, or make a columnar or foam block foundation.

The quality of the foundation proportionally depends on the type of soil where it is supposed to be poured. It is known that the soil can be deformed under the influence of moisture, drought, freezing.

Soil quality assessment

soil compressibility index;
the level of groundwater rise;
the presence of quicksand in the soil;
deep freezing of the soil in winter;
geographical features of the area (marshy, arid);
the type of soil itself (for example, sandy, clayey).

For example, on loamy or sandy soil, which freezes more than 2 meters and can "float", it is recommended to build only a tape base. Sandy soil, which reacts to an increase in humidity, freezes strongly, but does not shrink at the same time, requires pouring a screw, monolithic or tape type foundation.

Types of foundation for building a barn

Tape type foundation

Tape base under the barn

Laying the foundation of the tape type is most common for the construction of sheds in the country. The tape type is suitable for almost any soil, able to withstand heavy loads, ranging from light outbuildings to high-rise brick houses. With this basis, you can start building a basement.

The pouring of the base begins with a trench. The depth is calculated from the level of the freezing layer plus 20 cm. The width of the moat should reach 70 cm, and the final width of the foundation will vary about 40 cm. A layer of crushed stone (up to 10 cm) and a layer of sand (about 5 cm) are laid on the bottom of the trench, which will double layer pillow. After that, formwork is made up to 30 cm above the ground. It turns out that the base of the building will rise a little, which will prevent it from getting wet and subsidence. A mesh with cells of 25-30 cm is made from reinforcement, which will significantly strengthen the base.

It is better to choose reinforcement with a diameter of up to 1.2 cm. The final step is to fill the base with a concrete mixture and wait for it to completely harden. After that, the frame of wooden bars is removed and the gaps between the ground and the foundation are sealed. The peculiarity of the strip foundation is the mandatory separation of the waterproofing layer from the foundation.

Columnar foundation

Column base design

It is an economical and simple solution for seasonal buildings. The columnar type is made by installing brick or concrete pillars at the corners, at the joints of the walls. It is enough to dig them into the ground according to the level of soil freezing plus 20 cm. The only minus of the columnar base is the impracticality of pouring the base on “walking” soil. It is necessary to dig holes for future concrete or brick pillars of a columnar foundation, fill the bottom with a composition of gravel and sand. Next, compact the mixture until a layer of 15 cm is obtained.

A strong iron bar is installed in the central part of each pillar to increase their bearing capacity and evenly distribute the load upon completion of construction. For greater stability and durability of the columnar foundation, it is recommended to treat the masonry with waterproofing mastic (if the pillars are made of brick or foam blocks) and lay a waterproofing sheet between the foundation and the wooden base of the barn.

Foam block foundation type

Foam block base

The option is suitable for improving the performance of the future building, it is quite economical. It is recommended to use due to its lightness, so that the base does not carry a serious load. First you need to mark the future trench with the help of pegs (tags) and a cord stretched between them. The depth of the pit should reach 60 cm, and the width is calculated by the formula: the width of the foam block plus 20 cm.

The bottom of the pit is laid out with a pillow of sand and gravel, it is well compacted and foam blocks are laid on top. Also, the foam blocks must be well treated with a waterproofing layer, otherwise they will not stand for more than one season.

Block type foundation

Block base for a barn

The use of a block-type foundation implies a number of undeniable advantages when compared with other types:

high resistance to a sharp drop in temperature;
the ability to install in soil with high acidity;
high performance blocks, special strength;
universality in construction, variety in technical parameters;
a significant reduction in the time for laying the foundation of the structure;
ease of installation.

The block foundation begins to be erected from the corner parts to the prepared pillow, where the blocks are installed in the first place. The blocks themselves are installed on a concrete solution. To give the structure strength (especially with loose soil), it is important to make a reinforced mesh. With the help of the level, the probable curvature is eliminated. After the foundation has solidified, the frame is removed, the external seams are expanded and filled with moisture-proof materials. A waterproof sheet is laid along the outer contour of the base and buried well.

Preparation of concrete solution

The composition of a classic concrete mix includes a uniform ratio of dry cement, sand, sand and clean water. To make the solution of the desired consistency and was tenacious, you need to follow a number of rules:

the shelf life of the cement must be observed;
crushed stone must be clean, free of impurities;
it is better if the water is drinking, softened;
sand must be dry, without clay impurities.

The mixture will be much better if the gravel is of various sizes. This will not only increase the strength of the foundation, but also save a little on cement.

Sand with crushed stone should make up a ratio of 3: 5, respectively. The finished mixture is combined with dry cement (about 1 part) and thoroughly mixed. The correct mixture should be of a mushy consistency, free of lumps and other foreign matter. Watch a video on how to properly prepare a cement mortar.

Which foundation of the barn is decided based on many factors. It is impossible not to take into account the type of soil and the purpose of the building. Compliance with the technology of concrete preparation, as well as the rules for digging a trench and installing blocks, allows you to maintain the durability of the building and make it as functional as possible.

The barn itself is an easy building, because it is most often cocked according to the type of frame structure, which means that it does not carry large loads on the foundation. The frame shed is four load-bearing beams, vertically installed at the corners of the building, tied with timber from above and below. This means that it is better to build a columnar foundation for such a structure, but screw piles can also be used.

In this case, the pillars are erected precisely at the corners of the building. If you want to build a house with large dimensions, then, based on the length of the span of the walls between the corner support foundations, intermediate pillars are poured in increments of 2 - 3 m. By the way, the fastest way to build foundation pillars is to use not concrete mortar, but ready-made concrete blocks.

The construction of the foundation for a shed made of blocks in terms of bearing capacity will not yield to either metal piles or a monolith. It is important what sizes the blocks are purchased. Their main purpose is to create a strong and reliable support, so the main thing in this matter is to accurately determine the dimensions of the foundation pillars, both in height and in cross-sectional size. From which it follows that, first of all, it is necessary to determine the pressure that will act on the foundation from the side of the building.

Tape

It is necessary to start talking about the strip foundation with the choice of materials. Since the structure is light, you can use various technologies that use different building materials.

For example: brick, the same concrete blocks, railway wooden sleepers, a concrete mortar monolith.

Brick foundation is one of the budget options. The main thing in this process is to correctly carry out the masonry with the bandage of the elements, which guarantees the strength of the structure and its long service life. It should be borne in mind that such a foundation is usually laid on the surface. It is not necessary to lay bricks in the ground. If you cannot do without this, then you will have to carefully waterproof the walls of the foundation, for example, with bituminous mastic.

The foundation of a shed of sleepers is also an inexpensive option. The sleepers themselves are impregnated with oil, which increases their service life in difficult environmental conditions. The main thing is to correctly connect them together, for which the joint between the two elements is made according to the principle of a half cut. After assembly, the joints are fastened with metal brackets and perforated plates for self-tapping screws.

After installation, all sleepers are treated with bituminous mastic on both sides.

And the most famous technology is to pour the foundation under the shed with concrete into the formwork. The method is not the cheapest, but in some situations it is the only possible option. If a shallow or surface foundation is poured, then there is no need to take into account the level of soil freezing.

Work progress

Let's look at how to properly pour the foundation of concrete. First of all, the parameters of the tape are determined. Its length will be equal to the perimeter of the future structure. Width and depth within 30 - 40 cm - this is a surface model, a width of 20 - 30 cm and a depth of up to 70 cm - this is a shallow version.

In the first case, the sod is removed along the perimeter of the barn, that is, a trench is dug 20 cm deep.
A sand cushion is poured with a rammer to the edges of the soil.
Waterproofing material is laid, preferably in two layers.
Formwork is being installed, for which boards, plywood, OSB boards, corrugated board, iron sheets and other durable plate or sheet materials can be used.
A reinforcement frame is laid inside. It is knitted in the form of two lattices, which are then interconnected by transverse pieces. The distance between the gratings is determined by the width of the trench. They should be within 5 cm from the inner planes of the crate. If a very light barn is being built, then the reinforcement frame can not be laid in the foundation.
A concrete mortar is prepared from cement with the addition of a mixture of sand and gravel. The ratio of components: cement - sand - gravel, as 1: 2: 3. By the way, the mixture can be from sand and gravel.
The pouring of concrete is carried out with a uniform distribution of the material throughout the volume of the formwork. The main task is to complete the process in one day. In this case, it is very important to remove air from the solution, which gets there during the mixing of the ingredients. This is done either with the help of a vibrator, or with improvised means: fittings, pipes, rails and others.
After 7 days, the formwork is removed, after 28 days the foundation for the barn is ready to take on the load.

Here is such a step-by-step instruction for pouring a strip foundation under a small shed.

Columnar

As mentioned above, a columnar foundation for a barn is the best option. It is assembled from bricks, vertically installed sleepers, concrete blocks, or a monolith is poured with the installation of a reinforcing frame.

A block foundation made of blocks or bricks requires a special approach to preparing the installation site. To do this, the bottom of the pit or the surface of the soil must be prepared.

Make a bedding of sand with a layer of 20 cm, which is covered with a waterproofing material on top. If the block pole is sunk into the ground, then the lateral waterproofing of the poles is also carried out, for example, by coating with bituminous mastic.

As an option for a columnar foundation - sleepers cut to the height of the pillars being laid and installed in prepared pits. The main task of the foreman is to align the sleepers to the same level and carry out a thorough waterproofing of the areas located in the ground. This is the simplest foundation of wooden construction.

Of course, screw piles and monolith pillars have a large bearing capacity. On such a columnar foundation, a stone shed can be erected. Although, if you correctly assemble blocks and bricks and accurately calculate their bearing capacity, then these materials will cope well with the loads.

The main task of building a columnar foundation for a barn with your own hands is to save money.

From tires

The foundation for a frame shed, assembled from tires, is an original, but quite reliable option. This design is actually the simplest. It is practically cost-free in terms of acquiring building materials.

To do this, pits are dug in the corners of the barn with a diameter greater than the diameter of the tires by 20 - 30 cm and a depth that determines the depth of the foundation, based on the preliminary calculations.
The tires are stacked one on top of the other.
Crushed stone of small or medium fraction is poured into them (granule sizes from 5 to 40 mm). The backfill is carefully compacted.
After that, backfilling is done from the outer sides of the tires from sand and soil.
The upper rubber element is poured with concrete mortar to increase the bearing capacity.

Although this option is considered original, it has long been used in rural areas.

On dense soils, it is not necessary to dig deep holes for tires. Enough for one or two.

They will have to be completely filled with concrete. On soft, fragile soils, the pits must be made deeper, and the foundation itself must be assembled from at least three car tires. But the more of them in the pit, the higher the bearing capacity of the structure.

Plate

So, let's look at how to properly fill the slab for the construction of a barn. Usually it is erected on moving soils with minimal immersion in the soil.

At the same time, such a foundation can be laid under a shed of blocks, bricks, under a frame structure, and so on.

There are no restrictions in this regard, because the bearing capacity of the structure will mainly depend on the thickness of the slab foundation being poured. Therefore, under non-heavy structures, it is possible to pour a concrete solution with a thickness of 20 cm, under heavy ones, at least 30 cm.

They dig a pit up to 30 cm deep exactly according to the linear dimensions of the future barn.
A crushed stone pillow 15 cm thick is poured into it. It is leveled and rammed.
A layer of sand is poured down to the level of the soil surface. It is also rammed with watering and leveled.
If the depth of the pit allows, that is, the pillow was not filled up to the brim, and besides, the soil in the area is clayey, then the reinforcing frame is laid in the pit on stands. If the pit was not dug deep, then a formwork of boards with a height of no more than 15 cm is installed along the perimeter of the barn. It is at this level that the frame is mounted. It can be assembled from steel reinforcement, or it can be a mesh, for example, a chain-link.
The concrete solution is poured with the removal of air from its mass with a vibrator or improvised materials.

As for the bearing capacity, it all depends on the thickness of the concrete being poured and the number of reinforcing mesh levels. For example, if the foundation is poured under the barn of foam blocks, and this is a small load, then the thickness of the poured layer can be a maximum of 20 cm, one lattice of the reinforcing frame is laid in it.

If a barn is being built from a cinder block, concrete block or brick, then the thickness of the screed should not be less than 30 cm, and a reinforcement frame of two or more gratings installed one above the other must be placed in it.

At the same time, it is very important to take into account the fact that the frame should move 10 cm from the edges of the plate. And this is on each side.

The slab is considered the most expensive option for the foundation structure, so it is very rarely used for sheds. The main reason for the construction is mobile, heaving soils, which make, for example, columnar options unsuitable.

Types of barns and soils

Before considering the types of foundation for the barn, you should decide on the type of this structure itself. There are the following types of country sheds:

With a pitched roof. The roof is entirely flat and slightly inclined in relation to the rear wall. It is for this reason that when building such a barn, the area is somewhat limited. Most of such buildings have one window and doors. For this type of shed, a shallow-depth tape-type foundation is suitable.
With double pitched roof. One of the types of construction popular with summer residents. The floor is made of grooved boards, and the door hangs on three hinges. There can be one or more windows. For such a building, absolutely any type of foundation is suitable.
Chest. Very light and stocky. It usually stores inventory for the garden. The area of such a room is minimal. The foundation for such buildings is being built the most common and simple.
Drawing of a barn type Chest
The greenhouse is combined. It is built exclusively in the case when the area under the barn may simply not be enough. Such rooms are perfect for germinating seeds of all kinds of plants and for planting indoor plants in pots. Here you can apply a strip or column foundation.
Timeline. In fact, this is a full-fledged housing with almost no amenities. In winter, garden tools and tools or other equipment are often stored here. In summer, the temporary building is, in principle, suitable for habitation. For greater comfort, an outdoor shower, electricity and other benefits of civilization are provided there. The best type of foundation for a temporary hut is tape.

The type of foundation being built directly depends not only on the strength of the future building, but also on the type of soil on which it is built.

In the case of sandy soil, which can float in wet conditions, does not shrink and freezes by half a meter, a screw, monolithic or strip foundation will do.
An example of a strip foundation for a barn
On sandy and loamy soil, freezing up to two meters and below, prone to quicksand, only a tape base is erected. It is also suitable for clay soil, which can exert high pressure on the foundation.
The gravel soil does not erode and is not subjected to compression, its freezing is no more than half a meter. The simplest and most inexpensive in this case will be the installation of a columnar base.
It is best to have rocky soil for building. It is devoid of all the above disadvantages, but has its own: hardness. On it you can work with any type of foundation, excluding screw.

Consider the types of foundations for a barn that you can build with your own hands.

Column Foundation

The columnar foundation is an ideal and simple option for the construction of light buildings. On such a foundation, you can make a building out of foam blocks, but before starting construction, you need to examine the soil composition: if it is homogeneous and compacted, then it is possible to make a foundation out of brick or foam blocks.

It must be remembered that building the foundation with your own hands is a work that requires patience. The columnar foundation is best done with a flood or using brick or concrete blocks, simply by installing them in the corners and in the places of the corner elements of the walls.

To build a columnar foundation, you will need to do the following:

Work begins with the marking of the proposed design. Then remove the layer of turf to a depth of about half a centimeter;
Dig holes at the posts. The depth of each is at least 15 cm from the level of soil freezing;
Fill the bottom of each hole with sand and gravel. The resulting embankment must be compacted;
In the case of installation of pouring columns - make a wooden formwork with reinforcement. There are two types of reinforcement. In the first, ready-made meshes of reinforcement are simply laid, and in the second, the rods are laid out at an interval of 200 x 200 mm and fastened with wire at the intersection. For the installation of brick columns, this material is laid out one and a half bricks thick with mandatory seam dressing for structural strength. If the shed is planned to be built powerful, then concrete blocks can be used for pillars. For columns it is also possible to use foam blocks of small sizes;
Prepare concrete mix and pour. A cubic meter of concrete mix is enough for approximately 10 m2 of pillars.
- To make a concrete solution, it is important to observe the correct proportions. For this purpose you will need:
  - crushed stone or gravel - 6 parts;
  - sand - 3 parts;
  - cement - 1 part;
  - water - 1 part.
- If a brick foundation is being laid, then a more concentrated mortar is needed for its laying. It is required to mix the mixture until a homogeneous consistency so that there are no lumps. Next, pour the mixture into the formwork. The maximum depth of the pouring foundation should not exceed half a meter. Give the concrete time to set. To prevent cracks from forming on the surface, it is necessary to moisten the structure. Only after the concrete has completely hardened, you can proceed to the next stages of work.

Foundation tape for a barn

When building sheds, the strip foundation is no less popular, as it is able to withstand different loads, is cheap, stable and allows you to make a basement inside.

Scheme for building a strip foundation for a barn

This type of foundation is used on any soil and for any buildings.

A trench needs to be dug around the entire perimeter of the barn: it should have a depth of 150 mm below the level of soil freezing in order to avoid loads during its deformation in winter. The width of the trench is 30 cm larger than the planned width of the foundation.
At the bottom, first, a litter is poured from a 10-cm layer of rubble, and then from a 5-cm layer of sand. Each of the layers is carefully rammed.
From the boards make a formwork with a height of about 300 mm above the ground. So the raised base of the building will be protected from getting wet.
In the formwork to strengthen the foundation, put a reinforcing mesh with a cell of 300 mm or a reinforcing bar with a diameter of two or more centimeters.
Pour the base with concrete, and after it hardens, remove the frame and fill the gaps between the walls of the ditch and the foundation with earth.
From above cover the base with a waterproofing layer.

cinder block foundation

Cinder block is a cheap material that consists of slag, crushed stone, sand, cement and other components. As a foundation, it is perfect for small buildings.

But the cinder block foundation has its drawbacks:

Hygroscopic due to the porosity of the structure;
Has a high thermal conductivity;
Unresistant to frost.

The scheme for erecting a cinder block foundation includes the following steps:

Level the soil at the construction site;
Dig a ditch for a strip base from a cinder block;
Arrange a pillow at the bottom of the trench: it is necessary to pour out a layer of sand, gravel or limestone screenings and compact it;
Spread roofing material - it will form the basis for waterproofing;
A reinforced concrete block or a reinforced cushion can be installed on the roofing material layer;
Lay the first row of cinder block. The next one must be laid in a run, that is, from the corners to the center. Rows of blocks are connected by a centimeter layer of concrete mortar;
For strength, the solution can also be poured into the cavity of the cinder block;
When the foundation reaches the design height, the grillage must be strengthened with a reinforcing belt;
The walls of the cinder block foundation can be covered with mastic, on which thermal insulation will be attached. For it, panels made of expanded polystyrene are used. The pit should be filled up and the laying of the walls should begin.

Important! In order for the foundation to lie flat, reinforcement is installed in the corners and a rope is pulled along it. In the future, laying is carried out at this level.

Tire foundation

Recently, summer residents have widely used bases erected from obsolete material. For this, sleepers or tires can be used.

An example of a tire foundation for a barn

Benefits of a tire foundation:

Savings on materials;
Rubber gives excellent waterproofing;
Tires are a strong and durable material;
Tires can serve as a "cushion" in areas of seismic activity;
Ease of manufacture.

An important nuance is that the tires must be located at the same level so that there is no distortion.
The foundation of tires can be erected as a tape or column type. To build it, you need to clear the area, level the ground, lay the tires in two layers - the best would be to use truck tires. Then soil is poured into the column for 80% of the tire volume.

Roofing material must be laid on top to ensure a flat surface and waterproofing. Then the concrete can be poured. To increase the strength of the structure, concrete can be used instead of backfilled soil.

In addition to this, it is possible to apply reinforcement of the foundation from tires.

Sleeper foundation

The sleeper foundation is a strong and durable structure. The sleepers are usually made of high quality reinforced concrete and can be replaced if damaged.

The disadvantages include:

Size limitation. The sleepers have a standard size of 2.7 meters, so the foundation will be assembled from similar segments.
Inaccessibility of used sleepers. Enough of them is difficult to find on sale.
The smell of sleepers is specific, it will not fade for a long time.
Transportation problems.
The material is not environmentally friendly.

During the construction of the base from the sleepers, they are used as a material for the grillage. When the supports under the base are ready and completely dry, the ends of the sleepers are laid on them. For the construction of a barn, it is better to use a step of 135 cm, then one sleeper rests on three supports.

Shed sleeper foundation example

The grillage for the foundation can be assembled using wooden sleepers.
If you use sleepers under the base for a building that will be built of bricks or blocks, you can perform work not only on the technology of installing a grillage from sleepers on filler pillars, but also a slightly different construction option, which involves the construction of a complete strip foundation.

The steps in this process are as follows:

At the construction site, a ditch is dug for the installation of a strip foundation, the width of which must be made equal to twice the width of the sleepers.
After the end of the earthworks, a pillow of a 10-cm layer of gravel and a 30-cm layer of sand is poured onto the bottom of the ditch. After that, the depth of the ditch should be half a meter: this is quite enough for a three- or two-layer laying of sleepers.
The bottom and walls of the ditch are lined with a film for waterproofing, sleepers are stacked on top of it one on top of the other.
Important! When laying the sleepers, we must not forget to do the strapping. It is carried out by placing the sleeper located in the upper row on a pair of lower adjacent elements (the sleeper must close the gap of the vertical joint).
After the laying of the sleepers is completed, a cement-sand mixture is poured into the resulting empty space.

In such cases, the part of the foundation intended for the basement (basement) floor is made of brick or concrete blocks. This technology allows the use of exclusively reinforced concrete sleepers for laying. Wooden products in this option are allowed for the construction of walls or the installation of a basement floor.

As a result, it turns out that the sleepers serve as a reinforcing layer, which enhances the strength characteristics of the foundation, increases the rigidity of the foundation and makes it possible to save costs for concrete and reinforcement. Shed on a strip foundation